来自 Airtable 非传统增长策略的启示 | Zoelle Egner
Lessons from Airtable’s unconventional growth strategy | Zoelle Egner
Zoelle Egner:
There is sometimes a recommendation or an instinct just like, “Ship things super, super quickly and get them out there.” And I’m not saying don’t move fast. Obviously you need to move fast in the early days, but make sure someone rereads your email so that it sounds good. Invest in having a decent photo or a decent illustration. If you have sample content, this is actually a big one, sample content for your productivity app as an example. Take the time to not have it be like Jane Doe 12 times in the name list. Have it be references to your industry so that people are like, “Oh, hey. That’s a joke about Steve Jobs. I’m a designer. This person is thinking about me.”
It’s small stuff, but it tells that person, like, “The people who worked on this were thinking about me as a customer, they built it with me in mind, and that means that it is more likely that this is going to fit my needs than something generic.” And that builds up both the brand trust that we’ve talked about, but also the personality of the company, and makes people want to root for you. And frankly, when you are small, you need everyone rooting for you that you can possibly get.
Podcast Intro & Guest Bio
Lenny:
Welcome to Lenny’s Podcast, where I interview world-class product leaders and growth experts to learn from their hard won experiences building and scaling today’s most successful companies. Today my guest is Zoelle Egner. Zoelle was one of the earliest employees at Airtable, where she led their early marketing and customer success teams, and generally just helped Airtable grow into the legendary business that it is today. She also spent time in Box. She’s advised dozens of startups on marketing and growth, and is now head of marketing and growth at a startup called Block Party.
In our conversation, Zoelle shares how to punch above your weight as a startup, the most effective and impactful growth and marketing tactics throughout Airtable’s history, including their use of billboards, marketing investments that are often high ROI, and those that are rarely a good use of time, why PR and launches are actually useful to startups, and also when they aren’t, and a lot more. It was so much fun chatting with Zoelle, and I’m really excited for you to learn from her. With that, I bring you Zoelle Egner after a short word from our wonderful sponsors.
Zoelle Egner:
Hi, thanks for having me.
First Meeting & Past Collaboration
Lenny:
It’s very much my pleasure. Something that is pretty cool is that we actually met in my newsletter Slack community. I actually looked this up of how we actually started chatting, and it was me cold DMing you to get a discount on Airtable for the newsletter subscribers. And you very happily got me that, hooked us up, and then you became a go-to Airtable person for advice on what Airtable did right and wrong over the years. And so thank you for being that person and also I’m really excited to have you on this podcast and to learn from you.
Inside the VaccinateCA Project
Zoelle Egner:
I am super excited to chat.
Lessons from Emergency Organizations
Lenny:
Awesome. You’re probably best known for your time at Airtable, which, correct me if I’m wrong, you’re employee number 11.
Zoelle Egner:
That’s right.
Iteration and the Minimum MVP
Lenny:
Okay, and at Airtable you led marketing, you led the customer success teams, so we’re going to chat about all that stuff. But before we get into that, I want to chat briefly about this other project that you worked on, that from the outside felt like a really fascinating thing, and a really impactful project, and a really cool team. And it’s called Vaccinate California, I think, is that how you pronounce it?
Zoelle Egner:
Mm-hmm.
Career Background & Power Mapping
Lenny:
See, I just-
Zoelle Egner:
VaccinateCA.
Early Days at Box & Airtable
Lenny:
VaccinateCA. Okay. Could you just talk a little bit about what this was? What were you trying to do? What was the impact you had? How did it all go?
The Core of Marketing & Growth
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, absolutely. So VaccinateCA existed to help people in California find and get a COVID vaccine as quickly as possible, and that sounds really trivial right now, but you have to wind back to January of 2020, when vaccines were first coming out, and it was really hard. So just as a reminder, because most of us have blocked that from our memory.
Tricks to Hide Team Size
Lenny:
Yeah.
Tactics for Punching Above Weight
Zoelle Egner:
The federal and state systems didn’t really exist yet, and so everything was this horrible hodgepodge, where eligibility depended on not only what state you were in, it was down to the county, and even sometimes the individual facility. You would be at a Walgreens, and talk to them, and they’d be like, “Oh, you have to be over 65, and also in one of these 12 categories of employment in order to get the vaccine.” And then you’d go a mile away and they would tell you something totally different. So people would stand in line for hours. There were phones going off the hook, utterly madness, and really, really scary for a lot of people who were trying to figure out how to keep themselves safe.
Lenny:
Yeah, I remember those days well.
Establishing Quality Gatekeepers
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah. So this organization was founded essentially by a tweet by Patrick McKenzie, for those of you who are on Hacker News Patio11. And he had basically this really simple premise, which is, “If you call a pharmacist, and you ask them who they can give a vaccine to, and what vaccine they have, and then you put that answer on a map, someone else doesn’t have to make the same phone call. And that takes lots of pressure also as a healthcare system and also helps people to match supply and demand.”
So surprisingly, somehow, that tweet, which is essentially like, “Call people, put in spreadsheet, put online,” turned into an entire, full nonprofit that was mostly on Discord, Zoom, Airtable, and not only had this entire hundreds of volunteers who were making phone calls in the state of California and eventually, actually, nationally, we became Vaccinate The States eventually, we were also doing this thing called web banking. So we would go and scrape all the official sources as they started coming out, and then validate them because they were not always correct. And eventually we had the most comprehensive database and map of locations in the entire country, including more comprehensive than the federal government and most of the states because they had really complicated limitations on what they could and couldn’t publish based on some relationships they had. We didn’t have those limitations.
So it meant that we became this clearing house, essentially, for this information and we built an API. We were working directly with Google. And if you ever looked up vaccine locations on Google Maps, that was us feeding that to them, which was really cool. And we also made maps you could see on county websites, so it would help you understand what was available in your area. One of the coolest things that I’ve ever worked on.
Lenny:
Okay, exactly. That’s exactly I imagined how epic this was. Just to make sure people understand what you’re describing, basically you had hundreds of people sitting there on phones calling vaccine locations, getting the specifics of who is able to get a vaccine there, and then just giving people a pointer of where they can get a vaccine.
Outdoor Ads as Signaling
Zoelle Egner:
Exactly. So I came in initially, a colleague of mine at Airtable had been helping out with the building out of the backend. And they started getting media attention. And they thought, “Oh, well this will help more people understand that this resource is available.” So I got brought in to do some PR help, basically help them figure out how to get the word out, and then ended up actually quitting my job at Airtable to work on it full-time.
Airtable’s Growth Strategy
Lenny:
Oh wow.
Identifying & Empowering Core Evangelists
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, I was on the board and also managing all outreach and other stuff. So we did lots of really cool education, helping people understand their eligibility at all. Built a bunch of fun tools for that as well, but it was a pretty incredible six months, where we filled a really critical gap in the infrastructure of the country.
Lenny:
It’s wild that was the best solution, is just call people and create your own.
Scaling Evangelists Through Brand Merch
Zoelle Egner:
You know?
Lenny:
I imagine there was, at Airtable, were you using to store the data?
Turning Customer Success into Scaled Content
Zoelle Egner:
Oh yes.
Convergence of Customer Success & Marketing
Lenny:
Okay.
Marketing Pitfalls & Effective Practices
Zoelle Egner:
We built an entire insane database, and then eventually custom software on top of that, to make the people who are making the phone calls more easily get the information in. It was a whole thing. Very cool to see, though, not just tech people get involved. We had, in our volunteer base, people from absolutely every walk of life, not just in California, globally. I remember there was a volunteer who said that he decided to join, he was based in Israel, and he had had no trouble getting the vaccine whatsoever, but seen something on Twitter about it, and just decided he wanted to make sure that people were able to get the vaccine as easily as he did. And he spent dozens of hours calling folks, even though he was in a totally different time zone. But really lovely to see all these different people, retired teachers. I think we had a bunch of 12 year olds who were helping out on the code, of all things, all who just really wanted to make sure that they could keep their community safe.
The True Value of Templates
Lenny:
What happened with this organization? It’s a nonprofit that now continues to run or what’s happening?
Zoelle Egner:
No, we did something which is not common. We actually decided to shut it down after six months. Partially, that’s because the existing system finally caught up. And frankly we didn’t want to be in a place where we were pulling away resources that could be put towards other things that are going to be more impactful. We always saw ourselves as a stop gap, and once we got to the place where we felt like we weren’t really being additive, we wanted to get people’s time back, so they could work on other things. So it doesn’t exist anymore. I think you can still go check out the archive. We found some researchers who are doing interesting research on it, because there’s very fascinating data in there about the equitability of some of the distribution of the vaccine based on where it was available, but the organization is gone. We had that beautiful moment in time and have all moved on. Hoping we don’t have to get the band back together, because hopefully it’s not necessary anymore.
The Value of Launches & PR
Lenny:
Oh, man. I’m watching The Last of Us right now about this-
Zoelle Egner:
Mushroom people.
Final Advice for Founders
Lenny:
… mushroom based disease, and that scares me now.
Zoelle Egner:
Yep.
How Founders Should Talk to Customers
Lenny:
Anyway, on this podcast I try to get to things people learn from these experiences, and so I have to ask what you learn about forming something like this, just ad hoc, pulling a bunch of people together, and having them focus, and get things done, or just scaling it, or even shutting down. I guess what have you taken away from that experience that you maybe will bring to either future one-off things like this or even just your work in general?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, I’d say probably three things. One, the incredible power of a simple idea to bring people together. One of the reasons why VaccinateCA was so powerful and got so many people to help is everybody immediately understood why it would be useful and how they specifically could be making a difference. And combining those two things was an incredible way to bring a lot of people on board very quickly, because from a messaging perspective, messaging, something very important to me as a marketer, it was so concise. Like, “Pick up phone, help save lives.” Really straightforward. People really, really got that. It allowed them to feel like they had agency in a time when everything felt really, really out of control. I think there’s a lot of opportunities we have to activate our communities and give people that sense of control that are both going to be helpful more broadly for society, but also just for those individuals as well to make them feel a little bit more safe, a little bit more like they can actually have a difference in things.
I think in tech we often don’t jump into these problems. This was not sophisticated technology. It was phones, Discord, and Airtable mostly being used like a spreadsheet. It wasn’t anything wild. Even that very simple infrastructure was enough to make a huge difference. And we have some evidence that we saved a lot of lives as a result of it, which is pretty special. I think part of it is also just saying, “We don’t have to be hesitant to jump into these problems. It’s important to engage with experts in the field, is not to say that tech solutionism is always the answer.” And again, this is not super sophisticated technology, but because we were able to go in and talk to the people who are actually affected, get into the system that already existed, and make something really simple, really fast, it actually did have a huge difference and that’s really exciting.
Lightning Round Q&A
Lenny:
Just to double-click on that one, actually reminds me, some founders of companies I’ve invested in, I often hear how much easier it is for companies that have a mission that people are excited about for them to hire versus companies that don’t. And so it’s a really good reminder of just the power of having a mission and a vision that is really compelling to people versus some B2B software that people aren’t [inaudible 00:13:47] excited about, even though there’s a great reason to have great B2B software. Love B2Bs.
Zoelle Egner:
There are. I love great B2B software. I’ve spent most of my career on it. But I agree with you. I think if you have an authentic mission and people aren’t just like, “Oh, sure, okay. You’re connecting the world.” But really it’s some telephony startup. Like, “Okay.”
Block Party Recruiting & Consulting
Lenny:
Yeah.
Zoelle Egner:
If people feel like it’s genuinely authentic to what you’re building, it can be incredibly meaningful.
Podcast Outro & Conclusion
Lenny:
Yeah. I just remember a founder who, he is a second company, because the first company did not have an amazing mission. The second one did. And like, “Wow. So much easier to hire for this new startup.”
Zoelle Egner:
Yes.
Lenny:
So totally get that.
Zoelle Egner:
Absolutely.
Lenny:
Okay, number two and three.
Zoelle Egner:
Number two and three, I’ll try and be more brief.
Lenny:
It’s all good.
Zoelle Egner:
Number two, I would say just the importance of relentlessly repeating the exact same stuff over and over again, even if you feel like everyone definitely knows. This is something that I’ve seen play out in every single leadership role that I’ve had, but it was never more acute than here, particularly because we had this broad coalition of hundreds of people with very different backgrounds. Some people coming to the meeting, some people not, whatever else. I think I repeated the same three talking points about why what we were doing mattered 5,000 times. Cannot overemphasize how many times I said the same stuff, and so did every other member of the board. It really is important and people will fill in the blanks with totally wild things if you don’t continuously have that discipline of repeating yourself. You just have to get used to saying the same stuff. And if you do it correctly, it’s super motivating. Even if you’re sitting there being like, oh my gosh, “I have to say it again.” it’s worth it.
Lenny:
This reminds me, I don’t know where I saw this, it’s just in my head right now, that the CEO and founder’s job, their actual title is repeater in chief.
Zoelle Egner:
It absolutely should be.
Lenny:
It resonates. Yeah.
Zoelle Egner:
I’ve worked with some leaders who never wanted to. They’re like, “No, this is going to be boring for people.” And you just have to be like, “Honestly, most people are never listening as much as you think that they are.”
Lenny:
Yeah.
Zoelle Egner:
“We wish that they would. But you have to say it 12 different ways in writing, and out loud, and all this other stuff. You’re never as important as you think you are, unfortunately, when it comes to that.”
Lenny:
Oh, these are great lessons. Okay. What else do you tell?
Zoelle Egner:
I think my last learning was really about the power of having a laughably small MVP for something. By the end of this, we were covering the entire United States. We had an API, we had custom software on the front end, this whole behemoth of stuff that we got to in four months or something. In the beginning it was truly, basically, a spreadsheet, and phones, and that was it. Even that, for the first few weeks while we were getting the rest of the infrastructure really going, not only had tremendous impact at one of the most important parts in the pandemic, but also gave us so much information about we actually needed to build that was going to be helpful. And I remember having all of these assumptions about what was going to be necessary to manage this coalition of people to make sure that we had really good data quality.
Because one of the most important things you can do if you’re trying to be a trusted source of truth is actually have the correct information. Sounds trivial, it’s not at all at that scale. And I was totally wrong about all my assumptions. I thought we were going to have to have totally different types of oversight. I thought we were going to have totally different tooling. And it turned out we could do something way lighter weight that would allow us to move much faster as the regulatory landscape kept changing, as all the rule making at individual places kept changing. And that agility, that willingness to do just the smallest possible thing is obviously a little bit of a trope in the industry.
People talk about it a lot, but it’s never been driven home to me so much, because we’re talking about something that had incredibly high stakes as people’s health, and we’re still able to do it in that context. So if we could do it there, you can imagine that the applications of that in other industries are just tremendous. So yeah, if you’re listening to this, and you were thinking maybe you needed to add more stuff, I bet you could prune.
Lenny:
And it’s nice to have the forcing function where the world is changing so quickly and the team’s probably small, where you are forced to build small. Which I think is why this reminder is so important. Oftentimes you have more resources, and you end up building more just because you can. And yeah, what you’re saying is oftentimes, “It’ll shoot you in the foot.”
Zoelle Egner:
Yes.
Lenny:
Amazing. I didn’t expect to get into this much detail with VaccinateCA and so I’m glad we did. Let’s zoom out a little bit, and just fill in some gaps on your background, briefly. Can you just highlight some of the other wonderful things you’ve done in career? Airtable, we talked about, VaccinateCA, just broadly, what else have you been up to?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, absolutely. Okay, so I’ll try and be brief. I worked in tech for more than a decade, mostly marketing and customer success, a little bit of ops. Before I got into tech, I was a little bit of a dilettante, so some non-profit, healthcare, dying big box retail, because I graduated right into the recession and I was certain no one would hire me. Turns out that was actually wrong. But on the plus side, now I know what dysfunction looks like at great scale, which is actually quite an education and very useful. But I always knew I wanted to get into tech, partially because I’m from the Bay area, and partially because I had been obsessively power mapping the industry, and looking at its flocking patterns, and who had what types of influence, because I’m a nerd. And I really wanted to see if I could get in, in the first place. Because-
Lenny:
Wait, can you talk about this, which, what is it you did? What did you call, a flocking pattern?
Zoelle Egner:
Sure. You can imagine in any community, there are nodes of influence, people who know a lot of folks, they have money, whatever it might be. And they’re able to direct how that community or that ecosystem evolves. In the tech industry, typically VCs will often play a role in this, but so will certain types of executives. And you can follow how they move between different companies, and who they worked with, and then see that influences who gets investment in the future. It influences the different partnerships that evolve. It influences the assumed wisdom in various different careers. And because I’m a big old nerd, I was literally drawing diagrams based on-
Lenny:
Whoa.
Zoelle Egner:
… reading people’s blog posts of who was influential in what way? Because I was non-technical. I tried programming, and I hated it, frankly. And so I was like, “Okay, it’s 2010, it’s 2011. There’s not clear ways to get into the industry as a non-technical person. I need to figure out how to do this with people. Because otherwise I’m not sure why someone would take a chance on me with what I have done historically. And that sounds a little insane, but it’s very effective. And I ended up getting my start in tech basically by identifying a company where I thought I had a unique set of connections or understanding of the space that they were working in, where I thought I could maybe email the CEO and be helpful.
Lenny:
And did this connect to that diagram you drew? Did this help you point in that direction?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, absolutely. So I was closely tracking YCombinator and that whole ecosystem. So I knew I wanted to find a smaller company, where they maybe were having more difficulty hiring, because they were less well known or a little bit less, I don’t know, sexy. But while they were still connected into that broader group, because it has with a pedigree that people would take you seriously if you had worked at a YC backed startup.
Lenny:
Right.
Zoelle Egner:
Anyway, I got really pointy hat strategic about this, but it was effective.
Lenny:
Do you still-
Zoelle Egner:
And-
Lenny:
… have this diagram, by the way? It’d be so funny to look at it right now.
Zoelle Egner:
No, I don’t think I have it anymore. I might be able to dig it up, but alas, I think it may have been lost in one of my many moves since then.
Lenny:
All right.
Zoelle Egner:
It’s been-
Lenny:
No problem.
Zoelle Egner:
… more than a decade.
Lenny:
Okay. I imagine that was true. Okay, so I think I cut you off. You were talking about some of the things you’ve done in your career.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, ended up using my studies of the space to get into a role as employee one at a developer focus YC backed startup. And the funny story on that is that I got that role by cold emailing the CEO while I was still in college. And then he actually followed up with me almost immediately, because I’d offered to introduce him to some professors, which was useful for the type of business. And then I ignored him for two years because I got busy with my thesis, and got other jobs, and whatever, came back to it and wrote this ridiculous apology email, being like, “I promise I respond to emails faster. I see that you’re hiring. Would you give me a second chance? Please, can I come work for you? I have no experience that’s useful, but I work really hard.” And I figured he would either laugh me off of the internet or give me a job, and very fortunately for me, he gave me a job. So thanks, Ryan. Appreciate that. That was how I got into tech.
Lenny:
Thanks, Ryan.
Zoelle Egner:
Yes, we appreciate it. So that startup got acquired by Box. And when I went over to Box, they had never had paying developers before. So we were bringing over seven figure contracts. So I started developer success programs there. And then in a totally wild shift, I ended up moving over to run their social media editorial and internal comms, which doesn’t sound related to developer success, but I had always been a writer, and I wrote this blog post about what it was like to be an early stage non-technical employee. There was a little spicy, talking about some of the challenges, and I didn’t tell anyone I was going to do it. And I got this email from PR being like, “We need to have a meeting.” And I was like, “Oh, they’re going to fire me. I went too far.” I thought I was being circumspect, that I went too far. And in the meeting they were like, “Hey, we really think you should apply for this job. We would love to have you run social media.” Which is not the outcome I expected.
Lenny:
That’s a cool learning, there. Just like, “Do stuff.” You know? “Don’t be afraid.”
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, it was definitely not the expected outcome, but one that was very exciting. So got to go run those programs for a couple years through the IPO, which is a whole education in and of itself, to see how comms changes when you become a public company. And then I was on Hacker News obsessively at the time, and I saw the beta for Airtable come out. Immediately signed up, and became obsessed with the product, and evangelizing it to everybody that I knew and ultimately ended up figuring out a way to finagle my way into that role as employee 11 there.
And it sounds like we’re going to talk about Airtable more, so I won’t belabor that, but marketing and customer success stuff, ended up leaving for VaccinateCA, and then the last little bit here is just when that ended, I really thought I wanted to start my own company. So I gave myself a certain window in which to try out different ideas, and at the same time was advising and consulting. Ultimately didn’t end up finding anything that I felt so much conviction that it was worth blowing up absolutely everything else about my life in order to go heads down on a company. So eventually decided to go in-house with one of the companies I’ve been advising, Block Party, and now I run marketing and growth there.
Lenny:
Can you just explain Block Party briefly? [inaudible 00:24:21]-
Zoelle Egner:
Absolutely. We’re an online safety company. We help users have more control over their digital experience. And our first product is anti-harassment and anti-spam tools for Twitter.
Lenny:
So you’ve worked at Box, Airtable, now Block Party. You’ve advised a lot of companies around marketing product growth. I’m curious if there’s a thread that has maintained through all of those experiences in terms of what works well for marketing, and growth, and things you’ve learned that just consistently- [inaudible 00:24:52]
Zoelle Egner:
A few pieces that go into how I choose companies that create that thread. And part of this is about me wanting to match what I think I’m really good at with what will have the greatest leverage for a company that I work at. I’ve mentioned I’m a writer, really care about telling stories, and helping people to understand new or novel things. I also really care about product quality. I’m a little bit of a product snob. And one of my strengths is enthusiasm. So if I can’t genuinely go to a customer and tell them, “This product is going to solve a real problem for you and it’s going to be amazing.” I can’t do my job. So all of the companies that I’ve chosen to go to have had this foundation of an incredible product experience that maybe people didn’t fully understand, and where I could come in and help connect the dots between that amazing product that’s going to be really, really helpful and the opportunities for a much wider range of people to benefit from that.
So in practice, what that means is I often end up working at companies that are in a position to really punch above their weight from a brand perspective. They’re typically much lower headcount than you would ever expect. They’re typically way earlier stage than you would expect, but I’ve been able to put together a brand or an experience that allows people to invest themselves into the company with a high level of trust, I guess.
I’ll be more specific because that’s really ambiguous. Airtable, it manages mission critical workflows, highly sensitive data. It’s super important. You only use tools you can trust for that type of thing. The same thing is true at Block Party, online safety. You have to trust the company that you’re entrusting your safety to. And in my experience, people, and especially founders really underestimate how much every single touchpoint a customer has from word of mouth or the ad that brings them in the door, landing pages, signup flows, customer service experiences. Every single one of those moments is building a brand that is adding or removing trust.
So for me in the early days, that means thinking about like, “What are the signals that I can provide to future customers that say, ‘We understand you specifically, and our solution is designed for a person like you.’ And two, that will say, ‘Hey, we’re actually operating on a much higher level than you might expect for a company of our size or our stage. We take this really seriously. We have all the things in place to take care of you. So you shouldn’t be afraid to spend six figures or put your safety in our hands because we’ve got your back. We’re doing this the right way.’” Has tremendous dividends when you’re in a business that is often driven by word of mouth. Because if you take care of people and you follow up that brand experience with a product experience that is really powerful and actually does the things that says it’s going to do, then your word of mouth can become a huge driver of growth for the company.
Of course, the outcome of this in practice is really funny. So I remember really distinctly having to invite customers to go out to lunch with us when they would come to San Francisco back in the Airtable days, because we had 15 people in a teeny tiny office. It’s not that I wanted to mislead anyone, but I didn’t need to reinforce the fact that they were spending six figures with us when we had 15 people. If they had gone to look on LinkedIn, they could have figured that out, but we didn’t need to remind them that we were so small, and they were running some of their most important processes with our product. I think I was on the phone with Slack at one point. And they were like, “Oh, well you guys are probably about the same size company as we are, right?” And I was like, “Not quite. A little smaller, just an entire order of magnitude, no big deal, it’s totally fine. We’re all smooth. We’ll take care of you. It’s going to great.” But it-
Lenny:
Amazing.
Zoelle Egner:
… really makes a difference, all of those little things.
Lenny:
That reminds me, I heard stories of very early Airbnb days where they had to take meetings in a bathroom, or in the hallway, and they did interviews, I think in the hallway because there was no space.
Zoelle Egner:
We did a lot of calling from the hallway at Airtable, also from this weird internal patio you could only get to through climbing through a window. The window kept breaking. And so I, at one point, remember someone getting stuck outside trying to interview someone with the windows closed. Utter, utter ridiculous nonsense. But you know, that’s all the fun things that happened in the early days before you become bigger.
Lenny:
Yeah, I love those early day stories.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah.
Lenny:
I really love the concept of punching above your weight as a startup. What else did you do at Air Table or other places that help you do that? One is just don’t let them see how small you are, necessarily. Are there any other technical things you recall that like, “Oh, here’s things that really worked really well for punching above our weight as a small company at that point.”
Zoelle Egner:
A couple of these things are very unsexy, but very useful. One, make sure that your landing pages, and your emails, and other things have a level of polish that makes them feel a little bit more done. I think there is sometimes a recommendation or an instinct just like, “Ship things super, super quickly and get them out there.” And I’m not saying don’t move fast. Obviously you need to move fast in the early days, but make sure someone rereads your email so that it sounds good. Invest in having a decent photo or a decent illustration. If you have sample content, this is actually a big one, sample content for your productivity app as an example. Take the time to not have it be like Jane Doe 12 times in the name list. Have it be references to your industry so that people are like, “Oh, hey. That’s a joke about Steve Jobs. I’m a designer. This person is thinking about me.”
It’s small stuff, but it tells that person, like, “The people who worked on this were thinking about me as a customer, they built it with me in mind, and that means that it is more likely that this is going to fit my needs than something generic.” And that builds up both the brand trust that we’ve talked about, but also the personality of the company, and makes people want to root for you. And frankly, when you are small, you need everyone rooting for you that you can possibly get.
So those little bits of polish that don’t take a ton of time are absolutely worth it. The last thing I would say is making sure that in your public communications launches, if you ever talk to press, which some companies can and some companies can’t, having more of a point of view than just about your product, you can try and say, like, “We are part of something bigger. Here’s the broader circle or movement that we are a part of.” It makes it feel more inevitable and more like you’re not just self servingly talking about your tiny corner of the world, but that it’s actually part of this much bigger trend. It will be more compelling and it feels like you’re operating at a different level of sophistication that can be really helpful.
Lenny:
I love that. On the first point, basically, it’s attention to detail and obsession with quality is what I’m hearing.
Zoelle Egner:
Yes.
Lenny:
Just to make it clear, this isn’t just a tiny team just pushing the stuff out. I imagine most founders would be like, “Yes, I would love, we are going to focus on quality. We’ll make sure everything looks great.” In reality it always is this trade off against other things they could be doing.
Zoelle Egner:
Yep.
Lenny:
What do you think folks can do to help keep that level of quality high? Is it just one person being obsessed and just reviewing everything like a founder? Is having someone like you that’s just very detail oriented, just review everything? How do you actually execute that when you have 1,000 things to do?
Zoelle Egner:
100%. I’d say there’s one of two approaches and you articulated them here. One is you can have the founder that is the avatar of quality, who is just relentlessly being like, “Hey, we’re going to do the 15 minute check. Yes, we’re going through it. Yes, I’m going to send you a copy of this email, and someone else going to click every link in it, and make sure they’re not broken.” Or, you can have someone else be the avatar of that who is in the company. I would say in many of the companies I have worked at, that has been me, because I’ve been the marketing human who cares. But it doesn’t have to be a marketing person, it can be someone on product. It can be, honestly, even someone on customer success if you’re willing to let them provide their feedback on the way that you’re showing up in the world, which you should because they have fantastic insight. There just needs to be someone.
And I think building that into how you interview can be very helpful, as well. So finding people who understand those trade-offs and that balance, and who are willing to put in the extra 15 minutes, but aren’t going to spend an extra week trying to obsessively QA everything. You don’t want to go that far. Just who has that bent towards detail can be very helpful. Also, just make yourself a checklist. It doesn’t have to be complicated. “Every time we put out a blog post, these are the three things we’re going to do. Every time we send out an email, it needs to be seen by at least one other person.” None of this is rocket science. You just need to make a little process for yourself, and then it can be very fast and lightweight, but the dividends are worth it, I think.
Lenny:
I like how simple this is, just to look like a bigger company, is just pay attention and focus on the little things. It’s not a big, whole thing. [inaudible 00:33:39]
Zoelle Egner:
There are some bigger things you can do if you really need to. My favorite silly example of this is Airtable, back in the day, got roasted on Twitter for having billboards that were not super specific about a specific problem or whatever. They were just billboards that we had out. And everyone was like, “This makes no sense. Why are you doing this? We don’t understand.” They were actually super effective for us because we had a different goal than everyone thought that we did.
For us, it was all about signaling to some very large companies that we were a legitimate and large enough company that they could trust, and we had geographical concentration in specific areas, because we were in the fashion industry, the media industry in New York, we knew exactly where all of their offices were and we knew if they saw our billboards, walking to work, and then got the request to IT for the budget in order to pay six figures for Airtable, they were more likely to be like, “Oh, it’s not just some weird startup we never heard of.” Like, “Oh, I’ve seen that billboard, they must be legitimate.” And that sounds really silly, but it wasn’t actually that expensive.
We got mostly remnant inventory, which is at the end of a particular buying cycle. Sometimes they haven’t fully sold everything, and you can get the slightly less good ones that are still maybe where you want them for really cheap. And everyone thinks that you only buy billboards if you’re huge. So that small signaling thing was a way for us to make sure that we remove some of the risk of not being able to close deals because we were so small. So you can get creative about it. Most of the time you’re not going to do that. Most of the time it’s like, “Reread your emails.” But you could also push it even further if you need to.
Lenny:
What is that full rough cost of billboards like? Because I think people think about billboards and it’s hard to even know what they cost. What’s a number?
Zoelle Egner:
It really, really depends, so I’m hesitant to give you a number because which metro you’re in, it ranges vastly. I would say you can expect that some of that inventory is in the low thousands of dollars, which is way lower than you might expect.
Lenny:
For one billboard.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah. So you don’t need to get a million. And I’m not suggesting you go get one on 101. Good luck to you on that. That’s expensive. But you can get one in a reasonable neighborhood in New York for way less money than you might expect, if you’re willing to do remnant.
Lenny:
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Following this thread a bit, my next question is, and this may be the answer, is when you think about Airtable’s growth strategy, growth tactics over time, what would you say are one, or two, or three of the most impactful marketing or growth tactics that work best over time? And maybe billboards are one of them.
Zoelle Egner:
I wouldn’t say they were the highest ROI, but they’re certainly one of the more interesting things that we did. They were useful, don’t get me wrong. But I think maybe some other ones are more interesting. The boring answer that I will caveat this with is that one of the pieces of our acquisition playbook, it was very standard, that did work quite well, was some unconventionally targeted Facebook ads. That era is over. So don’t expect that that is going to work for your B2B business now because that that’s totally changed.
Lenny:
And when you say unconventional, what do you mean?
Zoelle Egner:
We spent a lot of time thinking about a psychographic profile for our users. So the challenge of Airtable is that you can use it for anything. It can be used in every department within an organization. It can be used for personal stuff, you name it, it has a use, because you’re functionally building your own software and you can build software for anything. Unfortunately, if you go out to the market with a message of, like, “Build your own software.” The vast majority of people are like, “I want to do that. That sounds hard. That sounds stupid. No.”
And so we couldn’t really use super generic messaging, but to go really specific into verticals, which we did end up ultimately doing, didn’t give us the broad coverage to go find new opportunities. You go really deep into one particular vertical or two particular verticals at a time with a small team, but then we weren’t surfacing new opportunities that might be even more important. So we tried to balance that vertical specific work that we did with also trying to find this type of person who we had discovered was going to be the best champion for us.
And this is a tinkerer persona, someone who likes new technology, they like putting together the Lego building blocks of things, and you couldn’t really find Tinkerer’s Magazine. There’s not like a place those people hang out. They don’t just have one title. It’s a psychographic profile as a type of person that could have many, many different roles. And so instead-
Lenny:
And Facebook doesn’t let you do that anymore, right?
Zoelle Egner:
No. You can’t target based on-
Lenny:
[inaudible 00:39:01] go.
Zoelle Egner:
… like, “They have a tinkerer mentality,” unfortunately.
Lenny:
Okay, got it.
Zoelle Egner:
It’s so sad.
Lenny:
Okay. I see-
Zoelle Egner:
But-
Lenny:
… that it’s not possible.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah. But what you can do is you can say, “That type of person often likes these types of media. We’ve heard that they often are really into these podcasts, so they’re really into reading about this type of personal development.” And often that is associated with people who have these broad set of roles but have this typical mentality. So we would find clusters of interests that people might have, that often were shared by those people, and do targeting around that. And then when that worked, they’ll look alike based on it.
Lenny:
Did not expect Facebook ads as one of these answers. So that’s interesting.
Zoelle Egner:
No, and it’s not a good idea anymore. Don’t do it now.
Lenny:
Disclaimer.
Zoelle Egner:
Back in the day, it was great. Now I would not recommend. But I have some unconventional ones that I can suggest that are-
Lenny:
Get into it.
Zoelle Egner:
… not Facebook. There’s a few different things, but I want to give some context first for people who are not as familiar with Airtable’s business, because I do think these are really helpful pieces of context. The first is because of the types of industries that we are often very successful in, had a very similar network effect that we would see, where basically it was within specific professions, we would see people who, in order to distinguish themselves in that job market, would build a brand around the tools that they used, essentially. We found different ways to accelerate their process of identifying those roles, where it was really, really helpful to build a brand for yourself so that you could hop around to different jobs more quickly, accelerate your process, et cetera, and thus bring along a tool with you and evangelize for it a lot. So that’s one set of things we were trying to achieve.
The second set of things we were trying to achieve that’s also useful context here, is although industry virality was really important for us, even more important was inside of company virality, that was the real superpower of Airtable. We’d go from 10 people to 1,000 people a year. And so we were always looking for ways to make that happen within companies in more and more efficient ways.
And then the third piece here is no one had a good generic explanation of Airtable that worked for everybody. This is perhaps partially my fault as marketing, but it’s also the fault of the fact that the market was not ready for the good, generic explanation to mean anything, like I mentioned before, people just did not care about the generic explanation. And the magic of Airtable was always seen in its specificity.
So we knew if we can get to the right people and we can connect the dots to them to the correct use case, so they want to go and evangelize to improve their careers, they will do that both externally and within their companies, and more importantly within the companies, they’ll be able to go to their friends and say, “Hey, I’m using Airtable as a content calendar, but you have a UX research problem. And I understand Airtable enough that I can help you build a system. And now I’m a superhero internally because I helped you build this whole new thing. Look at me, I’m amazing.” And they suddenly have fully done a sales pitch for Airtable without us having to do any work or understand their use case, which is great and very necessary when you are as horizontal as we are. So we had to figure out essentially, “How do we catalyze that word of mouth and build champions at scale?”
All of that is to say the two interesting things that we did were all around that. In the very early days, what that meant in practice was we literally had a Slack integration that we pulled in a whole bunch of information about anyone who signed up for Airtable, including their title, the company that they worked at, et cetera. And literally would sit there and had a little button in each of the records that came in that would allow us to email them immediately if we had decided that they might be someone we want to talk to. And we set up this whole automated system so that it would take two seconds to reach out to a ton of different people, being like, “Hey, we’d really love to get your feedback and help make sure you’re as successful as possible on Airtable.”
This is not scalable in the long term because there’s a whole bunch of sending emails and doing meetings. But what it meant is that we were able to start building our mental model for what these champions looked like in practice by finding the patterns across them. And building the foundation is what ultimately became our customer success motion very early. And then we were able to say, “Okay, we found five people who have a content calendar use case with this type of title. And now we’ll be able to go run an ad campaign based on that. We can build a bunch of templates based on that. Here’s all these different hooks we can use, because we know this is what a champion can look like,” in a way that was not going to be obvious if we hadn’t talked to a ton of people. So it seems really unobvious as an investment, per se, but tremendous number of human hours going into just having an efficient way to talk to as many people as possible to build those mental models. That’s number one.
Lenny:
That is fascinating. Essentially, you weren’t even sure who would be excited about Airtable. Part of this is like, “Figure out the personas and groups of people that we believe are the right target to encourage and help support.” And then part of that is, “Get it spreading within a company once you figure out these folks within a company.” It’s such a cool idea to just have a feed of … I imagine the squad had certain attributes of the person, like, “Here’s the company they work. Here’s how big it is.” And then they talk about, there’s a mention of what they’re using it for. Is that part of this?
Zoelle Egner:
Ideally. Though we were always very privacy minded, so we couldn’t actually get much information about what they were doing in Airtable. We could never see their data, because that would be a tremendous failure of trust, to go back to what we were talking about before. So a lot of this, we would have guesses, and maybe we could see that they’d use certain templates but we didn’t otherwise really know. And that was part of the reason why we wanted to talk to them in the first place.
The second reason is that if we could talk to them early, we could help them build their first space, and from there, if they were successful, they would have the tools to go and help other people within their organization. So if we catch them at the beginning, make sure one person was successful by over investing in them, then they essentially became support for everybody else. I should also clarify, these were not necessarily people who were going to be the buyers. The buyers and the champions here look very, very different for Airtable, which is a really an interesting dynamic that many companies do not have. But for us, the person who is going to sit down with a glass of wine on a Friday and build an Airtable base was not the person who had the budget who was going to pay for this thing.
And so we weren’t initially looking for buyers, we were looking for champions, in part so that we could then go to IT six months down the line and be like, “Look, you have 500 people using this product, it’s been very useful for them. It is time for you to pay now.” Not sure IT loved those conversations, but they were really effective for us and meant that it was very, very easy to sell.
Lenny:
Fascinating. It makes me think a lot about the product led sales movement and how this is essentially that, but even earlier, because it’s people just signed up and they’re just helping them be successful, versus like, “This company’s got 14 people using it. You should go try to sell them on an enterprise contract.” Essentially this was a tool to help you figure out how to, basically scaling customer success and helping you prioritize who to go after, and being very hands-on with the strongest potential future big buyers.
Zoelle Egner:
Exactly. And I think what’s interesting here is it helped us bootstrap two things. One was, to your point, building out the personas, and champions, and so on. And ultimately there’s more scalable ways to reach those people in the long run. But secondarily, it also helped us deal with a real product education problem that we had in the early days. Because it was really complicated. Airtable, unfortunately, has two education issues that it needs to solve. It’s not just, “How do I put the Lego blocks together?” It is also, “How do I design a piece of software and a workflow?”
And unfortunately if you’re selling to content marketing manager or a UX researcher, there’s no guarantee that they know how to make a workflow. Most software is opinionated, and it does that work for you, and you’re like, “It either works for you or it doesn’t.” And maybe you’re frustrated about what it forces you to do in order to work, but you can’t really control it, which means when suddenly, you have the ability to create whatever workflow that you want, there’s actually some education that needs to go into it in order to be able to make that successful.
It’s not enough to just make an Airtable base that’s pretty or that functions. You can’t get your team to use it effectively if it doesn’t fit into the broader context of the organization. It’s still going to fail. And so a lot of this was us figuring out, like, “Okay, how do we help these people not only use our product but build something that is going to be durable, so that we do see that growth, so they don’t see it as a failure, so it doesn’t fail at that second order moment when it starts to get spread out to more people?”
Lenny:
It’s a really good tactic for any SaaS product that just is hard to understand and needs, Airtable had both problems. Like, “I don’t know what this is for and I don’t know exactly how it’s going to fit into my workflow.” Imagine most-
Zoelle Egner:
But-
Lenny:
… companies still have to deal with both those problems.
Zoelle Egner:
No, hopefully not. Hopefully not.
Lenny:
Yeah.
Zoelle Egner:
But once you actually get in with folks, it’s very difficult to remove it. So suddenly your retention rates are incredible, your word of mouth is incredible, if you’re willing to do that initial work. A lot of people think that Airtable was a pure product led growth company, and missed that huge customer success component that was always very, very important in the early days. And that helped us ultimately move more towards that PLG motion for a while, but was essential to getting it set up in the first place.
Lenny:
Fascinating.
Zoelle Egner:
The other one that we did related to this champions at scale was we spent a hilarious amount of money on really fancy swag. I know this sounds silly, but branded AirPods level of fancy swag. Admittedly more people were in the office back then. Now they are more remote and this would not work as well. But back in the day, if you gave people something really good, not a pen or a sticker, really good, they would show it off to absolutely everyone that they talked to, because they were so excited they got branded AirPods. People would ask about it, walking by their desks. It sounds so like trivial. But for that couple hundred bucks that we spent knowing like, “Hey, this person’s already a champion and if someone asks them, they’re going to give a really good pitch.” Totally worth it. Sometimes better to not skimp on swag. Hard to measure, very effective.
Lenny:
That’s a great tip. And it connects to the general idea of find your champions and just do a lot to make sure they’re successful, excited, want to evangelize, and an AirPod here and there feel like a really good ROI investment.
Zoelle Egner:
Was for us.
Lenny:
Anything else along those lines?
Zoelle Egner:
I think those are the big ones that I would highlight. The only other small note I would make from a process perspective is if you are going to overinvest in customer success, which I recommend, make sure that you have also set up a process to take the insights that your customer success people are coming up with and turn them into as much content as you can. Because that’s where you’re going to find scale in the long run. So for us, what that meant was we would talk to a bunch of customers and then customer success would have helped them build bases, and then we would create templates. So were not exact copies, because we’re not trying to steal their intellectual property. We would say, “What is the fundamental workflow here, that other companies might have? How do we make a template that is useful from this?” And some blog posts that explain it, whatever else, that we can then put out into the market.
And the next time a smaller company that’s not a Fortune 500 wants this sort of thing, someone can just email them that template and we don’t have to go through this whole build process, they have something to start with. If you can find those insights and put them genuinely into use as a little conveyor belt, it will be much easier to scale. It will be much easier to come up with genuinely compelling content because it’s coming from your customers, so they already care about it. You have strong signal that’s going to be valuable if you already built it for them. Use that to your advantage, make that into a little machine. And it makes all of the go-to market that you need to do later easier.
Lenny:
I know that you have the strong opinion that customer success and marketing are basically the same thing and should be maybe one team. Can you speak to that?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah. This is my spicy opinion, but both of them have to do the same things. They have to identify customer needs. They have to help the customers see your product as a solution to those needs. They need to remove friction from the process of getting value. They are hopefully both encouraging those customers to share with other people, and both of them should be engaged in translating insights from those individuals into resources that can help everybody.
They use different tactics. Marketing is going to use more scalable tactics. Customer success is going to be in the weeds, really talking to individual people, but all of the things they care about are actually the same thing. They just use different ways to do it. And if you, as a marketer, are not pretty confident in being able to say, like, “What I’m doing is getting the right people to get genuine value from this product,” so much so that they want to tell other people about it because it’s going to make them look good, then maybe figure out if there’s ways to bring more of that to your process, because it will make what you are doing more effective.
And frankly, there’s not a better evangelist than a person whose career you have materially helped to improve based on matching the right person to the solution so that they can have more impact at their company. So much said, one of my unofficial metrics for both marketing and customer success at Airtable, unofficial, was how many people we’d gotten promoted for using the product. I had a running tally of those people, and I knew if we were getting those at the major accounts we were trying to win, something good was happening and we were going to be successful with really large deals.
Lenny:
So curious how you tracked that. I guess you just check in with them occasionally?
Zoelle Egner:
No, I had my CSMs literally, they had really strong relationships. We were actually tracking it. It was a little embarrassing, but it worked really well.
Lenny:
I love it, with the great KPI. It’s like dating apps and how many people get married, I guess.
Zoelle Egner:
Exactly.
Lenny:
Zooming out a little bit, you advise a lot of companies on marketing, customer success, growth, and things like that. Maybe there’s a two part question, and see where you want to take it.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah.
Lenny:
One is just what are activities that marketing, and growth, and customer success teams often do that are impactful and consistently impactful, things that you think startups should invest in that maybe they aren’t, or they already aren’t and they should definitely keep doing this. And on the flip side, things that don’t work, things that maybe they should avoid. So maybe let’s start there and there’s going to be a followup.
Zoelle Egner:
Cool. Okay. I’m going to start with things to avoid, because I try and not to make too many blanket statements on this, but I have a couple that I am willing to make. So this is all with the caveat that channel market fit is really real, and sometimes these things might work for you. Don’t discount just because I say that they don’t work for me. There are certain types of flashy event marketing and sponsorships that you will get relentlessly invited to do, that will seem like they’re going to be really great for signaling purposes, or for leads, or whatever.
And they’re almost always a waste of your time, unless you are in an industry where you desperately need to get to a trade show, because that’s where everyone hangs out. At that point, yeah, of course you’re going to have to go do that. But if you’re in more standard B2B SaaS, or that’s not really a thing, there are better ways to get in front of those people than having your logo out there. That doesn’t tell them anything. Maybe you get a branded session at the conference or whatever, but who’s going to go to that branded session? Probably not that many people. And then you will have spent so much money and gotten nothing for it. Go to the event, do not fund your money on the sponsorship. It’s stupid. And then the second one, which is definitely a very spicy opinion, but I’m going to go there.
Lenny:
Go there.
Zoelle Egner:
A lot of people think that the epitome of product marketing is creating your own category. And while I agree that it is useful to have strong differentiators, because it is, I think creating a category, getting a new thing in Gartner or whatever, is often a waste of your time. It is a huge lift, absolutely enormous, particularly in B2B SaaS, and I’m not always sure that it’s helpful to have your super teeny tiny, little niche over here where you’re like, “Oh, we have no competitors.” That’s not actually how buyers work. It’s not really worth it.
That said, there are things you can do that feel like category creation that are actually effective, and that I do think make more sense. And specifically if you can elevate a profession instead of a category, that can make way more sense. So the great example of this is that Gainsight creating customer success or many companies altogether carving out DevOps, or rebranding DevOps, to be a thing that was suddenly a sexy job to have.
And I think that’s valuable because a job is an identity and people will fight for an identity. A category of software is a line item on your budget. No one is excited about that. But people are very excited about their job being meaningful, and their job being important, and being taken seriously. And so if you could hold up either an existing or a brand new job and say, “This is really important for much broader business metrics, whatever else. We’re going to create community for those people to come together and it’s all about the job,” and not about you. That can be very powerful and they’ll take them with you. You become part of the identity of that career. Amazing. Do that, for sure. But like the Gartner Square, there’s some opportunities for that where it makes sense. A lot of the times it doesn’t. Don’t do that.
Lenny:
Amazing. I love that. Is there more you wanted to add, there?
Zoelle Egner:
No.
Lenny:
Okay.
Zoelle Egner:
I think that’s enough on not to do.
Lenny:
What this reminds me of broadly is just, “Stay focused on the customer and their problems. Don’t obsess with who you are, who are you selling to and how will you make their life better.” Reminds me of this old idea from Kathy Sierra. Does that ring a bell?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah.
Lenny:
Where-
Zoelle Egner:
Oh totally.
Lenny:
… you make your customer a superhero, you want them to feel like a superhero. And if they-
Zoelle Egner:
It works-
Lenny:
… feel like a superhero. And yeah, that sounds like that’s essentially what you did with Airtable, a lot of these companies you worked with.
Zoelle Egner:
That that is always the goal. Like, “How can you make them the hero of the story and not you? Because no one cares about your company, what they care about is themselves, frankly.”
Lenny:
Are there any products or companies you think of off the top of your head that are really good at this, that are just like they nailed this?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, that’s a good question. Certainly the two that I mentioned, that helped rebrand some of the professions, so like the Gainsights of the world. I’m blanking a little bit on the ones that have done this for DevOps really effectively, but there’s certainly some that have.
Lenny:
Maybe Datadog?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, Datadog has done a pretty good job of that. I think where I get excited is when the companies do this in a way that feels less self-serving, or less obviously self-serving. And that means that sometimes you have to be willing to invest in things that will not have super obviously immediate ROI for you, but they will for the community, and for building the community. Oh, actually one really good example, I think Notion has actually done a pretty good job of this. People are really, really invested in the templates that they create, because it feels like you’re not pushing Notion, you’re pushing the beautiful creation that you have to solve a problem. I think they’ve done a really nice job on that process, and several of their competitors, I think have done a pretty decent job as well, but they certainly come to mind.
Lenny:
Thinking of templates, I know Airtable, known for templates, and you’ve mentioned this being a big part of the success, and I imagine a lot of companies now are just creating templates left, because they imagine that’s the core, what helped a lot of these companies, Notion being an example. What is your take on the power and importance of templates for software?
Zoelle Egner:
I think they can be tremendously helpful if you are horizontal because they help to narrow the surface area for a user, so they understand how to connect the dots between their problem and your product. And if it is not obvious to someone how they can solve a specific problem, they’re going to be like, “Oh, hey, that seems really cool. When I think of something I’ll definitely come back.” And then you have lost them. And so if you can be like, “Here are three templates that a person you might be excited about.” That can be really helpful. Where people sometimes get confused about templates, or have the wrong expectations about templates, is when they think that templates are going to be an acquisition mechanism, and they don’t build in the foundation that is necessary for that to be true. So a lot of people think that templates were what drove Airtable’s top of funnel. That is not the case.
I was having a conversation with someone who worked a lot on SEO at Airtable in the much later days, and laughing over the fact that people thought that was a big source of traffic, because it was not. We did not optimize them for that. Good luck finding them in search most of the time. Not at all useful. Where they were helpful, narrowing that surface area, helping with matching patterns, helping people understand how the product worked, super helpful. Expansion within companies, tremendously useful.
But they were not a top of funnel mechanism for us, because we didn’t put the work in to do that. We did not have an SEO engine. We weren’t Zapier. Zapier has done a great job with that. They get a ton of traffic because they built it as a programmatic SEO play, but you have to be clear about what your goals are and what problem they’re solving, because otherwise it is very easy to be like, “I’ll just build a bunch of templates, and then all of the leads will appear,” And that’s not going to happen unless you invest in a lot more than at least Airtable did. So it can be useful to build them, know what you’re doing it for, and how you’re going to measure it, or otherwise you’ll waste your time.
Lenny:
Do you think Airtable could have taken advantage of that top of funnel approach if they invested from an SEO perspective or do you think it wasn’t an opportunity that worked?
Zoelle Egner:
I think it could have been. We would’ve needed to hire more humans. Airtable was an incredibly lean team for a very, very long time. From 2015, when I joined, until 2017 or 2018, we had barely 50 people. It was small for many, many years and so we had to make really difficult choices about what to prioritize and what not to prioritize. Should we have hired more people and done more things? I would argue in retrospect, absolutely, yes, there were opportunities that were left on the table, but in early days you leave good opportunities because you have to focus on other things.
Lenny:
Got it. And so a takeaway here is templates could be really useful for customer success versus SEO top of funnel. Right? That’s-
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah.
Lenny:
… where they became powerful.
Zoelle Egner:
Still maybe helpful. Maybe for you, it makes sense to do the SEO play, just know that that is not a small play. It is an investment. It is not and not just like, “Have some people make some templates.” You got to do way more than just that. It’s not going to be sufficient.
Lenny:
Final potential question, depending on where this goes, and I’m curious how spicy this answer gets, and-
Zoelle Egner:
Oh boy.
Lenny:
It’s around launches and PR. You work with a lot of startups, I imagine founders are always trying to plan a launch, get PR. I’m curious your take on the value of investing a bunch of resources in a big launch, the value of just getting PR as an early stage startup.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, just getting PR is not a good goal. I know that’s been well stated in the market, but just to reiterate it, most of the time PR is not going to get you leads or users, it’s just not. And you have to think about when you are creating a launch or doing a piece of PR, what are the breadcrumbs that bring someone back to something that can actually convert? If you have your big tech crunch piece and it’s super exciting, it says all these great things about you, and it maybe links to you once, somewhere in the 12th paragraph or whatever, how many people are actually going to click on that link? Not that many people. How many people are going to read that and remember to go Google it? Not as many as you want. Okay? There’s going to be so much coming out of the funnel, it is not a useful acquisition mechanism.
What it is good for is credibility. And that’s where, if you have really clear goals, and you know how you are ready to leverage the asset of a piece of PR coverage, then it can be helpful to you. So the two goals I always recommend to founders when thinking about using PR, are either hiring or maybe improving the response rate for your cold outbound. Those are the two that I think make the most sense, because in both cases they have a different distribution mechanism. In hiring, you’re going to include that in an email that you’re sending to a candidate. And so it’s going to increase the likelihood that they take you seriously, and get excited about the company, and maybe actually end up ultimately joining your team.
Cold outbound, you’re using it as credibility to say, “Hey, we’re a real company you can trust.” Great. Both of those things are all emails that you are proactively sending. You know exactly who they’re going to, and you know that asset is going to have, hopefully, the impact that you’re looking for, and you can measure whether it makes a difference or not. But just getting a piece of PR, to get a piece of PR is like it’ll help with your internal morale, but I’m not sure it’s going to do much help for you. So have really clear goals and have realistic goals, or you will be disappointed.
Launches however, do not need to just be about PR. In fact, in many cases PR is a distraction, and instead you can have not just one big launch but a series of launches that allow you to stay top of mind, to create momentum with your users, and to show up in lots of different places because audiences respond to novelty, it gives them a reason to care about your company. And so have your big, annual launch or whatever, but also have one two months from then, and another one, and another one. Find ways to use that novelty to your advantage and to get into communities that you think are going to be good fits for your company.
Lenny:
I love that advice. Any final thoughts before we get to our very exciting lightning round?
Zoelle Egner:
Mostly just all of this is easier if you talk to your customers more. Build a system for yourself that will allow you to have those touchpoints. That’s not just making everyone answer customer support tickets, though I do think that is a great idea, because it gives so much empathy and it’s really helpful. You as a founder, if you’re a founder, or a product manager, or whatever else, should find a way to get that on your calendar weekly or monthly. Go talk to people, it makes it better. You will have a better mental model. The other thing is strongly consider investing in customer success if you are a B2B company, early. Airtable had it before sales, which is a very unconventional approach, but early is worth it. It has huge dividends if you actually listen to them. If you’re not going to listen to them, though, don’t hire them, because that’s sad.
Lenny:
I have followup questions on the customer success piece, say someone wants to invest in customer success, is there a resource, or person, or anything that you could point folks to, to understand and think about how to do this well?
Zoelle Egner:
There’s a lot for people within that profession. There’s not as much for founders out there right now, unfortunately. This is an area that I very eagerly am looking for more resources to share with people. Minimally. I’ll say, if you care about this, send me a message. I will give you some advice. All of our industry will be better if there are more people working on customer success. So I will help you. Send me a note. Otherwise, I’ll try and dig out some other things and maybe you can share them, but there’s not a ton. So people in customer success, please share your learnings more with founders. All of us-
Lenny:
Have-
Zoelle Egner:
… would like to see it.
Lenny:
Yeah, I’ve actually been looking for someone to write a guest post in the newsletter, about just how to set up a customer success team. And so if you’re listening, you think you could be that person. Let me-
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, I have some people that I will not put on the spot right now, that I will send your way that I think- [inaudible 01:06:26]
Lenny:
Amazing. [inaudible 01:06:27]. Let’s make this happen.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah.
Lenny:
And then I wanted to ask you a question on the first piece of advice, which is, “Founders talk to the customers more often.” Is there one tactical piece of advice you could recommend for how to do that?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah.
Lenny:
How to find a customer, how to set it up consistently?
Zoelle Egner:
Totally. The simplest way to do this is to write a template email for yourself that you can send out very easily, that essentially says like, “Hey, thank you so much for using the product. I would really love to hear about your experience so far and get your feedback. Do you have 10 minutes to talk on the phone?” I know it is important that it’s on the phone and not a survey because you get way more instinct from unstructured conversation than you’re going to get from sending them three things in a Google survey.
Set it up, come up with a hypothesis of the type of person that you want to talk to and then run a query against your database, find someone and send three of those emails a week. And it’s not exciting, but you can automate most of it and it will be helpful. None of this stuff has to be complicated. You just got to have a system.
Lenny:
Great advice. With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round.
Zoelle Egner:
Yes.
Lenny:
I’ve got six questions for you. I’m going to go through them pretty quick. Whatever comes to mind, let’s see where it goes.
Zoelle Egner:
Okay.
Lenny:
Question number one. What are two or three books that you recommend most to other people?
Zoelle Egner:
Okay, I hate this question because I take pride in making highly targeted recommendations, but I will do it anyway. I’m pretty sure you mostly talk to product and growth people. Right now, obviously, AI is a big topic of conversation, so here are two books that will enrich your mental model for artificial intelligence and encourage you to think about it from different perspectives. The first one, a little bit academic, highly recommend it, though. It’s a book called Computing Taste by Nick Seaver.
He’s a professor of anthropology and he did this study of people and companies who build music recognition algorithms. And it’s a really interesting book for a bunch of reasons, including that it’s a academic take on both tech culture, and more specifically, the unspoken and underlying assumptions that many workers who are building in this space have. It can be a little spicy and uncomfortable for a person in tech to read, but I think it is a fascinating perspective and very relevant to the stuff that’s going on in AI right now. So go check it out. Computing Taste by Nick Seaver.
The second is a fiction book, but the Ancillary Justice series by Anne Leckie, about a spaceship AI that ends up separated from its ship and trapped in a body. I’m going to leave it at that. Worth reading for a different way of thinking about AI.
Lenny:
I think we need a Zoelle full episode on book recommendations. These are amazing. Let’s keep going.
Zoelle Egner:
So fair.
Lenny:
What other podcast of yours that you love to listen to other than this podcast?
Zoelle Egner:
Probably either Happiness Lab or Gastropod. I love food and also psychology, one of those two.
Lenny:
Interesting. Okay, we’ll keep going. Favorite recent movie or TV show?
Zoelle Egner:
Movie, Everything Everywhere All at Once. And TV show, there’s a Korean drama called Extraordinary Attorney Woo. That, I really enjoyed.
Lenny:
Favorite interview question that you like to ask?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah. Okay, so this one is related to customer success. It’s my favorite question of all. People hate it, sorry. But I like to ask anyone who’s going to be in a customer facing role, who needs to be able to keep their cool, and also learn stuff on the fly, and respond to customers, to solve an unfamiliar problem using Zapier. And they can use the internet to look things up, whatever, but I basically lay out for them a problem that I, as the customer want to solve, and have them build it for me live. This both is surprising for most people, so you get to see how they respond to an unfamiliar situation, which every client will give you at some point, and it shows how they learn things in a very concrete way, which is really interesting. So check it out. It works really well for customer success.
Lenny:
I’ve not heard that one before. Fascinating. Top five SaaS products that you enjoy and an Airtable cannot be one?
Zoelle Egner:
Ugh. Okay, then I’ll try and avoid any company that I have worked for. I really like using Figma. It’s nice when designers let me play with things. I’ve been really enjoying working with Webflow, also means that I can do stuff on my own. This is maybe spicy, but I actually love Google Docs. I’m not a Notion’s fan stand, sorry.
Lenny:
Hey.
Zoelle Egner:
But Google Docs-
Lenny:
Can’t [inaudible 01:10:37] them all.
Zoelle Egner:
… is like my best friend.
Lenny:
Google Docs is great.
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah. And then there is a personal CRM company that I invested in, so sorry, maybe this is not allowed, but called Clay, and it is the only way I’ve ever been able to keep track of my-
Lenny:
Wow. [inaudible 01:10:47]-
Zoelle Egner:
… relationships in a real way.
Lenny:
Clay’s great product.
Zoelle Egner:
They’re the best. And then I don’t know if I love it, but I use Zoom so much that I feel like I must say it, because I spend so much of my time on it and it’s categorically better than Google Meet.
Lenny:
Final question, favorite book, course, article, any resource on marketing that non marketers can learn from?
Zoelle Egner:
Okay, it’s a newsletter. Does that work?
Lenny:
Absolutely.
Zoelle Egner:
Amazing. Okay, so there is a specialist VC firm called MKT1. It’s run by Emily Kramer and Kathleen Estreich, sorry if I pronounced your last name, there, wrong, Kathleen. It’s all about marketing. They are marketing experts and operators who now invest, but they make the best frameworks that you can immediately apply. And there’s templates and all sorts of super, super tactical stuff, which a lot of tactical marketing content is terrible because it’s actually content marketing for some bad platform. Theirs is not. It is genuinely good. Go check it out.
Lenny:
A huge fan. Emily has been on the podcast.
Zoelle Egner:
Oh, [inaudible 01:11:47].
Lenny:
Yeah. And I look at that newsletter as the Lenny’s newsletter of marketing, and it’s exactly how you described.
Zoelle Egner:
It’s the best.
Lenny:
Huge fan. Great recommendation. With that, Zoelle, thank you so much for being here. This was a lot of fun. And we got through a lot of stuff, which makes me really happy. Two final questions, where can folks find you online if they want to reach out, learn more, and how can listeners be useful to you?
Zoelle Egner:
I am on Twitter @Zoelle. I’m also on LinkedIn, so I live there, come find me there. Otherwise, how can you be useful to me? Mostly like go forth and believe in customer success, and talk to your users, number one, because I am an avid user of technology, and I want it all to be better. Number two, no, that’s all I got. Just go do those things and I will be so happy. Also, if you want to talk about customer success, anytime, hit me up. I’m here.
Lenny:
I’m going to add a couple more things, which you mentioned to me offline, that you’re hiring at Block Party.
Zoelle Egner:
Yes.
Lenny:
You’re hiring growth people, PMs, engineers, and then you’re also advising on the side with marketing customer success. Anything else you want to add, there?
Zoelle Egner:
Yeah, absolutely. Love advising early stage companies. I’m especially helpful for pre seed and seed, usually, anything PLG, positioning, messaging, figuring out your channels, experimentation, all that early, fun stuff. I love it. Happy to help anytime. And we are hiring across all of the teams, but especially mine. So if you would like to come and do all sorts of fun experimentation, and also help keep people online safe, come look up, Block Party. I’d love to have you on my team.
Lenny:
Blockparty.com, or where do folks- [inaudible 01:13:19]
Zoelle Egner:
Blockpartyapp.com. Did not-
Lenny:
App.com
Zoelle Egner:
… get blockparty.com.
Lenny:
You didn’t. Zoelle, thank you. Very good.
Zoelle Egner:
Thank you.
Lenny:
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review, as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Ancillary Justice | Ancillary Justice |
| Anne Leckie | Anne Leckie |
| Clay | Clay |
| cold outbound | 主动外联 |
| Computing Taste | Computing Taste |
| content marketing | 内容营销 |
| CSM | 客户成功经理 |
| customer success | 客户成功 |
| Emily Kramer | Emily Kramer |
| Figma | Figma |
| flocking patterns | 聚集模式 |
| forcing function | 强制机制 |
| Gastropod | Gastropod |
| go-to market | 走向市场 |
| Google Docs | Google Docs |
| Google Meet | Google Meet |
| Happiness Lab | Happiness Lab |
| Kathleen Estreich | Kathleen Estreich |
| Kathy Sierra | Kathy Sierra |
| landing pages | 落地页 |
| Lenny’s Newsletter | Lenny’s Newsletter |
| messaging | 信息传递(messaging) |
| mission critical workflows | 关键任务工作流 |
| MKT1 | MKT1 |
| Nick Seaver | Nick Seaver |
| Notion | Notion |
| PLG | 产品驱动增长(PLG) |
| PM | PM |
| positioning | 定位(positioning) |
| power mapping | 权力映射 |
| pre seed | pre seed |
| product led growth | 产品驱动增长 |
| product led sales | 产品驱动销售 |
| programmatic SEO | 程序化 SEO |
| punching above your weight | 以小搏大 |
| Ryan | Ryan |
| seed | seed |
| signup flows | 注册流程 |
| swag | 周边 |
| tech solutionism | 技术解决主义 |
| touchpoints | 接触点 |
| Webflow | Webflow |
| Zapier | Zapier |
| Zoom | Zoom |
| 《瞬息全宇宙》 | 《瞬息全宇宙》 |
| 《非常律师禹英禑》 | 《非常律师禹英禑》 |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
在初创圈,“极其快速地发布产品”常被奉为圭臬,但Airtable早期核心成员Zoelle Egner却提出了更为克制的观点。本文揭示了Airtable非传统增长策略背后的底层逻辑:在保持敏捷的同时,绝不能忽视产品细节的打磨。无论是邮件的措辞、配图的质感,还是示例内容与目标行业的深度契合,这些看似微小的投入,实则是在向用户传递一种量身定制的专业感。这种对细节的执着不仅建立起早期的品牌信任,更赋予了公司独特的个性,从而在资源匮乏的阶段赢得用户的认同与支持。此外,本文还将带你深入探索Airtable如何通过广告牌、精准公关等非常规手段实现以小博大,为创业者提供一份务实且极具启发性的增长指南。
来自 Airtable 非传统增长策略的启示 | Zoelle Egner
Zoelle Egner: 有时会有一种建议或本能,就是“极其、极其快速地发布产品并推向市场”。我不是说不要快速行动,显然在早期你需要快速行动,但要确保有人重读一遍你的邮件,让它听起来顺畅。投入精力去弄一张不错的照片或插画。如果你有示例内容,这其实很重要,比如你的生产力应用的示例内容。花点时间,别让名字列表里出现12次 Jane Doe。让它成为对你所在行业的引用,这样人们就会觉得,“哦,嘿,这是个关于史蒂夫·乔布斯的笑话。我是个设计师。这个人在考虑我。”这些都是小事,但它告诉那个人,“做这个东西的人在把我当成客户考虑,他们是为我量身打造的,这意味着它比通用的东西更可能满足我的需求。”这建立起了我们谈论过的品牌信任,也建立起了公司的个性,让人们想要为你加油。坦白说,当你还很小时,你需要尽可能让所有人都在为你加油。
播客开场与嘉宾介绍
Lenny: 欢迎来到 Lenny 的播客,在这里我采访世界一流的产品负责人和增长专家,学习他们在构建和扩大当今最成功公司时来之不易的经验。今天我的嘉宾是 Zoelle Egner。Zoelle 是 Airtable 最早的员工之一,在那里她领导了早期的营销和客户成功团队,总体上只是帮助 Airtable 成长为如今的传奇企业。她也在 Box 工作过。她为数十家初创公司提供过营销和增长方面的建议,现在是一家名为 Block Party 的初创公司的营销和增长主管。在我们的对话中,Zoelle 分享了作为初创公司如何以小博大,以及 Airtable 历史上最有效和最具影响力的增长与营销策略,包括他们如何使用广告牌、哪些营销投资通常具有高投资回报率,而哪些很少能善用时间、为什么公关和发布对初创公司实际上很有用,以及什么时候没用等等。和 Zoelle 聊天非常有趣,我真的很期待你能从她身上学到东西。言归正传,下面有请 Zoelle Egner。
Lenny: Zoelle,欢迎来到播客。
Zoelle Egner: 嗨,谢谢你的邀请。
初识与过往合作
Lenny: 这是我的荣幸。很酷的一件事是我们其实是在我的邮件订阅 Slack 社区里认识的。我查了一下我们是如何开始聊天的,那是我冷发送私信给你,想为邮件订阅用户争取一个 Airtable 的折扣。你非常高兴地帮我搞定了,帮我们牵线搭桥,然后你就成了关于 Airtable 这些年做对了什么、做错了什么的首选咨询人。所以谢谢你成为那个人,我也真的很兴奋能邀请你来这个播客并向你学习。
Zoelle Egner: 我非常期待这次聊天。
Lenny: 太棒了。你最出名的可能是在 Airtable 的那段时光,如果我没记错的话,你是第11号员工。
Zoelle Egner: 没错。
Lenny: 好的,在 Airtable 你领导了营销,也领导了客户成功团队,所以我们要聊聊这些事情。但在进入正题之前,我想简短地聊聊你参与的另一个项目,从外界看来这是一个非常迷人、非常有影响力、团队也很酷的项目。它叫 Vaccinate California,我想,是这样发音的吗?
Zoelle Egner: 嗯哼。
Lenny: 看吧,我就——
Zoelle Egner: VaccinateCA。
Lenny: VaccinateCA。好的。你能稍微谈谈这是什么吗?你们想做什么?你们产生了什么影响?一切进展如何?
VaccinateCA 项目始末
Zoelle Egner: 当然可以。VaccinateCA 的存在是为了帮助加州人尽可能快地找到并接种新冠疫苗,这现在听起来很微不足道,但你必须回想2020年1月,当疫苗刚出来的时候,那是真的很难。所以提醒一下,因为我们大多数人都把那段记忆屏蔽了。
Lenny: 是的。
Zoelle Egner: 联邦和州的系统当时还不存在,所以一切都是这种糟糕的大杂烩,接种资格不仅取决于你所在的是哪个州,还取决于县,甚至有时取决于具体的机构。你在一个 Walgreens 里,跟他们交谈,他们会说,“哦,你必须超过65岁,并且属于这12种职业类别之一才能接种疫苗。”然后你走到一英里外的地方,他们会告诉你完全不同的事情。所以人们会排队排几个小时。电话被打爆,完全是疯了,对于很多试图弄清楚如何保护自己安全的人来说,真的非常、非常可怕。
Lenny: 是的,我很清楚那些日子。
Zoelle Egner: 是的。所以这个组织基本上是由 Patrick McKenzie 的一条推文创立的,对于你们上 Hacker News 的人来说就是 Patio11。他基本上有这个非常简单的假设,就是,“如果你给药剂师打电话,问他们能给谁打疫苗,以及他们有什么疫苗,然后你把答案放在地图上,别人就不需要打同样的电话了。这也减轻了医疗保健系统的很多压力,并帮助人们匹配供需。”
Zoelle Egner: 令人惊讶的是,不知怎的,那条本质上就是“给人打电话,填进电子表格,放到网上”的推文,居然变成了一个完整的非营利组织,主要依托于 Discord、Zoom 和 Airtable 运作。我们不仅在全加州有数百名志愿者打电话,最终甚至还扩展到了全国,我们后来改名叫 Vaccinate The States,同时我们还在做一种叫做“网络抓取”的工作。我们会去抓取所有开始公布的官方信息源,然后进行验证,因为它们并不总是正确的。最终,我们拥有了全国最全面的接种点数据库和地图,甚至比联邦政府和大多数州的都要全面,因为他们基于某些关系,在能发布和不能发布的内容上有着非常复杂的限制。我们没有这些限制。这意味着我们基本上成了这些信息的清算中心,并且我们建立了一个 API。我们直接与 Google 合作。如果你曾在 Google Maps 上搜索过疫苗接种点,那就是我们提供的数据给他们的,这非常酷。我们还在各个县的网站上制作了可以看到的地图,帮助人们了解自己所在地区有哪些可用资源。这是我参与过的最酷的事情之一。
Lenny: 好的,完全正确。这正是我想象中这件事有多史诗级的样子。只是为了确保大家理解你描述的内容,基本上就是你们有几百个人坐在那里打电话给接种点,获取谁能去那里打疫苗的具体细节,然后给人们指明去哪里可以接种疫苗。
Zoelle Egner: 完全正确。我最初加入时,我在 Airtable 的一位同事一直在帮忙搭建后端。后来他们开始受到媒体关注,他们觉得:“哦,这能让更多人知道有这个资源可用。”所以我被请来帮忙做公关,基本上就是帮他们想清楚如何把消息传出去,结果最后我直接辞去了在 Airtable 的工作,全职投入这个项目。
Lenny: 哦,哇。
Zoelle Egner: 是的,我在董事会,同时也负责管理所有的外联和其他事务。所以我们做了很多非常棒的科普教育工作,帮助人们了解自己到底是否有资格。为此我们还开发了一系列有趣的小工具,但这确实是不可思议的六个月,我们填补了国家基础设施中一个非常关键的空白。
Lenny: 这太疯狂了,最好的解决方案居然就是给人打电话,然后建立你们自己的系统。
Zoelle Egner: 你懂吧?
Lenny: 我猜在 Airtable,你们是用它来存储数据的吗?
Zoelle Egner: 哦,是的。
Lenny: 好的。
Zoelle Egner: 我们构建了一个庞大到离谱的数据库,后来还在此基础上开发了定制软件,让打电话的人能更方便地录入信息。这是一个庞大的工程。不过看到不仅仅是技术人员参与进来,真的非常酷。在我们的志愿者队伍中,有来自各行各业的人,不仅在加州,还有全球各地的。我记得有一位志愿者说他决定加入,他驻扎在以色列,自己打疫苗完全没有遇到任何困难,但在 Twitter 上看到了相关消息,就决定要确保其他人也能像他一样轻松打到疫苗。他花了几十个小时给人们打电话,尽管他处于完全不同的时区。看到所有这些不同的人,退休教师们,我觉得我们甚至还有一群 12 岁的孩子在帮忙写代码,所有这些人真的都非常想确保他们能保护自己社区的安全。
Lenny: 这个组织后来怎么样了?它是一个现在还在继续运作的非营利组织,还是怎么了?
Zoelle Egner: 不,我们做了一件不常见的事。实际上我们决定在六个月后关闭它。部分原因是现有的系统终于赶上来了。坦白说,我们不想处在一个占用资源的境地,这些资源本可以投入到其他更有影响力的事情上。我们一直将自己视为权宜之计,一旦到了我们觉得不再真正具有附加价值的地步,我们就想把人们的时间还给他们,这样他们就可以去做其他事情。所以它现在已经不存在了。我想你仍然可以去查看它的存档。我们找到了一些正在对此进行有趣研究的研究人员,因为里面有一些关于基于疫苗可用地点的分配公平性的非常吸引人的数据,但组织已经没有了。我们拥有了那段美好的时光,然后都继续前行了。希望我们不需要重组团队,因为希望不再有必要了。
Lenny: 哦,天哪。我现在正在看《最后生还者》,关于这种……基于真菌的疾病,现在这让我感到害怕。
Zoelle Egner: 蘑菇人。
Lenny: 是的,现在这让我感到害怕。
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
从应急组织中汲取的经验
Lenny: 不管怎样,在这个播客中我试图挖掘人们从这些经历中学到的东西,所以我必须问一下,关于组建这种临时拼凑起来的东西,把一群人聚集起来,让他们专注并完成任务,或者仅仅是扩大规模,甚至是关闭它,你学到了什么。我想知道你从那次经历中带走了什么,可能会将其运用到未来类似的一次性项目中,或者甚至是你的一般工作中?
Zoelle Egner: 是的,我想大概有三点。第一,简单想法在把人们聚集在一起方面具有令人难以置信的力量。VaccinateCA 如此强大并得到这么多人帮助的原因之一是,每个人立刻就能明白它为什么有用,以及他们具体能如何做出改变。将这两者结合起来,是在非常短的时间内让大量人参与进来的绝佳方式,因为从传播的角度来看——传播对我作为一个营销人员来说非常重要,它非常简洁。比如,“拿起电话,帮助拯救生命。”非常直截了当。人们真的、真的懂这个。它让人们在一切感觉都非常、非常失控的时候,觉得自己有能动性。我认为我们有很多机会去激活我们的社区,给人们那种掌控感,这不仅对更广泛的社会有帮助,而且对那些个体也有帮助,让他们感觉更安全一点,更觉得他们实际上可以在事情上产生影响。我认为在科技界,我们经常不会直接跳入这些棘手问题中。这不是什么复杂的技术。就是电话、Discord,以及主要被当作电子表格使用的 Airtable。这没什么疯狂的。即使是那样非常简单的底层架构,也足以产生巨大的影响。我们有一些证据表明,我们因此挽救了许多生命,这相当特别。我想其中一部分也是在说,“我们不必对跳入这些问题感到犹豫。与该领域的专家接触很重要,但这并不是说技术解决主义(tech solutionism)总是答案。”再说一次,这并不是超级复杂的技术,但因为我们能够进去与实际受影响的人交谈,进入已经存在的系统,并且非常快地做出真正简单的东西,它实际上确实产生了巨大的影响,这真的很令人兴奋。
Lenny: 稍微展开说这一点,其实让我想起我投资过的一些公司的创始人。我经常听到,拥有让人们感到兴奋的使命的公司,在招聘上要比没有这种使命的公司容易得多。这真的是一个很好的提醒,让人意识到拥有一个真正能打动人的使命和愿景,具有多大的力量,相比之下,一些B2B软件即便有充分的理由存在,人们也未必会[听不清]为之兴奋。我很喜欢B2B。
Zoelle Egner: 确实有充分的理由。我很喜欢优秀的B2B软件,我职业生涯的大部分时间都在做这个。但我同意你的看法。我想,如果你有一个真实的使命,而不是让人们觉得,“哦,当然,好吧。你在连接世界。”但实际上只是某个电话初创公司,就像,“好吧。”
Lenny: 是的。我只记得一位创始人,他在做第二家公司,因为第一家公司没有惊人的使命,而第二家有了。就像,“哇。为这家新初创公司招聘容易多了。”
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
Lenny: 完全理解。
Zoelle Egner: 绝对如此。
持续重复与极小化 MVP
Lenny: 好的,第二点和第三点。
Zoelle Egner: 第二点和第三点,我尽量简短些。
Lenny: 都没问题。
Zoelle Egner: 第二点,我想说的是,一遍又一遍地坚持不懈地重复完全相同的内容有多么重要,即使你觉得每个人都肯定已经知道了。这是我在担任过的每一个领导角色中都看到发挥作用的规律,但在任何地方都没有在这里表现得如此尖锐,特别是因为我们拥有这个由数百名背景截然不同的人组成的广泛联盟。有些人来开会,有些人不来,诸如此类。我想我把关于我们正在做的事情为何重要的三个相同要点重复了5000次。我无法过分强调我说了多少次同样的话,董事会的其他成员也是如此。这真的很重要,如果你不持续保持重复自己的这种纪律,人们就会用完全离谱的东西来填补空白。你只需要习惯说同样的话。如果你做得对,它会超级有激励作用。即使你坐在那里想,天哪,“我又得说一遍了。”这也是值得的。
Lenny: 这让我想起,我不知道在哪里看到过,现在就在我脑子里,CEO和创始人的工作,他们真正的头衔应该是“首席重复官”。
Zoelle Egner: 绝对应该是。
Lenny: 引起共鸣了。是的。
Zoelle Egner: 我共事过一些从不想这么做的领导者。他们会说,“不,这会让人们觉得无聊。”而你只需要说,“说实话,大多数人听进去的程度绝对没有你想象的那么高。”
Lenny: 是的。
Zoelle Egner: “我们希望他们能听进去。但你必须用12种不同的方式把它写下来、大声说出来,以及做所有这些其他的事情。不幸的是,在这一点上,你永远没有你自己认为的那么重要。”
Lenny: 哦,这些都是很棒的经验。好的。你还想说什么?
Zoelle Egner: 我想我的最后一个经验真的是关于拥有一个可笑般微小的 MVP 的力量。到这个项目结束时,我们覆盖了整个美国。我们有了一个 API,前端有自定义软件,这整个庞然大物是我们在大约四个月的时间里建立起来的。在开始的时候,真的就基本上是一个电子表格和电话,仅此而已。即使是那样,在最初的几周里,当我们在真正推动其余的基础设施建设时,它不仅在疫情最关键的阶段之一产生了巨大的影响,而且为我们提供了大量关于我们实际上需要构建什么才会真正有用的信息。我记得我以前对管理这群人以确保我们有非常好的数据质量需要些什么,有过很多假设。
因为如果你试图成为一个值得信赖的真实信息源,你能做的最重要的事情之一就是拥有正确的信息。听起来微不足道,但在那个规模上绝对不是。而我对所有的假设都完全错了。我以为我们需要完全不同类型的监督。我以为我们需要完全不同的工具。结果发现,我们可以采取一种轻得多的方式,这让我们能够在监管环境不断变化、各个地方的所有规则制定不断变化的情况下,行动得快得多。那种敏捷性,那种只做尽可能小的事情的意愿,显然在这个行业里有点像是一种老生常谈。
人们谈论了很多,但它从来没有让我如此深刻地体会到,因为我们谈论的是以人们的健康为代价、具有极高风险的事情,而我们仍然能够在那种情况下做到这一点。所以如果我们能在那里做到,你可以想象它在其他行业的应用是多么巨大。所以是的,如果你正在听这个,而且你觉得你可能需要添加更多东西,我敢打赌你可以精简掉一些。
Lenny: 拥有这样一个强制机制是很好的,世界变化如此之快,团队可能也很小,你被迫只能构建小规模的东西。我想这就是为什么这个提醒如此重要。通常你有更多的资源,你最终仅仅因为你能做到就构建了更多的东西。是的,你说的往往是,“这会搬起石头砸自己的脚。”
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
职业背景与权力映射
Lenny: 太棒了。我没想到会在 VaccinateCA 上深入到这种程度,所以我很高兴我们这么做了。让我们稍微拉远视角,简要填补一下你背景上的一些空白。你能简要强调一下你在职业生涯中做过的其他一些了不起的事情吗?Airtable 我们谈过了,VaccinateCA 也谈过了,总的来说,你还做过什么?
Zoelle Egner: 是的,当然。好的,那我尽量简短些。我在科技行业工作了十多年,主要是营销和客户成功,也有一点运营。在进入科技行业之前,我有点像个半吊子,做过一些非营利组织、医疗保健,还有正在走向衰亡的大型零售卖场,因为我一毕业就遇上了经济衰退,我确信没人会雇我。结果证明那是错的。但从好的方面来看,现在我知道了在大规模层面上机能失调是什么样的,这实际上是一种很好的教育,也非常有用。但我一直知道我想进入科技行业,部分原因是我来自湾区,部分原因是我一直在痴迷地对这个行业进行权力映射,观察它的聚集模式,以及谁拥有哪种类型的影响力,因为我是个书呆子。我真的想看看我首先能不能进去。因为——
Lenny: 等等,你能谈谈这个吗,你做了什么?你刚才怎么说,聚集模式?
Zoelle Egner: 当然。你可以想象在任何社区中,都有影响力的节点,那些认识很多人的人,他们有钱,或者别的什么。他们能够引导那个社区或生态系统如何演变。在科技行业,通常风险投资人会在这方面发挥作用,但某些类型的高管也会。你可以追踪他们如何在不同公司之间流动,以及他们和谁一起工作,然后发现这影响了未来谁会获得投资。它影响了形成的不同合作伙伴关系。它影响了各种不同职业中公认的智慧。因为我是个十足的书呆子,我真的是在画图表,基于——
Lenny: 哇哦。
……阅读人们的博客文章,看谁在以什么方式产生影响力?因为我不是技术出身。我试过程序设计,坦白说,我很讨厌它。所以我想,“好吧,那是2010年,2011年。作为一个非技术人员,没有明确的途径进入这个行业。我需要弄清楚如何通过人来做到这一点。因为否则,我不确定为什么有人会根据我过去的经历给我一个机会。这听起来有点疯狂,但非常有效。我基本上是通过这样进入科技行业的:找到一家我认为自己拥有独特人脉或对其所在领域有独特理解的公司,我觉得我也许可以给CEO发邮件帮上忙。
Lenny: 这跟你画的那个图表有联系吗?这有没有帮你指明方向?
Zoelle Egner: 是的,绝对有。所以我当时在密切追踪 YCombinator 及其整个生态系统。我知道我想找一家小一点的公司,他们可能在招聘上更困难,因为他们不太知名,或者没那么……我不知道,没那么有吸引力。但他们仍然与那个更广泛的群体有联系,因为它有一种背书,如果你曾在YC支持的公司工作过,人们就会认真对待你。
Lenny: 对。
Zoelle Egner: 无论如何,我在这方面变得极其书呆子气地讲究战略,但很有效。
Lenny: 你现在还——
Zoelle Egner: 而且——
Lenny: ——有那个图表吗?现在看看肯定很有趣。
Zoelle Egner: 没有,我想我已经没有了。我也许能把它挖出来,但哎,我想它可能在我后来那么多次搬家中遗失了。
Lenny: 好吧。
Zoelle Egner: 已经——
Lenny: 没问题。
Zoelle Egner: ——十多年了。
Lenny: 好的。我想也是。好吧,我觉得我打断你了。你正在谈谈你职业生涯中做过的一些事情。
Zoelle Egner: 是的,最终我利用对这个领域的研究,在一家专注于开发者的YC支持初创公司获得了第一位员工的职位。关于那个有趣的故事是,我还在大学时就通过冷邮件联系了CEO,从而得到了那个职位。然后他实际上几乎立刻就回复了我,因为我提出把他介绍给一些教授,这对那种类型的业务很有用。然后我忽视了他两年,因为我忙着写论文,找了其他工作什么的,后来重新想起这件事,写了一封极其可笑的道歉邮件,大概意思是,“我保证我以后回邮件会更快。我看到你们在招人。你能再给我一次机会吗?拜托,我能来为你工作吗?我没有有用的经验,但我工作非常努力。”我想他要么会在网上嘲笑我,要么会给我一份工作,非常幸运的是,他给了我一份工作。所以谢谢 Ryan。很感激。那就是我进入科技行业的方式。
Lenny: 谢谢,Ryan。
Zoelle Egner: 是的,我们很感激。
从 Box 到 Airtable 的早期经历
所以那家初创公司被 Box 收购了。当我转到 Box 时,他们以前从未有过付费开发者。所以我们带去了七位数的合同。所以我在那里启动了开发者成功项目。然后在一次完全疯狂的转变中,我最终调去负责他们的社交媒体编辑和内部通讯,这听起来与开发者成功无关,但我一直是个写作者,我写了一篇关于作为早期非技术员工是什么体验的博客文章。里面有点辛辣,谈论了一些挑战,我没告诉任何人我要这么做。然后我收到了一封来自公关部门的邮件,说,“我们需要开个会。”我心想,“哦,他们要解雇我。我做得太过火了。”我以为我很谨慎,但我做得太过火了。但在会议上他们说,“嘿,我们真的认为你应该申请这个职位。我们很乐意让你来负责社交媒体。”这不是我预期的结果。
Lenny: 这是一个很酷的经验教训。就像,“去做事。”你知道的?“不要害怕。”
Zoelle Egner: 是的,这绝对不是预期的结果,但非常令人兴奋。所以我得以在IPO前的那几年负责那些项目,这本身就是一个完整的教育过程,可以看到当你成为一家上市公司时,沟通方式是如何变化的。那时我痴迷于 Hacker News,我看到 Airtable 发布了测试版。我立刻注册了,并痴迷于这个产品,向我认识的每个人传教,最终想方设法钻进了那里作为第11号员工的职位。
听起来我们之后会多聊聊 Airtable,所以我就不在此赘述了,但做了些营销和客户成功方面的事情后,我最终离职去了 VaccinateCA,然后最后这一小段是,当那结束时,我真的认为我想创办自己的公司。所以我给自己设定了一个特定的时间窗口来尝试不同的想法,同时也在做顾问和咨询。最终我没有找到任何让我有足够信念、值得为了埋头做一家公司而牺牲我生活中其他一切的事情。所以最终决定去我一直在做顾问的一家公司入职,Block Party,现在我在那里负责营销和增长。
Lenny: 你能简单解释一下 Block Party 吗?
Zoelle Egner: 当然。我们是一家在线安全公司。我们帮助用户更好地控制他们的数字体验。我们的第一款产品是针对 Twitter 的反骚扰和反垃圾信息工具。
Lenny: 所以你曾在 Box、Airtable 工作,现在是 Block Party。你为许多公司在营销产品增长方面做过顾问。我很好奇,在所有这些经历中,关于什么对营销和增长有效,以及你学到的那些始终如一的东西,是否有一条贯穿其中的主线。
营销与增长的核心主线
Zoelle Egner: 有几个因素构成了我选择公司的方式,从而创造了那条主线。其中一部分是关于我想把我认为自己真正擅长的东西,与在我工作的公司中能产生最大杠杆效应的东西相匹配。我提到过我是个写作者,非常在乎讲故事,以及帮助人们理解新的或新颖的事物。我也非常在乎产品质量。我有点像个产品势利眼。我的优势之一是热情。所以如果我不能真诚地走向客户并告诉他们,“这个产品会为你解决一个真正的问题,它会非常棒。”我就无法做我的工作。所以我选择加入的所有公司都有这样一个基础:令人难以置信的产品体验,也许人们还没有完全理解它,而我可以在其中介入,帮助把那些真正、真正有用的惊人产品,与更广泛的人群从中受益的机会连接起来。
所以在实践中,这意味着我通常最终会在那些从品牌角度来看能够真正以小搏大的公司工作。他们的团队规模通常比你想象的要小得多。他们通常处于比你想象的早得多的阶段,但我已经能够构建一个品牌或体验,让人们能够以高度的信任感将自己投入这家公司,我想是这样。
我会更具体一点,因为这确实很模糊。以 Airtable 为例,它管理着关键任务工作流(mission critical workflows)和高度敏感的数据。这极其重要。对于这类事情,你只会使用你可以信任的工具。在 Block Party 也是如此,那是关于在线安全的。你必须信任那个你将安全托付给它的公司。
而根据我的经验,人们,尤其是创始人,真的低估了客户经历的每一个接触点的影响力,从口碑或把他们引进门的广告,到落地页(landing pages)、注册流程(signup flows)、客服体验。这每一个时刻都在塑造一个品牌,而这个品牌要么在增加信任,要么在削弱信任。
所以对我而言,在早期,这意味着要去思考:“我能向未来的客户提供什么信号,来表达‘我们非常懂你,我们的解决方案就是为你这样的人设计的’?第二,还要表达‘嘿,相对于我们的规模或阶段,我们实际上在以高得多的水平运作。我们对此非常认真。我们已经做好了一切准备来照顾你。所以你不必害怕花上六位数,或者把你的安全交到我们手里,因为我们支持你。我们是用正确的方式在做这件事。’”
当你处于一个经常由口碑驱动的业务中时,这会带来巨大的回报。因为如果你照顾好了人们,并且用一个真正强大、确实做到了它所承诺之事的产品体验来承接那个品牌体验,那么你的口碑就能成为公司增长的巨大驱动力。
掩饰团队规模的“小把戏”
当然,这在实践中的结果其实很好笑。所以我记忆非常清晰,在 Airtable 时期,当客户来旧金山时,我不得不邀请他们出去吃午餐,因为我们只有 15 个人挤在一个极其微小的办公室里。我不是想误导任何人,但我不需要去强化这样一个事实:当我们在只有 15 个人的时候,他们却在向我们花六位数。如果他们去 LinkedIn 上查,他们本可以自己发现这一点,但我们没必要提醒他们我们这么小,而他们却在用我们的产品运行着一些最重要的流程。
我想有一次我在和 Slack 通电话,他们说:“哦,你们公司的规模大概和我们差不多吧?”我就说:“不太准确。稍微小一点,也就小了整整一个数量级而已,没什么大不了的,完全没问题。我们这边一切顺利。我们会照顾好你的。这会很棒的。”但是——
Lenny: 太棒了。
Zoelle Egner: ……真的会有所不同,所有那些小事。
Lenny: 这让我想起了我听过的一些 Airbnb 极早期的故事,他们当时不得不在浴室或走廊里开会,我想他们是在走廊里进行面试的,因为实在没有空间了。
Zoelle Egner: 在 Airtable 我们也在走廊里打过很多电话,还有在一个奇怪的内院里,你只能通过爬窗户才能进去。那个窗户还老是坏。所以我记得有一次,有个人被困在了外面,窗户关着,他还在努力面试别人。简直是彻头彻尾的荒谬胡闹。但你知道,这些都是你做大之前在早期发生的所有有趣的事情。
Lenny: 是啊,我很喜欢这些早期的故事。我真的很喜欢初创公司以小搏大(punching above your weight)这个概念。你在 Airtable 或其他地方还做过什么来帮助实现这一点?其中一点就是尽量不要让他们看到你们有多小。还有什么你记得的具体技巧吗,比如“哦,这就是当时作为一家小公司,真正帮助我们做到以小搏大的事情”?
打造“以小搏大”的具体技巧
Zoelle Egner: 其中有几件事非常不吸引人,但非常实用。第一,确保你的落地页(landing pages)、电子邮件以及其他东西具有某种程度的润色感,让它们感觉更完善一些。我想有时候会有一种建议或本能,就是“极其、极其快速地发布东西并把它们推向市场”。我不是说不要快速行动,显然你在早期需要快速行动,但要确保有人重新读过你的邮件,让它听起来不错。
投资一张像样的照片或像样的插图。如果你有示例内容,这其实是个大头,比如说你的生产力应用的示例内容。花点时间,不要让名字列表里出现 12 次 Jane Doe。让它成为对你所在行业的引用,这样人们就会觉得:“哦,嘿。那是个关于史蒂夫·乔布斯的笑话。我是个设计师。这个人是在考虑我。”
这是小细节,但它告诉那个人:“开发这个东西的人把我当作客户来考虑,他们在构建时心里有我,这意味着它比那些通用产品更有可能满足我的需求。”这建立起了我们谈论过的品牌信任,同时也建立起了公司的个性,让人们想要为你加油。坦白说,当你在小的时候,你需要得到尽可能多的人为你加油。
所以那些不花费大量时间的小小润色是绝对值得的。我想说的最后一点是,确保在你们的公开沟通或产品发布中,如果你曾与媒体交谈——有些公司可以,有些公司不行——要拥有超越仅仅关于你产品的观点,你可以试着表达:“我们属于更宏大的事物。这是我们所属的更广阔的圈子或运动。”这让它感觉更加必然,更像你不是在自私地谈论你那个小角落,而是它实际上属于这个大得多的趋势。它会更有说服力,并且感觉你在以一种不同层次的精细度运作,这真的很有帮助。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这一点。关于第一点,我听到的基本上就是关注细节和对质量的痴迷。
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
Lenny: 为了说清楚,这不仅仅是一个小团队把东西推出去而已。我想大多数创始人都会说:“是的,我很乐意,我们要专注于质量。我们会确保一切看起来都很棒。”但在现实中,这总是与他们本可以做的其他事情之间存在权衡。
Zoelle Egner: 没错。
Lenny: 你认为人们可以做些什么来帮助保持那种高质量水平?是仅仅一个人像创始人那样痴迷并审查一切吗?还是有一个像你这样非常注重细节的人来审查一切?当你有 1000 件事情要做时,你实际上是如何执行这一点的?
确立质量把关人
Zoelle Egner: 百分之百。我想说有两种方法,而你已经在这里把它们表述出来了。一种是你可以让创始人成为质量的化身,无情地要求:“嘿,我们要做这 15 分钟的检查。是的,我们要过一遍。是的,我会发给你一份这封邮件的副本,然后其他人会点击里面的每一个链接,确保它们没有坏。”或者,你可以让公司里的其他人成为这种化身。我想说在我工作过的许多公司里,那个人一直是我,因为我就是那个在乎这些的营销人员。
但它不一定非得是营销人员,也可以是产品团队的人。坦白说,甚至可以是客户成功团队的人,如果你愿意让他们对你展现给世界的方式提供反馈的话——你应该这样做,因为他们有极好的洞察力。只是需要有这么一个人。
而且我认为将其融入你的面试方式也会非常有帮助。因此,要找到那些理解这些权衡与平衡,并且愿意多花 15 分钟,但不会为了痴迷地对所有东西做质量保证(QA)而额外花上一整周的人。你不想走那么远。只要找到那些天生倾向于关注细节的人就会很有帮助。另外,给自己做一份检查清单,它不需要很复杂。“每次我们发布博客文章,我们就要做这三件事。每次我们发出一封邮件,它至少需要被另外一个人看过。”这些都不是什么火箭科学。你只需要为自己制定一个小流程,然后它可以非常快速和轻量,但我认为回报是值得的。
Lenny: 我喜欢这种简单性,为了看起来像一家大公司,就是去关注并专注于小事情。这并不是什么庞大、整体的事情。
户外广告的信号传递
Zoelle Egner: 如果你真的需要,你可以做一些更大的事情。我最喜欢的愚蠢例子是,当年 Airtable 因为投放了一些没有针对特定问题或类似情况做出超级具体说明的广告牌而在 Twitter 上被群嘲。它们只是我们投放出去的广告牌。大家都说,“这毫无意义。你们为什么要这么做?我们不明白。”它们实际上对我们超级有效,因为我们的目标和大家想象的并不一样。对我们来说,这完全是为了向一些非常大的公司传递信号,表明我们是一家合法且规模足够大、值得他们信任的公司。而且我们在特定区域有地理集中度,因为我们在纽约的时尚界、媒体界,我们确切知道他们所有的办公室在哪里,我们知道如果他们步行上班时看到了我们的广告牌,然后向 IT 部门提出预算申请以便为 Airtable 支付六位数的费用,他们更有可能会觉得,“哦,这不仅仅是我们从没听说过的某个奇怪的初创公司。”就像,“哦,我见过那个广告牌,他们一定是正规的。”这听起来真的很愚蠢,但实际上并没有那么昂贵。
我们大部分获得的是剩余库存(remnant inventory),也就是在特定购买周期结束时。有时他们没有完全卖掉所有东西,你可以以非常便宜的价格买到那些稍微差一点但可能仍然在你想要的位置的广告位。而且每个人都认为只有你非常庞大时才会去买广告牌。所以那个小小的信号传递是我们确保消除因为公司规模太小而无法达成交易的一些风险的方式。所以你可以发挥创意。大多数时候你不会这么做,大多数时候就像是,“重读你的邮件。”但如果你需要,你甚至可以把它推得更远。
Lenny: 那种广告牌的大致完整成本是多少?因为我认为人们想到广告牌时,甚至很难知道它们要花多少钱。一个数字大概是多少?
Zoelle Egner: 这真的、真的取决于很多因素,所以我有些犹豫要不要给你一个数字,因为你在哪个都市区,价格差异巨大。我想说你可以预期那些库存中的一些价格在几千美元的低端,这比你可能预期的要低得多。
Lenny: 一个广告牌。
Zoelle Egner: 是的。所以你不需要花一百万。而且我不建议你去 101 公路上买一个。祝你好运。那很贵。但如果你愿意接受剩余库存,你可以用比你预期少得多的钱在纽约一个合理的社区买到一个。
Airtable 的增长策略
Lenny: 顺着这个话题,我的下一个问题是,这或许就是答案,当你回顾 Airtable 随时间推移的增长策略、增长战术时,你会说哪一、两或三个最具影响力的营销或增长战术在长期内效果最好?或许广告牌就是其中之一。
Zoelle Egner: 我不会说它们是投资回报率(ROI)最高的,但它们肯定是我们做过的比较有趣的事情之一。它们很有用,别误会我的意思。但我认为也许其他一些更有趣。我要加上一句免责声明的无聊答案是,我们获客手册(acquisition playbook)的一部分,它非常标准,但确实效果很好,就是一些非传统定向的 Facebook 广告。那个时代已经结束了,所以不要指望它现在会对你的 B2B 业务起作用,因为那已经完全改变了。
Lenny: 当你说非传统时,你是什么意思?
Zoelle Egner: 我们花了很多时间思考我们用户的心理特征画像(psychographic profile)。所以 Airtable 的挑战在于你可以用它做任何事情。它可以用于组织内的每个部门,它可以用于个人事务,只要你能想到的,它都有用,因为你在功能上是在构建你自己的软件,而你可以为任何事情构建软件。不幸的是,如果你带着像“构建你自己的软件”这样的信息走向市场,绝大多数人的反应会是,“我想做那个。听起来很难。听起来很蠢。不。”
所以我们不能真正使用超级通用的信息,但真正深入到垂直领域,这是我们最终确实做的,并没有给我们提供寻找新机会的广泛覆盖面。带着一个小团队一次真正深入到一个或两个特定的垂直领域,但那样我们就不会浮现出可能更重要的新机会。所以我们在做特定垂直领域工作的同时,试图平衡这一点,也试图找到我们发现会是我们最佳拥护者(champion)的那种人。这是一个爱捣鼓的人(tinkerer)画像,一个喜欢新技术的人,他们喜欢把事物的乐高积木拼凑在一起,而你真的找不到《捣鼓者杂志》。没有一个这些人的聚集地。他们并不只有一个头衔,它是一种作为一类人的心理特征画像,可能拥有许多、许多不同的角色。所以取而代之的是——
Lenny: 而且 Facebook 现在不让你这么做了,对吧?
Zoelle Egner: 不。你不能根据——
Lenny: ……去做。
Zoelle Egner: ……比如,“他们有爱捣鼓的心态”,不幸的是。
Lenny: 好的,明白了。
Zoelle Egner: 太遗憾了。
Lenny: 好的。我明白了——
Zoelle Egner: ——这是不可能的。是的。但你能做的是你可以说,“那种人通常喜欢这些类型的媒体。我们听说他们通常非常迷恋这些播客,所以他们真的喜欢阅读关于这种个人发展的内容。”而且这通常与那些拥有广泛角色但具有这种典型心态的人相关联。所以我们会寻找人们可能拥有的兴趣集群,这些集群通常被那些人共享,并围绕它进行定向。然后当那个起效时,我们再基于它做类似受众(look alike)。
Lenny: 没想到 Facebook 广告会是这些答案中的一个,这挺有意思的。
Zoelle Egner: 不,现在这已经不是一个好主意了,现在别这么做。
Lenny: 免责声明。
Zoelle Egner: 以前这招很好用,现在我不推荐了。但我可以建议一些非常规的方法,这些方法是——
Lenny: 说说看。
Zoelle Egner: ……不是 Facebook。有几个不同的方面,但我想先为那些不太熟悉 Airtable 业务的人提供一些背景信息,因为我确实认为这些背景信息非常有帮助。首先,由于我们在其中经常非常成功的行业类型,我们看到了一种非常相似的网络效应,基本上是在特定职业内,我们会看到那些为了在就业市场中脱颖而出的人,会围绕他们使用的工具来建立个人品牌。我们找到了不同的方法来加速他们识别这些角色的过程,在这些过程中,为自己建立品牌真的非常有帮助,这样你就可以更快地在不同工作间跳槽,加速你的进程等等,从而随之带上一件工具并大力为其布道。所以这就是我们试图实现的第一组目标。
其次,我们试图实现的另一组目标在这里也是有用的背景信息,尽管行业内的病毒式传播对我们来说非常重要,但更重要的是公司内部的病毒式传播,这才是 Airtable 真正的超能力。我们能在一年内从 10 人增长到 1000 人。因此我们一直在寻找方法,使这种情况在公司内部以越来越高效的方式发生。
第三个方面是,没有人能给出一个适合所有人的、对 Airtable 的通用好解释。这部分可能是我作为营销人员的错,但这也是因为市场还没有准备好让这个好的通用解释产生意义,就像我之前提到的,人们根本不在乎通用解释。而 Airtable 的魔力总是体现在其具体性上。
识别并赋能核心布道者
所以我们知道,如果我们能找到对的人,并为他们与正确的用例建立联系,这样他们就想去布道以提升自己的职业生涯,他们就会在公司外部和内部都这样做。更重要的是,在公司内部,他们能够去找他们的朋友说:“嘿,我正在把 Airtable 当作内容日历用,但你有一个 UX 研究问题。而且我足够了解 Airtable,我能帮你建立一个系统。现在我在内部成了一个超级英雄,因为我帮你构建了这个全新的东西。看看我,我太棒了。”然后他们突然间就为 Airtable 完整地做了一场推销,而我们不需要做任何工作,也不需要了解他们的用例,这在我们这样横向的产品中是非常棒且非常必要的。所以我们本质上必须弄清楚:“我们如何催化这种口碑传播并大规模地培养布道者?”
所有这一切都是为了说明,我们做的两件有趣的事情都是围绕这一点的。在极早期,这在实践中意味着,我们实际上有一个 Slack 集成,我们把任何注册了 Airtable 的人的一大堆信息拉取进来,包括他们的头衔、他们工作的公司等等。然后我们就真的坐在那里,在每条进来的记录中有一个小按钮,如果我们决定他们可能是我们想交谈的人,这允许我们立即给他们发电子邮件。我们建立这整个自动化系统,这样只需两秒钟就能联系到大量不同的人,就像这样:“嘿,我们非常希望得到你的反馈,并帮助确保你在 Airtable 上尽可能成功。”
这从长远来看是不可扩展的,因为有大量的发送邮件和开会。但这意味着,我们能够通过发现他们之间的模式,开始建立我们对这些布道者在实践中是什么样子的心理模型。打基础是我们极早期最终成为客户成功(customer success)运作的方式。然后我们就能够说:“好的,我们找到了五个拥有这种头衔且有内容日历用例的人。现在我们能够基于此去运行一个广告活动。我们可以基于此构建一堆模板。这是我们所有可以使用的不同切入点,因为我们知道这就是布道者可能看起来的样子,”如果我们没有和大量的人交谈,这是不会显而易见的。所以作为一项投资,这似乎非常不显眼,但是投入了大量的人工作时,只是为了拥有一种高效的方式来与尽可能多的人交谈以建立这些心理模型。这是第一点。
Lenny: 这非常有意思。本质上,你甚至不确定谁会对 Airtable 感到兴奋。这部分就像是,“弄清楚我们认为适合鼓励和帮助支持的目标人物画像和人群。”然后这部分是,“一旦你弄清楚了公司里的这些人,就让它在公司内部传播。”只是拥有一个列表……我想象这个列表中会有这个人的某些属性,比如,“这是他们工作的公司。这是它有多大。”然后他们谈论了,有提到他们用它做什么。这是其中的一部分吗?
Zoelle Egner: 理想情况下是的。不过我们总是非常注重隐私,所以我们实际上无法获得太多关于他们在 Airtable 中做什么的信息。我们永远看不到他们的数据,因为那将是信任的巨大失败,回到我们之前谈论的内容。所以这其中很多,我们只能猜测,也许我们可以看到他们使用了某些模板,但我们否则真的不知道。这也是我们一开始想和他们交谈的部分原因。
第二个原因是,如果我们能及早和他们交谈,我们可以帮助他们建立他们的第一个空间,从那里开始,如果他们成功了,他们就会有工具去帮助他们组织内的其他人。所以如果我们在开始时抓住他们,通过过度投资确保一个人成功,那么他们本质上就成为了其他所有人的支持。我还应该澄清,这些人不一定是会成为买家的人。对于 Airtable 来说,这里的买家和布道者看起来非常、非常不同,这是一个许多公司都没有的非常有趣的动态。但对我们来说,那个会在周五晚上端着一杯酒坐下来构建一个 Airtable 数据库的人,并不是那个有预算会为这东西买单的人。
所以我们最初寻找的不是买家,我们寻找的是布道者,部分原因是这样我们就可以在六个月后去找 IT 部门说:“看,你有 500 个人在使用这个产品,这对他们非常有用。现在是你付钱的时候了。”不确定 IT 部门是否喜欢这些对话,但这对我们来说真的非常有效,并且意味着销售变得非常、非常容易。
Lenny: 非常有意思。这让我想起了产品驱动销售(product led sales)运动,以及这本质上就是那个,但甚至更早,因为这只是人们刚注册,你只是在帮助他们取得成功,而不是像,“这家公司有 14 个人在用它。你应该去试着卖给他们一个企业合同。”本质上这是一个工具,帮助你弄清楚如何,基本上是扩展客户成功,并帮助你优先考虑去追逐谁,以及对未来最有可能成为大买家的对象非常亲力亲为。
Zoelle Egner: 确实。我认为这里有趣的是,它帮助我们启动了两件事。一是正如你所说的,构建用户画像、布道者等等。从长远来看,最终会有更多可扩展的方式触达这些人。但其次,它也帮助我们解决了早期面临的一个真正的产品教育问题。因为它确实非常复杂。不幸的是,Airtable 有两个需要解决的教育问题。它不仅是“我如何把这些乐高积木拼在一起?”它还包括“我如何设计一个软件和一个工作流?”
而且不幸的是,如果你卖给内容营销经理或用户体验研究员,并不能保证他们知道如何制作工作流。大多数软件是专断的,它替你完成了这项工作,你会觉得,“它要么适合你,要么不适合”。也许你会对它为了运行而强迫你做的事情感到沮丧,但你无法真正控制它,这意味着当突然之间你拥有了创建任何你想要的工作流的能力时,实际上需要进行一些教育才能使其成功。
仅仅制作一个漂亮或能运行的 Airtable 数据库是不够的。如果它不融入组织更广泛的背景中,你就无法让你的团队有效地使用它。它仍然会失败。因此,我们很多工作是在摸索,比如,“好吧,我们如何帮助这些人不仅使用我们的产品,而且构建出能够持久的东西,这样我们就能看到增长,这样他们就不会认为它失败了,这样它就不会在开始向更多人扩散时的那个二阶时刻失败?”
Lenny: 对于任何难以理解且需要……的 SaaS 产品来说,这真的是一个很好的策略,Airtable 就遇到了这两个问题。比如,“我不知道这是用来干什么的,我也不知道它到底会如何融入我的工作流。”想象一下大多数——
Zoelle Egner: 但是——
Lenny: ——公司仍然必须处理这两个问题。
Zoelle Egner: 不,希望不是。希望不是。
Lenny: 是啊。
Zoelle Egner: 但一旦你真正融入了人们的工作之中,就很难被移除了。所以如果你愿意做那项初始工作,你的留存率会惊人地高,你的口碑也会惊人地好。很多人认为 Airtable 是一家纯粹的产品驱动增长(product led growth)公司,却忽略了在早期始终非常、非常重要的庞大客户成功部分。这最终帮助我们在一段时间内更多地转向了那种 PLG 模式,但在最初建立时,它是必不可少的。
Lenny: 太迷人了。
布道者的规模化:品牌周边的力量
Zoelle Egner: 我们做的另一件与规模化布道者相关的事是,我们在非常高级的周边(swag)上花了离谱的钱。我知道这听起来很傻,但那是带有品牌标识的 AirPods 级别的高级周边。诚然,那时候更多人在办公室。现在他们更多是远程办公,这就不那么奏效了。但在当年,如果你给人们真正好的东西,不是笔或贴纸,而是真正的好东西,他们会向每一个与他们交谈的人炫耀,因为他们得到品牌 AirPods 太兴奋了。人们路过他们的办公桌时会问起这个。这听起来很琐碎。但考虑到我们花了几百块钱,心里清楚,“嘿,这个人已经是布道者了,如果有人问起,他们会做一个非常棒的推销。”这完全值得。有时候最好不要在周边上吝啬。很难衡量,但非常有效。
Lenny: 这是一个很棒的提示。它符合这样一个总体思路:找到你的布道者,并尽一切努力确保他们取得成功、感到兴奋、想要去布道,而时不时送出一个 AirPod 感觉像是一个投资回报率非常好的投资。
Zoelle Egner: 对我们来说是这样。
Lenny: 在这方面还有什么其他的吗?
将客户成功经验转化为规模化内容
Zoelle Egner: 我认为我想强调的主要就是这些。从流程的角度来看,我唯一要补充的小提示是,如果你打算在客户成功上过度投资,我推荐这样做,请确保你也建立了一个流程,将你的客户成功人员得出的洞察转化为尽可能多的内容。因为从长远来看,你会在那里找到可扩展性。因此对我们来说,这意味着我们会与一批客户交谈,然后客户成功团队会帮助他们构建数据库,接着我们会创建模板。所以这些并不是完全照搬,因为我们不想窃取他们的知识产权。我们会说,“这里其他公司可能也有的基本工作流是什么?我们如何以此制作一个有用的模板?”以及一些解释它的博客文章,或其他任何我们可以推向市场的东西。
下一次,当一家不是财富 500 强的小公司想要这种东西时,有人可以直接把那个模板发邮件给他们,我们就不必经历整个构建过程,他们也有了一个起点。如果你能找到这些洞察,并真正将它们作为一个小传送带投入使用,扩展规模就会容易得多。想出真正引人注目的内容也会容易得多,因为它们来自你的客户,所以他们已经关心这些内容了。如果你已经为他们构建了它,你就有强烈的信号表明它将是有价值的。利用这一点为你带来优势,把它变成一台小机器。这会让你以后需要做的所有走向市场(go-to market)的工作变得更容易。
客户成功与市场营销的趋同
Lenny: 我知道你有一个强烈的观点,即客户成功和市场营销基本上是同一回事,也许应该是一个团队。你能谈谈这个吗?
Zoelle Egner: 可以。这是我一个有些争议的观点,但他们俩实际上必须做同样的事情。他们必须识别客户需求。他们必须帮助客户将你的产品视为满足这些需求的解决方案。他们需要消除在获取价值过程中的摩擦。希望他们都在鼓励这些客户与其他人分享,并且他们都应该参与将这些个人的洞察转化为可以帮助所有人的资源。
他们使用不同的策略。市场营销会使用更具可扩展性的策略。客户成功会深入细节,真正与个人交谈,但他们关心的所有事情实际上是同一件事。他们只是用不同的方式来做。如果你作为一个营销人员,不能相当自信地说出,“我正在做的是让合适的人从这个产品中获得真正的价值”,以至于他们想告诉其他人这件事,因为这会让他们看起来很好,那么也许可以想办法在你的过程中加入更多这样的元素,因为这会使你正在做的事情更有效。
坦白说,没有比这样的人更好的布道者了:通过将合适的人与解决方案相匹配,从而使他们能在公司中产生更大影响,你在实质上帮助了其改善职业生涯。话虽如此,我在 Airtable 为市场营销和客户成功设定的一个非正式指标——是非正式的——是我们有多少人因为使用该产品而获得了晋升。我有一个这些人的持续统计,我知道如果在我们试图赢得的主要客户中出现了这种情况,那就说明有好事正在发生,我们将在非常大的交易上取得成功。
Lenny: 我很好奇你们是如何追踪这个的。我猜你只是偶尔跟他们确认一下?
Zoelle Egner: 不,我的客户成功经理(CSM)真的是,他们有非常牢固的关系。我们实际上是在追踪它的。这有点令人尴尬,但真的非常有效。
Lenny: 我喜欢这个,作为一个很棒的 KPI。我猜这就像约会软件看有多少人结婚一样。
Zoelle Egner: 没错。
Lenny: 稍微把视角拉远一点,你在营销、客户成功、增长等方面为许多公司提供建议。这可能是一个分为两部分的问题,看你想怎么展开。
Zoelle Egner: 好的。
Lenny: 一件事是,营销、增长和客户成功团队经常做的哪些活动是有影响力的,且能持续产生影响力,那些你认为初创公司应该投资但目前可能没有在做,或者已经在做且绝对应该继续做的事情。另一方面,是哪些不起作用的事情,也许他们应该避免。所以也许我们就从这里开始,后面还会有一个后续问题。
营销与增长的避坑与有效实践
Zoelle Egner: 好的。我想先从应该避免的事情开始,因为我尽量不对这类事情做太多一概而论的断言,但我有几个愿意分享的观点。所有这些都要附带一个说明,即渠道市场匹配(channel market fit)是非常真实的,有时这些事情可能对你有效。不要仅仅因为我说它们对我没用就不去考虑。有某些类型引人注目的活动营销和赞助,你会受到无休止的邀请去参与,它们看起来似乎非常适合用于展示信号,或者获取线索,或者别的什么。
这些几乎总是浪费你的时间,除非你身处一个极度需要去参加展会的行业,因为那是所有人聚集的地方。在那种情况下,是的,你当然得去。但如果你处于更标准的 B2B SaaS 领域,或者这并不是常规操作,那么比起把你的标志挂出去,有更好的方式能出现在那些人面前。那并不能告诉他们任何信息。也许你会在会议上获得一个品牌专场什么的,但是谁会去参加那个品牌专场呢?可能没多少人。然后你就会花掉那么多钱却一无所获。去参加活动,不要把钱砸在赞助上。这很愚蠢。然后第二件事,这绝对是一个非常激进的观点,但我还是要说。
Lenny: 说吧。
Zoelle Egner: 很多人认为产品营销的极致就是创造你自己的品类。虽然我同意拥有强大的差异化优势是有用的,因为确实有用,但我认为创造一个品类,把一个新东西弄进 Gartner 什么的,通常是浪费你的时间。这是一个巨大的工程,绝对庞大,特别是在 B2B SaaS 领域,而且我不确定在这里拥有一个超级微小的细分领域,然后说“哦,我们没有竞争对手”,是否真的有帮助。这实际上并不是买家的运作方式。这真的不值得。
话虽如此,你可以做一些感觉像是创造品类但实际上很有效的事情,我确实认为这些更合理。具体来说,如果你能提升一个职业而不是一个品类,那可能会合理得多。这方面一个很好的例子是 Gainsight 创造了客户成功,或者许多公司共同开辟了 DevOps,或者重塑 DevOps,使其突然成为一份令人向往的工作。
我认为这很有价值,因为一份工作是一种身份认同,人们会为身份认同而战。一个软件品类只是你预算表上的一个明细项目。没有人会对那个感到兴奋。但是人们对自己工作的意义、重要性和受到重视会感到非常兴奋。所以如果你能够举起一个现有的或全新的职业,并说“这对于更广泛的业务指标非常重要,等等。我们要为这些人建立一个聚集的社区,而且这一切都是关于这份工作的”,而不是关于你。这可能会非常强大,他们会带着你一起走。你成为那个职业身份的一部分。太棒了。一定要这样做。但是像 Gartner Square 那样的,确实有一些在合理情况下的机会。很多时候并不合理。不要那样做。
Lenny: 太棒了。我很喜欢这个。你还有什么想补充的吗?
Zoelle Egner: 没有了。
Lenny: 好的。
Zoelle Egner: 我想关于不该做的事情说得够多了。
Lenny: 这让我大致想起了,“保持专注于客户及其问题。不要痴迷于你是谁,你卖给谁,以及你将如何改善他们的生活。”这让我想起了 Kathy Sierra 的一个老观点。这能引起你的共鸣吗?
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
Lenny: 就是那个——
Zoelle Egner: 哦,完全能。
Lenny: ——你让你的客户成为超级英雄,你想让他们感觉像个超级英雄。如果他们——
Zoelle Egner: 这很管用——
Lenny: ——感觉像个超级英雄。是的,这听起来基本上就是你在 Airtable 以及你合作过的许多公司所做的事情。
Zoelle Egner: 那永远是目标。就像,“你如何才能让他们成为故事的主角,而不是你?因为坦白说,没有人关心你的公司,他们关心的是他们自己。”
Lenny: 你能脱口而出一些真正擅长这个的产品或公司吗,就是那种完美做到这一点的?
Zoelle Egner: 是的,这是个好问题。当然是我提到的那两个,它们帮助重塑了一些职业,比如像 Gainsight 这样的公司。我一时想不出那些在 DevOps 方面做得非常有效的公司,但肯定有一些。
Lenny: 也许是 Datadog?
Zoelle Egner: 是的,Datadog 在这方面做得相当好。我认为让我感到兴奋的是,当公司以一种不那么利己,或者不那么明显利己的方式来做到这一点时。这意味着有时你必须愿意投资于那些对你来说没有超级明显即时回报的事情,但它们对社区以及建设社区会有回报。哦,实际上有一个很好的例子,我认为 Notion 在这方面做得相当好。人们真的、非常投入于他们创建的模板,因为感觉你并不是在推销 Notion,而是在推销你为了解决问题而做出的精美创作。我认为他们在那个过程中做得非常好,我认为他们的几个竞争对手也做得相当不错,但我首先想到的是他们。
模板的真正价值
Lenny: 说到模板,我知道 Airtable 以模板闻名,你提到过这是其成功的重要组成部分,我想象现在很多公司都在到处创建模板,因为他们认为这就是核心,是帮助许多公司(比如 Notion 作为例子)取得成功的关键。你对模板在软件中的力量和重要性有什么看法?
Zoelle Egner: 我认为如果你是一个横向产品,它们会非常有帮助,因为它们帮助缩小了用户的接触面,所以他们能理解如何将他们的问题和你的产品连接起来。如果一个人不清楚他们如何解决一个特定问题,他们就会想,“哦,嘿,这看起来真酷。等我想起什么来我一定会回来的。”然后你就失去他们了。所以如果你能像这样,“这里有三个模板,你可能会对其中之一感到兴奋。”这可能会非常有帮助。人们有时对模板感到困惑,或者对模板抱有错误的期望,是在他们认为模板将成为一种获取机制,但他们却没有为此建立必要的基础。所以很多人认为模板是驱动 Airtable 漏斗顶端的因素。事实并非如此。
Zoelle Egner: 我曾和后来在 Airtable 大量负责 SEO 工作的人聊过,我们都觉得人们认为模板是巨大流量来源这种想法很可笑,因为事实并非如此。我们根本没有针对搜索去优化它们,大多数时候你想在搜索中找到它们纯属碰运气,这根本没用。模板真正有帮助的地方在于缩小接触面、协助匹配模式,以及帮助用户理解产品的运作方式,这非常有效。在公司内部的业务扩展方面,模板的作用也是极大的。
但对我们而言,它们并不是漏斗顶端的机制,因为我们并没有为此付诸努力。我们没有 SEO 引擎,我们不是 Zapier。Zapier 在这方面做得非常出色,他们通过将其打造为程序化 SEO 策略而获得了海量流量。但你必须清楚自己的目标是什么,以及这些模板究竟在解决什么问题,否则你很容易产生这种想法:“我只要做一堆模板,然后所有的潜在客户就会涌现。”除非你投入比 Airtable 至少多得多的资源,否则这根本不会发生。因此,制作模板是有用的,但前提是你要清楚自己为何要做,以及打算如何衡量效果,否则纯粹是浪费时间。
Lenny: 你认为如果 Airtable 从 SEO 的角度进行投资,它能利用那种漏斗顶端的策略吗,还是你认为这不是一个可行的机会?
Zoelle Egner: 我认为本可以。我们需要雇佣更多人。Airtable 在很长一段时间里是一个极其精简的团队。从 2015 年我加入,直到 2017 或 2018 年,我们只有不到 50 人。它多年来规模都很小,所以我们必须在优先做什么和不优先做什么之间做出非常困难的选择。我们本应该雇佣更多人做更多事情吗?事后看来,我绝对会说,是的,确实有一些机会被错失了。但在早期,你不得不放弃一些好机会,因为你必须专注于其他事情。
Lenny: 明白了。所以这里的一个要点是,模板对客户成功可能非常有用,而不是作为 SEO 漏斗顶端。对吧?这就是——
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
Lenny: ……它们变得强大的地方。
Zoelle Egner: 也许仍然有帮助。也许对你来说,做 SEO 策略是合理的,只要知道那不是一个小举措。这是一项投资。它绝不仅仅是“让一些人做一些模板”那么简单。你必须做得比这多得多。仅仅那样是不够的。
产品发布与公关的价值
Lenny: 最后一个潜在问题,取决于谈话走向,我很好奇这个答案会有多犀利,以及——
Zoelle Egner: 天呐。
Lenny: 是关于产品发布和公关的。你和许多初创公司合作,我想创始人总是在试图计划一场发布,获得公关报道。我很好奇你对早期初创公司投入大量资源进行大型发布,以及仅仅获取公关报道的价值有何看法。
Zoelle Egner: 是的,仅仅获取公关报道不是一个好目标。我知道市场上已经说得很清楚了,但我还是想重申,大多数时候公关不会给你带来潜在客户或用户,真的不会。当你策划一次发布或做一篇公关时,你必须思考,是什么面包屑能把某人引回到真正能转化的东西上?如果你在 TechCrunch 上有一篇重磅报道,非常令人兴奋,说了关于你的各种好话,但它可能在第 12 段或什么地方链接了你一次,到底有多少人会真正点击那个链接?没多少人。有多少人会读完后记得去谷歌搜索?绝对没有你想要的那么多。好吗?漏斗里流失的会非常多,它不是一个有用的获取机制。
它的用处在于建立信誉。在这种情况下,如果你有非常清晰的目标,并且知道如何准备好利用一篇公关报道的资产,那么它对你就会有帮助。因此,在考虑使用公关时,我总是向创始人推荐两个目标:要么是招聘,要么是提高你主动外联的回复率。我认为这两个目标是最合理的,因为在这两种情况下,它们都有着不同的分发机制。在招聘中,你会把它包含在发送给候选人的邮件里。因此它会增加他们认真对待你的可能性,让他们对公司感到兴奋,并可能最终真正加入你的团队。
在主动外联中,你用它作为信誉背书来说:“嘿,我们是一家你可以信任的真实公司。”很好。这两件事全都是你在主动发送的邮件。你清楚地知道它们发给了谁,你也知道这个资产有望产生你想要的影响,而且你可以衡量它是否起了作用。但仅仅为了获得公关而获得公关,可能只会帮助提升内部士气,我不确定它对你会有多大实质性帮助。所以要有非常清晰且现实的目标,否则你会失望的。
然而产品发布不需要仅仅围绕公关。事实上,在许多情况下公关是一种干扰,相反,你可以不只有一次大型发布,而是进行一系列发布,让你保持在用户的心智首选位置,与用户创造动力,并出现在许多不同的地方,因为受众会对新鲜事物做出反应,这给了他们一个关心你公司的理由。所以,你可以有你盛大的年度发布之类的,但也要在两个月后安排一次,然后再来一次,再来一次。找到方法利用这种新鲜感为你带来优势,并进入那些你认为与你的公司非常契合的社区。
给创始人的最终建议
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个建议。在我们进入非常激动人心的闪电问答之前,还有什么最后的想法吗?
Zoelle Egner: 最主要的是,如果你多和你的客户交谈,所有这一切都会变得更容易。为你自己建立一个系统,让你能够拥有那些接触点。这不只是让每个人都去回答客户支持工单,尽管我确实认为那是个好主意,因为它能带来极大的同理心,而且真的很有帮助。作为创始人,如果你是创始人,或者是产品经理,或者别的什么角色,你应该想办法把这件事排进你每周或每月的日程里。去和人们交谈吧,这会让事情变得更好。你会有一个更好的心智模型。另一件事是,如果你是一家 B2B 公司,请强烈考虑尽早投资客户成功。Airtable 在拥有销售团队之前就设立了它,这是一种非常非传统的做法,但尽早做是值得的。如果你真的倾听他们的声音,它会产生巨大的回报。但如果你不打算听他们的,那就别雇他们,因为那很可悲。
Lenny: 关于客户成功这部分我有个后续问题,假设有人想投资客户成功,有没有什么资源、人物或任何你可以指点大家去了解和思考如何做好的东西?
Zoelle Egner: 对于这个职业内部的人来说,有很多资源。但不幸的是,目前面向创始人的资源并没有那么多。这是一个我非常迫切地寻找更多资源来与人们分享的领域。至少我想说,如果你关心这个,给我发个消息。我会给你一些建议。如果有更多人在从事客户成功工作,我们整个行业都会变得更好。所以我会帮助你的。给我发个便签。否则,我会试着挖出一些其他的东西,也许你可以分享它们,但真的不多。所以,做客户成功的人们,请多向创始人分享你们的经验教训。我们所有——
Lenny: 有——
Zoelle Egner: ……人都希望能看到这些。
Lenny:
Lenny: 是的,其实我一直在找人来简报里写一篇客座文章,讲讲如何搭建客户成功团队。所以如果你正在听,并且觉得你就是那个人,让我——
Zoelle Egner: 是的,我认识几个人,我现在就不点名了,我会把他们推给你,我觉得——
Lenny: 太棒了。把这事促成吧。
Zoelle Egner: 好的。
创始人如何与客户交流
Lenny: 然后我想就你的第一条建议问个问题,就是“创始人应该更频繁地与客户交流”。关于如何做到这一点,你有没有什么可操作的战术建议?比如如何找到客户,如何持续地安排下来?
Zoelle Egner: 完全可以。最简单的方法是给自己写一个模板邮件,你可以很轻松地发出去,内容基本上就是:“嘿,非常感谢你使用我们的产品。我真的很想听听你目前的体验并获取你的反馈。你有10分钟的时间通个电话吗?”我知道通过电话沟通而不是发问卷很重要,因为从不结构化的对话中你能获得远比在谷歌问卷里发三个问题多得多的直觉。建立好模板,提出一个你想交流的目标人群假设,然后对你的数据库进行查询,找到一个人,每周发三封这样的邮件。这并不激动人心,但你可以把大部分流程自动化,而且这会很有帮助。这些事情都不必很复杂,你只需要有一个系统。
闪电问答
Lenny: 很好的建议。说到这里,我们已经到了非常激动人心的闪电问答环节。我有六个问题要问你。我会过得很快,想到什么就说什么,看看会聊到哪里。
Zoelle Egner: 行。
Lenny: 第一个问题。你最推荐给其他人的两三本书是什么?
Zoelle Egner: 好的,我讨厌这个问题,因为我以提供高度精准的推荐为荣,但我还是回答吧。我很确定你主要对话的是产品和增长领域的人。显然,现在 AI 是一个很大的热门话题,所以这里有两本书可以丰富你对人工智能的心智模型,并鼓励你从不同角度去思考它。第一本稍微学术一点,但非常推荐。是一本叫 Computing Taste 的书,作者是 Nick Seaver。他是一位人类学教授,他对构建音乐识别算法的人和公司进行了一项研究。这本书因为很多原因非常有趣,包括它从学术角度剖析了科技文化,更具体地说,是许多在这个领域工作的员工内心未曾言明和底层的假设。对于身处科技行业的人来说,读起来可能会有点尖锐和不适,但我认为这是一个迷人的视角,而且与目前 AI 领域正在发生的事情非常相关。所以去看看吧。Nick Seaver 的 Computing Taste。第二本是一本小说,是 Anne Leckie 的 Ancillary Justice 系列,讲述了一个飞船 AI 最终与飞船分离并困在一个身体里的故事。我就说到这里。为了以一种不同的方式思考 AI,值得一读。
Lenny: 我觉得我们需要做一期 Zoelle 的完整节目来推荐书。这些推荐太棒了。继续吧。
Zoelle Egner: 太公平了。
Lenny: 除了这档播客,你最喜欢听的其他播客是什么?
Zoelle Egner: 可能是 Happiness Lab 或者 Gastropod。我喜欢美食,也喜欢心理学,二选一吧。
Lenny: 有意思。好的,继续。最近最喜欢的电影或电视剧是什么?
Zoelle Egner: 电影是《瞬息全宇宙》。电视剧的话,有一部韩剧叫《非常律师禹英禑》。那部剧我真的很喜欢。
Lenny: 你最喜欢问的面试问题是什么?
Zoelle Egner: 好的。这个问题跟客户成功有关。这是我最喜欢的问题。大家都很讨厌它,抱歉。但我喜欢问任何将要面对客户的人,那些需要保持冷静、能够临场学习并回应客户、使用 Zapier 解决不熟悉问题的人。他们可以使用互联网查资料,随便怎样,但我基本上会向他们摆出一个我作为客户想要解决的问题,然后让他们现场为我搭建出来。这对大多数人来说都很出乎意料,所以你能看到他们如何应对不熟悉的状况,而每个客户迟早都会给你出这种状况;同时它也以一种非常具体的方式展示了他们是如何学习新东西的,这非常有趣。所以可以试试。这对客户成功岗位非常有效。
Lenny: 我以前没听过这个。太有意思了。你最喜欢的前五名 SaaS 产品是什么,而且 Airtable 不能算?
Zoelle Egner: 啊。好吧,那我尽量避开我工作过的任何公司。我真的很喜欢用 Figma。当设计师让我玩弄他们的东西时感觉很棒。我最近很享受使用 Webflow,这也意味着我可以自己做点东西。这可能有点拉仇恨,但我其实很爱 Google Docs。我不是 Notion 的死忠粉,抱歉。
Lenny: 嘿。
Zoelle Egner: 但是 Google Docs——
Lenny: 你不可能讨所有人喜欢。
Zoelle Egner: ……就像我最好的朋友。
Lenny: Google Docs 很棒。
Zoelle Egner: 是的。然后有一家我投资了的个人 CRM 公司,所以抱歉,也许这不符合规定,叫 Clay,这是我一直以来唯一能够真正追踪我关系的途径。
Lenny: 哇。
Zoelle Egner: 以真实的方式追踪关系。
Lenny: Clay 是个很棒的产品。
Zoelle Egner: 他们是最棒的。然后我不知道算不算喜欢,但我太经常使用 Zoom 了,我觉得我必须提它,因为我在上面花了太多时间,而且它在各方面都绝对比 Google Meet 好。
Lenny: 最后一个问题,你最喜欢的、非营销人员可以从中学习的关于营销的书、课程、文章或任何资源是什么?
Zoelle Egner: 好的,是一个简报。这算吗?
Lenny: 绝对算。
Zoelle Egner: 太好了。好的,有一家叫 MKT1 的垂直风投公司。由 Emily Kramer 和 Kathleen Estreich 运营,抱歉如果我把你姓氏读错了,Kathleen。内容全跟营销有关。他们是营销专家和操盘手,现在做投资,但他们做出的框架是你立刻就能应用的。里面有模板和各种极其极其战术性的东西,很多战术性营销内容都很糟糕,因为它们实际上是为某个烂平台做的内容营销。他们的不是。它是真的好。去看看吧。
Lenny: 我是超级粉丝。Emily 上过这档播客。
Zoelle Egner: 哦。
Lenny: 是的。我把那个简报看作是营销界的 Lenny’s Newsletter,完全如你所描述的那样。
Zoelle Egner: 它是最棒的。
Lenny: 巨大的粉丝。很棒的推荐。到此为止,Zoelle,非常感谢你的到来。这很有趣。我们聊了很多东西,这让我非常开心。最后两个问题,大家如果想联系你、了解更多,可以在哪里找到你?听众们能怎么帮到你?
Zoelle Egner:
Zoelle Egner: 我在 Twitter 上的账号是 @Zoelle。我也在 LinkedIn 上,我常驻那里,来那里找我吧。否则,大家能怎么帮到我?主要是去相信客户成功,去和你的用户交流,这是第一点,因为我是技术的狂热用户,我希望一切都变得更好。第二点,没有,我就想到这些。去把这些事做好,我就会非常开心。另外,如果你想聊聊客户成功,随时找我,我都在。
Block Party 招聘与咨询
Lenny: 我想补充几件事,你私下跟我提过,Block Party 正在招人。
Zoelle Egner: 是的。
Lenny: 你们在招增长人员、PM、工程师,然后你也在业余时间做营销和客户成功方面的咨询。还有什么想补充的吗?
Zoelle Egner: 是的,绝对。我喜欢给早期公司做咨询。我通常对 pre seed 和 seed 阶段特别有帮助,任何产品驱动增长(PLG)、定位(positioning)、信息传递(messaging)、弄清楚你的渠道、做实验,所有这些早期、好玩的事情,我都喜欢。随时乐意帮忙。我们所有团队都在招人,特别是我的团队。所以如果你想来做各种有趣的实验,同时帮助保护人们在网上的安全,来看看 Block Party 吧,我很乐意你加入我的团队。
Lenny: Blockparty.com,还是大家去哪里—— [听不清]
Zoelle Egner: Blockpartyapp.com。没弄到——
Lenny: App.com。
Zoelle Egner: —— blockparty.com 这个域名。
Lenny: 是的,没弄到。Zoelle,谢谢。非常好。
Zoelle Egner: 谢谢。
节目结语
Lenny: 非常感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期内容有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你最喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。另外,请考虑给我们打分或留下评论,这真的能帮助其他听众找到这档播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到往期所有节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Ancillary Justice | Ancillary Justice |
| Anne Leckie | Anne Leckie |
| Clay | Clay |
| cold outbound | 主动外联 |
| Computing Taste | Computing Taste |
| content marketing | 内容营销 |
| CSM | 客户成功经理 |
| customer success | 客户成功 |
| Emily Kramer | Emily Kramer |
| Figma | Figma |
| flocking patterns | 聚集模式 |
| forcing function | 强制机制 |
| Gastropod | Gastropod |
| go-to market | 走向市场 |
| Google Docs | Google Docs |
| Google Meet | Google Meet |
| Happiness Lab | Happiness Lab |
| Kathleen Estreich | Kathleen Estreich |
| Kathy Sierra | Kathy Sierra |
| landing pages | 落地页 |
| Lenny’s Newsletter | Lenny’s Newsletter |
| messaging | 信息传递(messaging) |
| mission critical workflows | 关键任务工作流 |
| MKT1 | MKT1 |
| Nick Seaver | Nick Seaver |
| Notion | Notion |
| PLG | 产品驱动增长(PLG) |
| PM | PM |
| positioning | 定位(positioning) |
| power mapping | 权力映射 |
| pre seed | pre seed |
| product led growth | 产品驱动增长 |
| product led sales | 产品驱动销售 |
| programmatic SEO | 程序化 SEO |
| punching above your weight | 以小搏大 |
| Ryan | Ryan |
| seed | seed |
| signup flows | 注册流程 |
| swag | 周边 |
| tech solutionism | 技术解决主义 |
| touchpoints | 接触点 |
| Webflow | Webflow |
| Zapier | Zapier |
| Zoom | Zoom |
| 《瞬息全宇宙》 | 《瞬息全宇宙》 |
| 《非常律师禹英禑》 | 《非常律师禹英禑》 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)