模式破局者:如何找到突破性的创业点子 | Mike Maples, Jr.(Floodgate 合伙人)
Pattern Breakers: How to find a breakthrough startup idea | Mike Maples, Jr. (Partner at Floodgate)
Three Elements of Breakthrough Ideas
Lenny Rachitsky: You found that there’s basically three elements of most breakthrough startup ideas.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:00:04): The three are inflections, insights and then the founder future fit. Business is never a fair fight. What inflections let the founder do is wage asymmetric warfare on the present.
You reference this term that you use occasionally, the term secret.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:00:18): The way inventions happen is people get their hands dirty, being awake to the possibility that secrets are there. If you’re living in the future and you notice what’s missing, your intuition about what to build is far more likely to be right.
This connects with that stat that you shared, that 80% of your biggest returning investments came from a pivot.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:00:35): So startup never beats a big company by executing better. The way startups win is because it proposes a radically different future. Disorients the incumbent and chaotically moves people to that different future. The rock is the inflection, the slingshot is the insight that David shoots at Goliath. We’re looking to create the conditions where we’re going to get to play an unfair game by unfair rules that favor us.
Today, my guest is Mike Maples Jr. Mike is a legendary early stage startup investor and with his firm, Floodgate, which was founded over 20 years ago, was one of the earliest pioneers of seed stage investing as a category. He’s made early bets on transformative companies like Twitter, Lyft, Twitch, Okta, Rappi and Applied Intuition and has been on the Forbes Midas list eight times. More recently, he’s been spending a lot of his time researching where great startup ideas come from and what separates the startups and founders that break through and change the world from those that don’t go anywhere. After spending years reviewing his notes and decks from the thousands of startups that he’s met with over the past two decades, he’s uncovered three ways that breakthrough founders think differently and act differently. In our conversation, Mike shares what he’s uncovered along with the pitfalls that he’s seen many founders and startups fall into, how to apply these pattern breaking principles to large companies and so much more.
I’ve never seen anything like this sort of research done before on early stage investing and startups. And if you’re a founder, a product builder or an investor, this will change the way that you think about building successful products. Also, as an added bonus, Mike has offered listeners of this podcast a very cool offer. If you pre-order the book at patternbreakers.com/lenny, you’ll receive a second signed copy of the book for free. There are limited number of copies available of this offer, so if you’re interested, I’d encourage you to place your order ASAP. The book is coming out July 9th. To take advantage of this offer, go to patternbreakers.com/lenny. With that, I bring you Mike Maples Jr. Mike, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:02:47): Lenny, thanks for having me. It is absolutely an honor.
It’s my honor. What we’re going to be talking about in our conversation today is how to come up with a startup idea and how to take the first few steps to make that idea real. You have a book coming out that is exactly this, helping people understand how to do this. It’s called Pattern Breakers: Why Some Start-Ups Change the Future. Let me just ask a broad question. You’re very busy, very successful investor, why did you decide to write a book?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:03:19): Yeah, a lot of things in life. It was kind of an outgrowth of an accident and a outgrowth of being down a certain rabbit hole. So about 10 years ago, Twitch was acquired by Amazon for 970 million and we made something like 85 times our money. And normally, you’d think that’s a really good thing, it was a good thing, but I had forgotten that I was even a shareholder of Twitch. So I had to go to my LPs and I had to explain to them, “Hey, I’m sorry I don’t have this in my financial statements, but do you want me to restate them?” And they were all like, “Nope, we’re good. Just send us the money.” And some of them even sent me bottles of champagne and stuff and the good kind. Then I started to kind of feel a little bit unsettled.
So how was I shareholder and Twitch? I’d invested in a company called Justin.tv that had morphed into two companies, Socialcam and Twitch, and then Socialcam got bought. And so I just thought that was the company. I’d been investing for about 10 years and I noticed that 80% of my exit profits had gone from pivot. And I also noticed that all the ones that had seemed to do well didn’t necessarily follow the best practices that everybody talked about. I didn’t see the Twitter guys doing the business model canvas, for example. And I didn’t see the Justin.tv Team even as they morphed into Twitch being who I would hold up as the most functioning management team I ever saw. A lot of it was pretty crazy and wild and random. And at the same time, I was helping founders shut down their companies and they had seemed to do all the right things.
They’d done the business model canvas, they’d done customer development, they’d done all the things you’re supposed to do, hired well, they would’ve been a Harvard Business School case study except for the fact that they failed. And so the genesis of this project was really like, “Okay, should I just retire before I get exposed? Is this just all random? Am I just lucky or is there something else worth understanding?” And as I started to develop conviction about what those things were, I started to talk to people about it. A lot of people said, “Oh, you should write a book. Founders ought to see this. It’d be really valuable for their thought process in coming up with their startup ideas.”
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Amazing. I’m even more excited to get into the meat of this. I was already excited. Before we get into that, just can you share a bit about the work that you did to uncover these insights? I know you have hundreds of decks of all these early-stage companies you’ve looked at, what is the work that went into this?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:08:24): Yeah, so there’s a movie that came out a few years ago called Trainspotting, right? And there’s these guys, these dorky old British guys in anorak coats who chart the comings and goings of trains like it’s the most interesting thing in the world. They’d put it in their journals and everything. I’m that way when it comes to startups. I have a database of any startup where you would’ve made more than a hundred acts on your first check. And what I want to do is I want to get a time capsule for those startups. I want to understand what did it look like not after it succeeded, but what did it look like at precisely the time you would’ve needed to decide whether it was an interesting opportunity. So I have the original pitch deck for what was at the time called Air Bed and Breakfast, which I foolishly passed on, and you seem to have made a good career decision in joining.
Introducing the Guest
Lenny Rachitsky: Later, but yeah.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:09:18): I have the pitch deck for Pinterest. I have the pitch deck for all of these that we either passed on or said yes to. And the reason I want to do that is it’s easy to misremember how things really happened. And what I find is even the founders themselves, we have a tendency to remember knowing more than we really did at the time. And so I really wanted to do the best job I could of understanding exactly what it was like, what was the origin story of this idea? How did they come up with it? If they pivoted, what caused them to pivot? When did they first start to encounter success? What was the reason for that? All those things.
And I had to be really careful in the questions that I asked because for example, you don’t ask, “Why were you successful?” Because then they’ll offer their reasons they thought they were successful. What you want to do is you want to say, “Okay, I noticed here’s the seed pitch deck and you called the product X, but now the product’s called Y. When did you make that change? Why did that happen?” And so you’re trying to do the very best you can of asking a very non-judgmental set of questions that are going to give you a non-judgmental set of answers so that you can kind of be like a detective and kind of get to the root cause of why these things took off.
Incredible. And I think what’s also important is you have access to more data and more unique data than most other people because you invest so early stage.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:10:46): Yeah, I think the other thing is I just have a pretty simpatico relationship with founders usually, and so I can kind of push for the real, and they’re not… I’m like, “Look, I won’t share anything you don’t want me to share. I’m just trying to understand.” And so when you have these informal relationships… that’s the other thing I learned is you try not to show up in a conference room interviewing them like a normal interview. You try to glean these facts over time with informal discussions and in the midst of talking about other things as well. And so I think that that was part of what was really valuable about the exercise was sort of the opportunity to get the unvarnished wild story of what really happened.
Amazing. Okay, so let’s get into it. Your book’s basically broken up into two parts, how to come up with an idea and then the actions you need to get right to move forward an idea, and you have a really cool way of framing how to do this and then we’ll get into it. But maybe frame these two parts real quick.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:11:52): So I’ll give it my best shot. I mean, the main thing is that business is never a fair fight. So the incumbents start out with an advantage, and the default is they will maintain their advantage. And so the startup has to decide that it wants to fight unfair. And so how does a startup fight unfair? It has to harness a different set of powers than are obvious to most people. For example, better doesn’t matter when you’re a startup, because better is an extension of the present. Better is when you think the future will resemble the present, but only be slightly different. The way startups win is by being radically different. A startup wins by avoiding the comparison trap entirely. So like when Lyft launched ride-sharing and then Uber closely followed with UberX, nobody after riding a ride-share said, “Oh, how’s that different from taxis?”
It was just self-evident how different it was. And so that’s what we mean by forcing a choice and not a comparison. So the startup capitalist, it turns out, is a different type of capitalist. A corporate capitalist makes money by persistently compounding, makes money by extending their advantage, makes money by having a moat, makes money by doing things well over and over again in a compounding way. Startup has none of those things. There’s nothing to compound. And so the way a startup wins is they just change the subject. They deny the premise of the rules and propose something completely different. And that was the original notion behind pattern breaking was you want to have an idea that just radically breaks the pattern that can’t be compared to anything that’s come before, and that’s when the startup has a chance to play offense.
So coming back to the two parts are coming up with the idea and the actions that you got to take. So let’s dive into coming up with an idea, and this is where I want to spend most of the time because I think this is where most people get it wrong or everything starts with the idea. So I think there’s a lot of meat here. And what I love about your book is you have a very succinct limited number of things that you’ve uncovered that are elements across successful companies, pattern breaking companies. So within the idea bucket, you found that there’s basically three elements of most breakthrough startup ideas. Can you share the three and then let’s talk about each one.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:14:24): Yeah. The three are inflections, insights and then what I call founder future fit. Or another way I phrase it is, “Is this from the future.” But those are the main three things that I’ve observed tend to suggest breakthrough potential. And here’s an important thing. You’ll notice I didn’t say the implementation. So one of the things that I learned is that if you have the right insight, and we’ll get to some of this, you have a first mover advantage into the future. And so a lot of times your first implementation won’t be right, but if your insight is correct, you can navigate the implementation to the right implementation to get product market fit. But what we need to understand is there need to be these underlying forces underneath the idea to give it the power to escape the gravitational pull of the present. That’s what we want. We want a set of powers that we could observe that make it worth pursuing and make it worth navigating the product to the ultimate place.
Origins of the Book
Lenny Rachitsky: So let’s talk about the first power. You call it inflections. What is an inflection? Why does it matter? What does an inflection look like?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:15:32): An inflection is an external event that creates the potential for radical change in how people think, feel, and act. Inflections happen external to any startup or any company for that matter. So we’ve brought up Lyft a little bit ago, so maybe we’ll use them as an example. So the inflection that enabled Lyft was the iPhone 4s shipped with a GPS locator chip. And one of the things that that illustrates is, for example, Moore’s law is not an inflection, an improvement curve is not an inflection. An inflection, I’m a little persnickety about, it’s a turning point. And so in math, it’s a turning point on a curve where the slope changes.
But in tech startups, it’s a point in time where something new gets introduced that creates new empowerment for the first time possible. And so people talk about timing and why now? Inflections for me were the unlock. You could have had the idea for ride-sharing before the iPhone 4s, but it wouldn’t have mattered because the riders and the drivers wouldn’t have been able to locate each other well enough. If you’d waited too long after the iPhone 4s, it would’ve been obvious. And so there was this window of time, this magical moment when a new type of empowerment was possible for the first time ever. And the companies that the founders who understood that were in a position to offer that kind of empowerment in the form of a radical product that changed the future.
To make it even more real for people. What are some other examples of inflections either in the past, in the present?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:17:10): Another example would be the cameras getting better on the smartphones, which enabled Instagram. So Instagram was at the convergence of a few inflections. First of all, there were smartphone adoptions. There were just more of them. And so they crossed like 10 million smartphones, but then you had the cameras getting a lot better. You had more of them connected on Wi-Fi. You had the networks having better upload speed for smartphones. So all those factors converged and made it possible for Instagram to offer a product that was good enough to take most of your photos with. You didn’t start to think, “Oh, I need a digital camera separate from my smartphone. Now I can just use my smartphone everywhere I go.” But Instagram could have come out in 2008.
It probably wouldn’t have worked it probably, or it wouldn’t have worked to the extent that it did. Its window of timing was just right. What are some other examples? The locator chips in the smartphones powered other companies as well, it powered DoorDash, Instacart. They had different insights which we’ll get to, but there were lots of different ways to harness that power. One thing I love about inflections, and this kind of goes really old school, is just because you have a power doesn’t mean you know how to use it, right? So the wheel was mounted horizontally for 500 years before somebody mounted it vertically. So originally people used the wheel to make pots, and that was a good innovation because it accelerated making pots, but then somebody decides to mount it vertically, and now you’re propelling wagons and you just change transportation entirely.
And so most people don’t realize that the thing that’s underneath us or the thing that’s in our hands or the thing that’s in our pocket might have a power that when unleashed could change the future. And it’s one of the very special things about founders that are great is they recognize, they notice things that we don’t know. All of us tend to just follow the patterns we’ve always followed because most of us tend to assume that tomorrow will be similar to yesterday, but sometimes the founder will notice an inflection. And I find that kind of inspiring because inflections are all around us all the time, but most of us just don’t bother to look. Most of us are so busy going about our day to day that we don’t notice the emergence of a new empowering thing right under our nose or right in our pockets, but some founders do.
It makes me think about ChatGPT when it came out, it was sitting on top of an existing model and it just gave people a new interface to use it, and all of a sudden, everyone crazy, they’re like, “Oh my God, that’s the future.” But it was already there. You couldn’t chat with it the way that people wanted to chat.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:20:05): Like Michael Saylor, once I was talking to him and he said, the Romans could have invented the printing press a lot earlier. They had sandals that would make marks in the mud. You could have, in theory, drawn the connection between those marks in the mud and the ability to have movable type and letterpress, but nobody did. And so quite often these inflections, they’ll just go unrecognized for a while, but they’re always there. They’re always there. They’re there right now. In the ambient atmosphere, there’s somebody about to harness an inflection that most of us would just walk right by and never see.
Wow, my mind is racing, what’s out there right now. Obviously AI is top of mind for a lot of people. I know you’re stickler for what is an inflection, what does not? Do you consider AI an inflection?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:20:55): I would say that I would probably be a little more specific about it. So I might say that certain large language models are an inflection because when I think about an inflection, and one of the things I emphasize in the book is stress tests. So it’s funny, founders never really come to me and say, “Hey, can you help me come up with a good idea?” They would think they’re weak sauce if they had to do that, right? So usually what’s the more common occurrence is they’ll say, “I’ve got this idea, what do you think about it?” And so what I can say to them is, “It’s not my place to have an opinion, but let me just ask you, does it embody one or more inflections?”
And if it does, there’s a few we could stress test that we can say, “What is the specific new thing that was just introduced? How does it empower people? How does it specifically empower specific people in specific ways? And under what conditions might that empowerment be realized? And under what conditions might it not be?” Because nuclear power has existed for a long, long time, but we haven’t built any new nuclear power plants in 50 years. And so just because you have a power doesn’t mean it’s going to get used. It could get regulated out of existence. Customers could decide they don’t want it. And so we want to answer all three things. What’s the specific new thing? What is the specific form of empowerment it offers and to who?
And under what are the empowerment conditions? So like with the selection for Lyft, the inflection was the new thing was the iPhone 4s with the GPS chip, the empowerment was you can locate anyone within one meter accuracy with an algorithm, and that’s going to be pretty much anybody with a smartphone. And that’s a lot of people. And in order for this to be met, people are going to have to want to share their location information with applications. The government’s going to have to not outlaw GPS chips and phones. Apple’s going to have to keep wanting to ship GPS chips and phones. And we felt like those were pretty reasonable bets. We felt like it’s pretty likely those empowerment condition will be met.
The Research Process
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. I was just going to ask for an example. You already provided one. What about in terms of Twitch? What was the inflection there?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:23:05): I think there were a couple. The first was the shift towards user generated content and sort of internet celebrities. Justin Kan wanted to be an influencer before there was a term to describe it, right? He was really building the product that he wanted for himself. But right before Twitch or right before Justin.tv, which was the original company, Time’s person of the year had been you, and they had YouTube on the cover of the magazine. And so you had, that was a major turning point in how entertainment was happening. But simultaneously, broadband penetration had reached critical mass. The CDNs were getting really good, we thought that they would get better. And so you were in a situation where the conditions to live stream video for the first time broadly over the internet were being met. Whereas you could have done that even two years before. In fact, Kyle Vought had to invent some pretty miraculous stuff to even make it work when they did. But you could see how, okay, once video starts streaming on the internet in real time, that could be a thing. You could just see how that would be a thing if it worked. And so I’d say those are the inflections. Airbnb, company close to both of our hearts for different reasons. They benefited, I think from a couple things. One was the proliferation of customer reviews online and people’s trust of reviews as a substitute for trusting the brand of a hotel. But then also Facebook Connect made it possible to pass people’s profile information. And so the guest and the host didn’t quite seem like as much of a stranger as they might’ve. And so there were a few things that happened at the same time, and then the great financial crisis. And so you had people upside down on their houses needing to find some way to generate income. So all of those things came together at the same time to help Airbnb.
The examples you shared are a good reminder that the inflection doesn’t have to be technological. You shared a few of the categories of types of inflections. Can you just do that again?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:25:08): I love that question, and I’m glad you reminded me because here’s a really recent example. When the laws were changed because of shelter-in-place for telemedicine visits, it used to be illegal to do a telemedicine visit across state lines. But now all of a sudden with COVID and shelter-at-place, not only was it made legal, but it could even be reimbursed by the healthcare system. And so that’s an inflection because it empowers patients to access more doctors, and it empowers doctors to access more patients, and it also changes the delivery mechanism in an empowering way.
In no event was that a technology change, that was a regulatory change that allowed technology to be empowering in new ways, but it was a specific new thing that meets that condition. It empowered specific people in specific ways, and there was a new set of empowerment conditions that ended up being made. And one of the things that we would ask at the time was, once COVID and shelter-at-place goes away, are they going to revert back to the old laws? And if they did, that would’ve been a problem. And so that would be the empowerment condition, but it’s a fairly robust way of stress testing any inflection, right? Is to ask those three or four questions.
So there’s regulatory inflections, big changes in regulation, there’s technological, there’s also, I think you implied an attitude, like the way people see [inaudible 00:26:35]
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:26:34): Yeah, there can be a belief inflection.
Belief.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:26:37): So for example, during COVID, the amount of telemedicine visits exploded. And so as a result, there was a permanent change in people’s belief about whether they would want to do a telemedicine visit. Before that, the technology was there, but a lot of people just didn’t do it. The doctors didn’t want to or decide to, or the patients didn’t want to decide to. But now all of a sudden people were doing it, they’re like, “This is much better. I’d much rather do it this way than go visit the doctor and wait in line and all that stuff.” And the doctor’s like, “I’d much rather do this than have these people backed up in my office.” I would argue that here we are doing a podcast on a video platform, even though it’s not Zoom, I would say that Zoom was another example. The idea of people working from home a reasonable number of days a week is a permanent condition, I think is another inflection that happened with COVID.
And so are those the three, regulatory, technological, and belief?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:27:35): Those are the main ones. And I would say that in many ways you could say that from a macro point of view, it’s two things. It’s technology changing enablement, and it’s people socially changing their beliefs and their patterns of behavior. And either one of those changes can be an inflection because either one of those changes can represent a turning point in one’s capacity to change the future.
Amazing. Okay.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:28:00): … point in one’s capacity to change the future.
Amazing, okay, so we’ve talked about inflection, the next bucket is, in the next element of breakthrough companies that you found is an insight. Talk about that.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:28:11): Yeah, so unlike an inflection, an insight does come from the founders. An insight, I like to say, is a non-obvious truth about how one or more inflections can be harnessed to change people’s behavior. So in the example that we gave earlier with Lyft, the inflection was the iPhone 4S, insight was, oh, that means you could do Airbnb for cars. And so, you had to have some type of a creative insight to see that. Now, what was non-obvious about it, or non-consensus about it, who’s going to want to get in a stranger’s car? That’s crazy, right? And thank God … I mean, if there’s one piece of goodness about us passing on air bed and breakfast design, Anne and I were like, man, nobody’s going to want to stay in a stranger’s house, that’s crazy. And at the time, air bed and breakfast, the host of the guest stayed in the house at the same time, and the host would feed Pop-Tarts or something like that to the guest the next morning.
This is right around the time of the Craigslist killings and stuff, where this is just scary and kind of crazy, couchsurfing as a service. But by the time we saw what was Zimride at the time, what became Lyft, Anne and I were much more prepared to believe that insight than we would’ve been because we’d foolishly passed on Airbnb. So that’s a really important aspect of insights. So the insight needs to leverage inflections, but this is the subtle part, it needs to be non-consensus and right, not just right. So in the world of opportunities, if you’re right and consensus, you still don’t do that well. And an idea that is right but consensus has a couple problems to it. One is, if it’s consensus, it’s probably not radical enough.
Because when you think about it, human beings are conditioned to like things, and so, if everybody likes your startup idea, it means it’s too similar to what they already know, what they’re familiar with, which means it’s probably too similar to the consensus, it’s too similar to the incumbents, and so, the best startup ideas have this trait where most people don’t like it or are even hostile to it, or just kind of meh about it. But some subset of people are just like, where have you been all my life? This is amazing, I love this. They fall irrationally in love with the idea.
And so, most of the great startups that I’ve seen have that attribute to them, and the reason is that a great startup, unlike a conventional company that proposes the future as an extension of the present, so that … Normal companies forecast, they say, I’m going to look forward from the present and forward project what the future will be. Great founders, pattern breakers back cast, they say, it’s a given that the future has to be radically different for me to be a big winner, and so, I’m going to look for radically different futures and work backwards from those radically different futures.
And so, the radically different future comes from that thinking different, thinking non-consensus. And then, it’s the different actions that get you to say, okay, now I’m out in this different future, but right now, I’m all alone in this different future. I have to get people to come join me in that different future, and I have to find people who are ready to move with me to that different future. And that’s where the pattern breaking actions come in.
And not everybody’s going to move at first, and so, I can’t waste my time with people who won’t move, I can’t waste any URGs of energy on anybody other than those ready to move or are about to move. And then, I need to co-create the future with those early believers. And so, great startups happen when a subset of people in this world buy into the founder’s insight, and then move with them to co-create that future. And then, eventually, what was a heresy becomes the conventional wisdom as more and more people start to realize the advantage of it.
Core Concept of Pattern Breaking
Lenny Rachitsky: There’s so many threads I want to follow here, one is the Airbnb story. Interestingly enough, I had Jessica Livingston on the podcast recently, and you probably know this, but Paula Graham and her did not like the Airbnb idea. They all were like, this is a terrible idea, we are going to assume they will change the idea, but we love the founders, we’re going to take a bet on them.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:32:35): So I was introduced to the guys by Michael Seibel, who was one of the co-founders of Justin.tv Twitch, and Michael introduced me to Brian Chesky before they applied to Y Combinator. So Michael’s like, they’re not even close to ready to apply to YC, but he thought that I maybe would think that it was the right kind of crazy. I get pitched by a lot of … I’m not very off put by crazy ideas.
I could see why.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:33:03): And the meeting was totally discombobulated, so room full of cereal boxes, I’m like, what’s up with this? Why is there cereal here? And then, he can’t get the product to work, and I’m like, okay, that’s okay, let’s just look at the slides. And he goes, well, Michael Seibel told me that you don’t slides, you like demos. And I was like, that’s true, but it’s not working. So we’re like, 20 minutes into this meeting in a room full of cereal boxes just looking at each other. And you can’t win them all, right? You win some, you lose some.
I wouldn’t blame myself if I were you, [inaudible 00:33:37].
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:33:37): Here’s the other thing that’s hilarious about Airbnb, so they do this thing because they can’t pay their rent. They put up this WordPress site to pay for their rent because there’s a design conference in San Francisco. In the meantime, they’re brainstorming startup ideas, so they wanted to do a startup together, but it never occurred to them at first that air bed and breakfast was the startup idea. They’re like, we just need to use that to make money so we can go do a real startup. And so, that’s the irony, too, is that, you look back on it and almost smile at the fact that they didn’t know what they even had at first, it was almost an accident.
There’s a lesson there of, you find something that works, and even if you don’t think it’s a big idea, don’t take that for granted.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:34:21): Oh, I very agree. And the other great lesson is, you don’t want your initial startup bets to be too big to fail. You want ideas that are small enough to fail a lot because you don’t want to be attached to success, you want to be able to just try things and play with stuff and tinker with things because you don’t really know where the fractal of new insight is going to reveal itself. And so, there is a little bit of play to this that I think is pretty important.
Do you remember some of the ideas they were brainstorming, by the way?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:34:56): I don’t. I wonder if even they do.
Yeah, probably not, probably not.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:35:00): It’s probably in The Airbnb Story, their book.
I feel like them failing in your demo helped prepare them for YC, and that’s what helped them get in, so I think that you’re a big part of their story.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:35:10): And to make it even more painful, I’m in the book. Somebody called my wife Julie the other day and said, is that your husband in the Airbnb story? And we get the book, and there’s a chapter, and it talks about how hard it was to raise money. And they weren’t dissing on me as a dumb VC, they were like, look how bad we were at presenting this at first. It was just a complete catastrophe presentation. But that’s another good lesson for me, too, I learned a very permanent lesson from that, which is, just because the presentation’s good or bad, it has nothing to do with whether you should necessarily invest or not. Sometimes you have to be awake to the possibility of what it’s going to be regardless of how messed up the presentation is.
What was their evaluation at that point?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:35:57): Oh, this hurts to … I think he offered me a chance to invest it at $1.5 million valuation.
But now they’re a $100 billion business, I believe.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:36:09): Oh, yeah, I would’ve made like, 6,000 times more money or something like that.
Okay, great, [inaudible 00:36:14].
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:36:13): Thank God I said yes to Twitter and Justin.tv, and we said yes to Lyft and Okta, because if we’d seen all of those and passed on all of them, I’d be apoplectic.
I think that’s what’s interesting about your stage of investing is, you just need a couple to work out for you to win.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:36:35): Yeah, that’s right. And by the way, it’s true when you’re a founder, too, if you do this right, you only have to be right once. And so, that’s really important.
Three Elements of Breakthrough Ideas
Lenny Rachitsky: Coming back to the insights lesson, one thing that you brought up when we were chatting about this is the importance of being surprised and the power of surprises. Can you talk a bit about that?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:36:56): Yeah, so there’s a couple of things about insights that I think are really important, and this is one of them. I believe that there can’t be a recipe for breakthrough. And why is that? Well, recipes exist for things that have already been discovered, so if I give you a recipe for making a cake, somebody has probably made that cake before, the exact way they’re defining it. And so, breakthroughs, though, by definition, haven’t happened yet, they haven’t been discovered. The general theory of relativity had to be discovered by Einstein, and the idea for ride-sharing had to be discovered by the ride-sharing companies, or Airbnb, by Chesky and Nate and those guys. And so, what you want to adopt is the right mindset. And how do you adopt the right mindset? You interact with new technologies at the cutting edge, but you actively savor surprises.
And when you think about it through the lens of a breakthrough and what we just said, it makes sense, because if you want to find a breakthrough, you want to be surprised, you want to discover the undiscovered, you want to know something you didn’t know before. Because if all you do is an experiment that proves, that validates what you think, you didn’t really learn anything, when you think about it, you just doubled down on your existing understanding or opinion. I learned this lesson from Scott Cook, who was the founder of Intuit. Whenever he would be presented a new product, people would present the idea to him, and he would say, what were your three biggest surprises as you were coming up with this plan? And what he would find is, quite often, they couldn’t name any. And he felt like when people can’t name the surprises they came up with, they’re too brain locked on what they want. They have the agenda they have, they want validation, rather than truth seeking.
And so, if you’re an authentic truth seeker, you’re always hoping to be surprised, and you think of surprise as a gift, because you think, wow, maybe I encountered that surprise before anybody ever has. And so, that’s kind of what we mean. And you want to construct your experiments so that you’re in a position to be surprised. So a good example would’ve been what the guys at Chegg did. So Chegg was wanting to see if people would do textbook rentals, so they created a fake site called Textbook [inaudible 00:39:21]. But here’s where Osman and Aayush were very savvy. Rather than just test whether people would rent a 35, they tested an arbitrary set of prices, all the way up to $75. And so, they had the demand preference curve at different prices. And Textbook [inaudible 00:39:42] wasn’t a real site, so you’d get to the shopping cart and it would give you a 404 error.
But we could tell that people wanted to rent textbooks, and the surprise was that they would rent them for more than we thought. We thought we need to get at least 35, but some students were willing to pay 75. And so, that understanding was huge, if we’d only done an experiment to validate the hypothesis of, yes, will they rent it for 35, our pricing model would’ve been totally different from, oh, wow. And when you think about it, it makes sense, the student didn’t want to keep the textbook. Econ 101, I’m going to give it back anyway, so 75 bucks is less than 100, I can buy beer with the extra money. So that would be an example of the surprise.
But most of the startups that have had great outcomes, I find, there was a kind of surprise like that. Being non-consensus is not the same as being contrarian. Being contrarian is another form of conformity because it’s still relative to somebody else. Most of the great founders I see, they almost feel guilty that they found this secret, but they earned the secret by tinkering with the future and noticing surprises, and having their noticing filter tuned to volume 11, where most of us wouldn’t notice it, most of us would just pass the secret right by because we’re looking to validate what we think is already true.
You referenced this term that is also one I love that you use occasionally, this earned secret. Can you talk a bit about that? It’s basically the same idea that you uncovered something by trying things that no one else has seen yet. Is that the general idea?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:41:15): So to me, secrets are earned. A lot of people, I think, have the wrong idea of what vision is. A lot of people tend to think visionaries as like, they have a special pair of binoculars, and they can look out farther than the rest of us can. But in my experience, that’s not how inventions really happen, the way inventions happen is, people get their hands dirty and they learn about what’s missing in the future because they’re getting their hands dirty with what’s new about it. And so, they earn the secret by going down this rabbit hole of exploring something at the cutting edge for its own sake.
And just like I’m a trained spotter for startups, they become a trained spotter for this new thing that they’re excited about. And they frustrate the people around them, they’ll be at a party, and everybody’s talking about the basketball game, the Celtics against the Mavs, and somehow that reminds them of the fact that they want to test prices for textbook [inaudible 00:42:17]. But they’re that interested, it’s the last thing they think about when they go to bed, the first thing they think about when they wake up. And so, that’s where I find most of the really great earned secrets come from, they’re earned in the sense that you earn them by getting your hands dirty, and you earn them by being awake to the possibility that secrets are there or that just most people aren’t looking.
This connects with that stat that you shared, that 80% of your biggest returning investments came from a pivot. It all connects, where you’re just trying stuff, you’re learning, seeing things people haven’t tried.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:42:49): That’s right, and in the early days of product market fit, I like to say we want to answer a very simple but profound question. What can we uniquely offer that people are desperate for? And if we have an insight, that makes us unique. Now, if a customer doesn’t like your idea, a couple of things could be true. One is, your insight could be wrong. If your insight’s wrong, you don’t have a startup, you should just stop. The other thing, though, that could be true is, your implementation is wrong. So you had the right insight. So like Okta, at first, they wanted to do cloud systems management, they thought that they needed to do problem resolution, but when they showed it to customers, they were kind of meh about it. And they said, well, why are you meh about this? And they said, well, it’s not a top priority. And they said, what is your top priority? And they said, identity management.
So they had the right insight, which was, customers would struggle to manage cloud services, but they had the wrong implementation of the insight, so then they came back with identity management, and it worked. So if somebody doesn’t like your idea, if they’re not desperate for it, either the insight’s wrong, the implementation’s wrong, or you could be talking to the wrong customer. Some people that Okta talked to wanted to integrate it with on-prem software. And in that case, their opinion’s irrelevant because they’re not an innovative customer, they’re not living in the future, they’re not going to give you product requirement ideas that are additive to your strategy. And so, you want to be, right insight, right inflections, right implementation, right early believers that you’re talking to, as you iterate towards product market fit. And if you’re not succeeding at product market fit, then one or more of those variables isn’t working yet.
More Inflection Point Examples
Lenny Rachitsky: I think this might be a good time to remind people that you don’t need to have every one of these for your business to potentially be a huge success. It’s more that, the more you have, the more likely it is that you will find something massive. Is that right?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:44:50): That’s right. And this is the hard part about being non-consensus and right is, you don’t know for sure that you’re right at first, you only know that you’re non-consensus. And so, you have to be willing to risk being wrong to be spectacularly right. And so, what you’re trying to do, though, is pursue opportunities where the odds are massively in your favor. And so, I kind of return back to, business is never a fair fight. And so, if I’m a founder, there’s a universe of ideas I can pursue. The mistake that a lot of founders make, and it’s very understandable, they say, I want to go after big market opportunities. So they analyze big markets, they find unserved customers with unmet needs in under-addressed markets, so then they go build a product to go solve that problem.
And that’s very appealing, because it seems obvious, and the dots connect forward in an obvious way. But unwittingly, it buys into a context, it buys into the current definition of the market, which was already set by the incumbents. And so, what you instead want to do is pursue a slightly more ambiguous opportunity, but one that harnesses these powers. Ones where you look at the inflection and you say, wow, that’s really powerful, you look at the insight, and you say, yeah, I know that this is going to be, in the future, I know that this is where things are going to be radically different someday. I would rather have those things present and be willing to pivot the product than not have those things and have a much clearer idea of what the product should be.
Funny enough, one of my biggest investment successes that exactly what you’re saying you shouldn’t do, which is, they looked at a huge market with a bad incumbent and built something better, and it’s working. But I think, again, it’s not that you can’t win that way, your point and your research shows that your chances are a lot higher doing something totally different.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:46:42): That’s right, and I would bet that this company … I don’t know enough about it, I don’t know what it is, but it wouldn’t surprise me if they harnessed inflections in some way that was disorienting to the incumbent. It wouldn’t surprise me if they found a way to use inflections to fight an unfair fight. What I try to do with the insights is, I realized there was a theory behind it. A theory is not a recipe, it’s an explanation. And what inflections let the founder do is wage asymmetric warfare on [inaudible 00:47:11]. And the insight is the vessel that they use, right? It’s kind of like, the rock is the inflection, the slingshot is the insight that David shoots at Goliath. And so, that’s what we’re looking for, we’re looking to create the conditions where we’re going to get to play an unfair game by unfair rule to favor us.
Great segue to the third bucket and the third element of Breakthrough Company’s Future-Founder Fit. What is that?
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:47:39): Yeah, so this is one of my favorites. So a lot of times, people will say, what makes a great founder? And there are some common traits, passion for the idea, persistence, resilience, all these things that people talk about, passion for the users. But what I find is that there’s no canonical best founder. So Marc Andreessen started Netscape as a programmer making minimum wage at the University of Illinois. And everybody thought the digital highway at the time was going to come from Time Warner or from Microsoft Network or from the US government, nobody thought that some kid was going to do it from the bottoms up. But it turns out that Marc was tinkering with a set of inflections around the World Wide Web. And right around that time, Microsoft introduced a better version of Windows, and right around that time, the Pentium processor came out, so there were more and more people [inaudible 00:48:36] graphical user interface computers at the very time that browsing started to happen.
But let’s take another company more recent, Applied Intuition, makes simulation software for autonomous vehicles. If you’re going to sell a giant contract to the CEO of a car company, he needs to look at you across the table and think, these guys can do the job. So Qasar and Peter, they’d grown up in Detroit in Michigan, they had worked at car companies in the past, in the big three, and then, they worked inside of Google at Waymo and Google Maps. And they’d had a successful startup before, and so if you looked, what is a team from Central Casting to do this, it would be them.
And so, what I mean by Founder-Future Fit is, there’s a set of traits that a founder can have that make them ideally suited to a certain type of future. Sometimes they’re really young first-time founders, Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, Paul Allen, we just gave the example of Marc Andreessen. In that case, usually they’re at the cutting edge of a new technology and they have a beginner’s mind, and they aren’t even encumbered by the old way of looking things. It’s like, the entire world lives in Cartesian coordinates and they discover polar coordinates, and they don’t even have to translate between the two because they never understood Cartesian coordinates.
And so, in that case, their knowledge about the future is more valuable to success than their knowledge as business people. But in the case of Applied Intuition, if you’re selling very large contracts to enterprise customers, they need to believe that you could do the job. If you’re Okta and you’re doing identity management for cloud customers, they’re going to trust Todd McKinnon from Salesforce way before they’re going to trust a college dropout to do that job. And so, I like to say Founder-Future Fit is, who knows the most about this future? Who has the most intrinsic motivation to pursue it? Who has the best network and keeps the best company in that ecosystem of the future? Those are the types of things that … Founders that show up differently on those dimensions usually do better because they’re more likely to understand what to build in the first place, and they’re more likely to convince early believers to believe in their ideas in the first place.
So it’s not that these people have some vision of the future that is more accurate or more incredible than everyone else, it’s that their background, and even the way they look, matches the problem that they’re going after. So in this Applied Intuition case, you’re saying the founders look like people that a CEO of GM would be like, I trust these people to build this thing for me.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:51:25): Yeah, Louis Pasteur once said, chance favors the prepared mind. And when I started working on this book, for the first time, I really understood what he meant. Chance favors the prepared mind because a prepared mind attracts luck. A prepared mind is better positioned to notice a breakthrough than other minds. And a prepared mind sees the breakthrough, sees around the corner, because they’re thinking about the subject all the time. And so, most people think that the way you come up with good startup ideas is to try to think of a startup. And I like to say, no, that’s exactly wrong, what you do to come up with great startup ideas is, you live in the future, and you notice what’s missing in the future. And it’s axiomatic, if you’re living in the future, there will be unbuilt, missing things, because if it was all built, you’d be living in the present. And so, if you’re living in the future and you notice what’s missing, your intuition about what to build is far more likely to be right.
So Andreessen didn’t do the Mosaic browser because he thought there was a market for browsers. He didn’t even know about a digital highway, he was trying to make the internet immediately more useful for him and his team. And his intuition about what to build was very good because he was building the thing he wanted that was missing in the world. In the case of Okta, they knew all the early Salesforce customers, but the principle still applies, those customers weren’t equal, they were lighthouse customers. It was kind of like when I was at Silicon Graphics, I didn’t spend time with normal movie studios, I spent time with industrial Light & Magic, because I thought, if we solve their problem, they’re going to take us to the Promised Land. All the stuff we build for Industrial Light & Magic will be the stuff that everybody wants someday. And so, not all customers are equal, you want to find customers that live in the future.
The Overlooked Power of Inflections
Lenny Rachitsky: I love this point. Justin.tv is another great example of this, where he just assumed the future, everyone’s going to be watching each other’s reality show, so he built his own backpack with a camera [inaudible 00:53:34] just to stream himself.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:53:34): Yeah, and the Justin.tv example is a great one, too, because in Justin.tv, he built the thing that he wished he had, even though it was a terrible idea. But it embodied attributes, it embodied these inflections of these insights that led them ultimately to Twitch. Ironically, Justin’s second company, Atrium, most people thought that that made sense, automating legal tasks. And Justin’s a great founder, but Justin just didn’t like the legal field, he had no passion for it. When he started Atrium, his passion was to be a higher status founder. And I’ve got a podcast with him recently where he talks about this, where he’s like, I wanted to be as big as Patrick Collison and Brian Chesky and Drew Houston. But it turns out, that’s not a very good reason to start a company. Founder-Future Fit is ultimately about authenticity, and it’s about, who is the most authentically matched for that different radical future? And whoever that team is has a really big head start at getting product market fit. And product market fit is the game, whoever gets it first wins.
Okay, so there’s inflections, there’s insights, there’s Future-Founder Fit, to make this super real for, say, a product manager sitting at a company right now, I want to start a startup, or someone just starting to ideate on ideas, what are some things that you recommend they start to do this week, next month, to start to find a big idea, or to start an idea? It doesn’t have to be a big idea, an idea that’ll take them somewhere.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:55:52): The number one thing I like to say is, get out of the present. And so, people talk about getting out of the building, and of course, we should, but getting out of the-
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:56:00): And of course we should, but getting out of the present is a little bit more subtle than that, right? So William Gibson was right when he said, “The future is already here. It’s just not evenly distributed.” So most great startup ideas come from a future that exists right now today. And so what I like to say to people, and this is a question that I always ask when I’m pitched, “Is this from the future?” And then some people will say to me like, “Hey, I have a mental health startup. Mental health is a huge problem. It needs to be solved.” And I’ll say, “Why is your idea from the future?” “Well in the future I believe mental health needs to be solved.” I’m like, “That’s not what I’m asking. I’m asking what part of the future have you been living in that gives you the right to have an opinion about the future?”
So I like to say, “If you’re not living in the future, your opinion about it isn’t valid.” It’s like saying, “I think a customer will do X.” And you’ve never talked to a customer. I’m like, “Okay, your opinion’s interesting but irrelevant.” And so the only relevant opinions about the future come from people who are living in it and coming from people who understand what’s new about it in a very visceral way. And there are people who do a good job of this, like Maddie Hall who started Living Carbon. She was working at Zenefit and at first she tried to think of a startup and she had ideas that weren’t that good. She had a laser tag idea and a few other things. But then she decided to go follow Sam Altman for a year to be his chief of staff.
And Sam Altman visits the future multiple times a day with people. And so that’s what led her to this idea that for Living Carbon, which does genetically modified trees. I mean, it couldn’t be farther away from Zenefit, right? But she saw Microsoft was about to spend a lot of money, a bunch of other companies about to spend a lot of money on carbon takeout. She saw that the genetic engineering technology was getting good enough that you could engineer these trees. She married the inflections with the need and then off she went. But she was basically sampling a lot of different futures until she found one that she liked.
I love that example because it makes it very real what living in the future looks like. So one is spend time with people that are very far along on some edge of technology or the way people behave. Another you shared is a work with a company, say that you work with a silicon graphics industrial related magic…
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:58:34): [inaudible 00:58:34] magic.
Yeah.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:58:35): Yeah. So McCracken had a term for it that I’ve always liked lighthouse customers. And so the lighthouse has this light that shines out and obscures the fog. And not all customers are equal and some customers are living in the future and those customers are gold. And those customers will, if you solve their needs, take you to the promise land. So yeah, you can build what’s missing for yourself like Andreessen did or Zuckerberg or Steve Wozniak or Bill Gates, or you can build something for lighthouse customers you have a good relationship with. Or if you can do neither of those things, the number one question I get asked is, “Hey, that’s great if you live in a supercomputer lab or if you were selling to Industrial Light or Magic or all the Salesforce customer. I’m not one of those. I’m a second year student at Stanford Business School. I’m a product manager at company X, I’m whatever the case may be. That’s where the Maddie Hall example is really powerful. Because Maddie proactively got out of the present in a very intentional way. So I love her example as a case study.
Stress Testing Inflection Points
Lenny Rachitsky: What signs tell you that a company is one of these lighthouse companies living in the future or a person is just like, you just feel it, they’re so far ahead of everyone else.
Mike Maples, Jr. (00:59:55): Usually it has to do with how tech forward they are. There was a time when a lot of people didn’t think the cloud was going to be a thing because it was insecure. And I’m not going to host my important data and let somebody else have it. But there were a set of customers who really excited about the cloud and they tended to adopt certain kinds of products. When I used to work in client server startups, you knew that the early adopters were people who were using relational database servers and scalable front end programming interfaces and things like that, were trying to have distributed apps that they would roll out. You could tell who was trying to play offense with the new trends.
Awesome. Okay, before we move on into actions, is there anything else you think might be useful to share in terms of helping people come up with an idea, find a great idea?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:00:48): The number one thing about the ideas goes back to the not playing the comparison game. So the thing that I see people underestimate when they come up with ideas is the threshold of desperation required in the customer. So we want to solve problems for desperate people and it’s like if we have powerful inflections that really empower and we have something unique, there should be somebody who is irresistibly drawn to that empowerment. They should say, “Oh my God, this is incredible. This is a game changer. I can’t unsee that.” Why is that important? I like to say that if a customer has the ability to do something other than what you do to solve their problem, they won’t be crazy enough to do business with a startup. So customer has to be so desperate that when they see what you have, they’re like, “I’ve got to have it.”
And so I like to say, “You want to force a choice and not a comparison.” If everybody’s selling apples, I can’t be a 10 times better Apple. I want to be the world’s first banana. And I want to say to people, ” You may not want bananas, you may not like them, you may not value the advantage of bananas, but if you value banana-ness, I’m the only person that’s got it.” It’s like, “Come to papa.” And so that’s like an insight feels like that. And in the early days, don’t spend any of your time with people who love apples because you’re not going to convince them and they’re going to waste your time. What you want to do is find everybody in the world that values the advantages of bananas as soon as possible, not wasting any time on the people who don’t. And so I’d say that that kind of wraps up the idea of insights is it like we want to force a choice and not a comparison. Nobody looks at the Tesla cyber truck and says, oh yeah, well how does that compare to Ford F-150? And you may hate the cyber truck, you may think it’s stupid, but nobody’s neutral about the cyber truck. You want to have a product that people can’t be neutral about, but that the people who magnetize positively to it just can’t imagine a world without.
I love that. And going back to your banana example, you want just a few people to be just like, “I need that banana.” No matter how much you’re charging.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:03:10): That’s right. And even if it’s halfway ripe, because that’s the other thing, they need to be willing to tolerate the fact that you can’t execute very well because how could a startup execute really well? They have no resources. And so the only chance for a startup to win is to win on a playing field where better doesn’t matter where execution isn’t as important as, “Got to have that thing. I’ll take any version of it you give me because I am desperate for it.”
Speaking of execution, good segue to the second part of the chat, which is basically you looked into what do the most successful companies and founders do differently? And you also found three core things that they all do and many of them do. Movements, storytelling, disagreeableness. Let’s talk about each one, pick whichever one you want to start with.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:04:04): Yeah, so we’ve talked about thinking different, but it’s like the problem though is that asking people to abandon the familiar for an uncertain tomorrow is a provocative act. All startups are fundamentally disagreeable. There are disagreement with how things are done, there are disagreement with the pattern of what is. And so we need as founders to persuade others to change their habits with our pattern breaking actions. And so what the pattern breaking founder does is they create a stark dichotomy between the world that is and the world that could be. And they create an irresistible desire on the part of early believers to move to that different future with them. And so I like to say there are three aspects to acting different, right? One is the other storytelling and the other is disagreeableness.
And so the movement piece is the front and centerpiece because most people when they think of movements, they think of it as more like social movements like Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King, or they think of there’s artistic movements like Cubism and Picasso. But fundamentally, a movement is a different way of developing a market than how most marketing people think about developing the market. Most people when they think about marketing, they think, “Okay, I’ve got a set of targets, I’ve got a set of programs. I’ve got inbound and outbound. I’ve got these things I need to do.” What a movement does is it leverages a grievance of a minority against the tyranny of a majority. And it takes that and animates it in a way that those early believers are emotionally committed to moving.
So early customers are not animated by pragmatism, they’re animated by belief. Early customers, early employees, early investors don’t decide to go into business with you because of the practical reasons that you unlock. They do it for aesthetic reasons. They do it because they believe what you believe. And so a movement is basically a set of people with the same belief moving together to a different future. And when you think about it’s equally the same, right, for the civil rights movement. And a movement is a way to crystallize the choice. If you believe in civil rights, you can’t be half in on that. You either believe that it should be about the content of people’s character, not their skin color. You can’t be sort of not racist. You either believe or you don’t believe.
The people who followed Martin Luther King bought into the aesthetically better future that his movement promised. And it turns out, and I don’t mean to equate, that was a pretty important movement, right? It’s like some movements are more frivolous. I say an artistic movement. But the notion is similar in that there’s a set of early believers who believe they’ve been enlightened about something that the rest of the world doesn’t get yet. And they think that the startup founder is sort of like the prime mover of that movement. And then what happens is that startup markets happen because the movements accumulate and accelerate and more and more people join them. And what was once heresy becomes the accepted conventional wisdom and now the company’s no longer a startup, it’s a company, and now all of a sudden it is a valid market and all of a sudden they’re the status quo and they got to watch out for the next set of disruptor. So the movement is the first key thing I think in all of this.
Types of Inflection Points
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there an example? Lyft obviously comes to mind with the pink mustaches just as the future.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:07:50): Ride-sharing was a movement. In my early days starting Floodgate with Anne, we thought that seed investing was a movement. And so we thought that there was going to be a day where seed funds would be a permanent feature of the venture landscape, but people didn’t believe that in the late 2000s. And so we’re like not enough that we just succeed and invest in good companies. We need to get the best LPs in the world to buy into this. We need to get Phil Horsley and Horsley Bridge and Dave Swenson at Yale and people who are respected in the ecosystem to say, “Yeah, I buy into that.” And so it was really important to us to get the right early believers in our movement. Judith Elsea at Weathergage, who had just started a new firm.
One of my favorite examples is actually an old one, Clarence Bird’s eye. So you go into the supermarket and there’s frozen food aisle. Well, Clarence Bird’s eye discovered how to flash freeze food when he was up in the Arctic looking at Eskimos, and they were flash freezing their fish and he wondered, could you do it for other things? And he found out you could fruit and vegetables, but it wasn’t enough to just flash freeze the fish or the fruits or the vegetables. You had to convince the trains to have a refrigerated car. You had to convince the supermarket to have a refrigerated aisle. And so he had to start a movement where a whole lot of people simultaneously believed in this idea of being able to eat food in a more convenient way, not always in season, not always grown locally from where you were. And so all movements have that characteristic where you kind of start with a higher purpose and then you move people to that different future.
I’m trying to think about what are current movements that are happening. One that might be a movement is with LLMs just this bet that transformers are the future of how this is going to work, that just more compute is the answer versus trying to find something else. Does that sound right?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:09:50): Another one that I really like is Tesla. So Tesla’s mission says, “Accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy.” They don’t even say they’re a car company. So Tesla doesn’t say, “Here’s why we’re better than Ford and Toyota.” And this is really important, right? Because the great movements do appeal to a higher purpose. They don’t say, “I’m better than company X. I’m Avis, I try harder than her.” They appeal to a more aesthetically higher purpose future. And then they show that this startup is the vehicle for that movement to be actualized, which is kind of a good segue to storytelling.
One other quick example I’m thinking about linear is kind of pushing this movement of craft and design and experience matters in B2B software. And you shouldn’t settle for something that you don’t love.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:10:42): Very much so. And you know what, Chesky, I don’t think he even knew he was fully doing this at the time, but Chesky did this brilliantly with Airbnb. So he created a movement around living like a local. And so the other thing that a movement does is it turns the greatest strength of the status quo into its biggest weakness. And so Brian never said, “Hotels suck. Death to the Four Season.” He just said, “Hey, look, when you go to Paris, you have a choice. You can hang out in the Four Seasons and it’s going to be just like the Four Seasons everywhere else in the world. It’ll be in the middle of the town, or you can live in Paris like a Parisian.” And he’s like, “I don’t have to say that the Four Seasons is bad for you to decide to choose me. And oh, by the way, if you want to stay in the same kind of hotel everywhere you go, I’m not for you.”
But so now let’s say you’re four seasons, your whole business is predicated on doing a good job of having a common experience that people could accept and that they’re used to and that they expect. And so now you’ve taken all of the stuff that you invested decades in and turned it into something you have to apologize for all of a sudden. And so the great startups, they create movements not so much by criticizing the incumbent, but by showing the weakness in the strength of the incumbent. And then just saying to the customer, “Hey, look, you decide it’s not up to me to decide what’s bad about Four Seasons. It’s up to you to decide whether you value my difference or not.”
It reminds me of counter positioning from Hamilton Helmer’s Seven Powers book.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:12:15): A hundred percent.
So to make it even more practical for people that are like, “Oh, I need to come up with a movement for my startup. That’s why things aren’t working.” It sounds like it’s kind of here’s how we want the future to look and why we’re doing this. And then it’s a combination of marketing, positioning, messaging, repeating it, social media, imagine is that roughly how to think about?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:12:37): But I would also say that it’s about storytelling. And so storytelling, there is a science to storytelling. And so for example, the hero’s journey, you have somebody in the world that is the hero, let’s say Luke Skywalker on Tatooine, dusty planet, he’s bored out of his mind. And then a mentor shows up and offers them a call to adventure, Obi-Wan Kenobi. And at first they resist the call, but then something bad happens in this case, Luke’s like, “Hey, I can’t come with you. I got chores to do for Aunt Beru and Uncle Owen.” But then he comes back to his place and it’s all burned down the storm troopers killed his aunt and uncle. So then he accepts the call. The mentor has a tool and a magic. In this case, it was the lightsaber was the tool and the magic was the force.
And they need those things because the hero has to have a reason to credibly believe that they can beat the bad guy. And so then what happens is you find co-conspirators along the way, Han Solo, Chewy, ultimately the princess. You rescue her, you blow up the death star, you beat the empire, and then emerge, transform. They even get medals at the end of the movie, right? Now, it turns out that the exact same thing applies for startups. So if we take the Lyft example, let’s just say I’m a rider. In the past, the world that is taxi suck in [inaudible 01:14:10]. I can’t even get one. And when I get one, it’s gross and it smells bad and it’s late, and they won’t take my credit cards. I have to have cash. They can’t rely on them to get me there. I guess my alternatives to park, you can’t ever get parking people break into your car. That’s the world that is.
Logan and John would engage in a call to adventure, “Try this ride-sharing app. It shows cars on map, you know where they’re all the time, they come within five minutes, fist bumped the driver.” Now, this was where the genius of the pink mustache came in. So the pink mustache honored the fact that a lot of times people resist the call. It’s scary to get into stranger’s car. So the pink mustache made it seem a little bit less scary. When you see these cars driving around in San Francisco, you’re like, “Hmm, what’s up with that pink mustache?” And you’re talking to your friend and they say, “Oh, it’s this new thing called Lyft. It’s pretty cool. It’s an app if you’ve seen it.” And so Logan and John did, among the best I’ve ever seen at honoring the fact that people might resist the call.
But then part of the story is languaging. This was the genius of Twitter. They didn’t call it Microblogs, Inc., right? They created a metaphor around tweeting birds. The Tesla was this way, right? It wouldn’t have survived a comparison with a Porsche of 9/11. The seats weren’t as good, the radio wasn’t as good, but Elon was telling a story about a different future. And when you bought the Tesla Roadster, you weren’t buying it for practical reasons. You were buying it for aesthetic reasons. You were buying it because you thought that that future was something you wanted to be part of. So the storytelling primitive ends up working spectacularly well for startups, right? We need to describe the world that is, we need to describe the world that could be, which is that different future. We need to understand, and this is important that your job as the founder is to be Obi-Wan, not Luke.
So the founders sometimes make the mistake of thinking that they’re the hero, but they’re not. The early believers are the heroes, and it’s the job of the founder to tell a story that emotes early believers to want to move with them and co-create the future with them. And the story you tell an employee is different from the story you tell an investor is different from the story you tell a customer because all of them have a different idea of what their hero’s journey. If you’re an investor, maybe your idea of being a hero is to make a hundred times your money and be on some fancy list and make money for your LPs. If you’re an early customer, maybe you’re a hero by solving an important business problem and getting recognized for it in your company. If you’re an early employee, maybe it’s you want to work on something you’re excited about with really awesome people that don’t waste your time with politics and bureaucracy, all of those are different journeys. All of those are different transformational ways to self-actualize. And we have to meet those people where they are and give them a reason to want to come with us to the world to be.
The Nature of Insights
Lenny Rachitsky: I had Nancy Duarte on the podcast. She is one of the most famous presentation designers, and she had exactly the same advice. When you’re trying to tell a story, you basically bounce back between the world that is, the world that could be. What is, what could be. What is, what could be, and just keep going back and forth.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:17:25): A hundred percent. In fact, Nancy is the person who helped me understand this better than any single person. So Nancy would show me how Steve Jobs’s iPhone launch speech. She’d be like, “Okay, well now notice what he does. He shows how bad phone suck now. They have styluses, they have keyboards.” And then he talks about what could be, you could combine an internet communicator, you could combine an iPod, and he goes back and forth between how bad the current state of things is, how it should be, how bad it is, how it should be. Introducing the iPhone, how bad it was, how awesome it’s going to be, how awesome it is. When you look at his speech, he’s masterful at toggling. And by the way, the same is true. Abe Lincoln with the Gettysburg Address, “Four score and seven years ago, new nation, now we’re in a civil war. We need to preserve what we stand for as a country. We need to go win this war.” But he kind of goes back and forth drawing a tension between what has happened in the world that was, and the world that could be.
Something that I was thinking as you were talking was, I’ve seen too many founders spend so much time crafting this amazing story and vision of their product, and they have this really cool blog post and big idea, but nobody really cares about their product yet. Do you have any advice of just make sure you’re building something people want above all else. And the story is a layer on top of that.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:18:55): So many startups I see the first slide is like, “We’re Acme AI software. We’re located in San Francisco, we’re funded by X and Y VCs.” That’s not storytelling because you’re talking about yourself, right? And if you’re trying to make the person in the audience the hero, they don’t care about you yet. They care about how you’re going to make them a hero. And so when you kind of say, ‘Okay, if I’m pitching VCs, what I really need to do is help them understand why they’ll be a hero if they invest in my company according to what makes them feel heroic.” What you present is different, but what a lot of startup presentations do is they take their sales pitch and they rehost it for every other audience. They rehost it for the press, for investors and for employees and all that. And that’s wrong because what you’re doing is you’re talking about yourself to different people, but what you want to do is describe the world that could be, the stakes that are involved, and then each of those individual audiences, you want to meet them where they live in the world that is, and show them how they can engage in a transformational journey to the world it could be.
And also share your amazing stats and backgrounds and market size and all that stuff.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:20:19): Yeah. Although it’s funny, I’ve found that investors are the same. Investors, ultimately they believe or they don’t believe. A lot of times, this is the other thing I see happen, is the poor founder will get advice from 20 different people about their pitch deck. And a lot of the people giving them advice are not believers in that different future. They’re giving generic startup advice or they’ll go pitch a bunch of firms and they didn’t consider who’s prepared to possibly believe, who isn’t. And so then they get objections to their pitch from people who aren’t going to believe anyway, and then they try to have a slide to meet that objection. And before you know it, you have what I call a Franken deck. And so you have this huge, gigantic presentation trying to anticipate every objection, and the person who was ready to believe you in the first place doesn’t know what you were trying to say because you obscured it with all this other stuff. And so I find that just like with an insight, it’s okay if most investors don’t like your idea, what you want to find is the ones who are prepared to move with you and make sure they absolutely know why they should. To me, that’s the ideal pitch deck.
I love this advice. And just to be clear, this is like seed and pre-seed before there’s a lot of traction, a lot of data and like that.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:21:35): Exactly, exactly.
So what’s your advice to a founder that’s trying to iterate on their deck is it’s just like, “Don’t show it to too many people.” Is it, “Stick to your guns.”
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:21:43): Okay, here would be my succinct advice. And other than that, there’s about a million details. Slide one, you say what you do as if I literally know nothing. So it’s not, “We’re Airbnb, we’re a marketplace for unused residential housing space.” Bad. But you’ll get advice that says to do that because VCs think marketplaces are hot, residential real estate’s big. What you should instead say is something like, “We’re Airbnb, we let you rent an extra room in your house.” Because now as the VC, I’m like, ah, I know what you do. And there are a lot of pitches, I’m 10, 15 minutes in and I’m trying to understand what they do, but I don’t know. So you just say, “Here’s what we do.”
And then the second thing that I say to people is, I think your second slide ought to be, here’s the thing we know that’s not obvious. So when I was raising fund one for Floodgate, I would go to an LP and say, “We believe that there’s a gap between Angels and VCs. VCs are writing 250,000 checks. We believe that 500,000 is the new 5 million because of Lean Startups. We believe that there will be a new type of category funds called seed funds. Now, if you don’t believe that, nothing else I’m about to say is going to make any sense to you, I can just give you your time back.” [inaudible 01:23:06]. But then once, if they did believe that or they were in a position to lean forward, now when they start mentioning my competitors, I say, “Okay, well, recall Peter Fenton works at Benchmark, he’s not going to compete with me because why would Peter Fenton leave Benchmark to start Seed Fund doesn’t make sense. The only people who are going to try to compete with me from the big funds are the people who aren’t performing.”
But if you set the context of what your insight is, you can always come back to it. When they bring up competitors, you can always come back to it when they bring up objections and you can say, “Hey, remember I’m just telling you we need to agree on this insight for this to have a chance of being great.” So what do we do? What’s our insight? And then slide three is what, if any, proof points do we have? We have any customers? Do we have great founders? Is there something happened already that should cause you to believe that my insight is vowed?
The Airbnb Story
Lenny Rachitsky: I love this. I love this tangent we went on…
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:24:00): … site is out.
Love this. I love this tangent we went on. Let me come back to the actions that you found the most successful startups end up taking. We’ve talked about movements, we’ve talked about storytelling. The third is my favorite, I’m excited to hear you talk about it, which is disagreeableness. What is that about?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:24:19): Earlier, I’d mentioned that you want to escape the comparison trap when you have your insight and when you have your idea, in creating movements and telling stories, you want to break free from the conformity trap. We always are under pressure to conform in this world, and people use the pressure of conformity to prevent us from exploring things outside of our limits. There’s a book that I love called Jonathan Livingston Seagull, where there’s a seagull who wants to fly at infinite speed, and all the other seagulls are like, “Look, we’re just destined to eat crap off the surface of the ocean. That’s just what we are. We’re seagulls.” He ends up getting banished from the flock because everybody thinks he’s crazy. To me, the great founders are kind of like Jonathan Livingston Seagull. They’re willing to pursue something that they’re obsessed with, that they think has to happen in this world, and they’re willing to sacrifice their status in the socioeconomic sometimes dominance hierarchy because fulfilling the mission is ultimately more important to them than fitting in.
You can’t stand out if you always fit in. The only people who are different can really make a difference. That’s kind of the mindset. I like to say a startup is a fundamentally disagreeable act in the first place, and there’s going to be times you need to be disagreeable. I’ve seen this time and again. I hear people say to me, “I want to work with a founder who’s coachable.” I’m like, “I’m not really sure.” Sometimes I used to joke that when I would meet with Ev Williams, my whole job was to give him advice that he ignored. I would say to him, “Hey, Ev. I don’t think you should raise that much money, because I think you’ll spend whatever you raise in 18 months, no matter how much you raise.” He said, “Man, so you mean that startups almost always spend their money in 18 months regardless of the amount?” I said, “Yeah. I call it Mike’s Law. It almost always happens, because once you have the money, all the pressure is on you to spend it.”
He is like, “Man, that is a really good advice. I’d never thought of it that way before. That sounds right to me.” Well, he proceeds to go raise a shitload of money, but he did stuff that I didn’t think he should do, but it worked. I liked that in him. A lot of people would say, “Well, doesn’t it bother you that he didn’t listen to you that much?” No, because he was disagreeable, and he was the right kind of disagreeable. He didn’t say, “Pound the sand. I’m not listening to you. La-la-la, I’m covering my ears.” He listened and he understood what I thought the truth was. He just believed a different truth than I did, and that’s fine. My job as the investor is to just help them see what my perception of the truth is, honestly. If they decide to go in a different direction, that’s great. They’re the founder, they’re the genius.
All of them, not all of them, but a whole lot of them are more disagreeable than history lets on. My dad worked for Bill Gates when he was at Microsoft. Bill Gates is not a warm and fuzzy dude. He was tough. He was a hard ass. But great people are inspired by hard asses, as long as the hard ass makes … You meld the steel in the heat of the flame of high standards. Sometimes people can’t work for Elon Musk for very long, but almost everybody I know who’s worked for him really respects him, because he has high standards, and he’s not trying to win friends and influence people. He’s trying to land on Mars, and if you’re going to land on Mars, you got to be disagreeable some of the time. I just find that that is a trait that is under-appreciated in these great founders quite often.
What you just shared reminds me of a recent podcast episode of Jeffrey Pfeffer, which I know you listened to, where he talks about the rules of power, how people acquire power, and the last rule is, “Understand that once you have acquired power, what you did to get it will be forgiven, forgotten, or both.” Your Bill Gates example, I think, is a good one where people look at him as such a nice dude when, as you said, he was not so nice a lot of the time.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:28:43): Here’s the other thing, and by the way, I listened to that episode from beginning to the end, and I thought it was fantastic, because the next thing I want to do is go to Professor Pfeffer and say, “Can we cast these seven principles through a pattern breaking lens?” Let’s assume you’re a startup capitalist, you’re not at a company, because changing the future requires you to acquire a different form of power than you would, say, in an organization. But as I was listening to it, I was like, “These principles all apply to pattern breakers, all of them, every single one.” The other one is that I think that he said, “Not everybody’s going to like you. If you want to be liked, get a dog. But if you want power, there’s certain things you’re going to have to do and reconcile yourself with.”
Acquisition of power has this notion of you’ve got to wield the carrot and the stick. If all you do is wield the carrot, you won’t create enough activation energy for people to move to that different future. Sometimes you do have to use the stick, and sometimes you have to realize that people are going to use your desire to fit in against you. They’re going to say, “Oh, you can’t do that. That’s illegal,” or, “You can’t do that, that’s unethical,” or, “You can’t do that. You’re being some tech bro, bad guy.” A lot of what I find with the founders I work with, ironically, before they win, they have to have the courage to be disliked because people don’t like their idea. They think it’s stupid, lonely.
But then after they win, it’s even worse, because everybody says you cheated or you’re a bad guy or you broke the rules or you’re too powerful, or, “Who gave you the right to decide what the future should be?” They get criticized unfairly in the other direction after they succeed, but in the end, it comes with the territory. It’s part of the job description, unfortunately.
The Power of Surprise
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah. Elon goes through a lot of that. Something I saw you tweet recently along these same lines is that most successful companies, there’s tons of chaos internally, and everyone working at these companies is like, “This place a mess. How is this even working?” But your finding is that that’s very common and normal.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:31:00): Especially in startups. There have been times when I’ve said things like, “Execution doesn’t matter,” and people can misinterpret that. When I mean execution doesn’t matter, I don’t mean people shouldn’t get things done or people shouldn’t say, “What did you do this week?” But when I think of execution in a corporate sense, corporations in theory should always win. They have big management team, they have more experienced people, they have customers, suppliers, partners, brand, so a startup never beats a big company by executing better than the big company. Startup wins over the big company because it proposes a radically different future, disorients the incumbent, and sort of chaotically moves people to that different future.
But like every startup I’ve ever seen, on the inside was wild. It was like a capitalist mutation. It was trying to find a beaked finch in the Galapagos Islands that’s never been discovered before, and it’s all ambiguous all the time, and people are arguing about what the right direction is all the time. It’s just messy, but movements are messy. That’s what comes with the territory. A friend of mine, Robin Roberts, once said, “Make your mess your message.” It’s so true.
Oh, man. That’s so funny. I love it. I have a couple more questions before we wrap up. Before we leave the actions categories, is there anything else you think is important to share, any other lessons that we haven’t touched on?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:32:37): I think, Lenny, I don’t know if you’ve consciously tried to do this or not, but on some level you’ve created a movement. No one has ever engaged people with product management sensibilities the way you have. I go to your site, and you even have merch for product managers. I’m like, “What?” I imagine the early posts that you wrote, it probably felt kind of lonely. It’s probably, “I wonder if anybody’s even reading this stuff,” but it starts to accumulate. More people start to read it, more people start to tell their friends about it, and now all of a sudden, it kind of becomes a thing. In many ways, Lenny’s podcast and Lenny’s blog and Lenny’s newsletter are all examples of facets of this movement that you’re creating.
But your movement is not just about the stories you tell or the guests you have or the podcasts or the write-ups you have. You have a point of view about the centrality of a product manager in companies and in businesses and in the future, and honoring that the way Nike honors athletes. The point of view is the movement, just like the point of view is the company when it’s a startup. This point of view is the story. It’s the place that people want to go that got animated by the beliefs that you share.
Fascinating and flattered. I have no intention of starting a movement. I could see what you’re saying. That sounds like a lot of stress, but I guess-
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:34:14): I think you already have, whether you met to or not, I think you have.
All right. Well, I do have swag, and if you’re on YouTube, this is our best-selling item, a hat that just says “Product Manager.” People love it. I have it in the background. [inaudible 01:34:26]
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:34:25): Can I wear one if I’m still not one?
Absolutely. You’ve been one, and so forever product manager. I’ll send you a hat.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:34:33): Hopefully, I can get grandfathered in for my past.
Forever. Forever PM Mike. Okay. I just have one more question, and this is around your last chapter, which I think is going to be useful to a lot of people. Your last chapter is about how to apply a lot of these principles to working at a company. Say you’re not a founder, a lot of these principles still apply. What advice can you share for people, say, a PM, instead of large company to help them find pattern-breaking ideas, big ideas within the company?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:34:58): The first thing I think is important to understand is that everything about a value delivery system when you’re doing a pattern-breaking idea is different from a normal idea. The mistake that most companies make is they say, “I’ve got this new pattern-breaking idea. It needs to be a third of my business in 24 months or three years or whatever.” Bad strategy. Let’s take a company like, say, Apple, when they did the iPhone. The iPhone was a whole new thing. It was driven by, in this case, Steve Jobs the founder. You couldn’t reconcile it with the original business of the Mac and not really even the iPod. You had to treat it as a totally different thing, and that’s really hard for companies. Companies make the mistake of engaging in a pattern-breaking product, but they make it too visible or it’s a career-limiting move if it fails. Pattern-breaking products have different types of leadership, different types of go-to-market motion as we’ve described, different types of ideas, different risk profiles. Instead of saying this company or this business is too big to fail, I need to make small bets that can fail a lot. The same is true with mergers and acquisitions. If I buy a company, I need to ask, am I buying a pattern-breaking company to break the pattern of my business and go in a radically new direction, or am I buying a company that’s an extension of my current business? Neither is wrong per se, but the way you think about risk varies enormously.
Some examples that I have in the book of good examples are the iPhone, Steve Jobs, AWS, but some people objected. They said, “Okay, that’s easy for the founders to do because they’re founders of the company, and that’s Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos.” The other example I like is Skunkworks with Lockheed. When they created a fighter plane in a very short amount of time, and that’s how they did it, they had an organization totally separate from the main organization, somebody with absolute power, and tried to make it not visible, tried to make it be separate. Because when you make it visible, you start to drift it back into the tractor beam of acting like a pattern-matching corporation. Another good example back in the day was Don Estridge at IBM when they did the IBM PC, but it’s almost always an autonomous business headed by a maverick, and you’re trying to do something discreetly different rather than a better version of what you’ve already.
The Secret to Winning
Lenny Rachitsky: This aligns very well with, we had two recent podcast episodes talking to PMs at companies that are doing zero-to-one stuff, Mihika and Tanguy. Tanguy had a really interesting tidbit along the lines you just talked about where he set up his team in a totally different time zone so that people that wanted to bug them just were sleeping during that time, and they weren’t even online so that they could just focus on the work they were doing, and it worked out.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:38:09): I’m mostly through that episode, and everything that I’ve listened to so far, I’m like, “Okay, that totally jives with what I’ve seen.” The other person has an interesting take on this is Vinod Kochblok. Vinod basically thinks that what companies should do is take some portion of their profits, let’s say 10% of your profits, and invest it in projects likely to fail, but with wildly asymmetric upside if they succeed, and then make them not visible to the mothership in the early inning. It’s your willingness to fail that lets you have breakthrough success.
Any coin that says can’t lose bad on one side of it might as well say, can’t win big on the other side. It’s your willingness to fail, and it comes back to departing from the consensus, right? It’s your willingness to fail that enables success, and every time you depart from the consensus, there’s a chance you’ll be wrong, you’ll underperform the consensus, but it’s your willingness to do that that lets you outperform it. But there’s no shortcuts, right? The coin that says can’t lose, says can’t win on the other side, and lose big says, win big on the other side.
Mike, this episode is so full of nuggets, tactical advice, amazing stories, everything I was hoping it would be. Before we get to our very exciting lightening round, is there anything else that you think might be useful to share with folks that are trying to start a company or are already along with a company?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:39:45): Yeah. The one thing I would say is that it’s a lonely existence, and it’s okay if most people don’t like your idea. It doesn’t mean you’re right, but it sure as heck doesn’t mean you’re wrong either. There’s not enough people in this world willing to stick their neck out for things that they believe that they see before the rest of us. Just for what it’s worth, if anybody in your audience is one of those people, you have just my utmost respect and affection. I hope that in those times when it’s tempting to not believe, it comes with the territory every great founder has faced, and it doesn’t make you wrong.
Amazing. What an empowering, inspiring way to end it. Mike, with that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. Are you ready?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:40:34): Okay, here we go.
Here we go. First question, what are two or three books that you’ve recommended most to other people?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:40:50): A book called The Five Regrets of the Dying, Top Five Regrets of the Dying by Bronnie Ware. She was a hospice nurse, and she would talk to people in the last 90 days of their lives, and she would find out the things that they’d wish that they had done in their lives that they hadn’t. I always thought that that was a good book, because it reminds you about what’s important, and it reminds you that it isn’t going to last forever. Someday, it’ll be the last day.
There’s another book that I really like called Chase, Chance, and Creativity by a guy named James Austin, and I think that it’s a good book because it talks about how certain people tend to attract luck more than others and actually that luck is created, you do make luck. I am just fascinated by this idea of luck and how it can be harnessed. I’d say those two. There’s a whole bunch of them. I’ve always liked all of Clay Christensen’s books. The other one that I kind of liked that I read recently is by Robert Greene, The Laws of Human Nature. I liked that one a lot as well. Then Nancy Duarte’s book, Resonate, we talked about Nancy earlier, I like that book a lot.
I’m buying that first one immediately. That sounds incredible. I need that book. Regrets of the Dying. I found it on Amazon as you were talking, and I’m buying it. Good pick there. Okay, next question. Is there a favorite recent movie or TV show that you’ve really enjoyed?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:42:26): I really liked the movie about Enzo Ferrari, and I have this huge affinity for 1960s cars, and the way that they replicated these 1960s Ferraris I just thought was magical. I thought that the guys that did the special effects and just the attention to detail I thought was just extraordinary.
I have not seen it. Quick aside, as I was buying this book, your book was recommended on Amazon for me, so good job.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:42:50): Oh, good. Okay. Here we go.
Good job, Amazon. I will point people to where to find it at the end of this series of questions, but next question, is there a favorite product that you have recently discovered that you really like?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:43:08): When I was young, before I got into computers, I had a job as a professional calligrapher, and so I really like using calligraphy pens. Not long ago I sort of discovered the world, it had been a long time since I’d reconnected with that hobby, I discovered the world of vintage fountain pens. My favorite product of recent times, everybody will be like that sounds esoteric, but it’s a Mont Blanc 149 first generation celluloid pen. It was right after World War II, and it was the Germans coming back saying, “We’ve still got it.” It was just a product for the ages. It has a flexible nib. Fountain pens don’t work the way they used to. They used make flexible nibs so that you could write the way scribes wrote in the 1800s and stuff. But then people in the modern world break those nibs, and they use ballpoint pens anyway. But when I use these old flexible pens from 1900 to the 1940s, they’re just magical. There’s just nothing like it. Nobody’s ever been able to equal that experience in modern times.
Wow. I got to try one of these pens.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:44:28): Yeah. I’ll give you one of them so you can at least get a feel for it.
Wow. I’ll give you a product management hat, I’ll get a pen, a beautiful pen. I think I win in this exchange. Two more questions. Do you have a favorite life motto that you often repeat to yourself, share with folks that you find useful to come back to?
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:44:47): I learned it from my dad. It sounds simple, but it’s kind of profound, “Do your best.” What he meant by that is he didn’t mean be the best, he meant that life is a gift. You don’t know how much time you’re going to have. Every day is the gift of your time, and the best way to honor the gift of your time is to do your best. There’ll be times you won’t be the best, but if all you did was the best, that’s all you could do. I remember one time, so I was a senior in high school, I’d already gotten into Stanford, I’m totally psyched, I’m going to go. Last week of the semester of senior year, and I have a test the next day in English.
My dad’s like, “Hey, how are you feeling about the test?” I said, “It doesn’t really matter. I get to drop it, and I’m going to get an A in the class, because I’ve got the goods, so I don’t need to do well on it.” He looked so disappointed at me, and he was like, “It doesn’t sound like you’re doing your best.” What he was kind of getting at was that the people who achieve greatness, they think everything counts. I always got a lot from that with him. There’d be other times where I wouldn’t do so well on something, and he would say, “Well, sometimes you make a careless mistake, but you did your best. That’s all you could have done.”
The idea of doing your best I find to be very profound, and it causes you to realize that the best way to show up in the world is to be your best self. There’s only one you in this world, and the more that you can show up as your best self, you’ll be impossible to compete with, you won’t feel the need to copy other folks, you won’t feel the need to compare yourself to other people. You’ll compare yourself instead to the idea of perfection itself and whatever that means in terms of your own ability to do your best. To me, that’s probably the most important life lesson I’ve learned.
What We Can Uniquely Offer
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. As you said, very simple but very powerful.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:46:56): It’s powerful when you truly internalize it, right? When you take it beyond an aphorism, it’s very powerful.
It reminds me of your partner, Anne Marie Coe’s advice that she got from her dad, which is I think maybe the opposite that she shared on Tim Ferris’ podcast of just always do a world-class job at everything you do. You’re doing a world-class job.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:47:18): Yep.
Amazing. Okay, I’m going to skip the last question just to end on that, because that was way too beautiful to Sully with another question. Just to give folks a chance to figure out where to buy your book, when it’s available, how to find it, what they should know, do share.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:47:36): I guess there’s two main ways, right? Well, we’ve got a Substack. Not everybody’s got to buy books, right, so there’s patternbreakers.substack.com. Then I have a site, patternbreakers.com, but you can also get the book on Amazon or anywhere. It’s already available for pre-order, I think.
Amazing. I usually ask people how listeners can be useful to you. I imagine it’s check out the book, share what you’ve learned.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:47:59): My main goal is for the ideas to spread and to help people. Hopefully, it will have achieved that goal. But just anything that people can do to help spread the ideas. Co-conspirators wanted.
I love these episodes where somebody like you spends hundreds of thousands of hours analyzing data and history and startups and talking to founders and just synthesizing all the things you’ve learned into a couple of hours. I love this. Thank you, Mike, so much for being here and for sharing all this wisdom with us.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:48:32): Hey. Well, thanks, Lenny. It was an honor to be on your show, and it’s been fun to see you do so well.
Thanks, Mike. It’s an honor to have you on the show. Again, the book is called Pattern Breakers: Why Some Start-Ups Change the Future. Mike, thank you so much for being here.
Mike Maples, Jr. (01:48:45): Okay. See you, Lenny. Thanks.
Bye, everyone.
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Aayush | Aayush |
| Anne | Anne |
| Applied Intuition | Applied Intuition |
| asymmetric warfare | 非对称战争 |
| backcast | 回溯 |
| belief inflection | 信念拐点 |
| Brian Chesky | Brian Chesky |
| Bronnie Ware | Bronnie Ware |
| business model canvas | 商业模式画布 |
| celluloid | 赛璐珞 |
| Chegg | Chegg |
| Clarence Birdseye | Clarence Birdseye |
| Clay Christensen | Clay Christensen |
| coachable | 可被指导的 |
| comparison trap | 比较陷阱 |
| conformity trap | 从众陷阱 |
| counter positioning | 反向定位 |
| Cubism | 立体主义 |
| customer development | 客户开发 |
| Dave Swenson | Dave Swenson |
| David | David |
| Don Estridge | Don Estridge |
| empowerment | 赋能 |
| Enzo Ferrari | Enzo Ferrari |
| exit profits | 退出利润 |
| first mover advantage | 先发优势 |
| Ford F-150 | Ford F-150 |
| forecast | 预测 |
| founder future fit | 创始人-未来契合 |
| Franken deck | 弗兰肯幻灯片 |
| Goliath | Goliath |
| Hamilton Helmer | Hamilton Helmer |
| Han Solo | Han Solo |
| hard ass | 强硬派 |
| hero’s journey | 英雄之旅 |
| Horsley Bridge | Horsley Bridge |
| incumbent | 在位者 |
| inflections | 拐点 |
| insights | 洞察 |
| Intuit | Intuit |
| James Austin | James Austin |
| Jessica Livingston | Jessica Livingston |
| John | John |
| Judith Elsea | Judith Elsea |
| Justin Kan | Justin Kan |
| Kyle Vogt | Kyle Vogt |
| lighthouse customer | 灯塔客户 |
| Lockheed | Lockheed |
| Logan | Logan |
| LP | 有限合伙人 |
| Luke Skywalker | Luke Skywalker |
| Maddie Hall | Maddie Hall |
| Marc Andreessen | Marc Andreessen |
| Martin Luther King | Martin Luther King |
| maverick | 桀骜不驯的人 |
| McCracken | McCracken |
| Michael Saylor | Michael Saylor |
| Michael Seibel | Michael Seibel |
| Mihika | Mihika |
| Mont Blanc | Mont Blanc |
| Moore’s law | 摩尔定律 |
| Nancy Duarte | Nancy Duarte |
| Nate | Nate |
| Netscape | Netscape |
| nib | 笔尖 |
| non-consensus | 非共识 |
| non-obvious truth | 非显而易见的真理 |
| Obi-Wan Kenobi | Obi-Wan Kenobi |
| Osman | Osman |
| pattern breaking | 模式破局 |
| Paul Graham | Paul Graham |
| Peter | Peter |
| Phil Horsley | Phil Horsley |
| Picasso | Picasso |
| pivot | 转型 |
| pre-seed | pre-seed |
| product market fit | 产品-市场契合 |
| Qasar | Qasar |
| regulatory inflection | 监管拐点 |
| Robert Greene | Robert Greene |
| Robin Roberts | Robin Roberts |
| Scott Cook | Scott Cook |
| seed stage investing | 种子期投资 |
| Seven Powers | 七种力量 |
| Skunkworks | 臭鼬工厂 |
| Steve Jobs | Steve Jobs |
| stress tests | 压力测试 |
| Tanguy | Tanguy |
| Tesla Cybertruck | Tesla Cybertruck |
| Tim Ferriss | Tim Ferriss |
| Todd McKinnon | Todd McKinnon |
| traction | 牵引力 |
| Vinod Khosla | Vinod Khosla |
| Weathergage | Weathergage |
| Y Combinator | Y Combinator |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
模式破局者:如何找到突破性的创业点子 | Mike Maples, Jr.(Floodgate 合伙人)
访谈记录
突破性创业点子的三要素
Lenny Rachitsky: 你发现大多数突破性创业点子基本上有三个要素。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 这三者分别是拐点(inflections)、洞察(insights),以及创始人-未来契合(founder future fit)。商业从来不是公平竞争。拐点让创始人得以对当下发起不对称战争。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你提到了一个你偶尔使用的概念——“秘密”。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 发明产生的方式,是人们亲自动手实践,对秘密存在的可能性保持敏感。如果你生活在未来,并注意到其中缺少了什么,你对该构建什么的直觉就更可能是正确的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这与你之前分享的那个数据相呼应——你80%回报最高的投资都来自转型(pivot)。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 创业公司从来不会因为执行得更好而击败大公司。创业公司获胜的方式,是提出一个截然不同的未来,让在位者措手不及,再混乱地将人们迁移到那个不同的未来。石头是拐点,弹弓是洞察,大卫用它们射向歌利亚。我们要创造的条件是——按照有利于我们的不公平规则,打一场不公平的游戏。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Mike Maples, Jr.。Mike 是一位传奇的早期创业投资人,他的公司 Floodgate 成立于二十多年前,是种子期投资作为独立投资类别的最早开拓者之一。他早期押注了 Twitter、Lyft、Twitch、Okta、Rappi 和 Applied Intuition 等变革性公司,并八次登上 Forbes Midas 榜单。最近,他花了大量时间研究优秀的创业点子从何而来,以及那些突破重围、改变世界的创业公司和创始人,与那些毫无建树的之间到底有什么区别。在回顾了过去二十年间与他会面的数千家创业公司的笔记和演示文稿之后,他发现了突破性创始人在思维方式和行为方式上的三种不同之处。在今天的对话中,Mike 将分享他的发现,以及他目睹许多创始人和创业公司陷入的陷阱,如何将这些模式破局原则应用于大公司等等。
我从未见过有人在早期投资和创业领域做过类似的研究。如果你是创始人、产品构建者或投资人,这会改变你对打造成功产品的思考方式。另外,Mike 还为本播客听众提供了一项福利:如果你在 patternbreakers.com/lenny 预购这本书,将免费获赠第二本签名版。该优惠数量有限,感兴趣的话建议尽快下单。本书将于7月9日上市。好了,有请 Mike Maples, Jr.。Mike,非常感谢你来做客,欢迎来到播客。
Mike Maples, Jr.: Lenny,谢谢你的邀请。这绝对是莫大的荣幸。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是我的荣幸。我们今天对话的主题是如何想出一个创业点子,以及如何迈出让这个点子变为现实的前几步。你有一本即将出版的书,正是关于这个——帮助人们理解如何做到这件事。书名叫《Pattern Breakers: Why Some Start-Ups Change the Future》。让我先问一个宽泛的问题:你是一个如此忙碌、如此成功的投资人,为什么会决定写一本书?
写书的缘起
Mike Maples, Jr.: 和生活中的很多事情一样,这本书某种程度上源于一次意外,也源于我在某个兔子洞里越钻越深。大约十年前,Twitch 被 Amazon 以9.7亿美元收购,我们赚了大约85倍回报。正常来说你会觉得这是件好事,确实也是好事,但我竟然忘了自己还是 Twitch 的股东。所以我不得不去找我的 LP(有限合伙人),向他们解释:“不好意思,我的财务报表里没有这笔,需要我重出一份吗?“他们都说:“不用了,没问题,把钱打给我们就行。“有些人甚至还给我送来香槟,而且是好酒。之后我开始有点不安。
我是怎么成为 Twitch 股东的呢?我投资了一家叫 Justin.tv 的公司,后来它分化为两家公司——Socialcam 和 Twitch,再后来 Socialcam 被收购了。所以我一直以为那家公司就是 Socialcam。那时我已经投资了大约十年,我注意到自己80%的退出利润来自转型。我还注意到,所有那些做得好的项目,并不一定遵循大家谈论的所谓最佳实践。比如我没看到 Twitter 的团队在做什么商业模式画布(business model canvas)。Justin.tv 团队在转型为 Twitch 的过程中,也不是我会竖为楷模的最高效管理团队。很多东西相当疯狂、混乱和随机。与此同时,我在帮助创始人关闭公司,而他们似乎做了一切正确的事情。
他们做了商业模式画布,做了客户开发,做了所有你该做的事情,招了合适的人——他们本可以成为哈佛商学院的案例研究对象,如果他们没有失败的话。所以这个项目的真正起点就是:“好吧,我是不是应该在被戳穿之前退休?这一切是不是全凭运气?我只是运气好,还是有什么值得去理解的东西?“当我开始对这些答案逐渐形成判断时,我开始跟人聊起这件事。很多人说:“你应该写一本书。创始人应该看到这些。这对他们思考创业点子的过程会很有价值。“
揭示洞察的研究过程
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了,我更加迫不及待想进入正题了。在此之前,你能不能分享一下你为了揭示这些洞察做了哪些工作?我知道你收集了数百份你考察过的早期公司的融资路演幻灯片,这背后做了哪些工作?
Mike Maplos, Jr.: 好的。几年前有部电影叫《猜火车》,对吧?里面有那种穿着防风外套的呆板英国老头,把火车来来往往的时刻当成世界上最有趣的事情来记录,还把一切都写进自己的日志里。我对初创公司就是这种状态。我有一个数据库,收录了所有首笔投资能获得超过一百倍回报的初创公司。我想做的是为这些公司建立时间胶囊。我想了解的不是它们成功之后的样子,而是在你恰恰需要判断它是否是一个有趣机会的那一刻,它究竟长什么样。所以我手里有最初叫做 Air Bed and Breakfast 的那份原始融资路演幻灯片——我当时愚蠢地错过了它,而你似乎在加入这件事上做了一个正确的职业决定。
Lenny Rachitsky: 后来才加入的,不过是的。
Mike Maplos, Jr.: 我有 Pinterest 的融资路演幻灯片,所有我们错过的或投了的公司的幻灯片我都有。我之所以想这样做,是因为人们很容易记错事情的真实经过。而且我发现,甚至创始人们自己,我们都有一种倾向——会记住当时比实际知道的更多的东西。所以我真的想尽最大努力去准确还原当时到底是什么样的:这个想法的起源故事是什么?他们是怎么想到的?如果他们转型了,是什么促使他们转型的?他们是什么时候第一次开始获得成功的?原因是什么?所有这些事情。
我在提问时必须非常小心,因为比如你不能问”你为什么成功?“因为那样他们会给你他们认为成功的原因。你要做的是说:“好的,我注意到这里的种子轮融资路演幻灯片上你们叫产品 X,但现在产品叫 Y。你们什么时候做的这个改变?为什么会发生这种变化?“所以你要尽力提出一套不带评判的问题,从而获得一套不带评判的回答,这样你就能像侦探一样,逐步追溯出这些事物为什么会起飞的根本原因。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太厉害了。我觉得同样重要的是,你能接触到比大多数人更多、更独特的数据,因为你在如此早期的阶段投资。
Mike Maplos, Jr.: 对,我觉得另一个原因是我通常跟创始人的关系比较投缘,所以我可以不断追问真实的答案,而他们也不会……我会说:“放心,你不想让我分享的我不会分享,我只是想搞明白。“所以当你有这些非正式的关系时……这也是我学到的另一点——你尽量不坐在会议室里像正式访谈那样采访他们。你试着在长期的非正式交流中、在谈论其他事情的间隙中,逐步收集这些事实。所以我认为这项工作真正有价值的一部分,就是有机会听到那些未经修饰的、真实发生的疯狂故事。
模式破局的核心理念
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。好,我们进入正题。你的书基本分成两个部分:如何想出一个点子,以及推进一个点子需要做对的事情。你有一种非常酷的方式来阐述如何做到这些,我们后面会深入展开。但你能不能先简要概括一下这两个部分?
Mike Maplos, Jr.: 我尽量说好。核心观点是,商业从来不是公平的较量。在位者一开始就拥有优势,而默认情况下他们会保持这种优势。所以初创公司必须决定,它要以不公平的方式去战斗。那初创公司怎么以不公平的方式战斗呢?它必须驾驭一套大多数人不那么显而易见的力量。比如,当你是一家初创公司时,“更好”毫无意义,因为”更好”是对当下的延伸。“更好”意味着你认为未来会与现在相似,只是略有不同。初创公司获胜的方式是做到根本性的不同。初创公司通过完全避免比较陷阱来获胜。比如当 Lyft 推出拼车服务,随后 Uber 紧跟着推出 UberX 之后,没有人在坐完拼车之后会说:“哦,这跟出租车有什么不同?”
它有多不同是一目了然的。这就是我们所说的”逼迫选择而非比较”的意思。所以创业资本家,事实证明,是一种不同类型的资本家。企业资本家通过持续复利赚钱,通过扩大自身优势赚钱,通过拥有护城河赚钱,通过一次又一次做好同样的事情以复利方式赚钱。而初创公司这些都没有。没有什么可以复利的。所以初创公司获胜的方式就是直接改变话题。它们否定既定规则的前提,提出完全不同的东西。这正是”模式破局”(pattern breaking)这个概念的最初含义——你要拥有一个从根本上打破模式的想法,一个无法与之前任何事物相比较的想法,而这就是初创公司有机会发起进攻的时刻。
突破性创业点子的三个要素
Lenny Rachitsky: 回到刚才说的两个部分——想出点子,以及你需要采取的行动。我们先深入聊聊想出点子这部分,这也是我想花最多时间的地方,因为我觉得这是大多数人出错的地方,也是一切的起点。我认为这里面有很多内容。我喜欢你这本书的一点是,你非常精炼地总结出了有限数量的要素,这些要素在成功的、模式破局的公司中反复出现。在”点子”这个层面,你发现大多数突破性的创业点子基本上包含三个要素。能不能先分享这三个要素,然后我们逐一讨论。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 三个要素分别是拐点(inflections)、洞察(insights),以及我所说的创始人-未来契合(founder future fit)。换一种说法就是,“这个东西是否来自未来”。但这三样是我观察到的主要指标,它们往往预示着突破性的潜力。还有一点很重要——你会注意到我没有提”实现”(implementation)。我学到的一件事是,如果你拥有正确的洞察(后面我们会详细讨论),你就拥有了通向未来的先发优势。所以很多时候你的第一个实现方案可能并不正确,但只要你的洞察是对的,你就可以在实现过程中不断调整,最终找到正确的实现方式,达到产品-市场契合。但我们需要理解的是,在点子之下,必须有这些底层力量在推动,赋予它挣脱当下引力束缚的能量。这才是我们想要的——我们想要一组可以观察到的力量,使这个方向值得追寻,也值得在产品上不断摸索直到抵达最终的位置。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那我们来聊聊第一种力量。你称之为”拐点”。什么是拐点?为什么它重要?拐点长什么样?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 拐点是一种外部事件,它创造了改变人们思考、感受和行动方式的激进潜力。拐点独立于任何初创公司或任何企业而存在。我们之前提到过 Lyft,那就用它来举例。催生 Lyft 的拐点是 iPhone 4s 内置了 GPS 定位芯片。这件事说明了一个重要的区分——比如摩尔定律不是拐点,一条改进曲线不是拐点。我对拐点比较较真,它必须是一个转折点。在数学中,拐点是曲线上斜率发生变化的转折点。而在科技创业中,它是指某个新事物被引入的时间点,它首次赋予人们某种新的能力。人们常谈论”时机”和”为什么是现在”。对我来说,拐点就是解开这个谜题的钥匙。你完全可以在 iPhone 4s 之前就想到共享出行,但这不会有任何意义,因为乘客和司机无法足够精确地定位彼此。如果你等到 iPhone 4s 发布很久之后才行动,那一切就变得显而易见了。所以存在这样一个时间窗口,这样一个神奇的时刻——一种全新的能力首次成为可能。而那些理解这一点的创始人,就处于有利位置,可以将这种能力以一种颠覆性的产品形式呈现出来,从而改变未来。
更多拐点的实例
Lenny Rachitsky: 为了让大家更直观地感受,能不能再举一些拐点的例子,无论是过去的还是当下的?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 另一个例子是智能手机上的摄像头变得越来越好,这催生了 Instagram。Instagram 实际上处于多个拐点的交汇处。首先是智能手机的普及——数量越来越多,突破了 1000 万台的量级。然后是摄像头质量大幅提升,越来越多的设备通过 Wi-Fi 连接,移动网络的上传速度也在提高。所有这些因素汇聚在一起,使得 Instagram 能够提供一款足以让你用它来拍摄大部分照片的产品。你不再会想”我需要一个独立于手机的数码相机”,而是可以随时随地只用手机拍照。但 Instagram 如果在 2008 年推出,很可能不会成功,至少不会达到后来那样的程度。它的时机窗口恰到好处。还有什么其他例子呢?智能手机中的定位芯片也赋能了其他公司——DoorDash、Instacart 都受益于此。它们有不同的洞察(这个我们后面会谈到),但有多种不同的方式来驾驭这种力量。
拐点的力量常被忽视
关于拐点,有一点我很喜欢,这个观点相当古老——拥有一种力量并不等于你知道如何使用它。轮子被水平安装了 500 年,才有人想到把它竖着装。最初人们用轮子来制陶——这确实是个不错的创新,因为它加速了制陶过程——但后来有人决定把轮子竖着安装,于是你可以推动马车,交通方式由此彻底改变。所以大多数人并没有意识到,我们脚下的东西、手中的东西、口袋里的东西,可能蕴含着一种一旦释放就能改变未来的力量。这也是伟大创始人身上非常特别的一点——他们能注意到我们未曾察觉的东西。我们所有人倾向于遵循一直以来的惯常模式,因为我们大多数人倾向于假设明天会和昨天差不多。但有时候,一位创始人会注意到一个拐点。我觉得这很令人振奋,因为拐点一直存在于我们周围,但大多数人只是懒得去看。大多数人忙于日常事务,不会注意到一个全新的赋能事物就在眼皮底下或口袋里悄然出现——但有些创始人会。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想到 ChatGPT 发布的时候。它建立在已有的模型之上,只是给人们提供了一种新的交互界面,然后所有人都疯狂了——“天哪,这就是未来!“但其实底层模型早就在那里了,只是你无法以人们期望的方式与它对话。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 有一次我跟 Michael Saylor 聊天,他说罗马人本可以更早发明印刷术。他们有凉鞋,能在泥地上留下印记。理论上,你可以在泥地上的印记和活字印刷术之间建立联系,但没有人这样做。所以这些拐点常常被忽视一段时间,但它们始终存在。它们现在就存在。在周围的环境中,正有人即将驾驭一个拐点——而我们大多数人会径直走过,视而不见。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,我脑子里已经在飞速转了——现在到底有什么就在那里呢?AI 显然是很多人首先想到的。我知道你对什么是拐点、什么不是拐点很严格。你认为 AI 是拐点吗?
拐点的压力测试
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我可能会说得更具体一些。我可能会说某些大型语言模型是拐点。因为当我思考拐点的时候——我在书中也强调了一点,叫做”压力测试”(stress tests)。说来有趣,创始人从来不会来找我说”嘿,你能帮我出一个好点子吗?“他们如果这样做,会觉得自己很没本事。所以更常见的情况是,他们会说”我有个点子,你觉得怎么样?“那我就可以对他们说:“发表意见不是我的角色,但我可以问你一个问题——它是否体现了一个或多个拐点?“如果答案是肯定的,我们可以做几个压力测试:具体有什么新事物刚刚出现?它如何赋能人们?它以什么具体方式赋能哪些具体的人?在什么条件下这种赋能能够实现?在什么条件下可能无法实现?因为核能已经存在了很长时间,但我们已经 50 年没有建造新的核电站了。所以仅仅拥有一种力量,并不意味着它会被使用。它可能被监管扼杀,也可能客户决定他们并不需要。所以我们希望回答三个问题:具体的那个新事物是什么?它提供的具体赋能形式是什么?赋能的对象是谁?
以及赋能条件是什么?以我们对 Lyft 的筛选为例,拐点是搭载了 GPS 芯片的 iPhone 4S,赋能是通过算法可以在一米精度内定位任何人,而且几乎所有拥有智能手机的人都能被定位——这是很大一批人。而要实现这一点,人们需要愿意与应用程序分享位置信息,政府不能禁止手机中的 GPS 芯片,苹果必须继续愿意在手机中搭载 GPS 芯片。我们认为这些都是相当合理的赌注,这些赋能条件很有可能会被满足。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太精彩了。我正想让你举个例子,你已经给了一个。那 Twitch 呢?它的拐点是什么?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我觉得有几个。首先是向用户生成内容和互联网名人的转变。Justin Kan 在还没有一个词来形容”网红”之前就想成为有影响力的人了,对吧?他真正是在为自己打造想要的产品。而就在 Twitch 之前,或者说 Justin.tv——也就是最初的公司——之前,《时代》杂志的年度人物是”你”,封面用的是 YouTube。那个时期是娱乐方式的一个重大转折点。与此同时,宽带普及率达到了临界规模,CDN 变得非常好,我们认为还会继续改进。所以当时的条件已经成熟,可以首次在互联网上大规模进行视频直播。如果再早两年,这件事是做不了的。事实上,Kyle Vogt 不得不发明了一些相当神奇的技术,才让它在当时能够运作。但你可以看到——一旦视频开始在互联网上实时流媒体传输,这就会成为一件大事。你完全能预见只要它行得通,就会成为现实。所以我认为这些就是拐点。
Airbnb,我们俩都因不同原因与这家公司关系密切。它受益于几个因素。一是在线用户评论的激增,以及人们开始信任评论,以此替代对酒店品牌的信任。然后 Facebook Connect 使得传递用户的个人资料信息成为可能,这样房客和房东之间就不像完全的陌生人了。这些事情同时发生,再加上大金融危机——人们的房子变成了负资产,需要想办法创收。所有这些因素同时汇聚,推动了 Airbnb。
拐点的类型
Lenny Rachitsky: 你分享的这些例子很好地提醒了我们,拐点不一定是技术性的。你之前提到过几类拐点的类型,能再说一遍吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我很喜欢这个问题,很高兴你提醒了我,因为我这里有一个非常近期的例子。因为居家令,法律发生了变化——远程医疗就诊方面,过去跨州进行远程医疗是违法的。但突然之间,因为新冠疫情和居家令,不仅合法化了,甚至可以被医疗系统报销。这就是一个拐点,因为它赋能患者接触到更多医生,赋能医生接触到更多患者,也以一种赋能的方式改变了医疗服务的交付方式。
这完全不是技术变革,而是一次监管变革,使技术能以新的方式赋能——但它确实是一个具体的、满足条件的”新事物”。它以具体的方式赋能了具体的人群,也创造了新的赋能条件。当时我们会问的一个问题是,当新冠疫情和居家令结束后,他们会恢复旧的法律吗?如果恢复了,那就有问题了。这就是赋能条件——但这是一种对任何拐点进行压力测试的相当稳健的方法,对吧?就是去问那三四个问题。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以有监管拐点——法规的重大变化,有技术拐点,还有我觉得你暗示了一种态度类的——比如人们看待事物的方式的变化……
Mike Maples, Jr.: 对,还可能存在信念拐点。
Lenny Rachitsky: 信念。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 比如疫情期间,远程医疗就诊的数量激增。结果就是,人们对于是否愿意进行远程医疗就诊产生了永久性的观念转变。在那之前,技术已经有了,但很多人就是不去做。医生不愿意,或者患者不愿意。但突然之间大家都开始做了,他们会说:“这好多了。我宁可这样做,也不想去诊所排队等一大堆。“医生也会说:“我宁可这样,也不想让这些人挤满我的诊室。“我想说,我们现在在一个视频平台上做播客——虽然不是 Zoom——我觉得 Zoom 是另一个例子。人们每周有几天在家办公,这个想法已经成为一种永久状态,我认为这也是新冠疫情带来的另一个拐点。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那就是这三种吗——监管、技术和信念?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 这是主要的几种。我想说,从宏观角度看,很大程度上可以归结为两件事:技术改变了可行性的边界,以及人们在社交层面改变了他们的信念和行为模式。这两者中任何一种变化都可以构成拐点,因为两者中任何一种变化都代表着改变未来能力的转折点。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太精彩了。好的。
洞察
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,我们已经讨论了拐点,下一个话题——你发现的突破性公司的下一个要素是洞察。来谈谈这个。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 对,与拐点不同,洞察来自创始人。洞察,我喜欢这样定义:它是关于如何利用一个或多个拐点来改变人们行为的非显而易见的真理(non-obvious truth)。以我们之前举的 Lyft 为例,拐点是 iPhone 4S,洞察是——哦,那意味着你可以做”汽车版的 Airbnb”。你必须要有某种创造性的洞察才能看到这一点。而它之所以是非显而易见的,或者说非共识的,在于——谁会想上一个陌生人的车?这太疯狂了,对吧?谢天谢地……要说我们当初拒绝投资 Airbnb 这件事唯一的好处,就是我和 Anne 当时心想,天哪,谁会想住在陌生人家里,这太疯狂了。而且当时的 Airbnb,房东和房客是同时住在房子里的,房东第二天早上会给房客 Pop-Tarts 之类的东西当早餐。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 那个时候正好是 Craigslist 杀人事件之类的新闻满天飞的时期,“沙发客即服务”这种概念在当时看来既可怕又疯狂。但等到我们看到当时的 Zimride——也就是后来的 Lyft——我和 Anne 比之前更有准备去接受那个洞察,恰恰是因为我们愚蠢地错过了 Airbnb。所以这是洞察非常重要的一个层面。洞察需要利用拐点,但微妙之处在于,它必须是非共识且正确的,而不能仅仅是正确的。在机会的世界里,如果你的判断正确但属于共识,你仍然做不了多好。一个正确但属于共识的想法有几个问题。首先,如果它是共识,它可能还不够激进。
因为你想,人的天性就是偏好熟悉的事物,所以如果所有人都喜欢你的创业想法,那意味着它太接近他们已经知道的、熟悉的东西,也就是说它太接近共识了,太接近在位者了。因此,最好的创业想法都有这样一个特质:大多数人不喜欢它,甚至对它抱有敌意,或者只是无动于衷。但有一小部分人会说出这样的话——“你这些年都去哪了?这太棒了,我爱死这个了。“他们会不理智地爱上这个想法。
所以我见过的大多数伟大创业公司都有这个特质。原因在于,伟大的创业公司与传统的公司不同——传统公司把未来视为现在的延伸。普通公司做预测,他们说,我从现在往前看,向前推演未来会是什么样。而伟大的创始人,也就是模式破局者,他们做的是回溯——他们说,要成为大赢家,未来必须是截然不同的,这是既定前提,所以我要去寻找那些截然不同的未来,然后从那些截然不同的未来往回推演。
这个截然不同的未来,来自于与众不同的思考,来自非共识的思考。然后,正是那些不同的行动让你说,好的,现在我处在这个不同的未来里了,但目前在这个不同的未来里,我是孤身一人。我必须让人们来加入我这个不同的未来,我必须找到那些准备好跟我一起走向那个不同未来的人。这就是模式破局行动发挥作用的地方。
一开始不是所有人都会行动起来,所以我不可以在那些不愿行动的人身上浪费时间,我一丝一毫的精力都不能花在那些不愿行动或还没准备好行动的人身上,只能花在那些已经准备好或即将准备好行动的人身上。然后,我需要和那些早期的信奉者共同创造未来。所以,伟大的创业公司之所以诞生,是因为世界上有一部分人认同了创始人的洞察,然后跟随他们一起共同创造那个未来。最终,曾经的异端邪说会变成共识性的智慧,因为越来越多的人开始意识到它的优势。
Airbnb 的故事
Lenny Rachitsky: 这里有太多线索我想追问了,其中一个是 Airbnb 的故事。很有意思的是,我最近邀请 Jessica Livingston 上了播客,你可能知道这件事,Paul Graham 和她当初并不看好 Airbnb 的想法。他们所有人都是——这是个糟糕的想法,我们假设他们会改方向的,但我们很喜欢这对创始人,所以我们愿意押注他们。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我是经 Michael Seibel 介绍认识那几个创始人的,Michael 是 Justin.tv/Twitch 的联合创始人之一。Michael 在他们申请 Y Combinator 之前就把 Brian Chesky 介绍给了我。Michael 说,他们连申请 YC 的准备都还差得远,但他觉得我可能会认为这是”对的那种疯狂”。我收到过很多……我对疯狂的想法并不怎么排斥。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这我能理解。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 那次见面简直一团糟。满屋子的麦片盒子,我心想,这是怎么回事?为什么这里有麦片?然后他的产品演示又跑不起来,我说,没关系,我们看幻灯片吧。他说,嗯,Michael Seibel 跟我说你不喜欢看幻灯片,你喜欢看演示。我说,话是没错,但它现在跑不起来啊。就这样,我们在一个堆满麦片盒子的房间里大眼瞪小眼看了二十分钟。你不可能每笔都赢嘛,有赢有输。
Lenny Rachitsky: 如果我是你,我不会怪自己。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 关于 Airbnb 还有一件特别搞笑的事。他们做这件事是因为付不起房租,于是搭了一个 WordPress 网站来挣房租钱,因为当时旧金山正好有个设计大会。与此同时,他们在头脑风暴各种创业想法,他们本来就打算一起创业,但一开始他们根本没想过 air bed and breakfast 就是那个创业想法。他们的想法是——我们只是需要用它来赚钱,这样才能去做一个真正的创业项目。这就是讽刺之处,你回头看的时候几乎会心一笑——他们当时甚至不知道自己手里拿着的是什么,这几乎是个意外。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这里有一个教训:当你找到某个有效的东西时,即使你不认为它是个大想法,也不要想当然地忽视它。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 哦,我非常同意。另一个很好的教训是,你不希望自己最初的创业赌注大到不能失败。你希望那些想法足够小,可以失败很多次,因为你不希望执着于成功,你希望能够不断地尝试、把玩、折腾,因为你并不真正知道新的洞察会在哪个分形节点上显现出来。所以这其中有一种玩乐的成分,我觉得这一点很重要。
Lenny Rachitsky: 顺便问一下,你还记得他们当时头脑风暴的一些想法吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我不记得了。我甚至怀疑他们自己还记不记得。
Lenny Rachitsky: 是啊,可能不记得了,可能不记得了。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 也许在《The Airbnb Story》那本书里有。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我觉得在你这里演示失败这件事可能反而帮他们为 YC 做了准备,而这正是帮助他们进入 YC 的原因,所以我觉得你是他们故事中的重要一环。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 更令人痛苦的是,我出现在了那本书里。前几天有人打电话给我妻子 Julie,问,那本《The Airbnb Story》里写的是你丈夫吗?我们拿到书一看,还真有一整章,讲的是他们当时融资有多难。他们倒没有把我写成一个愚蠢的 VC 来吐槽,他们的意思是——看看我们当时做演示做得有多烂。那完全是一场灾难性的演示。但对我来说这也是一个很好的教训,我从中吸取了一个非常深刻的教训——演示做得好还是不好,跟你是否应该投资不一定有什么关系。有时候你必须保持清醒,去看到它未来可能成为的样子,不管当下的演示有多么糟糕。
Lenny Rachitsky: 他们当时的估值是多少?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 哦,说出来太疼了……我记得他给了我一个以 150 万美元估值投资的机会。
Lenny Rachitsky: 但现在他们是一家千亿美元级别的企业了。
Mike Maples, Jr. :是啊,我大概能赚六千倍的回报之类的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 谢天谢地我们对 Twitter 和 Justin.tv 说了是,对 Lyft 和 Okta 也说了是,因为如果我们把这些都看了一遍然后全部错过的话,我会气到发疯。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我觉得这正是你这个投资阶段有趣的地方——你只需要少数几个成功就够了。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 对,没错。顺便说一下,如果你是创始人,道理也是一样的——如果你做对了,你只需要对一次就够了。这一点非常重要。
惊喜的力量
Lenny Rachitsky: 回到关于洞察的话题,你之前聊天时提到过一件事,就是被惊讶到的重要性和惊喜的力量。你能谈谈这个吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 好的,关于洞察,我认为有几件事非常重要,这就是其中之一。我相信突破不可能有配方。为什么?因为配方是为那些已经被发现的东西而存在的。如果我给你一个做蛋糕的配方,大概已经有人按那个精确定义做过那个蛋糕了。但突破,顾名思义,是还没有发生的,还没有被发现的。广义相对论必须由爱因斯坦来发现,共享出行的想法必须由共享出行公司来发现,Airbnb 必须由 Chesky、Nate 和那些家伙来发现。所以你要做的是建立正确的心态。怎么建立正确的心态?你去接触前沿的新技术,并且主动品味惊喜。
从突破的角度来想,结合我们刚才说的,这就说得通了,因为如果你想找到突破,你就要被惊讶到,你想发现尚未被发现的东西,你想知道你之前不知道的事情。因为如果你做的实验只是证明了、验证了你本来就认为的东西,你其实什么也没学到——仔细想想,你只是在原有的理解或观点上加倍下注而已。这个道理我是从 Scott Cook 那里学到的,他是 Intuit 的创始人。每次有人给他展示新产品的时候,人们把想法展示给他,他就会问:你在制定这个方案的过程中,三个最大的惊喜是什么?他发现,很多时候他们一个都说不出来。他觉得,当人们说不出自己遇到的惊喜时,说明他们太被自己想要的那个东西锁死了。他们有自己的既定议程,他们想要的是验证,而不是探求真相。
所以,如果你是一个真正的探求真相的人,你总是希望被惊讶到,你会把惊喜当作一份礼物,因为你会想:哇,也许我在所有人之前就遇到了这个惊喜。这就是我们的意思。你要设计你的实验,让自己处于能够被惊喜到的位置。Chegg 那帮人做的一个好例子。Chegg 想看看人们是否愿意租教科书,所以他们做了一个假网站叫 Textbook [听不清]。但 Osman 和 Aayush 非常精明。他们不仅测试人们是否愿意花 35 美元租一本 100 美元的教科书,还测试了一组从低到高的任意价格,最高到 75 美元。这样他们就得到了不同价格下的需求偏好曲线。Textbook [听不清] 不是一个真正的网站,所以你到了购物车页面就会得到一个 404 错误。
但我们能看出人们想租教科书,而惊喜之处在于他们愿意支付的租金比我们预想的要高。我们以为至少需要 35 美元,但有些学生愿意付 75 美元。这个认知太重要了——如果我们只是做一个验证假设的实验,验证”是的,他们愿意花 35 美元来租吗”,我们的定价模型就会完全不同。而实际发现的是:哇,他们愿意付更多。仔细想想,这其实说得通——学生不想留着这本教科书。经济学入门课嘛,反正我上完还回去,75 块毕竟比 100 块少,省下来的钱我还能买啤酒。这就是惊喜的一个例子。
但我发现,大多数有出色回报的创业公司,都有过类似的惊喜。非共识不等于唱反调。唱反调只是另一种形式的从众,因为它仍然是以别人为参照的。我看到的大多数伟大创始人,他们几乎会因为发现了这个秘密而感到心虚,但这个秘密是他们通过对未来不断尝试和留意惊喜挣来的,他们的”注意过滤器”开到了最大音量,而大多数人都不会注意到,大多数人会直接与那个秘密擦肩而过,因为他们只想着验证自己已经认为是真的东西。
赢得的秘密
Lenny Rachitsky: 你提到过一个我也很喜欢的词,你偶尔会用到,就是”赢得的秘密”。你能多谈谈吗?基本就是同一个意思——你通过尝试发现了别人还没看到的东西。大概是这样吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 对我来说,秘密是挣来的。我认为很多人对”愿景”有错误的理解。很多人倾向于认为有远见的人就像拥有一副特殊的双筒望远镜,能比我们其他人看得更远。但根据我的经验,发明并不是这样产生的。发明产生的方式是,人们亲自动手去摸索,因为他们在接触新事物的过程中亲力亲为,所以了解到未来缺什么。他们通过深入探索某个前沿领域的兔子洞,为自己挣来了这个秘密。
就像我是训练有素的创业公司识别者一样,他们成为了他们所热爱的那个新事物的训练有素的识别者。他们让周围的人感到抓狂——他们在派对上,所有人都在聊篮球赛,凯尔特人对小牛,结果这不知怎的让他们想到要去测试教科书的定价。他们就是那么痴迷,这是他们睡前最后想的事,也是醒来后第一件想的事。所以我觉得大多数真正伟大的、赢得的秘密就是这么来的。说是”挣来的”,是因为你通过亲自动手挣来了它们,你通过保持对秘密可能存在的警觉挣来了它们——而大多数人根本没在看。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这和你之前分享的那个数据是相通的——你回报最高的投资中 80% 都来自一次转型。一切都是相连的:你不断尝试、不断学习,看到别人没有尝试过的东西。
我们能独特提供什么
Mike Maples, Jr.: 没错。在产品-市场契合的早期阶段,我喜欢说我们要回答一个非常简单却深刻的问题:我们能独特地提供什么,是人们极度渴望的?如果我们有一个洞察,这让我们变得独特。那么,如果客户不喜欢你的想法,可能有两种情况。一种是你的洞察是错的。如果你的洞察错了,你就没有创业可言,你应该直接停止。但另一种可能是你的实现方式是错的。也就是说你的洞察是对的。比如 Okta,一开始他们想做云系统管理,他们认为需要做问题解决,但当他们把产品展示给客户时,客户的反应是”也就那样吧”。他们就问:为什么你们觉得也就那样?客户说,这不是我们的首要问题。他们又问:那你们的首要问题是什么?客户说:身份管理。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 所以他们的洞察是对的——客户确实会在管理云服务方面遇到困难——但洞察的实现方式错了。于是他们回来做了身份管理,就成功了。所以如果有人不喜欢你的想法,如果他们对你提供的东西并不迫切需要,要么是洞察错了,要么是实现方式错了,要么你可能找错了客户。Okta 交谈过的一些人想把产品和本地部署软件集成。在那种情况下,他们的意见无关紧要,因为他们不是创新型客户,他们没有生活在未来,他们不会给你对战略有增量价值的产品需求建议。所以,在向产品-市场契合迭代的过程中,你要做到:正确的洞察、正确的拐点、正确的实现方式、正确的早期信徒。如果在产品-市场契合上没有成功,那就是其中一个或多个变量还没到位。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我觉得这是个好时机提醒大家,你的企业并不需要同时具备所有这些要素才有可能取得巨大成功。更准确地说,你拥有的要素越多,找到重大机会的可能性就越大。对吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 没错。而非共识且正确的难处在于,你一开始并不确定自己是对的,你只知道自己是非共识的。所以你必须愿意承担犯错的风险,才有可能 spectacularly right——取得惊人的正确。你要做的是追求那些胜算极大地偏向你这一方的机会。所以我回到那句话:商业从来不是公平的较量。如果我是一个创始人,有一整个宇宙的想法可以去追求。很多创始人犯的错误——这很容易理解——是说我想追逐大的市场机会。于是他们分析大市场,在未被充分覆盖的市场中找到未被满足需求的客户,然后去开发产品来解决问题。
这看起来很诱人,因为它似乎显而易见,各个点以显而易见的方式正向连接。但不知不觉中,你其实是在接受一个既定的框架,接受了市场当前的界定——而这个界定本来就已被在位者设定好了。所以你真正该做的是追求一个稍微模糊一些的机会,但一个能驾驭这些力量的机会。那些让你看到拐点时会说”哇,这真的很强大”的机会,让你看到洞察时会说”对,我知道在未来,事情终将在此处发生根本性不同”的机会。我宁愿拥有这些要素并愿意转型产品,也不愿没有这些要素而对产品应该是什么有更清晰的想法。
Lenny Rachitsky: 有趣的是,我自己最成功的一笔投资恰恰做了你说的不应该做的事——他们看准了一个巨大的市场,面对一个糟糕的在位者,然后做了更好的产品,而且确实奏效了。但我想,同样地,并不是说你不能以那种方式获胜,你的观点和研究表明,做完全不同的事情,成功率要高得多。
非对称战争
Mike Maples, Jr.: 没错。而且我敢打赌这家公司……我对它了解不多,也不知道具体是哪家,但如果他们以某种方式利用了拐点,让在位者感到困惑,我一点也不会惊讶。如果他们找到了用拐点来打一场不公平之战的方法,我一点也不惊讶。我对洞察的理解是,我意识到它背后有一套理论。理论不是配方,而是一种解释。拐点让创始人能够发起非对称战争,而洞察就是他们使用的载体。就像——石头是拐点,弹弓是洞察,David 用它射击 Goliath。所以这就是我们在寻找的——创造条件,让我们能在一场不公平的游戏中,以不公平的规则来对我们有利。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很好的过渡,正好引出第三个要素,也就是突破性公司的创始人-未来契合。那是什么?
创始人-未来契合
Mike Maples, Jr.: 对,这是我最喜欢的内容之一。人们经常会问,什么造就了一个伟大的创始人?确实有一些共同特质:对想法的热情、坚持、韧性,还有人们常说的那些——对用户的热情等等。但我发现,并不存在一种标准化的最佳创始人画像。Marc Andreessen 创办 Netscape 时,还只是一个在伊利诺伊大学拿最低工资的程序员。当时所有人都以为数字高速公路会来自 Time Warner、来自 Microsoft Network,或者来自美国政府,没人觉得某个孩子会自下而上地把这件事做成。但事实证明,Marc 正在围绕万维网摆弄一系列拐点。就在那个时候,Microsoft 推出了更好版本的 Windows,就在那个时候,Pentium 处理器问世了,所以越来越多的人开始使用图形用户界面电脑,而浏览行为恰好也在同一时期开始出现。
但让我们看一个更近的公司,Applied Intuition,为自动驾驶汽车做仿真软件。如果你要向一家汽车公司的 CEO 销售一份大合同,他需要隔着桌子看着你,觉得这帮人能搞定这件事。Qasar 和 Peter 在密歇根州的底特律长大,他们之前在大三汽车公司工作过,之后又在 Google 内部的 Waymo 和 Google Maps 工作过。他们之前还有过一次成功的创业,所以如果你要为这个任务物色一个完美团队,那就是他们。
所以我说创始人-未来契合的意思是,创始人身上有一组特质,使他们特别适合某种类型的未来。有时候他们是非常年轻的一试创业者,Mark Zuckerberg、Bill Gates、Paul Allen,我们刚刚举了 Marc Andreessen 的例子。在这种情况下,通常他们站在一项新技术的最前沿,拥有初学者心态,甚至不被旧的思维方式所束缚。就像整个世界都生活在笛卡尔坐标系中,而他们发现了极坐标系,他们甚至不需要在两者之间翻译,因为他们从来没有理解过笛卡尔坐标系。
在这种情况下,他们对未来的知识比他们作为商业人士的知识更有价值。但在 Applied Intuition 的例子中,如果你要向企业客户销售非常大的合同,他们需要相信你能胜任这份工作。如果你是 Okta,你在为云客户做身份管理,他们会信任来自 Salesforce 的 Todd McKinnon,远胜过信任一个大学辍学生来做这件事。所以我喜欢说,创始人-未来契合就是:谁对这个未来了解最多?谁有最强烈的内在动力去追求它?谁在那个未来生态系统中拥有最好的网络和最好的伙伴关系?这些就是关键维度——在这些维度上表现不同的创始人通常做得更好,因为他们更有可能在第一时间就理解该构建什么,也更有可能说服早期信徒一开始就相信他们的想法。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以并不是说这些人拥有某种比其他所有人更准确或更了不起的未来愿景,而是他们的背景,甚至他们的外在形象,与他们要解决的问题相匹配。在 Applied Intuition 的例子中,你的意思是这些创始人看起来就像那种让通用汽车的 CEO 会说”我信任这些人来为我建造这个东西”的人。
机会偏爱有准备的头脑
Mike Maples, Jr.: 是的,巴斯德曾经说过,机会偏爱有准备的头脑。当我开始写这本书的时候,我第一次真正理解了他的意思。机会偏爱有准备的头脑,因为有准备的头脑能吸引好运。有准备的头脑比其他头脑更有可能注意到突破。有准备的头脑能看到突破,能看到拐角之后的东西,因为他们一直在思考这个主题。所以,大多数人认为想出好的创业想法的方式就是去”想一个创业项目”。而我喜欢说,不,这恰恰是错的——想出伟大创业想法的方式是,你生活在未来,然后注意到未来中缺失了什么。这是不言自明的:如果你生活在未来,一定会有未建造的、缺失的东西,因为如果一切都已建好,你就生活在当下了。所以,如果你生活在未来并注意到缺失了什么,你对该建造什么的直觉就更有可能是正确的。
所以,Andreessen 做出 Mosaic 浏览器,并不是因为他认为浏览器有市场。他甚至不知道什么数字高速公路,他只是想让互联网立刻对他和他的团队更有用。他对该建造什么的直觉非常好,因为他在建造自己想要的东西——世界上缺失的东西。在 Okta 的案例中,他们认识所有早期的 Salesforce 客户,但原则依然成立——那些客户并不平等,他们是灯塔客户(lighthouse customer)。这有点像我在 Silicon Graphics 的时候,我不会花时间跟普通的电影工作室打交道,我跟 Industrial Light & Magic 打交道,因为我觉得,如果我们解决了他们的问题,他们会带我们到达应许之地。我们为 Industrial Light & Magic 建造的所有东西,终有一天会成为所有人都想要的东西。所以,并不是所有客户都平等的,你要找到那些生活在未来的客户。
Justin.tv 的启示
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个观点。Justin.tv 是另一个很好的例子,他直接假定了未来——每个人都会观看彼此的真人秀——所以他用一个装了摄像头的背包搭了一套设备,就为了直播自己。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 是的,Justin.tv 的例子也很棒,因为在 Justin.tv 中,他建造了自己希望拥有的东西,即使那是一个糟糕的想法。但它体现了某些属性,体现了那些最终引导他们走向 Twitch 的拐点和洞察。讽刺的是,Justin 的第二家公司 Atrium,大多数人觉得那很合理——自动化法律任务。Justin 是一位优秀的创始人,但他对法律领域根本没有热情,毫无激情。当他创办 Atrium 时,他的热情是成为一个地位更高的创始人。我最近和他做了一个播客,他谈到了这件事,他说,我想变得和 Patrick Collison、Brian Chesky、Drew Houston 一样大。但事实证明,那不是一个很好的创业理由。创始人-未来契合归根到底是关于真实性,关于谁与那个不同的、激进的未来最真实地匹配?无论哪个团队做到了这一点,在实现产品-市场契合方面就有巨大的先发优势。而产品-市场契合就是这场游戏的核心,谁先实现谁就赢。
如何找到创业想法
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,所以我们讲了拐点、洞察、创始人-未来契合。为了让这些对一个现在坐在公司里的产品经理来说变得非常具体——比如我想开始创业——或者一个刚刚开始构思想法的人,你有什么建议让他们这周、下个月开始做些什么,来找到一个想法,一个能带他们去某个地方的想法?不一定非得是大想法。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我喜欢说的第一件事是,走出当下。人们常说要”走出大楼”,当然我们应该这样做,但走出当下比这更微妙一些,对吧?William Gibson 说得对,“未来已经在这里了,只是分布不均匀。“所以大多数伟大的创业想法都来自一个今天就已经存在的未来。所以我喜欢对人们说,这也是我在被人推销时总会问的一个问题:“这是来自未来的吗?“然后有些人会对我说,“嘿,我有一个心理健康创业项目。心理健康是一个巨大的问题,需要被解决。“我会说,“为什么你的想法来自未来?""嗯,我相信未来心理健康需要被解决。“我说,“我不是在问这个。我在问,你一直在生活在未来的哪一部分,这让你有资格对未来持有观点?”
所以我喜欢说,“如果你没有生活在未来,你对它的观点就是无效的。“这就好比说”我认为客户会做 X”,但你从来没有跟客户谈过。我会说,“好吧,你的观点很有趣,但无关紧要。“所以唯一相关的关于未来的观点,来自那些生活在未来之中的人,来自那些以非常切身的方式理解未来有什么新变化的人。有些人在这方面做得很好,比如创办了 Living Carbon 的 Maddie Hall。她之前在 Zenefits 工作,一开始她试图想一个创业点子,但她的想法都不太好。她有一个激光标签的想法,还有其他一些东西。但后来她决定跟随 Sam Altman 一年,做他的幕僚长。
Sam Altman 每天和各种人一起多次造访未来。正是这让她产生了 Living Carbon 的想法——一家做基因改造树木的公司。我是说,这跟 Zenefits 差得不能再远了对吧?但她看到微软即将在碳移除上投入大量资金,还有其他一些公司也要花很多钱。她看到基因工程技术已经足够好,可以改造这些树木了。她把这些拐点与需求结合起来,然后就出发了。但她基本上是在采样各种不同的未来,直到找到一个她喜欢的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我喜欢这个例子,因为它让”生活在未来”具体化了。一个方法是跟那些在某个技术前沿或行为方式前沿走得很远的人待在一起。另一个你分享的是在一家公司工作,比如你在 Silicon Graphics 跟 Industrial Light & Magic 相关的工作……
Mike Maples, Jr.: Industrial Light & Magic。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 是的。McCracken 有个我一直很喜欢的说法——灯塔客户。灯塔发出的光芒穿透迷雾。并非所有客户都同等重要,有些客户就活在未来,这些客户就是金子。如果你能满足他们的需求,他们会带你走向应许之地。所以,你可以像 Andreessen、Zuckerberg、Steve Wozniak 或 Bill Gates 那样,为自己构建缺失的东西;或者为你有良好关系的灯塔客户构建产品。如果你两者都做不到——我最常被问到的问题就是:“如果你身处超级计算机实验室,或者你面向的是 Industrial Light & Magic 这样的客户,或者是 Salesforce 的全部客户,那当然很好。但我不是这种人,我只是斯坦福商学院的二年级学生,我是某公司的产品经理,或者其他什么身份。“——这时候 Maddie Hall 的例子就特别有力量。因为 Maddie 以一种非常有意识的方式,主动走出了当下。我非常喜欢用她的经历作为案例。
如何识别灯塔客户
Lenny Rachitsky: 有什么迹象能告诉你一家公司是那种”活在未来”的灯塔公司?或者说一个人,你就是能感觉到,他们远远走在所有人前面?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 通常跟他们的技术前瞻程度有关。曾几何时,很多人认为云计算不会成事,因为不安全——“我不会把重要数据托管出去,让别人掌控。“但确实有一批客户对云计算非常兴奋,他们倾向于采用特定类型的产品。我以前在客户端-服务器创业公司工作时就知道,早期采用者是那些使用关系型数据库服务器、可扩展的前端编程接口之类技术的人,他们在尝试部署分布式应用。你能看出来谁在用新趋势打进攻战。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。好的,在我们进入行动篇之前,关于帮助人们想出点子、找到好点子,还有什么你认为可能有用的东西想分享吗?
客户的绝望阈值
Mike Maples, Jr.: 关于点子,最重要的一点还是回到不要玩比较游戏。我发现人们在想点子时低估了一样东西——客户身上的绝望阈值。我们要为绝望的人解决问题。如果我们拥有真正赋能的强大拐点,如果我们有独特的东西,就应该有人被这种赋能不可抗拒地吸引。他们应该说:“天哪,这太不可思议了。这是颠覆性的。我看见了就再也无法假装没看见。“为什么这很重要?我喜欢说,如果客户有能力用你以外的方式来解决他们的问题,他们就不会疯狂到去跟一家创业公司做生意。客户必须绝望到一看到你拥有的东西就说:“我必须得到它。”
所以我喜欢说:“你要迫使他们做出选择,而不是比较。“如果大家都在卖苹果,我不能做一个好十倍的苹果。我要做世界上第一根香蕉。我要对人们说:“你可能不想要香蕉,你可能不喜欢,你可能不认可香蕉的优势,但如果你重视香蕉的特质,我是唯一拥有它的人。来吧。“一个洞察给人的感觉就是这样的。在早期,不要把任何时间花在喜欢苹果的人身上,因为你说服不了他们,他们只会浪费你的时间。你要做的是尽快找到世界上所有重视香蕉优势的人,不在不重视的人身上浪费一秒钟。我觉得这基本上概括了洞察这个概念——我们要迫使选择,而不是比较。没有人会看着 Tesla Cybertruck 说:“嗯,这跟 Ford F-150 比起来怎么样?“你可能讨厌 Cybertruck,你可能觉得它很蠢,但没有人对 Cybertruck 是无感的。你要拥有一个让人无法保持中立的产品,而那些被它正面吸引的人,简直无法想象没有它的世界。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我喜欢这个说法。回到你的香蕉例子,你要的就是少数几个人说”我需要那根香蕉”,不管你收多少钱。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 没错。即使它只有半熟也无所谓。因为另一件事是,他们需要愿意容忍你执行得不够好的事实——一家创业公司怎么可能执行得很好?他们没有资源。所以创业公司获胜的唯一机会,就是在一个”更好”不重要的战场上获胜,执行力不如”必须拥有那个东西”重要。“你给我什么版本我都接受,因为我太需要它了。“
行动篇:颠覆性创始人的三大特质
Lenny Rachitsky: 说到执行力,正好可以过渡到我们对话的第二部分。基本上,你研究了最成功的公司和创始人有哪些不同做法,发现了他们都做的三件核心事情:运动、叙事、不合群。我们逐一聊聊,你想从哪个开始?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 好,我们已经谈过了”想得不同”,但问题在于——要求人们抛弃熟悉的、拥抱不确定的明天,是一种挑衅行为。所有创业公司在本质上都是不合群的。它们是对现有做事方式的不认同,是对”现状模式”的不认同。作为创始人,我们需要说服他人改变习惯,靠的就是我们的模式破局行动。模式破局的创始人所做的事,是在”现在的世界”和”可能的世界”之间创造一种鲜明的二元对立。他们在早期信众心中激发出一种不可抗拒的渴望,推动他们与自己一起奔赴那个不同的未来。所以我说,“做得不同”有三个层面——运动、叙事和合群性(或者说,不合群)。
运动是核心中的核心。因为大多数人在想到运动的时候,想到的是社会运动——比如民权运动和 Martin Luther King,或者艺术运动——比如立体主义和 Picasso。但从根本上说,运动是一种与大多数营销人员理解的市场开拓方式截然不同的路径。大多数人想到营销,想的是:“我有一组目标客户,我有一组项目计划,我有集客营销和外呼营销,我有这些要做的事。“而运动做的是利用少数群体对多数群体暴政的不满,将其激活,让那些早期信众带着情感的承诺行动起来。
所以早期客户不是被实用主义驱动的,而是被信念驱动的。早期客户、早期员工、早期投资者决定与你合作,不是因为你所释放的实用价值,而是因为审美层面的原因——因为他们相信你所相信的。运动本质上就是一群怀有相同信念的人,一起向一个不同的未来移动。你想想看,民权运动其实也是一样的道理。运动是一种将选择结晶化的方式。如果你信仰民权,你不可能半信半疑。你要么相信应该以人的品格而非肤色来评判一个人,要么不信。你不能”有点不种族主义”,你要么信,要么不信。
运动的本质与历史案例
Mike Maples, Jr.: 追随 Martin Luther King 的人,是真心认同他所描绘的那个更美好的审美未来。顺便说一下,我无意将两者等同——那是一场极为重要的运动,对吧?有些运动可能更轻量一些,比如我前面提到的艺术运动。但核心理念是相似的:都有一群早期信众,他们相信自己觉悟到了某种世界上其他人尚未理解的东西,并且认为创业创始人就是这个运动的推动者。接下来发生的事情是,随着运动不断积累、加速,越来越多的人加入其中,创业市场就此形成。曾经被视为异端的东西,变成了被普遍接受的常识,公司也不再是创业公司,而是一家成熟的公司;突然之间,它成了一个真正的市场,它自己变成了现状,它得提防下一波颠覆者。所以,运动是这一切中我认为最关键的第一要素。
Lenny Rachitsky: 能举个例子吗?Lyft 显然让人想到那些粉色胡须,就像在宣示一种未来。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 拼车就是一场运动。在我和 Anne 创办 Floodgate 的早期,我们认为种子投资也是一场运动。我们相信终有一天,种子基金会成为风险投资领域的一个永久组成部分,但在2000年代后期,人们并不相信这一点。所以我们觉得,光是自己成功、投出好公司还不够。我们需要让全球最顶尖的有限合伙人也认同这一点。我们需要让 Phil Horsley 和 Horsley Bridge、耶鲁的 Dave Swenson,以及生态系统中受人尊敬的人说:“是的,我认同这个方向。“所以,让正确的早期信众加入我们的运动,对我们来说至关重要。还有 Weathergage 的 Judith Elsea,她当时刚创办了一家新公司。
我最喜欢的例子之一其实是个很早的案例——Clarence Birdseye。你走进超市,会看到冷冻食品区。Clarence Birdseye 在北极观察因纽特人时发现了快速冷冻食物的方法——他们在快速冷冻鱼,他就想,能不能把这种方法用在其他东西上?他发现水果和蔬菜也可以。但光是把鱼、水果或蔬菜快速冷冻还不够,你还得说服铁路公司配备冷藏车厢,说服超市开设冷藏货架。所以他必须发起一场运动,让大量的人同时相信这个理念——以更便利的方式享用食物,不必总是在应季,不必总是依赖本地种植。所有运动都有这样的特征:你从一个更高的目标出发,然后把人们带到那个不同的未来。
当下的运动案例
Lenny Rachitsky: 我在想目前正在进行中的运动有哪些。大语言模型可能算一个——就是押注 Transformer 是未来的发展方向,相信更多的算力就是答案,而不是去寻找其他替代方案。这个判断对吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 另一个我很喜欢的例子是 Tesla。Tesla 的使命宣言是”加速世界向可持续能源的转变”。他们甚至没说自己是汽车公司。Tesla 不会说”这就是我们比 Ford 和 Toyota 更好的地方”。这非常重要,因为伟大的运动会诉诸一个更高的目标。它们不会说”我比某公司更好。我是 Avis,我比你更努力”。它们诉诸一个在审美层面更崇高的未来,然后展示这家创业公司是实现这场运动的载体。这其实正好引出了下一个话题——叙事。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想到的另一个例子是 Linear——他们在推动一场运动,主张在 B2B 软件中工艺、设计和体验至关重要,你不应该将就于你不热爱的东西。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 确实如此。你知道吗,Chesky 当时可能自己都没完全意识到自己在做什么,但他用 Airbnb 把这件事做得非常漂亮。他围绕”像当地人一样生活”创造了一场运动。运动的另一个作用是,它能把现状最大的优势变成最大的弱点。Brian 从来没说过”酒店烂死了,四季酒店去死吧”。他只是说:“嘿,你去巴黎的时候,有得选。你可以待在四季酒店里,但那跟全世界其他地方的四季酒店一模一样,就在市中心。或者,你可以像巴黎人一样生活在巴黎。“他的意思是:“我不用说四季酒店不好,你自己就会选择我。顺便说一句,如果你去哪儿都想住同一种酒店,那我不是你的选择。”
但假设你是四季酒店,你的整个商业模式建立在提供一种人们已经习惯、已经接受的标准化体验上。突然之间,你几十年来的所有投入变成了需要道歉的东西。所以伟大的创业公司创造运动,不是靠批评在位者,而是靠揭示在位者优势中隐藏的弱点,然后对客户说:“嘿,你自己决定。轮不到我来评判四季酒店哪里不好。你自己决定是否认可我的不同。”
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想到 Hamilton Helmer 在《七种力量》里说的反向定位(counter positioning)。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 完全正确。
如何构建自己的运动
Lenny Rachitsky: 那么对于那些觉得”我需要为我的创业公司想一场运动,这就是事情不顺的原因”的人来说,能不能更实操一些?听起来大概是——描述我们希望未来是什么样、我们为什么做这件事,然后结合营销、定位、信息传达、反复重复、社交媒体……大概是这样理解的吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 但我还想说的是,这关乎叙事。叙事是有方法论的。比如英雄之旅——世界上有一个人是英雄,比如 Luke Skywalker 住在尘土飞扬的塔图因星球,无聊透顶。然后一位导师出现,向他发出冒险的召唤——Obi-Wan Kenobi。一开始他拒绝了,但随后发生了不好的事情——Luke 说:“嘿,我没法跟你走,我还有阿姨 Beru 和叔叔 Owen 的家务要做。“但他回到家,发现一切都被烧毁了,暴风兵杀了他的阿姨和叔叔。于是他接受了召唤。导师提供了一件工具和一种魔力——在这个故事里,工具是光剑,魔力是原力。
这些是必需的,因为英雄必须有一个理由去相信他们能打败反派。接下来,你在途中找到同路人——Han Solo、Chewy,最终还有公主。你救出她,炸毁死星,击败帝国,然后蜕变而出。电影结尾他们甚至还获得了勋章。事实上,完全相同的逻辑也适用于创业公司。以 Lyft 为例,假设我是一名乘客。在过去,那个旧世界是这样的——出租车烂透了。你根本打不到车,好不容易打到一辆,又脏又臭还迟到,不收信用卡只收现金,根本靠不住。替代方案是自己停车,但车位永远找不到,车还被人砸。这就是”现状世界”。
Mike Maples, Jr.: Logan 和 John 发出了冒险的召唤——“试试这个拼车应用吧。它能在地图上显示车辆,你随时知道它们在哪,五分钟内就到,还能跟司机碰拳。“而粉色车标的绝妙之处就在这里。粉色车标尊重了一个事实——很多时候人们会抗拒召唤。上陌生人的车是令人害怕的。所以粉色车标让这件事看起来没那么可怕。当你在旧金山街头看到这些车驶过,你会想:“嗯,那个粉色车标是怎么回事?“你跟朋友聊起来,他们说:“哦,那是个叫 Lyft 的新东西,挺酷的,是个应用,你可能见过。“所以 Logan 和 John 在处理”人们可能会抗拒召唤”这件事上,是我见过做得最好的之一。
叙事的语言与隐喻
但故事的一部分在于语言。这正是 Twitter 的天才之处。他们没有把它叫作 Microblogs, Inc.,对吧?他们围绕小鸟推文创造了一个隐喻。Tesla 也是如此。如果拿它和保时捷 911 比,根本撑不住——座椅没那么好,音响没那么好,但 Elon 讲的是一个关于不同未来的故事。当你买下 Tesla Roadster 的时候,你不是出于实用目的买的。你是出于审美原因买的。你买它是因为你觉得那个未来是你想参与其中的。所以这个叙事原语对创业公司来说效果惊人地好——我们需要描述”现状世界”,我们需要描述”可能的世界”,也就是那个不同的未来。我们需要明白——这一点很重要——创始人的角色是 Obi-Wan,而不是 Luke。
创始人是导师,早期信众才是英雄
所以创始人有时会犯一个错误,以为自己是英雄,但其实不是。早期信众才是英雄,创始人的工作是讲一个故事,让早期信众产生情感共鸣,愿意跟随他们、与他们共同创造未来。而你对员工讲的故事、对投资人讲的故事、对客户讲的故事是不同的,因为每个人心目中自己的英雄之旅都不一样。如果你是投资人,也许你心目中的英雄是赚一百倍回报、登上某个光鲜榜单、为你的有限合伙人赚钱。如果你是早期客户,也许你的英雄方式是解决一个重要的业务问题、在公司里获得认可。如果你是早期员工,也许你想要的是跟一群很棒的人一起做自己兴奋的事情,不用浪费时间在政治和官僚上——这些都是不同的旅程,都是不同的自我实现的蜕变方式。我们必须在他们所在的地方与他们相遇,给他们一个理由,让他们愿意跟我们一起走向那个”可能的世界”。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我之前请过 Nancy Duarte 上播客。她是最著名的演讲设计专家之一,她给的建议完全一样。当你试图讲一个故事的时候,基本上就是在”现状世界”和”可能的世界”之间来回弹跳。现状是什么,可能是什么。现状是什么,可能是什么,就这样不断来回。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 百分之百同意。事实上,Nancy 是帮我理解这一点最重要的人,超过其他任何人。Nancy 给我分析过 Steve Jobs 的 iPhone 发布演讲,她会说:“好,现在注意他做了什么。他展示现在的手机有多糟糕——有触控笔,有键盘。“然后他讲可能是什么样的——你可以把互联网通讯器、iPod 结合在一起。他在现状有多糟糕和应该是什么样之间来回切换,现状多糟糕、应该多好、多糟糕、应该多好。介绍 iPhone——现在有多糟糕、将来会有多棒、现在就有多棒。你看他的演讲,他在切换之间堪称大师。顺便说一下,林肯的葛底斯堡演说也是如此——“八十七年前,一个新国家诞生,而现在我们陷入了内战。我们需要捍卫我们作为国家所代表的价值,我们需要赢得这场战争。“他在”过去的世界”和”可能的世界”之间来回切换,制造张力。
先做人们想要的产品
Lenny Rachitsky: 听你说的时候我在想,我见过太多创始人花了大量时间精心打磨这个关于产品的故事和愿景,写了一篇非常酷的博文、宏大的想法,但还没有人真正在意他们的产品。你有没有什么建议——比如说,最重要的还是确保你在做人们想要的东西,故事是在此之上的一个层面。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我看到很多创业公司的第一页幻灯片是这样的——“我们是 Acme AI Software,位于旧金山,由 X 和 Y 风投投资。“这不叫讲故事,因为你在谈论你自己。而如果你试图让台下的那个人成为英雄,他们还不在乎你呢。他们在乎的是你怎么让他们成为英雄。所以如果你换个思路——“好,如果我在向风投路演,我真正需要做的是帮他们理解,为什么投资我的公司能让他们成为英雄,而且要按照让他们感到英勇的方式。“你呈现的内容就会不同。但很多创业公司的做法是拿自己的销售话术,换个壳对每个受众重新包装一遍——给媒体一个版本,给投资人一个版本,给员工一个版本。这是错的,因为你在做的还是对不同的人谈论你自己。你真正应该做的是描述”可能的世界”、其中的利害关系,然后对每一个具体的受众,在他们”现状世界”的位置与他们相遇,向他们展示如何踏上一段蜕变之旅,走向”可能的世界”。
Lenny Rachitsky: 同时还要展示你漂亮的数据和背景、市场规模之类的。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 对。不过有意思的是,我发现投资人也是一样的。投资人最终要么信,要么不信。很多时候我看到另一种情况——可怜的创始人会从 20 个不同的人那里获得关于路演幻灯片的建议,而其中很多人根本就不相信那个不同的未来。他们给的是通用的创业建议。或者创始人去路演一堆公司,却没有考虑谁有可能相信、谁不可能相信。于是他们从那些本来就不会相信的人那里收到反对意见,然后他们就加一页幻灯片来应对那个异议。不知不觉间,你就得到了一个我称之为”弗兰肯幻灯片”(Franken deck)的东西——一个巨大的、臃肿的演示文稿,试图预判每一个反对意见,而那个本来准备好相信你的人反而不知道你在说什么了,因为所有那些多余的东西把它淹没了。所以我的体会是,就像对待一个洞察一样——大多数投资人不看好你的想法是没关系的。你要找到的是那些准备好跟你一起行动的人,确保他们绝对清楚为什么应该这样做。对我来说,这才是理想的路演幻灯片。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个建议。顺便确认一下,这主要适用于种子期和 pre-seed 阶段——还没有很多牵引力、很多数据的时候,对吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 完全正确,完全正确。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那你对一个正在迭代路演幻灯片的创始人的建议是什么?是”不要给太多人看”?还是”坚持你的立场”?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 好的,以下是我简明的建议。除此之外还有大约一百万个细节。第一页幻灯片,你要说你做什么,假设我 literally 一无所知。所以不是”我们是 Airbnb,我们是一个未使用的住宅房屋空间的市场。“这不好。但你会收到建议让你这样做,因为 VC 觉得 marketplace 很热门,住宅房地产很大。你应该说的是类似这样的话:“我们是 Airbnb,我们让你把房子里多余的房间租出去。“因为现在作为 VC,我会说:啊,我知道你们做什么了。有很多路演,我都进去十到十五分钟了还在努力理解他们做什么,但我就是搞不懂。所以你只需要说:“这就是我们做的事。”
第二件我常跟人说的事是,我认为你的第二页幻灯片应该是:这是我们知道的、非显而易见的事情。所以当我为 Floodgate 募第一支基金的时候,我会去找一位有限合伙人说:“我们相信在天使投资人和 VC 之间存在一个空白。VC 开五百万美元的支票,天使投资人开二十五万美元的支票。我们相信因为精益创业(Lean Startups),五十万是新的五百万。我们相信会出现一种新类型的基金叫做种子基金。现在,如果你不相信这一点,那我接下来要说的一切对你来说都不会有任何意义,我可以把你的时间还给你。“但如果他们确实相信了,或者他们愿意往前探身倾听,那么当他们开始提到我的竞争对手时,我就可以说:“好,回想一下,Peter Fenton 在 Benchmark 工作,他不会跟我竞争,因为 Peter Fenton 为什么要离开 Benchmark 去创办种子基金呢?说不通。唯一会从大基金那边试图跟我竞争的,是那些业绩不好的人。”
但如果你先设定好你的洞察是什么,你就可以随时回到它上面来。当他们提到竞争对手,你可以回到它;当他们提出异议,你可以回到它,你可以说:“嘿,记住我只是告诉你,我们需要对这个洞察达成共识,这事才有机会变得伟大。“所以我们做什么?我们的洞察是什么?然后第三页幻灯片是:我们有什么证明点吗?我们有客户吗?我们有优秀的创始人吗?是否已经发生了一些事情,可以让你相信我的洞察是站得住脚的?
Lenny Rachitsky: 我太喜欢这段了,我喜欢我们聊到的这个岔路……
Mike Maples, Jr.: ……洞察说完了。
Lanny Rachitsky: 太喜欢了,我太喜欢我们聊到的这个岔路了。让我回到你发现最成功的创业公司最终采取的那些行动。我们聊了运动,聊了叙事。第三个是我最喜欢的,我很兴奋听你讲,那就是”不顺从”(disagreeableness)。这是怎么回事?
不顺从的创始人
Mike Maples, Jr.: 之前我提到过,当你有了洞察、有了想法的时候,你想要跳出比较陷阱(comparison trap)。在创建运动和讲述故事时,你想要挣脱从众陷阱。在这个世界上,我们始终承受着从众的压力,而人们会用从众的压力来阻止我们探索自身边界之外的事物。有一本我很喜欢的书叫《天地一沙鸥》(Jonathan Livingston Seagull),里面有一只海鸥想要以无限速度飞翔,而所有其他海鸥都说:“听着,我们注定就是在大洋表面捡垃圾吃的。这就是我们的命运。我们是海鸥。“他最终被逐出了鸟群,因为所有人都觉得他疯了。对我来说,伟大的创始人有点像 Jonathan Livingston Seagull。他们愿意追求自己痴迷的东西,追求他们认为这个世界必须实现的事情,而且他们愿意牺牲自己在社会经济乃至等级序列中的地位,因为完成使命对他们来说最终比融入群体更重要。
如果你总是随大流,你就无法脱颖而出。只有与众不同的人才能真正带来改变。这大概就是那种心态。我喜欢说,创业公司本质上就是一种不顺从的行为,而且总有些时候你需要不顺从。这种情况我一次又一次地看到。我听人说:“我想找一个 coachable 的创始人。“我就说:“我还真不太确定。“有时候我开玩笑说,当我和 Ev Williams 开会的时候,我的全部工作就是给他一些他不会采纳的建议。我会对他说:“嘿,Ev,我觉得你不应该融那么多钱,因为我觉得不管你融多少,十八个月内你都会花光。“他说:“哥们,所以你是说创业公司几乎总是不管金额多少都会在十八个月内把钱花光?“我说:“对。我管它叫 Mike 定律。这几乎总是会发生,因为一旦你有了钱,所有的压力都会逼着你去花它。”
他说:“哥们,这真是非常好的建议。我以前从来没这样想过。这听起来是对的。“结果他转头就去融了一大笔钱,而且他做了一些我觉得他不应该做的事,但最终奏效了。我喜欢他这一点。很多人会说:“那他不怎么听你的话,你不烦吗?“不烦,因为他不顺从,而且他是那种正确的不顺从。他不是说:“滚一边去,我不听你的。啦啦啦,我捂上耳朵了。“他会倾听,他会理解我认为的真相是什么。他只是相信了一个和我不同的真相,这完全没问题。我作为投资人的工作,就是诚实地帮助他们看到我对真相的认知。如果他们决定走另一个方向,那很好。他们是创始人,他们是天才。
他们所有人——不是所有人,但其中很大一部分——比历史所呈现的要更加不顺从。我父亲在微软的时候为比尔·盖茨工作过。比尔·盖茨不是一个温暖柔软的人。他很强硬,是个 hard ass。但伟大的人会被 hard ass 所激励,只要这个 hard ass……你在高标准的烈焰中淬炼钢铁。有时候人们没法在马斯克手下工作太久,但我认识的几乎所有为他工作过的人都非常尊敬他,因为他有很高的标准,他不是在试图交朋友、影响人。他想要登陆火星,而如果你要登陆火星,你就必须在某些时候不顺从。我只是觉得,在这些伟大创始人身上,这个特质经常被低估了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你刚分享的让我想起最近一期 Jeffrey Pfeffer 的播客,我知道你也听了,他在其中谈论了权力的法则、人们如何获取权力,最后一条法则是:“要明白,一旦你获得了权力,你为获得它所做的事情将被原谅、被遗忘,或两者兼有。“你举的比尔·盖茨的例子我觉得就是一个很好的例子,人们现在看他觉得他是个大好人,而正如你所说,他在很多时候并不那么友善。
权力的七条法则与模式破局
Mike Maples, Jr.: 还有一点,而且顺便说一下,我从头到尾听了那一集,觉得太精彩了。因为我接下来想做的事就是去找 Pfeffer 教授说:“我们能不能把这七条原则透过模式破局的视角来重新审视?“假设你是一个创业投资人,你不是在一个大公司里,因为改变未来需要你获取一种不同于在组织中获取的权力形式。但当我听着的时候,我就想:“这些原则全部适用于模式破局者,每一条都适用。“还有一条是他说的:“不是所有人都会喜欢你。如果你想被喜欢,养只狗吧。但如果你想要权力,你就必须做某些事情,并与这些事情和解。“
权力的获取与被讨厌的勇气
Mike Maples, Jr.: 权力的获取有一个概念,就是你必须同时掌握胡萝卜和大棒。如果你只用胡萝卜,就无法创造足够的激活能量让人们迈向那个不同的未来。有时候你确实需要使用大棒,有时候你必须意识到人们会利用你想融入群体的心理来对付你。他们会说,“哦,你不能那么做,那是违法的,“或者”你不能那么做,那是不道德的,“或者”你不能那么做,你就是个科技圈混蛋,坏人。“我发现在我合作过的创始人中,具有讽刺意味的是,在他们成功之前,他们必须有不惧被讨厌的勇气,因为人们不喜欢他们的想法,觉得那些想法愚蠢、孤独。
但在他们赢了之后,情况甚至更糟,因为所有人都会说你作弊了,或者你是个坏人,或者你破坏了规则,或者你太强大了,或者”谁给了你决定未来应该是什么样子的权利?“他们在成功之后会遭到另一个方向上不公平的批评,但说到底,这是这一行的一部分。不幸的是,这就是工作描述的一部分。
Lenny Rachitsky: 是的。Elon 就经历了很多这样的事情。我看到你最近发了一条推文,和这个话题相关,说的是大多数成功的公司,内部都有大量的混乱,每个在这些公司工作的人都觉得”这地方一团糟。这怎么还能运转?“但你的发现是,这是非常常见和正常的。
Mike Mapls, Jr.: 尤其是在初创公司里。有些时候我说过一些像”执行力不重要”这样的话,人们可能会误解。当我说执行力不重要时,我不是说人们不应该把事情做完,或者不应该问”你这周做了什么?“但当我在企业意义上思考执行力时,理论上企业应该永远赢。它们有庞大的管理团队,有更有经验的人,有客户、供应商、合作伙伴、品牌,所以初创公司永远不可能靠比大公司执行得更好来战胜大公司。初创公司战胜大公司是因为它提出了一个根本不同的未来,让在位者迷失方向,然后以一种混乱的方式把人们带到那个不同的未来。
但我见过的每一家初创公司,内部都是一团混乱的。它就像一种资本主义的突变。它就像在加拉帕戈斯群岛上寻找一只从未被发现过的长喙雀,所有事情都充满了模糊性,人们一直在争论正确的方向是什么。它就是一团糟,但运动本身就是混乱的。这就是这一行的常态。我的一个朋友 Robin Roberts 曾经说过:“让你的混乱成为你的信息。“这句话太对了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 天哪。太有趣了。我很喜欢。在结束之前我还有几个问题。在我们离开行动类别之前,你还有什么重要的想分享的吗?还有什么我们没涉及到的教训?
Lenny 的运动
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我觉得,Lenny,我不知道你是不是有意识地想这样做,但在某种程度上你已经创造了一场运动。从来没有人像你这样吸引过具有产品管理敏感性的人群。我去你的网站看,你甚至有为产品经理做的周边商品。我就想,“什么?“我想你早期写的那些帖子,可能感觉挺孤独的。大概是”不知道有没有人在看这些东西,“但它开始积累起来。越来越多的人开始读,越来越多的人开始告诉他们的朋友,然后突然之间,它就变成了一件大事。在很多方面,Lenny 的播客、Lenny 的博客、Lenny 的通讯,都是你正在创造的这场运动的各个面向。
但你的运动不仅仅是关于你讲的故事、你请的嘉宾、你的播客或你的文章。你有一个关于产品经理在公司、企业和未来中核心地位的立场,并且以一种如同 Nike 致敬运动员的方式来致敬产品经理。这个立场本身就是运动,就像初创公司的立场就是公司本身一样。这个立场就是故事,就是人们想要去的地方,被你所分享的信念所激活。
Lenny Rachitsky: 令人着迷,也让我受宠若惊。我并没有开创一场运动的打算。我能理解你说的。听起来压力很大,不过我想——
Mike Mapls, Jr.: 我觉得你已经在做了,不管你是不是有意的,我觉得你已经做了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好吧。嗯,我确实有周边商品,如果你在 YouTube 上看的话,这是我们的畅销单品,一顶上面只写着”Product Manager”的帽子。人们很喜欢。我放在背景里了。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 如果我不是产品经理,我能戴吗?
Lenny Rachitsky: 当然可以。你曾经是,所以永远是产品经理。我给你寄一顶帽子。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 希望我能凭过去的资历获得豁免。
大公司中如何做模式破局
Lenny Rachitsky: 永远的。永远的产品经理 Mike。好了,我只剩最后一个问题了,这个是关于你的最后一章的,我觉得对很多人会很有用。你的最后一章是关于如何将这些原则中的很多应用到在公司工作。假设你不是创始人,这些原则中的很多仍然适用。你能分享什么建议给那些——比如一个在大公司的 PM——帮助他们在公司内部找到模式破局的想法、大的想法?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我觉得首先需要理解的重要一点是,当你做一个模式破局的想法时,价值交付体系的一切都与普通想法不同。大多数公司犯的错误是说:“我有了这个新的模式破局的想法,它需要在24个月或三年内占到业务的三分之一什么的。“糟糕的战略。我们拿一家公司来说,比如 Apple 做 iPhone 的时候。iPhone 是一个全新的东西。在这个案例中,它是由创始人 Steve Jobs 推动的。你无法把它和 Mac 原有的业务调和在一起,甚至连 iPod 也谈不上真正调和得了。你必须把它当作一个完全不同的东西来对待,这对公司来说真的很难。公司犯的错误是启动一个模式破局的产品,但让它过于显眼,或者如果它失败了,这就是一个影响职业发展的举动。模式破局的产品需要不同类型的领导力,不同类型的市场进入方式——正如我们描述的那样——不同类型的想法,不同的风险特征。与其说这个公司或这个业务太大而不能失败,不如说我需要下一些可以经常失败的小赌注。并购也是同样的道理。如果我买一家公司,我需要问,我是不是在买一家模式破局的公司来打破我现有业务的模式,走向一个全新的方向?还是我在买一家现有业务的延伸公司?两者本身都没有错,但你思考风险的方式差异巨大。
我在书中举了一些好的例子,比如 iPhone、Steve Jobs、AWS,但有些人提出异议。他们说:“好吧,这对创始人来说很容易做到,因为他们是公司的创始人,那是 Steve Jobs 和 Jeff Bezos。“我喜欢的另一个例子是 Lockheed 的 Skunkworks。他们在很短的时间内创造了一架战斗机,他们就是这么做的——他们有一个完全独立于主组织的组织,一个拥有绝对权力的人,试图让它不那么引人注目,试图让它保持独立。因为当它变得显眼的时候,你就会开始被拉回那种像模式匹配型大公司一样行事的引力场中。另一个很好的早期例子是 Don Estridge 在 IBM 做的 IBM PC,但这几乎总是一个由一个桀骜不驯的人领导的独立业务,你试图做的是某种隐秘地不同的东西,而不是你已经拥有之物的更好版本。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这和我们最近两期播客非常吻合,那两期我们和在公司里做零到一事情的 PM 聊过——Mihika 和 Tanguy。Tanguy 有一个很有意思的小技巧,和你刚才说的思路一致:他把自己的团队安排在一个完全不同的时区,这样那些想找他们麻烦的人在那个时间都在睡觉,他们根本不在线,因此可以完全专注于手头的工作,而且效果很好。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 那期我听了一大半,到目前为止我听到的所有内容,我都觉得:“好吧,这和我所见的完全吻合。” 另一个对此有有趣见解的人是 Vinod Khosla。Vinod 的基本想法是,公司应该拿出利润的一部分——比如利润的 10%——投资到那些大概率会失败的项目上,但如果成功了就有极大的非对称回报,而且在早期阶段让这些项目对母公司不可见。正是你愿意接受失败,才让你有可能获得突破性的成功。
任何一枚硬币,一面写着”不会大亏”,另一面就等于写着”不会大赢”。关键在于你接受失败的意愿,而这又回到了脱离共识这件事上,对吧?正是你接受失败的意愿成就了成功,而每一次你脱离共识的时候,都有可能你是错的,你会跑输共识,但正是你愿意这样做,才让你有机会跑赢它。但这条路没有捷径,对吧?写着”不会输”的硬币,另一面就是”不会赢”;写着”会大亏”的硬币,另一面就是”会大赢”。
最后的建议
Lenny Rachitsky: Mike,这期节目充满了真知灼见、实战建议和精彩的故事,完全符合我的期望。在我们进入非常令人期待的闪电问答环节之前,还有什么你觉得对那些正在创业或已经在创业路上的人有用的东西想分享吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 有的。我想说的一件事是,创业是一种孤独的处境,大多数人不认可你的想法,这没关系。这并不意味着你是对的,但也绝不意味着你是错的。这个世界上,愿意为自己比我们其他人更早看到的东西挺身而出的人太少了。我想说,如果你的听众中有人是这样的人,我对你们怀有最深的敬意和真挚的情感。我希望在那些让人忍不住自我怀疑的时刻,你能知道——这是伟大创始人必须经历的,每一位伟大创始人都面对过,而这并不代表你错了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。多么赋能、鼓舞人心的收尾方式。Mike,说到这里,我们已经到了非常令人期待的闪电问答环节。准备好了吗?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 好的,来吧。
闪电问答
Lenny Rachitsky: 开始吧。第一个问题:你最常推荐给别人的一两本书是什么?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 一本叫《The Top Five Regrets of the Dying》的书,作者是 Bronnie Ware。她是一位临终关怀护士,会和生命最后 90 天的人交谈,了解他们希望自己在有生之年做过却没能做到的事情。我一直觉得这本书很好,因为它提醒你什么是重要的,也提醒你这一切不会永远持续下去。终有一天,会是最后一天。
还有一本我很喜欢的书叫《Chase, Chance, and Creativity》,作者是一位叫 James Austin 的人。我觉得它是一本好书,因为它讲述了为什么某些人比其他人更容易吸引运气,而且运气实际上是被创造出来的,你确实可以创造运气。我对运气这个概念以及如何驾驭它非常着迷。我会推荐这两本。当然还有很多别的。我一直喜欢 Clay Christensen 的所有书。另外我最近读了 Robert Greene 的《The Laws of Human Nature》,也很喜欢。还有 Nancy Duarte 的《Resonate》,我们之前提到过 Nancy,我也很喜欢那本书。
Lenny Rachitsky: 第一本我立刻就买。听起来太棒了。我需要那本书。《Regrets of the Dying》。你说着说着我已经在亚马逊上找到了,正在下单。好选择。好,下一个问题。最近有没有一部你非常喜欢的电影或电视节目?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我很喜欢那部关于 Enzo Ferrari 的电影,而且我对 1960 年代的汽车有极大的热爱,他们复制那些 1960 年代法拉利的方式,我觉得简直像魔法一样。我觉得做特效的人和那种对细节的关注都非同凡响。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我还没看过。顺便说一句,我在买那本书的时候,亚马逊上推荐了你的书给我,干得漂亮。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 哦,不错。好吧,继续。
Lenny Rachitsky: 干得漂亮,亚马逊。我会在这一系列问题的最后告诉大家去哪里找到你的书。下一个问题:最近有没有发现一个你非常喜欢的产品?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我年轻的时候,在接触计算机之前,做过专业书法师的工作,所以我非常喜欢使用书法笔。不久前,我重新发现了那个世界——我已经很久没有重拾那个爱好了——我发现了复古钢笔的世界。我最近最喜欢的产品,大家可能会觉得听起来很小众,是一支 Mont Blanc 149 第一代赛璐珞钢笔。那是二战刚结束后的产品,是德国人回来说”我们依然有实力”的作品。那是一个传世之作。它有一个弹性笔尖。钢笔现在不是以前那样工作的了。以前的钢笔做弹性笔尖,这样你可以像 1800 年代的抄写员那样书写。但现代世界的人会弄坏那些笔尖,而且他们反正也用圆珠笔。但当我用这些 1900 年到 1940 年代的老式弹性钢笔时,它们就是有种魔力。没有什么能比得上那种体验。现代人从来没有能够复制那种书写感受。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。我得试试这种笔。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 是的。我会送你一支,这样你至少可以感受一下。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。我送你一顶产品经理的帽子,你给我一支钢笔,一支漂亮的钢笔。我觉得这笔交易我赚了。还有两个问题。你有没有一句最喜欢的座右铭,经常对自己重复、分享给别人、觉得值得时常回味的?
Mike Maples, Jr.: 这是我从父亲那里学到的。听起来简单,但其实挺深刻的——“尽你所能”。他的意思不是要你成为最好的,他的意思是,生命是一份礼物。你不知道自己还有多少时间。每一天都是你时间的礼物,而尊重这份时间礼物的最好方式就是尽你所能。有些时候你不会是最好的,但如果你所做的已经是你的最好了,那就是你能做的一切。我记得有一次,那时我高三,已经被 Stanford 录取了,我非常兴奋,就要去了。高年级最后一学期的最后一周,第二天有一门英语考试。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我爸就问:“考试准备得怎么样?“我说:“无所谓,我可以drop掉这门,反正我课程已经拿到A了,因为我实力在那,所以这次考不考好无所谓。“他看我的眼神满是失望,说:“听起来你可不像是尽了全力。“他真正想说的是,那些取得伟大成就的人,他们认为每一次都算数。这件事让我从父亲身上学到了很多。还有很多时候我在某些事情上发挥不好,他会说:“有时候你会犯粗心的错误,但你已经尽力了。你能做的也就这么多了。”
“尽你所能”这个理念我觉得非常深刻,它让你意识到,在这个世界上最好的存在方式就是做最好的自己。这个世界上只有一个你,你越是能以最好的自己出现,就越是无法被竞争取代,你不会觉得自己需要去模仿别人,不会觉得需要拿自己和别人比较。你比较的对象会变成完美本身这个概念——无论对你而言”尽你所能”意味着什么。对我来说,这大概是我学到的最重要的人生教训。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。就像你说的,非常简单,但非常有力量。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 当你真正内化它的时候,它就是有力量的,对吧?当你把它从一句格言变成一种信念,它就非常有力量。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想到你的合伙人 Anne Marie Coe 从她父亲那里得到的建议,我觉得恰好是另一种角度——她在 Tim Ferriss 的播客上分享过——就是无论做什么,都要做到世界级的水准。你做的就是这样的事。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。好吧,最后一个问题我就跳过了,就在这里收尾吧,因为刚才那段太美了,不想再用另一个问题去冲淡它。给大家一个机会,告诉他们去哪里买你的书,什么时候上市,怎么找到它,需要知道些什么,请分享一下。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 主要有两个渠道吧。我们有 Substack,不是所有人都必须买书嘛,所以有 patternbreakers.substack.com。然后我有一个网站 patternbreakers.com,当然你也可以在 Amazon 或其他任何地方买到。应该已经可以预购了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。我通常会问听众怎样能帮到你。我想应该就是看看这本书,分享你学到的内容吧。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 我的主要目标是让这些想法传播开来,帮助到人们。希望它能实现这个目标。大家能做的任何帮助传播这些想法的事情,都可以。寻求共谋者。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这类节目——像你这样的人,花了成千上万个小时分析数据、历史和创业公司,与创始人交谈,把所有学到的东西浓缩成几个小时。我很享受这次对话。谢谢你,Mike,非常感谢你来和我们分享这些智慧。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 嘿,谢谢你,Lenny。能上你的节目是我的荣幸,看到你做得这么好,真的很开心。
Lenny Rachitsky: 谢谢你,Mike。能有你来节目是我的荣幸。再说一次,这本书叫 Pattern Breakers: Why Some Start-Ups Change the Future。Mike,非常感谢你来做客。
Mike Maples, Jr.: 好的。再见,Lenny。谢谢。
Lenny Rachitsky: 大家再见。
感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你最喜欢的播客应用上订阅。另外,也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于这个节目的信息。下期见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Aayush | Aayush |
| Anne | Anne |
| Applied Intuition | Applied Intuition |
| asymmetric warfare | 非对称战争 |
| backcast | 回溯 |
| belief inflection | 信念拐点 |
| Brian Chesky | Brian Chesky |
| Bronnie Ware | Bronnie Ware |
| business model canvas | 商业模式画布 |
| celluloid | 赛璐珞 |
| Chegg | Chegg |
| Clarence Birdseye | Clarence Birdseye |
| Clay Christensen | Clay Christensen |
| coachable | 可被指导的 |
| comparison trap | 比较陷阱 |
| conformity trap | 从众陷阱 |
| counter positioning | 反向定位 |
| Cubism | 立体主义 |
| customer development | 客户开发 |
| Dave Swenson | Dave Swenson |
| David | David |
| Don Estridge | Don Estridge |
| empowerment | 赋能 |
| Enzo Ferrari | Enzo Ferrari |
| exit profits | 退出利润 |
| first mover advantage | 先发优势 |
| Ford F-150 | Ford F-150 |
| forecast | 预测 |
| founder future fit | 创始人-未来契合 |
| Franken deck | 弗兰肯幻灯片 |
| Goliath | Goliath |
| Hamilton Helmer | Hamilton Helmer |
| Han Solo | Han Solo |
| hard ass | 强硬派 |
| hero’s journey | 英雄之旅 |
| Horsley Bridge | Horsley Bridge |
| incumbent | 在位者 |
| inflections | 拐点 |
| insights | 洞察 |
| Intuit | Intuit |
| James Austin | James Austin |
| Jessica Livingston | Jessica Livingston |
| John | John |
| Judith Elsea | Judith Elsea |
| Justin Kan | Justin Kan |
| Kyle Vogt | Kyle Vogt |
| lighthouse customer | 灯塔客户 |
| Lockheed | Lockheed |
| Logan | Logan |
| LP | 有限合伙人 |
| Luke Skywalker | Luke Skywalker |
| Maddie Hall | Maddie Hall |
| Marc Andreessen | Marc Andreessen |
| Martin Luther King | Martin Luther King |
| maverick | 桀骜不驯的人 |
| McCracken | McCracken |
| Michael Saylor | Michael Saylor |
| Michael Seibel | Michael Seibel |
| Mihika | Mihika |
| Mont Blanc | Mont Blanc |
| Moore’s law | 摩尔定律 |
| Nancy Duarte | Nancy Duarte |
| Nate | Nate |
| Netscape | Netscape |
| nib | 笔尖 |
| non-consensus | 非共识 |
| non-obvious truth | 非显而易见的真理 |
| Obi-Wan Kenobi | Obi-Wan Kenobi |
| Osman | Osman |
| pattern breaking | 模式破局 |
| Paul Graham | Paul Graham |
| Peter | Peter |
| Phil Horsley | Phil Horsley |
| Picasso | Picasso |
| pivot | 转型 |
| pre-seed | pre-seed |
| product market fit | 产品-市场契合 |
| Qasar | Qasar |
| regulatory inflection | 监管拐点 |
| Robert Greene | Robert Greene |
| Robin Roberts | Robin Roberts |
| Scott Cook | Scott Cook |
| seed stage investing | 种子期投资 |
| Seven Powers | 七种力量 |
| Skunkworks | 臭鼬工厂 |
| Steve Jobs | Steve Jobs |
| stress tests | 压力测试 |
| Tanguy | Tanguy |
| Tesla Cybertruck | Tesla Cybertruck |
| Tim Ferriss | Tim Ferriss |
| Todd McKinnon | Todd McKinnon |
| traction | 牵引力 |
| Vinod Khosla | Vinod Khosla |
| Weathergage | Weathergage |
| Y Combinator | Y Combinator |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)