制定制胜策略的 5 个关键问题 | Roger Martin(作家、顾问、演说家)
5 essential questions to craft a winning strategy | Roger Martin (author, advisor, speaker)
Introducing the Guest
Lenny Rachitsky: Why are so many people bad at strategy?
Roger Martin: What’s taught now in business schools generally sucks. People aren’t prepared educationally, and they sure don’t get prepared for it in companies. It’s intellectually challenging and it’s emotionally intimidating.
Strategy Isn’t Just for Executives
Lenny Rachitsky: You have something you call the strategy choice cascade.
Roger Martin: You have to have answers to five questions. What’s your winning aspiration? Where to play? How can you win? What capabilities do you have to have that your competitors don’t? And then, what enabling management systems do you have to put in place? For the most part, in the leading business schools, it’s illegal to teach that.
Why Strategy Is So Hard
Lenny Rachitsky: Playing to win, you talked about, and there’s kind of these two routes.
Roger Martin: You have to be either differentiated or low cost, there’s no way to protect yourself if you’re not one of those two.
What Is Strategy?
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there anything else you wanted to just leave listeners with?
Roger Martin: I have never met this mythical beast called a great natural strategist. Great strategists have all one thing in common, they just practice.
The Strategy Choice Cascade
Lenny Rachitsky: Today, my guest is Roger Martin. Roger is one of the world’s most trusted strategy advisors. He’s professor emeritus at the Rotman School of Management, at the University of Toronto, where he served as dean for five years. In 2013, he was named Global Dean of the Year, and in 2017 he was named the world’s number one management thinker by Thinkers50. He’s also the author of what many listeners consider their favorite book on strategy, called, Playing to Win. I’ve gotten a lot of requests to get Roger on this podcast, and I can now see why. This is the most tactical and fascinating conversation I’ve had on this podcast about developing a strategy, and that is a really high bar.
We delve into the five questions that you need to answer to help you craft your strategy. How Hamilton Helmer, Michael Porter, and Richard Rumelt’s work fits into his framework and worldview, what people most often get wrong when they’re developing their own strategy, the two options you have for how to win with your strategy, a very tactical and simple trick for getting started, thinking through your strategy, and so much more. This episode is for anyone who is trying to build their strategic thinking muscle. If you enjoy this podcast, don’t forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app, or YouTube, it’s the best way to avoid missing future episodes, and it helps the podcast tremendously. With that, I bring you Roger Martin.
Roger, thank you so much for being here, and welcome to the podcast.
Roger Martin: It’s great to be here, Lenny, thanks for having me.
Playing to Win vs. Playing to Play
Lenny Rachitsky: What I want to try to do with our time together is to help people that are on the ground at a company, say, like the product manager, designer, engineer, data scientists, folks that aren’t necessarily the CO, or the founder or exec at company get better at product strategy. At crafting a strategy, evaluating strategy, developing a strategy. Because it feels like there’s always tons of advice for the leaders of a company, but less for people on the ground doing the thing. And I feel like, luckily, your stuff applies to everyone. So, how does that sound as a lens for-
Roger Martin: That sounds great, and can I tell us a little story to that end?
The Resilience of Low-Cost Competitors
Lenny Rachitsky: Please.
Roger Martin: So, recently there was a newspaper article saying that, pointing out that 10% of the S&P 500 CEOs, 10% are ex Proctor and Gamble people. It’s an amazing number, like a stunningly high, high number. Why would that possibly be? I believe it’s because at Procter and Gamble there is a view that people way down the organization, like let’s just say the head and shoulders brand franchise leader, who reports to the head of shampoos and conditioners, who reports to the head of beauty care, who reports to the CEO, so at least four levels down in the organization, in the guts of the organization, Proctor understands that that individual, not the CEO, not the global president of beauty care, not the head of haircare, not the head of shampoos and conditioners, the brand manager makes super important strategic choices, and if they don’t make them well, the brand does terribly. And so, I believe… And not many companies have enough of that attitude.
So, I’m a big believer that people down organization have to make really important strategic choices or bad things are going to happen, if they make really great ones, good things are going to happen, and they get trained to be a CEO someday. So, I’m with your thesis. But yours is counter, what I would say is normal. What is most normal is people at the top do strategy, and people down below do something, and it’s usually called execution, and I hate that, I hate that term of art, for what it’s worth. And so, I think you and I are singing from a bit of the same songbook, even if it’s a minority songbook.
The Five Cascade Questions
Lenny Rachitsky:
I just want to ask this broad question about strategy, why is strategy so hard? Why are so many people bad at strategy?
Roger Martin: Perhaps the thing that makes it intellectually hardest is that it is an integrative activity. It answers to a bunch of questions that have to fit together and reinforce one another. So, that just makes it a little more complicated, it’s not like saying, Lenny, what do you want for lunch? It’s saying, Lenny, what kind of diet do you want that’ll keep you healthy? And that includes breakfast, lunch, dinners, snacks, a whole bunch of other things that you got to fit together. So, it makes that harder to do intellectually. Another aspect of it is, it is intimidating. Strategy involves making choices to do some things and not other things, and it is often intimidating to say, oh dear, I have to cut these things off, and not do them, and actually make a decision that I’ll be held accountable for potentially, or I’ll even hold myself accountable for.
So, that’s a second thing. It’s harder emotionally, not harder intellectually. And then, there’s the training aspect of it, the knowledge aspect of it, which is, what’s taught now in strategy in business schools generally sucks. It’s gone on a crazy theoretical bend, the strategy academy as a whole has fallen in love with a theory called the resource-based theory of the firm, that silly and nobody uses it out in the world. And so, students are no longer trained on useful strategy. And the other feeder into people learning strategy were the strategy consulting firms, but the strategy consulting firms, the so-called strategy consulting firms, do almost no strategy anymore because it’s a little business compared to post-merger integration, digital transformation, and a bunch of other things. So, people aren’t prepared educationally for it, and if they’re not prepared educationally for it, then they sure don’t get prepared for it in companies. It’s intellectually challenging and it’s emotionally intimidating.
”Being the Best” Is Not Strategy
Lenny Rachitsky: On this point, you made about how schools are teaching strategy wrong, how do you describe what the wrong approach is?
Roger Martin: It’s a theory that’s sort of taken over, called the resource-based view of the firm, that was… In the world of academics, there’s a weird place where the number one emotion is jealousy, and people were massively jealous of Mike Porter, who created many of the most important concepts of strategy when he wrote a book, Competitive Strategy, in 1980. And so, they needed to counter him because they just didn’t like the fact that he was so prominent, and they decided they would say he was about positioning. So, they called his the positioning school, and they caricatured what he said, which he never did, but they said he said it’s all about finding a place that is structurally attractive, and then milking it for everything you can.
We at the resource-based view of the firm think that strategy is all about building resources. And if you build resources, it’s almost like if you build it, they will come. And that’s what you should pay attention to. Now, the problem is, any resource that may be useful somewhere is not necessarily useful elsewhere. So, it begs the question, how would you think through what resources to invest in building? What would be a way of doing that, investing here, versus here, versus here? It’s silent on that because it’s a dumb theory, and it doesn’t have anything useful to say, in my view, about that.
And so, when the students go out and say to their company, I’m going to do a VRIO analysis, or a VRIN, some people just roll their eyes at them, and so it doesn’t get used. I’ve only seen it used, I’ve been in consulting companies for 42 years, and I’ve seen it used once. And the trust, as is usually the case, is that it’s both. And that’s why the model I use for strategies says a lot about where you play is important, that’s one of the key questions, and your capabilities are important, and you’ve got to link those things together. But that’s, for the most part in the leading business schools, it’s illegal to teach that.
Moats and Barriers
Lenny Rachitsky: Illegal to teach your approach.
Roger Martin: Yes. I couldn’t teach my approach at my own business school.
Analyzing FigJam With Five Questions
Lenny Rachitsky: What?
Roger Martin: But when I was dean, the most powerful person, the departments, or areas as we call it, like strategic management is an area, they have 100% control over what’s taught in strategic management, in finance, et cetera. The dean may be the most powerful person in the school, and I happened to be a super successful dean, so if anything, I was a super powerful dean, and students would beg me, they’d say, “Roger, you have 20 years of experience, you’re sort of a famous consultant in strategy, and you’ve got these theories, please teach a course in it.” Nope. I did do extracurricular stuff, where I had practice of one Saturday a year, teaching everything I knew to anybody who wanted to show up. But for credit, I was not allowed. And if you try to get a job at any business… The only exception might be Harvard Business School, maybe. But if you took the 49 other top business schools in America, and if asked the question, do you swear allegiance to the resource-based view of the firm? If you don’t answer an enthusiastic yes, you have no chance of being hired, zero.
Positioning in the Value Chain
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. This academia drama, I had no idea.
Roger Martin: A loyalty test.
How to Win
Lenny Rachitsky: This is unreal. Makes me even more excited to dive into your world, and your ways of seeing things. Before we do that, just we’ve had a few other strategy people on the podcast, it might be helpful to frame where they fit in the spectrum that you’re describing. So-
The Reality of Low-Cost Strategies
Roger Martin: Oh, okay. I may not know all of them, but you give me-
The Capabilities System
Lenny Rachitsky: I imagine you do. So, we’ve had a Hamilton Helmer on the podcast, and then Richard Rumelt on the podcast. How do they relate, just for people to get into your stuff versus this dogma?
Roger Martin: So, one of them is an academic, and one of them is a quasi-academic, or non-academic, like me. I was a tenured professor for many years, but don’t consider myself an academic guy. I don’t think Hamilton does, though I’ve never asked him-
Moats and Long-Term Competitive Advantage
Lenny Rachitsky: He’s an investor now.
When Competitors Say “Life Is Short”
Roger Martin: … that question. Yeah. So, he’s written a very, I think, useful book that would in some sense fit into my how to win box, right? I say strategies about how to win, and he has a, what I call, a categorical model. Here are categories of things that you should think about. If you’re trying to win, here are seven ways of winning, and I categorize him as a non-academic practical strategy guy. Richard Rumelt is a now retired Tuck professor, and he is this hyper competition thing that he does. He also is of the, I’m jealous of Mike Porter kind of thing. So, I’ve got to say, Mike Porter is wrong, and here’s how I am so right, and the competition doesn’t take place in the way Mike says, where it’s really stable, and whatever, it’s really hyper competition, Mike Porter never in his entire life has said competition is stable, he’s repeatedly said the opposite.
But in order to say I’m not like Mike Porter, and in fact, I distinguish myself by saying he’s wrong, and I’m right, and so… I don’t know. He seemed like a fine guy. I don’t think that he, like most business academics, he doesn’t know much about business. He hasn’t gone out and practiced a lot. He came to our school, and gave a lecture because people loved hyper competition because he would blast Mike Porter, and he gave a example of Proctor and Gamble, I’ve been consulting at Proctor and Gamble, and know everything about Procter and Gamble, basically.
And what he said about Proctor and Gamble had zero to do with reality, like zero. It was just completely, utterly, absolutely wrong. And I asked him afterwards, just sort of like, “Why do you say that?” And he said, “Well, I think that’s the way it worked.” Are you kidding me? So, I’m not a fan of that piece of work. I would say it doesn’t fit nicely into research-based view of the firm versus Mike Porter, it’s sort of like, here’s another lens to take on the world, and I’m going to take that lens, everything’s hyper-competitive, and here’s how you think about hyper-competition.
AI and the Innovator’s Dilemma
Lenny Rachitsky: This is fascinating. I love that we’re spending some time on this, this is really helpful to hear the landscape of strategy minds. Okay, let’s dive into your worldview, and maybe the simplest way is just, how do you define strategy? What is a strategy?
The Customer Is Always Right
Roger Martin: Strategy is an integrated set of choices that compels desired customer action. So, the way I think about it is, there’s a whole bunch of things a company controls, how many factories to build, how much R&D to do, in what areas, and how much advertising to do, how many people to hire, what to pay them, blah, blah, blah… Those are all the things under our control. What, Lenny, is the thing we have almost no control over? What, if we’re a company?
Lenny Rachitsky: What customers do.
The Tide Cannot Be Stopped
Roger Martin: Yeah. We would like them to take some of these out of their pocket and give them to us, can we make them? No, we can’t. So, essentially, the job of strategy is to make decisions on the things we do control that will compel, we can’t force, but it’ll compel them. They’ll say, gosh, I should take my hard-earned cash, and whether it’s a company or an individual, I should take my hard-earned cash and give it to you, rather than give it to nobody, if there’s no product now, or give it to a competitive product. So, the important pieces of it is integrated, it’s the whole set of choices that has that one outcome, that it compels desired customer action.
Lessons from Microsoft’s Past
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. Okay. And to help people define their strategy, you have something you call the strategy choice cascade, which is basically five questions that you need to answer to help you think trough strategy. Can you talk through this?
Roger Martin: Yeah. And this is the fruits of many, many years of doing strategy work, and trying to figure out, how do you do this thing? Because the fun thing was, I was in the era, I started in strategy in 1981, and that was early in the era, strategy was born in 1963 with the founding of Boston Consulting Group by Bruce Henderson, who was the father of strategy in my view, of practical commercial strategy. So, it was still in the early days, and Bruce Henderson had a theory of how strategy should… What result it should produce for you. Mike Porter then came along in 1980, so ‘63 Bruce Anderson, and ‘80 Porter, the two most important figures in the history of strategy, came along and said, a strategy has to look like this. It has to have this as its output. But neither of them was very good on, because again, it was early, they can’t do everything right away, of, well, how would you get one of those?
So, Mike Porter says you have to be either differentiated or low cost. Good. And if you look through competitive strategy as landmark seminal book, to say, how would you do that? There is no answer. And because Monitor Company, the firm I was one of the leaders of for a decade and a half, was founded essentially to commercialize Mike Porter’s work, customers would ask us, they’d say, well, we like Mike Porter, and we’d like to have one of those. We can look at ourselves under his framework, and we can say we’re stuck in the middle, and he said, that’s bad, and he said, good is this or this. How do we think through creating one of those? We didn’t actually have an answer.
And it turned out, because I was the most, I don’t know, intellectually engaged on this, and didn’t mind the hard work of product development from about 1987, when we discovered we really didn’t know that, and clients really wanted us to tell them that. Between 1987 and 1995, I did all this work on, well, how could you develop a process for getting yourself one of those, one of those excellent strategies? And I came to the view that you have to have answers to five questions. You have to have an answer to the question of, what’s your winning aspiration? What are you trying to accomplish? Because it’ll help contextualize the kinds of choices you could make. Then there’s a where to play, on what playing field, or if you’re like military stuff, battlefield, are you going to plop yourself down on? You’re not going to play everywhere, in every product, at every vertical stage around the world, you’re going to pick someplace, and in that place, how can you be either better than competitors, in terms of creating customer value, or lower cost than those competitors?
To win there, where you’ve chosen to play to meet your winning aspirations, what capabilities do you have to have that your competitors don’t, that would enable you to win that way? And then, what management systems, enabling management systems, do you have to put in place to make sure you build and maintain those must have capabilities to win, where you’ve chosen to play, to meet your winning aspiration? And so, I came to the conclusion, actually it was in 1995, the end of an eight-year journey, I came to the conclusion those were the five, and you had to do them together, and that is the essence of producing a strategy that compels desired customer action.
Improvement Over Perfection
Lenny Rachitsky: I want to go through an example of a company, but before we do that, something I think that’s important to talk about is, if your book is called Playing to Win, you talked about this idea of you need to play to win, and you argue that a lot of people are just playing to play, they’re playing to play the game. I’m guessing most people listening, and most people developing a strategy, don’t think they’re doing that, they don’t think they’re just playing to play the game. They think they’re playing to win. I’m curious what are signs that you’re not actually playing to win?
Pursuing Improvement Over Perfection
Roger Martin: It would be mainly signs given to you by customers. So, if you say, we’re the most innovative company in our industry, and customers… And let’s say the industry distributes through a given channel, and customers come into that channel and they look at the two products and say, I could flip a coin on this one, you are not effectively playing to win. Maybe you thought you were winning, but customers don’t think you are better. Or if your competitor lowers their price compared to your price, and you say to yourself, oh my God, if we lowered our price, we would make no money, but your competitor keeps on pricing there, you may think you have the low cost position, but they do, and you have to give them whatever share they desire at that lower price because you can’t compete there.
So, you’ll know you’re playing to play if you’re not aiming to, and accomplishing, having either an offer where Lenny walks into the store, whatever kind of store it is, and says to the person in the store, I want that brand. An example, Lego, one of the companies I’ve worked with for a long time, great company. It turns out that if you do market research on kids, a store that purports to be a toy store but that doesn’t have Lego is not a toy store. They would define it as not a toy. Mom, why are we here? I wanted to go to a toy store. And she said, but it says toys on here. And the kids said, uh-huh. That’s an insane brand. That’s an insane, insane, insane brand.
And it has a price premium for anything, over any of its competitors by a long shot. It keeps growing, it actually for most years in the last decade it has had 80 or 90% of the entire category growth is Lego. And so, they’re playing to win, to be distinctive in the minds of consumers. But Vanguard has got $9 trillion of assets under management last time I checked. Does it do anything distinctive? Not really. The customer bought, do they have the lowest cost position so they can charge the lowest AUMs? Absolutely. And so, there’s different kinds of ways, but you’d know by the actions that customers take.
Conclusion and Final Thoughts
Lenny Rachitsky: So, essentially, to mirror back what you’re saying, to win, there’s kind of these two routes you talk about. One is you’re the lowest cost option, the second is you’re differentiated. You have a differentiated brand, where it’s not a coin flip, it’s like, oh, I really need that for this reason.
Roger Martin: Yes. Yeah, you got it.
Lenny Rachitsky: And if you can’t do that, then the advice you share is go find a different playing field.
Roger Martin: Well, or get out of business, whatever… It’s only a matter of time until you’re dead, is the sad truth of the matter, which is the competitors in your industry, who are either low cost or differentiated, can essentially jerk you around as much as they want. It’s like Southwest Airlines, right? Southwest Airlines was just a tiny little airline that flew Austin, Houston, Dallas, and now it’s number one in passenger seat miles in America, and the only airline that’s earned its cost of capital over the last half century, all the rest are losing money for their shareholders over time. They have good cycles and bad cycles. How did that happen? Well, it’s just the other airlines had to step aside whenever Southwest came into a route, the other airlines just had to say, well, I guess you’re going to get your 30 share, or 35 share of passengers on this route, welcome to town. That’s all they can do.
They just have to seed position. And that’s what happens, if you play to play, you’ll end up just being… It’s literally like having a bully who can just shove you, and you take one step back, then they shove you, and you take another step back, and they shove you, and you take another step back. There’s no way to protect yourself if you’re not one of those two. You cannot bully Vanguard, you cannot bully Southwest, you cannot bully Proctor and Gamble, you cannot bully Lego. That’s the way the business world works.
Lenny Rachitsky: And in the case of Southwest, the reason they couldn’t be bullied is they were the low cost provider and the other airlines couldn’t meet their prices. So, they’re like, all right, there’s nothing we can do.
Roger Martin: Yep, yep.
Lenny Rachitsky: Awesome.
Roger Martin: So, while I was living in Boston, they entered the Boston to Chicago route, which was a duopoly of American and United at the time, and the price was about, in those days, a 200. And they had great advertising, I always loved the advertising that they had when they entered the, they did maps of Boston, and said, if you live in any of these places, kind of the south, the west of Boston, it takes you less time to get from your house to the gate than it does to go to Logan.
Because at Logan, you park in a parking garage, and then walk a half an hour, and then when you get through security, you still have to walk 20 minutes… Blah, blah, blah. And at Providence, if you’ve ever flown out of Providence, you can park about 100 yards from the gates. And so, they just had to say, we can’t stop that, not everybody’s going to do it, but a whole bunch of people are, and there’s nothing we can do to stop that.
Lenny Rachitsky: What I love is we’re already diving into these five questions. So we’ve been mostly talking about how we will win, basically, here’s your options to win. Low cost provider, or be differentiated, or find a different place to win. Let me summarize the five again. What is our winning aspiration? Where will we play? How will we win? What capabilities must we have in place to win? And what management systems are required to make sure the capabilities are in place?
Roger Martin: Right. You’ve got it.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, cool.
Roger Martin: You’re a very quick study my friend.
Lenny Rachitsky: I got some notes here. So, coming back to the how will we win? Because I think everyone’s listening to this, okay, cool, we got two ways to win, we’re going to be the cheapest or we’re going to differentiate, okay. Okay, how do we differentiate? Is there a taxonomy of options that you think about or tell people, what are the ways and options for exploring, here’s how we will be different?
Roger Martin: It is mainly understanding customers, as well as you can, and then saying, is there a way to be distinctive against that? And there are lots of ways to do it, but it’s tied very closely to the capabilities, which is, if you have a way of winning, you say, my where to play is I’m going to sell pet food on the internet, and my how to win is I’m going to be the best. But it turns out that anybody who can build a website can sell pet food on the internet, and in fact, 20 of them do it almost immediately, and they all go bust. You don’t have the capability, so you’ve got to ask yourself the question, can I serve a particular customer need with a set of capabilities that are going to be hard to replicate by my competitors? They either can’t do it, or they won’t do it. And both are important questions because sometimes it won’t.
Do you really think Walmart couldn’t have built as good a website as Amazon, and at massive scale? I think they could have, right?
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, probably. I don’t know.
Roger Martin: Did they? They didn’t. They said, I hope this online thing doesn’t really take off because that would be a pisser because we’ve got 5,000 stores across America, and we’ve got all that, and that would be a bummer. And so, they don’t do anything for 10 years, giving Amazon the scale, so that Amazon then has this huge scale advantage on this, and network effects, and voila, you’ve got a competitive advantage that you didn’t necessarily completely deserve. You needed the help of the player who stood to lose the most to hope that it wasn’t going to happen. Same with Tesla, Tesla got a 10 year headstart, not because the OEMs couldn’t, they could have, and of course GM did many, many years ago, create a fully functioning electric vehicle. But they couldn’t figure out how the hell you make a buck on it, and so they didn’t do it, giving Tesla the ability to establish a brand that people associate with that, electric vehicle equals Tesla, and allow them to jump way ahead, and then have the scale that is hard to hard for others to match.
Lenny Rachitsky: You said something that’s really interesting that I think is also really important, which is, you said that just being the best or better is not a solution. You can have a better pet food, you implied that’s not going to get you there. Can you talk a bit about that?
Roger Martin: Yeah. You have to answer a second question I guess, which is, here’s the way I’m going to be better, and here’s the way somebody else isn’t going to be able to simply replicate that quickly. One of my favorite businesses, because I was on the board of Thomson Reuters for 14 years, it was Thomson first and then they bought Reuters, so Thomson Reuters. Best business is a business called Westlaw, and it’s the dominant provider of online legal searches. So, if you’re a litigator, and you’re trying to, you’re getting ready for a case, and you need to know what are the important precedents for this case, you go on to Westlaw, and put in some search terms using a Westlaw keyword system to help with it, and you get the five cases that really matter. You can Google it, and do the same thing, and you’ll get the 500 cases that might matter.
How does Westlaw do that? Well, for now over 100 years, they’ve taken every case that’s come out of the US legal system, had a lawyer, a Westlaw lawyer, write a head note that summarizes what’s in the case, using these keywords so that they were searchable, and today, to do 2024, takes 1500 full-time lawyers. So, if somebody else said, this Westlaw business is incredibly profitable, and it keeps growing, and it’s awesome, I’d like to be in that business… All they’d have to do is hire 150,000 lawyers full time, and you’d have to create a numbering system and a keyword system that’s different than Westlaw’s, and then you’d have to do what Westlaw has done for the past 50 years, which is give it free to law schools so that they teach their students before they even get out how to use Westlaw, and all…
No probs. That’ll be easy, right? Nobody’s even tried. Why bother? Life’s too short. And that’s the kind of capabilities you need to be able to say we’ll win by having the searches that make the lawyer’s job the most effective. And if it saves them time, it saves them money. And you don’t need a huge law library. Law firms used to have these huge law libraries, you don’t need one, you need a terminal, or actually, now it’s on everybody’s PC. And you don’t need a bunch of librarians to go and find the cases that you need, they pop up on your screen. That’s a great case of competitive advantage.
Lenny Rachitsky:
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So, essentially, we’re talking about moats. What are some moat that you can create where people can’t just copy what you’re doing?
Roger Martin: And Warren Buffett likes that terminology, right? That’s what he says, he invests in moats.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah.
Roger Martin: Yes, yes.
Lenny Rachitsky: I’ll find the quote we used in a recent podcast episode, but he’s like, castles with moats. And maybe along those lines, is there a way you think about types of barriers to recreate capabilities? It’s like, here’s the options we have, is it like… Essentially, the seven powers I think talks about this.
Roger Martin: Yeah. Yeah. That’s why I like Helmer, because he categorizes them. And I’ve got to look into it some more because I haven’t studied it to say whether I would concur that there are just seven, or there are more. My suspicion might be that there are more, but there may not be. They may be all clustered, there may be variants that cluster behind those. But I don’t, myself, have a categorization scheme that says, here’s how you search for the moat.
Lenny Rachitsky: Great. That would be nice. So, here’s the quote from Buffet, by the way, “I look for economic castles protected by unbreachable moats.”
Roger Martin: Yes, I like that.
Lenny Rachitsky: There we go.
Roger Martin: I like that. And he’s smart, he’s consistent. Though, everybody makes mistakes, right? And he did too. Solomon Brothers, US Air… Anybody who thinks they can be perfect on strategy is delusional. And so, even the very, very best, like a Warren Buffet, who’s outstanding, arguable genius, is going to sort of think, I think this is a moat, and it’s going to be ephemeral. But any of us should be pleased to have a track record that would be anywhere close to that, on really identifying moats, because he has.
Lenny Rachitsky: We talked about that with Hamilton Helmer, that every startup deck has, here’s our moats, here’s how we’re going to have barriers to entry, and they’re all delusional, rarely is there ever an actual moat, especially in the early stages.
Roger Martin: Yes. Yes.
Lenny Rachitsky: Let’s go back to the five questions again, because that’s so core to the way you think about strategy. What do you think about using, say this FigJam as an example, as a hypothetical, just to think through questions that they might ask to think about strategy, and I can describe what FigJam is so you [inaudible 00:40:38]-
Roger Martin: Sure, sure. I do not know that product-
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. It’s basically a visual whiteboard collaboration tool, where people can put in sticky notes, and put little mocks, and kind of play around with all the cursors.
Roger Martin: Oh, okay.
Lenny Rachitsky: And so, it’s for brainstorming, and ideation, and things like that, and laying out concept.
Roger Martin: Gotcha. Okay, that would make sense for Figma.
Lenny Rachitsky: Figma. Yeah, exactly.
Roger Martin: Right. Okay. So, you’d asked the question, what are we trying to accomplish? Are we attempting to create something where nothing digital exists, people do this in pen and paper, and so we’re trying to invent a category and then be transformative by making the user experience better? Is that what we’re trying to do? Or are there players already doing this and they’re just not doing it very well? You’d want to say, well, what are we trying to accomplish? And I don’t spend a whole lot of time on that because you got to toggle back and forth between those five questions, but you have to have a reason for searching in a given space for where to play, how to win. What do you think their reason for thinking FigJam is worth investing in is? What do you think it is? Is it white space, or is it crummy offerings in the market currently?
Lenny Rachitsky: If I had to get to it, I think they’re trying to expand their market and they have a stronghold in design tooling, and there’s this adjacent market for product teams broadly to be using Figma more. And there are existing tools similar to that, that are good.
Roger Martin: Okay. So, I don’t love it to start.
Lenny Rachitsky: Say more.
Roger Martin: So, there’s a big market over there, we’d like to get some, is a terrible reason in my view. The reason should be, customers are bereft, customers are lacking something that we can provide. This is why I hate… And most entries by foreign companies into China, they get their faces shot off. And the reason is the rationale is, it’s big, we could get some of that. So, I don’t love it, for starters. And I’m not saying that that’ll guarantee failure, but if somebody gave me a review of a pitch deck for that, I would not invest [inaudible 00:43:14].
Lenny Rachitsky: Well, I imagine you can also frame it in other terms, like our customers are demanding more ways to work within Figma with their teams, and there’s these-
Roger Martin: Yeah. So, that would be a better one. And you’re speculating, I’ve asked you to speculate, so we don’t know. But I like that one better, which is, what’s our aspiration? It’s to satisfied core customers, who love what we do, but think it’s too narrow, that if we could broaden that for them, into this market, our customers would be very happy.
Lenny Rachitsky: That is really cool. And so, you want to frame it in the words of how customers would benefit, essentially.
Roger Martin: I just think those tend to be stronger, strongest, if there’s a link. Because remember, what is strategy about? Compelling desired customer action. So, everything ties back to that. So, then the where to play would be, you just want to say, okay, what customers are we talking about, or what parts of our current customers that we don’t serve are we attempting to serve with that? And with what product? Is it a finished product? Is it a component of a product? Through what distribution channel would we sell this? This is another self-serve type product. I think Figma is mainly self-serve, right? And so, you choose that where, and then say, how can we solve the problem?
Lenny Rachitsky: Before we get to that, before we get to that real quick-
Roger Martin: Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, please. Please.
Lenny Rachitsky: So, the things you mentioned there is who specifically are the customers? So, in this case it’d be like product managers, engineers, and other functions, and then there’s the distribution channels, how we’d actually get to them?
Roger Martin: Get to them, yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: And then, what other questions are there within this where we will play?
Roger Martin: To what extent is it a finished product or a component? Because sometimes it could be, we’d like to supply this component that could be integrated into other people’s products. That’s what Apple apps are, right?
Lenny Rachitsky: Got it.
Roger Martin: We don’t sell them an iPhone, we sell them a component within the iPhone, a customer’s iPhone, is that what we’re doing here? Because then you have to ask questions about, well, how does it fit in with the rest?
Lenny Rachitsky: So, the where also implies where in the product it lives? Where-
Roger Martin: At what vertical stage? Is it an integrated product, where it’s the whole thing from soup to nuts? Is it some upstream pieces that some people downstream? Do we take pieces from other people and assemble them? So, we’re the integrator? Those are all important where to play choices, from my view, because those make a big difference. Like Four Seasons chose… Four Seasons the hotel company, luxury hotel, chose a completely different choice on the vertical stage where to play, back in the 80s, they said we’re going to get out of real estate development… So buying land and getting it zoned for hotels. We’re going to get out of construction, building hotels. We’re even going to get out of the business of owning the land or the hotel, so that we can be awesome at hotel management.
Rich people, like Michael Dell, and David Thompson, and Bill Gates will own the hotels, as an investment, and they will be happy to have Four Seasons brand on their hotel, and we will charge a management fee. That is a where to play choice. Even though somebody could say, well, you’re a luxury hotel, you’re like the other luxury hotels who serve luxury customers at a high price. Oh no, no, no, no, no, they do it with a stack this thick, we do it with a stack this thin.
Lenny Rachitsky: So, it’s like a value chain question. Where in the value chain are you going to play?
Roger Martin: Value chain. Yeah. Where in the value chain? That’s exactly right. And everybody has value chain questions. They often complain, after the fact, like all the apps complain about what cut Apple is taking, but they made a choice, a value chain choice. We are going to design something that will appear on an iPhone, or an Android device, if it’s that case, and then good luck to you. You can complain like crazy that they’re taking so much of it, and this is unfair, and they’ve got to duopoly… Yeah, but you guys cooperated 100% in building that. 100%, never complained about it, until you wanted a bigger piece of the pie. That was a vertical stage, a value chain stage, that you chose, willingly. Nobody forced you to do it.
Lenny Rachitsky: And Apple’s not playing ball, giving it back too easily.
Roger Martin: No. No. And do I love just how controlling and everything Apple is? Do I? No, but would I say, oh, those poor apps, right? Yeah, no, get your own distribution channel, buddy.
Lenny Rachitsky: Cold blooded.
Roger Martin: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, so we’ve talked about the winning aspirations, so for FigJam, it would be satisfy customers that are trying to work with their team in these different ways, and make sure they’re staying, make sure they get what they need out of Figma, versus go maybe to other tools. And then, where will we play? Let’s say, engineers, product managers is trying to target them, distribution through the existing product, and so it’s like a feature of the existing product. And then, it’s how will we win? How do you think about that?
Roger Martin: Yeah, yeah. Well, you ask the question, how can we solve… Well, how can we either solve that problem at a much lower cost, so we can always be a sharper price point than them? So, if there are solutions, but they cost 50,000 a user because their costs are 30,000 a user, we can do this for 100 per seat, and absolutely annihilate the competitor by figuring out a less costly way to do it. Or there are other selections, but they make the user do all these things, and it’s ponderous, and it takes a long time… We have shortcuts, we use AI to, you just say a few words into it, and they say, oh yeah, I know what you mean, and here it goes in the workflow.
Or we’re more integrated, like Thomson Reuters, the company I was on the board of, our advantage was we were better integrated into the workflow. You didn’t have to get out of your workflow to go use this product, and then you get back in, we just said, what’s your workflow? Oh, well, integrated. Is it better integrated into their workflow that makes their life easier? It would be questions, possibilities like that that I would be asking. Essentially, you’ve got to have a theory there, of how are you going to be better or lower cost.
Lenny Rachitsky: On the lower cost front, I think generally the advice is you don’t want to go that route, that’s a very difficult route. What’s your thinking of just when to go that route that you might actually win at lower costs?
Roger Martin: That’s not advice I give. I think they’re both completely legitimate strategies. They have implications. So, if you want to be the cost leader, it is rare that you can be the cost leader without having dominant scale in the territory in which you’re operating. So, if you want to be a niche cost leader, good luck to you, that’s almost never going to happen. So, Vanguard had to make a race to, we’re going to do index mutual funds, and it doesn’t exist now, we’re going to do it and we’re going to get gigantic, and we can’t let anybody get close to us in size because we want to have the lowest cost position. And so, they are the world’s biggest mutual fund company, and you have to do that, and same with Southwest, to really make that model work, they had to keep expanding and expanding to get bigger.
M&M Mars… It takes an enormous amount of commitment to say, we’re going to go, and we’re just going to keep charging ahead on this. Whereas, in differentiation, I think you can differentiate sometimes at lower scale, and build yourself slowly towards higher scale. But the business world is just getting so much more scale sensitive. When you think about the costs of differentiation, it’s often spending on branding, spending on R&D, R&D innovation. Those two are of the most scale sensitive elements of anybody’s cost structure. And so, being a niche-y differentiator is getting harder and harder in my view.
Lenny Rachitsky: I think it’s also important to say, either path is very hard, it’s very hard to build a business that makes money and is profitable and survives just broadly.
Roger Martin: Yes, yes, I agree.
Lenny Rachitsky: And you’re not going to have this formula of how to win, okay, we got it. We got a big business.
Roger Martin: I agree. I agree. And that’s why, if I looked at 100 strategies of major companies, I’d say I didn’t like 90 of them very much.
Lenny Rachitsky: And then, the other nine out of 10 probably look good, but also don’t work out.
Roger Martin: Yes. Yeah, no, that’s true. There’s lots of spaghetti thrown at lots of walls in the world of business.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, capitalism.
Roger Martin: Yes.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. So, now we’re at the capability step of trying to figure out what capabilities you need to win. Can you talk about, say with FigJam, what are the sorts of things you think about here?
Roger Martin: Well, I guess I’d ask myself questions, like, is there a learning curve to this, where we could have better capabilities because we started earlier than anybody else, and have more essentially cumulative experience? Is there a way that we’ve figured out how to serve customers that make them feel tended to better by us? So, we’ve got helpline… We figured out how to do the helpline, because if it’s self-serve and that’s how they get the product, and then they’ve got issues with how to use it, they feel that we’re just better. We’re the best of all their providers at that. How to win is a theory of how customers are going to perceive us better, if we’re differentiated. And then, it’s what capabilities would we have to have to make that theory come true, rather than just be a wish. So, if we want them to feel like we’re the easiest to deal with, we have to have capabilities to do that.
It’s just like again, Four Seasons said the reason they’re by far and away the most successful, profitable, best in all fronts, luxury hotel chain in the world… Biggest, best, most profitable, best employee rankings, best guest rankings, all of those. Well, their how to win was they said, people, if you talk to people who are in luxury hotels, they’d rather not be there. You’d say, wow, they’re in the lap of luxury, why would that be? Where do you think they’d prefer to be, Lenny?
Lenny Rachitsky: At home.
Roger Martin: Yeah. Dominantly at home, for their segment, which was high-end business travelers. They’ve traveled, they’ve stayed in one luxury hotel too many 20 years ago. And so, we’re going to have luxury defined as not grand architecture and decor and [inaudible 00:55:38] service, but rather, we’re going to define it as a service that makes up for what you left at home or at the office.
Because people would rather be, if they have to not be at home, they’d rather be at the office than in a hotel because they can be more productive. So, we need capabilities, we need staff that can deliver on that capability. What’s the problem, for that? The problem is turnover in the hotel industry globally is 80% a year, which means that the average person you meet, the average staff person you meet in the average hotel, is on their way to a 16-month career at that hotel chain. So, how do you deliver that really cool special kind of service with that? The answer is… And now I’m skipping ahead to enabling management systems.
You have to have a different way of recruiting, a different way of onboarding, a different way of career development. And if you do all of those things, you end up with a 10% turnover rate, so that your people are there 10 years on average, and you can then get them trained up to deliver that kind of service. So, that’s the capability that you build, and the people, to be able to take more decision-making at a lower level, and treat the guests in a customized way that makes them feel that this wasn’t by the book, some rule book, that this person just said, no, this is a good solution for my guest.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s interesting that these capabilities and even the management systems, which is step five, relate to your moat. Which is the thing you need to achieve, also, ideally is the thing that other people, it’ll make it hard for them to do.
Roger Martin: Yep. So, you’re exactly right. You can call if you want, how to win, moat, right? Definition of your moat. And so, capabilities and management systems are what both build and maintain the moat, and the maintaining is an important part because if you are the most successful, people are going to say, I want to do that too. But here’s where there’s this modern, unfortunately, bull shitty thing that says, oh, competitive advantage is fleeting in this modern hyper-competitive world, and you can’t have long-term advantage anymore. And I just say, oh, I see. So, Four Seasons, I guess that isn’t very long-term, that has only been 45 years now, since they… No, 35 years I should say. Don’t exaggerate. Since they went to that strategy. Oh, and Tide. So, 77 years isn’t a long time, I guess either, because they’ve been the number one detergent for 77 consecutive years. I guess you’re right, it’s fleeting.
It’s not. But what makes it fleeting is when you have one thing, and one thing only. So, let’s say you build the biggest polyethylene plant in the world, near a good feedstock source, and you have the low cost position, what’s somebody else going to do when they see how much money you make doing that? Build a polyethylene plant beside yours, twice the size, and then you’re toast. Why? Because the competitive advantage was too simple. But at Four Seasons, you got to sell off all your hotels, you got to fire all the people involved in hotel development and everything, and actually, the people in the business like doing that, you have to essentially get rid of your entire staff, start from scratch, paying them more than you do now by far, giving them more career security, giving them more training, giving them better uniforms, whatever, spending 10 times as much hiring them, with the hopes that maybe someday you’ll be able to produce the kind of services Four Seasons does.
The competitors basically say, life’s too short. Do they give up and die? No, there are other great chains, Mandarin Oriental, my wife loves staying in Mandarin Oriental, even more than Four Seasons often. But they’ve not said, we will replicate Four Seasons, they’ve said, we’ll pick a different where, and a different how, and that’s, in the end, what you want. Is rather than complete overlap, where you’ve got concentric circles of people picking the same where, you convince people to pick different wheres. That’s why people sort of say, Roger, how to win, that’s so impolitic, because you’re producing losers, and then there’s victims, and all that. There’s oppressor and oppressive. It fits in the modern dialogue. And I say, no, what I want to do is encourage them to find someplace else to prosper, rather than smash on top of us.
And so, if you have completely different capabilities and management systems, it’ll encourage people to choose a different where to play, how to win. If your capabilities and management systems are very similar to your competitors, and you’re succeeding with your chosen where to play, how to win, what are they going to do? They’re going to drive straight to your where to play and try to win exactly the same place and wreck your market for both of you. That’s what you don’t want. And the more complicated, in some sense… I shouldn’t use complicated. The more nuanced and multifaceted your capabilities and management systems are, the more likely they’re going to say life’s too short. That’s what everybody says about Southwest. So, if you’re the only airline in the United States that’s earning its cost of capital for 50 years, wouldn’t you say, gee, I’d love to be like that? But what does it mean?
Well, it means selling off most of your aircraft, so that you can have only one kind of aircraft, 737. Tearing up your entire root structure, your entire hub and spoke structure, and make it point to point. Changing your complete labor relations strategy, from fighting the unions to paying them a lot, as long as they’re highly flexible. People think Southwest is non-union, it’s not unionized [inaudible 01:01:55], but they do different… You have to essentially fire all your travel agents, and convince your customers to book online, by themselves, to save more money. Life’s too short, it’s just too short. So, they try things like Continental Light, or Ted, that do half the things that Southwest does, and then you’re what? A crappy Southwest. So, to me, that’s the ultimate. The ultimate is, it’s like the ultimate weapon is the one you never use. The ultimate way to compete to win is to never actually be forced to compete.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow, that’s a great quote. This story about Southwest makes me think about Hamilton Helmer’s counter-positioning, I don’t know if you’ve heard that term, but basically, you position yourself in a way where the competitor can’t do the thing that you’re doing because of the way their business is already structured.
Roger Martin: Ah, that’s sounds right. The can’t.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, can’t.
Roger Martin: The can’t thing. Awesome. Yeah, and Mike Porter, and he may quote Mike on that, Mike was very big on that. He said, it’s fault lines. You’re trying to find fault line, where it is so painful for your competitor to come across that fault line, into your side. And so, a great example of that would be Olay, at P&G, and it’s in the book, when we did the repositioning of that. The competitor that could have killed us, absolutely killed us, was Estée Lauder with Clinique. If they would’ve brought Clinique into the mass channels… Because we were doing a Clinique kind of thing, in the mass channels, rather than the prestige. Prestige is like the first four of the department stores, which [inaudible 01:03:51] or Sephora, or Ulta. If Estée Lauder would’ve taken their Clinique brand and brought it into mass, they would’ve killed what we were doing. Simple as that.
And in fact, Clinique was the biggest brand in all of skincare, we became the biggest brand in all of skincare, and they didn’t do it. Why? Are they idiots? No, they’re not, Estée Lauder’s super smart. But Estée Lauder also has Bobby Brown, and Mac, and the Estée Lauder, its own brand, and a half a dozen more, all in prestige, and the prestige channel, if they’d have taken Clinique, and taken it over into mass, would’ve done what? Shot them in the face. Killed them, right? They would’ve been just apoplectic. And so, Estée Lauder had to stay… If that’s counter-positioning by Helmer’s terms. They had to stay there. Was that stupid? No, they’re still, with all of their brands combined, the biggest in skincare. But Clinique has lost leadership to our brand that they would’ve considered kind of nothing. Oil of Olay became Olay Olay ProV, Regenerist, all of these higher priced products than they could ever imagine being sold in the mass channel. But our biggest friend was, in some sense, their distribution channel, which would’ve killed them if we… Literally. They would’ve just punished them so, so, so bad that they didn’t do it.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that I’m learning all this strategic thinking about makeup and skincare, I also love just the idea of you leading strategy for skincare and makeup brands.
Roger Martin: Yeah, no, I got Proctor & Gamble into color cosmetics.
Lenny Rachitsky: So funny. [inaudible 01:05:51] love that. I don’t know if you’re following the AI Google stuff that’s happening, where there’s search engines competing with Google by just answering the question versus giving you a bunch of blue links?
Roger Martin: Yes.
Lenny Rachitsky: And there’s this question of, we’ll Google Shift because people seem to really like it, versus they’re making trillions of dollars running ads when they share blue links, and it’s this super innovator’s dilemma position they’re in.
Roger Martin: Yeah, no, no, I am very interested in what’s going on in AI, and I’m writing some stuff on that. But it’s hard. I’ve seen the inside of this for many of my clients, it is super hard when the guts of how you make money is under threat, and you just don’t want that thing to go away. The big auto OEMs make money selling cars with ice engines, it’s simple as that. And there’s no surprise, they’ve been doing it for 100 years, they’re way down the learning curve, they have scale, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. And so, these damn electric vehicles are kind of no fun. And so, the Google situation you’ve described, I think it’s similar. But my general advice is always the same, which is, it can take a while, but in the end the customers will triumph. And A.G. Lafley, my friend who I co-wrote the book with, great CEO, was very good on this. And one of his big customers, big [inaudible 01:07:27] customers came to him and said, if you don’t stop cooperating with Amazon, we’re going to de-list all your products.
Big threat. Big threat. And A.G. just said, “If customers want to shop there, we just can’t not be where our customers want to shop. And so, if you feel you need to do that, you’re going to have to, because customers want to shop there, and we are not doing that. But what are you offended by, that we’re doing there?” And they said, “Well, you are allowing them to ship products to their customers from your distribution centers.” And A.G. just said, “Yeah? Do you want to too?” And they were like… And he just said, “We don’t do anything special for them that we wouldn’t do for you, they ask for things that you don’t ask for because of their business model. But if you come to us with ideas of how we can help you serve our joint customers better, we’re all in. But we’re not boycotting a place that customers have shown they want to shop,” as long as it’s an honest, if Amazon was sleazy and dishonest or whatever, but an honest, upstanding place where customers can get our products.
And so, that’s where I’m at, which is, you may have to scramble like hell, you may have to suffer from economic downturn, but if you think you can… I always think of it, I don’t know if you did this as a kid, Lenny, but when we went to the beach on family trips, we would, I have four brothers, we would build… Plus then a baby girl later. But we would build sand castles and try to hold back the tide, this would be in Florida or California, and we’d try and hold back the tide, and we’d come the next morning to see if our castle… And it was always gone. It’s gone. But we’d keep trying doing it, and it’s sort of like, you can’t hold back the tide. Maybe you can for a while, but you can’t forever. So, you just have to figure out where are the customers going. And if they’re going someplace…
And Vanguard did this, Jack Bogle, the late Jack Bogle, he died now, a couple of years ago now, he did not like ETFs. He said ETFs are not as good for customers as mutual funds. And he had all sorts of good reasons for that, but the index ETF business started to grow like crazy, and Jack had to relent and say, I don’t think it’s good for them, but they want it, and so they went whole hog into it, and are the leading index ETF provider, as well as the index mutual fund provider. But for a while they weren’t, but he realized it was the tide, and he was attempting to hold back the tide. So, good luck. Good luck to you on that. So, to me, if Google thinks they can, because of their power and the fact they’ve got a multi-trillion dollar market cap, and they’ve got a near monopoly position on something, they can hold back the tide.
You see, the water finds a way to flow. Think about Microsoft and its monopoly on PC operating systems, or it’s near monopoly on PC operating systems. And I would argue that they abuse that kind of monopoly. I often asked people, when’s the last Windows update that got you as a customer excited?
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, Windows 95.
Roger Martin: The answer, I think is really clear, Windows 95, right?
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah.
Roger Martin: Because that’s when he took the graphical user interface that he bought rights to from Steve Jobs and put it on, so you didn’t have to do backslash backslash… You could actually point and click. That’s a long time ago, last time I checked, that’s now almost 30 years. And so, they just abused their customer. Is their share of PC operating systems much lower than it was then? No. But that’s not the right measure of share. The right measure of share in my view in that industry is your share of minutes spent staring at a smart screen. That’s what the share of operating systems that you should care about. And so, what kind of smart screens do people now stare at most? Most? And what other one do a lot of people stare at who really like them? Pads. And so, if you added up all those and said, what do you think… So, what’s their share of smartphone operating systems? Microsoft?
Last time I checked it was 0.4 of 1%. Yeah, so effectively zero. How about pads? Apparently it’s 4% there. So, their share of people staring at a smart screen has plummeted. Plummeted. Why? Because water finds its own level. People said, there are these other ways of getting around this, and I’m going to take those ways. And I think the degree to which people use their smartphone for more things, as the function of that smartphone is advanced so much faster than your PC operating system, because more people are using it. So, that’s what I’d say to Google. I don’t care how painful it is, water flows downhill, the tide comes in, and you cannot stop that, even if you’re one of the most powerful three firms on the face of the planet.
Lenny Rachitsky: And it may take time, but eventually the customer tide pulls, that’s a, I think that’s really important.
Roger Martin: But yeah, start now. If you don’t start now, it’s too late.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah. I want to end with one very tactical question for people, that may feel overwhelmed, they’re just like, oh my God, I don’t know what we’re going to do, this is so hard, all strategy stuff. You have this really cool idea called betterment, I think you wrote a media post about it, thinking betterment over perfection. And it gives you a first step of like, okay, here’s a way to move forward. Can you just talk about that approach?
Roger Martin: So, for me, strategy, this thing called strategy, with people, oh my God, oh my God, how am I going to do strategy? Whatever. I just think of it as a problem solving tool. And what problem should you attempt to solve? You should attempt to solve something where your current outcomes that you’re getting are lower than the outcomes you wish you were getting. That’s what I call a gap. There’s a gap between those two. And you should just conceptualize it as, your current outcomes are a natural result of all the choices you’ve made interacting with the competitive environment. And so, you should reasonably assume that probably those outcomes aren’t going to get a whole lot better, because they are the way they are for a good reason. So, you’re going to need to make a different set of choices to make that gap go away. That’s what I would work on.
I would just ask the question, what is the single most painful gap currently that I’m facing? Customers used to do this, and they’re doing this, I can’t find this kind of resources, our distribution channel has abandoned us… Whatever is the most painful thing, and then just tackle that. And say, what different choices could I make? And I’d say, use my cascade. Could I change where I’m playing? Could I change how I’m winning? Could I change my capabilities? Could I change my manage systems, in order to achieve a different aspiration? And so, don’t try to solve the problems of the world, or even all the problems of your company, that’s perfection. Betterment is making that gap go away. And guess what happens if you make that gap go away? You can turn your attention to the next gap, and the next gap, and the next gap.
And if you do that all the time, you’re always working on the next gap, the next… They’ll get smaller and smaller over time. I don’t know if this is a great analogy, but I was dean of a business school for 15 years, the guy who won the professor of the year award more times than anybody else, and did it sort of teaching tough courses, often executive MBA courses, and the like, had a simple formula for doing it. Which is, he taught second-year courses, and second-year courses happened to be 13 two hour lectures, or sessions, [inaudible 01:17:10] or another. He just polled the students on what they thought of each session as they went along, and regardless of the reason, regardless of anything else, simply chopped number 13 every year.
Because in some sense, it’s the biggest gap, the gap between what the customers, students, wished for, and were getting. And he would just replace it with something. He would try something else, and replace it with that. And you’d say, and that gets you professor of the year every year? And the answer is yes, betterment. Because if you’re teaching for 25 years and you just keep doing that every year, every year, the course keeps getting better and better and better and better and better and better. So, betterment, it doesn’t make purists feel awesome, but I’m not here to make purists feel awesome, I’m here to help people get better.
Lenny Rachitsky: This makes me think about your water metaphor too, of just water eventually finding a way through. [inaudible 01:18:26] iterating, [inaudible 01:18:27] things better.
Roger Martin: Yeah, lots of what I think about in strategy is natural, if you will. I try to ask, how does the world generally operate, and is what we’re doing consistent with the way the world generally operates or not?
Lenny Rachitsky: Roger, this was so much fun, we covered everything I was hoping we’d get through. I think we’re going to help a lot of people with the way they think about strategy. Is there anything else you wanted to just leave listeners with, or say before we wrap up and let you go? We covered a lot, so there may not be anything left.
Roger Martin: Well, on strategy, there’s one piece of advice I’d say. People often ask me about people who are natural strategists, or they say, I’m not naturally good at that, I’m more of an operational guy or gal. And what I tell them is, I have never met this mythical beast called a great natural strategist. And they often throw back in my face, Lafley. They say, look, Lafley, he was known as a strategy genius. And I say, yeah, but when I interviewed him in depth about his background, for a paper I was writing, what I discovered was when he was in the Navy, as a whatever, I don’t know, probably 25-year-old in the Navy, he had a job where he had to think about strategy, and was testing things out, and doing things, and the like. And then, I realized that he had been practicing strategy for decades before he became the CEO, decades.
And so, he just had more reps when he became CEO than almost anybody else that I’ve ever met. There’s another guy, [inaudible 01:20:15], ex-CEO, now he’s gone on to a higher level of Lego brand group, would be similar. So, great strategists that I have met have all one thing in common. They just practice. And anybody, there’s no such thing as a person who is willing to practice strategy, who will end up saying, I’m operational, I don’t do strategy well. Which links to our last thing about betterment. Just work on making different choices to solve problems. Not problems that I say, I’m not going to define your gap, it’s one that you feel in your heart, I wish this were better. Work on it, if you do that, you’ll be a great strategist. So, be encouraged, don’t be discouraged. And the worst thing to do is to wait. People say, well, I’ve got all these operational concerns right now, and then I’ll get to strategy later. You’ll never amount to anything. Nobody who says that ever amounts to anything.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. I love this, I love how empowering it is, I love the real talk. Roger, you’re awesome. Thank you so much for being here.
Roger Martin: You’re most welcome. Thank you for making it a fun journey for me.
Lenny Rachitsky: I learned a ton, and that’s always a good sign, and it was a lot of fun.
Roger Martin: Well-
Lenny Rachitsky: Thanks, Roger.
Roger Martin: Good.
Lenny Rachitsky: All right. Bye everyone.
Thank you so much for listening, if you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at Lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| A.G. Lafley | 保留原文 |
| betterment | 改善(betterment) |
| Bill Gates | 比尔·盖茨 |
| Boston Consulting Group | 波士顿咨询公司 |
| Bruce Henderson | 保留原文 |
| Clinique | 保留原文(倩碧) |
| competitive advantage | 竞争优势 |
| Competitive Strategy | 《竞争战略》 |
| counter-positioning | 反向定位 |
| David Thompson | 保留原文 |
| differentiated | 差异化 |
| Estée Lauder | 保留原文(雅诗兰黛) |
| ETF | 交易所交易基金(ETF) |
| execution | 执行 |
| feedstock | 原料 |
| FigJam | 保留原文 |
| Figma | 保留原文 |
| Four Seasons | 四季酒店 |
| Hamilton Helmer | 保留原文 |
| head note | 案件摘要(head note) |
| how to win | 如何取胜 |
| hyper competition | 超级竞争 |
| ICE engines | 内燃机 |
| innovator’s dilemma | 创新者窘境 |
| Jack Bogle | 保留原文(Vanguard 创始人) |
| Lego | 保留原文 |
| Lenny Rachitsky | 播客主持人,保留原文 |
| low cost | 低成本 |
| mass channel | 大众渠道 |
| Michael Dell | 保留原文(戴尔公司创始人) |
| Michael Porter | 迈克尔·波特(首次出现保留原文) |
| Mike Porter | 迈克尔·波特(即 Michael Porter,文中 Roger Martin 口语化称呼) |
| moat | 护城河 |
| Monitor Company | 保留原文 |
| mutual fund | 共同基金 |
| Olay | 保留原文 |
| play to win | 为赢而玩 |
| playing to play | 为玩而玩 |
| Playing to Win | 《Playing to Win》(书名保留原文) |
| polyethylene | 聚乙烯 |
| positioning school | 定位学派 |
| prestige channel | 高端渠道 |
| Procter and Gamble | 宝洁 |
| resource-based theory of the firm | 企业的资源基础理论 |
| resource-based view of the firm | 企业的资源基础观 |
| Richard Rumelt | 保留原文 |
| Roger Martin | 本期嘉宾,保留原文 |
| self-serve | 自助式 |
| Seven Powers | 保留原文(Hamilton Helmer 的著作) |
| Solomon Brothers | 保留原文 |
| Southwest | 保留原文(西南航空) |
| Steve Jobs | 保留原文 |
| strategy choice cascade | 战略选择瀑布 |
| thinking betterment over perfection | 追求改善而非完美 |
| Thomson Reuters | 保留原文(汤森路透) |
| Tide | 保留原文(汰渍,宝洁旗下洗衣液品牌) |
| US Air | 保留原文 |
| value chain | 价值链 |
| Vanguard | 保留原文(先锋集团,美国知名基金公司) |
| vertical stage | 纵向阶段 |
| VRIO analysis | VRIO 分析 |
| Westlaw | 保留原文(法律在线检索平台) |
| where to play | 在哪里竞争 |
| winning aspiration | 制胜愿望 |
| winning strategy | 制胜策略 |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
制定制胜策略的 5 个关键问题 | Roger Martin(作家、顾问、演说家)
访谈记录
Lenny Rachitsky: 为什么那么多人在战略上表现很差?
Roger Martin: 现在商学院教的东西总体来说很糟糕。人们在教育上没有做好准备,在公司里也肯定得不到这方面的训练。这件事在智力上很有挑战性,在情感上也令人望而生畏。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你有一个叫做”战略选择瀑布”(strategy choice cascade)的框架。
Roger Martin: 你必须回答五个问题:你的制胜愿望是什么?在哪里竞争?如何取胜?你必须具备哪些竞争对手没有的能力?然后,你必须建立哪些支撑性的管理系统?在大多数顶尖商学院里,教这些东西简直是”违法的”。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你在《Playing to Win》中谈到,大致有两条路线。
Roger Martin: 你要么差异化,要么低成本,如果不是这两者之一,就没有办法保护自己。
Lenny Rachitsky: 还有什么想留给听众的吗?
Roger Martin: 我从未见过所谓天生伟大战略家这种神话般的生物。伟大的战略家都有一个共同点——他们只是不断练习。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Roger Martin。Roger 是世界上最受信赖的战略顾问之一。他是多伦多大学 Rotman 管理学院的荣誉教授,曾任该院院长五年。2013 年,他被评为”全球年度院长”;2017 年,他被 Thinkers50 评为全球排名第一的管理思想家。他也是许多听众心目中最喜爱的战略著作《Playing to Win》的作者。我收到过很多邀请 Roger 上这档播客的请求,现在我终于明白原因了。这是我在播客中进行过的最具实操性、也最引人入胜的关于制定战略的对话,而这是一个相当高的标准。
我们深入探讨了你需要回答以帮助制定战略的五个问题;Hamilton Helmer、Michael Porter 和 Richard Rumelt 的工作如何融入他的框架和世界观;人们在制定自己的战略时最常犯什么错;制胜策略的两种选项;一个非常实用且简单的入门技巧,帮助你梳理自己的战略,以及更多内容。这期节目适合所有想要锻炼战略思维肌肉的人。如果你喜欢这档播客,别忘了在你最喜欢的播客应用或 YouTube 上订阅和关注,这是避免错过未来节目的最佳方式,也对播客帮助极大。话不多说,有请 Roger Martin。
Roger,非常感谢你来到这里,欢迎做客播客。
Roger Martin: 很高兴来到这里,Lenny,谢谢你的邀请。
战略不只是高管的事
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想利用我们在一起的时间,帮助那些在公司一线的人——比如产品经理、设计师、工程师、数据科学家——那些不一定担任 CEO、创始人或公司高管的人——在产品战略方面做得更好。制定战略、评估战略、发展战略。因为感觉上,给公司领导层的建议总是很多,而给一线实干的人的建议却少得多。而且我觉得,幸运的是,你的东西适用于所有人。以这个角度出发,你觉得怎么样?
Roger Martin: 听起来很好。我能讲个小故事来呼应一下这个话题吗?
Lenny Rachitsky: 请讲。
Roger Martin: 最近有一篇报纸文章指出,标普 500 的 CEO 中有 10% 是宝洁(Procter and Gamble)出身的人。这是一个惊人的数字,高得令人咋舌。为什么会这样?我认为原因是,在宝洁有一种理念:组织层级很靠下的人——比如海飞丝(Head and Shoulders)品牌负责人,他向洗发护发品类负责人汇报,后者向美妆护理负责人汇报,再向 CEO 汇报——也就是说至少在组织架构的四层以下,在组织的深处——宝洁明白,这个人,不是 CEO,不是全球美妆护理总裁,不是美发护理负责人,不是洗发护发负责人,而是品牌经理,要做出极其重要的战略选择,如果他们做得不好,品牌就会表现糟糕。所以我认为……而并没有多少公司具有这种理念。
我坚信,组织中层级较低的人必须做出非常重要的战略选择,否则就会出问题;如果他们做出了出色的选择,好事就会发生,他们也会为将来成为 CEO 而接受历练。所以我认同你的论点。不过你的论点与所谓”常态”是相反的。最常见的情况是,高层做战略,下面的人做别的事情,通常叫做”执行”(execution),顺便说一句,我讨厌那个术语。所以我觉得我们是在唱同一本歌谱,哪怕这是一本少数派歌谱。
为什么战略这么难
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想先问一个关于战略的宽泛问题——为什么战略这么难?为什么那么多人在战略上表现很差?
Roger Martin: 也许让战略在智力上最难的一点在于,它是一项整合性的活动。它要回答一系列必须彼此契合、相互强化的问题。所以这就变得更复杂了——不像问你”Lenny,午饭想吃什么?“那样简单,而是问你”Lenny,你想要一种什么样的饮食能让你保持健康?“这其中包括早餐、午餐、晚餐、零食,还有一堆其他东西需要协调搭配。所以它在智力层面就更有挑战性。另一个方面是,它令人畏惧。战略涉及做出选择——做一些事,不做一些事——而说”天哪,我得把这些砍掉,不做了,而且要真正做出一个决定,一个我可能会被问责的决定,甚至是我自己会对自己问责的决定”,这往往是令人畏惧的。
所以这是第二个原因。它在情感上更难,而不是在智力上更难。然后还有训练层面、知识层面的问题,那就是现在商学院教的战略总体上很糟糕。它走上了一条疯狂的理论弯路,战略学界整体上迷恋上了一种叫做”资源基础理论”(resource-based theory of the firm)的理论,这个理论很蠢,没有人在现实世界中用它。所以学生们不再接受有用的战略训练了。而过去人们学习战略的另一个途径是战略咨询公司,但那些所谓的战略咨询公司现在几乎不做战略了,因为与并购后整合、数字化转型等其他业务相比,战略只是一门很小的生意。所以人们在教育层面没有做好准备,如果教育层面没有做好准备,那在企业里就更不可能得到准备了。战略在智力上具有挑战性,在情感上也令人畏惧。
Lenny Rachitsky: 关于你提到的商学院教战略教错了这一点,你怎么描述那种错误的方法?
Roger Martin: 有一种已经占据主导地位的理论,叫做企业的资源基础观(resource-based view of the firm)。在学术界有一个奇怪的现象,那里排第一的情绪是嫉妒,人们对 Mike Porter 嫉妒得不行——他在1980年写了《竞争战略》一书,创造了许多最重要的战略概念。所以他们需要反驳他,因为他们就是不喜欢他那么出风头,于是他们决定说他搞的是”定位”。他们把他的理论叫做”定位学派”,然后对他进行漫画式的曲解——他从来没那样说过——但他们声称他说的一切就是找到一个结构上有吸引力的位置,然后竭尽全力榨取它。
而我们资源基础观认为战略的关键在于建设资源。如果你建设了资源,就像”你建好了,他们就会来”一样。这才是你应该关注的。但问题在于,某种资源在某个地方可能有用的,在别的地方未必有用。所以这就引出了一个问题:你如何思考该投资建设哪些资源?用什么方式来决定是投资这里、那里、还是那里?这个理论对此是沉默的,因为在我看来它就是一个愚蠢的理论,在这方面说不出任何有用的东西。
所以当学生们走出去对企业说”我要做一个 VRIO 分析”或”VRIN 分析”时,有些人只是翻白眼,根本不会用它。我做了42年咨询,只见过它被使用过一次。而事实真相——正如通常情况一样——是两者皆有。这就是为什么我使用的战略模型既强调”在哪里竞争”很重要,这是关键问题之一,也强调你的能力很重要,而且你必须把这两者联系起来。但在大多数顶尖商学院里,教这些基本上是”非法”的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 教你的方法是”非法”的。
Roger Martin: 没错。我在自己的商学院都不能教我的方法。
Lenny Rachitsky: 什么?
Roger Martin: 但当我是院长的时候——院长是学校里最有权力的人——各个部门,或者我们所说的”领域”(area),比如战略管理就是一个领域,他们对战略管理教什么、金融教什么拥有百分之百的控制权。院长可能是学校里最有权力的人,而我碰巧是一个非常成功的院长,所以如果有的话,我是一个超级有权力的院长。学生们会恳求我,他们说:“Roger,你有20年的经验,你在战略领域算是个知名顾问,你有自己的理论,请开一门课吧。“不行。我确实做过课外活动,每年有一个星期六,我把我知道的所有东西教给任何愿意来的人。但是算学分的正式课程,我不被允许。如果你想在其他任何一所商学院找工作……唯一的例外可能是哈佛商学院,也许吧。但如果你拿美国其他49所顶尖商学院来看,问这个问题:你是否宣誓效忠企业的资源基础观?如果你不能回答一个热情洋溢的”是”,你就不可能被录用,零可能。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。这种学术圈的门派之争,我完全不知道。
Roger Martin: 一种忠诚度测试。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太不可思议了。这让我更加期待深入了解你的世界、你看待事物的方式。在那之前,我们播客之前也请过几位谈战略的嘉宾,可能有助于把他们放在你所描述的光谱中做个定位——
Roger Martin: 哦,好的。我未必全都认识,但你告诉我——
Lenny Rachitsky: 我猜你都认识。我们之前请过 Hamilton Helmer 和 Richard Rumelt 上过播客。他们的思路和你是什么关系?方便听众在了解你的东西与这种教条之间建立参照。
Roger Martin: 他们中一位是学者,另一位是准学者,或者说是非学者,像我一样。我当了多年终身教授,但不认为自己是个学术型的人。我觉得 Hamilton 也不算,虽然我从来没问过他这个问题——
Lenny Rachitsky: 他现在是投资人。
Roger Martin: 对。所以他写了一本非常有用的书,在某种意义上可以归入我的”如何取胜”这个框里。我说战略的核心是”如何取胜”,而他有一个——我用我的话说——分类模型:这里是你可以考虑的类别,如果你想取胜的话,这里有七种取胜方式。我把他归类为非学术型的实战派战略人物。Richard Rumelt 是一位现已退休的 Tuck 学院教授,他搞的是那种”超级竞争”(hyper competition)的东西。他也属于”嫉妒 Mike Porter”那一类。所以他得说”Mike Porter 是错的,我是对的”,竞争并不像 Mike 说的那样以稳定的方式进行,而是超级竞争。Mike Porter 一辈子从来没说过竞争是稳定的,他反复说的是恰恰相反。
但为了说”我和 Mike Porter 不同”,而且实际上要通过说他错、我对来标榜自己……我不知道。他看起来是个不错的人。但和大多数学商科的学者一样,他对商业了解不多。他没有出去真正实践过多少。他来我们学校做过一次讲座,因为大家喜欢”超级竞争”——因为他会抨击 Mike Porter——然后他举了一个宝洁(Procter & Gamble)的例子,而我在宝洁做过咨询,基本上对宝洁了如指掌。
Roger Martin: 他关于宝洁说的那些和现实毫无关系,真的是毫无关系。完全是、彻底是、绝对地错了。我后来问他,就是那种”你为什么这么说?“他说,“嗯,我觉得应该是那样的吧。“你在开玩笑吗?所以,我对那项工作不怎么欣赏。我觉得它不能很好地归入企业的资源基础观和迈克尔·波特之间的对立,它更像是——这里有一个看待世界的另一个透镜,我就要用这个透镜,一切都是超级竞争的,以下是你如何思考超级竞争。
什么是战略?
Lenny Rachitsky: 这太有意思了。我很高兴我们花了一些时间在这上面,听到战略思想界的全景真的很有帮助。好,让我们深入你的世界观,也许最简单的方式就是——你如何定义战略?什么是战略?
Roger Martin: 战略是一整套相互关联的选择,它能够驱动客户做出你所期望的行为。所以我的思路是这样的:公司控制着一大堆事情——建多少工厂、做多少研发、在哪些领域做、做多少广告、雇多少人、给他们多少薪水,等等等等。这些都是我们可控的事情。Lenny,什么是我们几乎无法控制的事情?如果我们是一家公司的话?
Lenny Rachitsky: 客户的行为。
Roger Martin: 对。我们希望他们从口袋里掏出一些钱给我们,我们能强迫他们吗?不能。所以本质上,战略的工作就是在我们可控的事情上做出决策,这些决策将会驱动——我们不能强迫,但会驱动——他们。他们会说,天哪,我应该把我辛辛苦苦赚来的钱——不管是企业还是个人——我应该把我辛辛苦苦赚来的钱给你,而不是不给任何人——如果现在没有产品的话——也不是给竞争对手的产品。所以其中关键的要素是”相互关联的”,是整套选择共同产生那一个结果——驱动客户做出你所期望的行为。
战略选择瀑布
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。为了帮助人们定义自己的战略,你有一个叫做”战略选择瀑布”(strategy choice cascade)的东西,基本上是五个你需要回答的问题,来帮助你梳理战略。你能讲讲吗?
Roger Martin: 好。这是我多年从事战略工作的成果,试图弄清楚——你怎么做这件事?因为有趣的是,我进入战略领域的时代——我 1981 年开始做战略,那时候还是早期——战略诞生于 1963 年,Bruce Henderson 创立了波士顿咨询公司,在我看来他是战略之父,实用商业战略之父。所以那时候还是早期,Bruce Henderson 有一套关于战略应该……应该为你产出什么结果的理论。然后迈克尔·波特在 1980 年登场,所以 63 年是 Bruce Henderson,80 年是 Porter,战略史上最重要的两位人物,出来说——战略应该是这个样子的,它的产出应该是这样的。但是他们俩在”你怎么才能得到这样一个战略”这个问题上都不太擅长,因为毕竟还是早期,他们不可能一下子把所有事情都做对。
所以迈克尔·波特说你必须要么差异化,要么低成本。好。但如果你翻遍《竞争战略》(Competitive Strategy)这本里程碑式的奠基之作,想找到”你怎么才能做到那一点”——没有答案。而 Monitor Company,也就是我作为领导者之一经营了十五年的那家公司,基本上就是为了商业化迈克尔·波特的工作而成立的——客户会问我们,他们会说,嗯,我们喜欢迈克尔·波特,我们想要一个那样的战略。我们可以用他的框架审视自己,然后发现自己”夹在中间”,他说那是不好的,好的是这头或那头。那我们怎么才能想清楚如何创造出那样一个战略?我们其实没有答案。
结果因为我是最——我不知道怎么说——在智识上最投入的,而且不介意从 1987 年左右开始的艰苦的产品开发工作,当时我们发现我们确实不知道怎么做,而客户真的很想让我们告诉他们。从 1987 年到 1995 年,我做了所有这些工作——好,你怎么才能开发出一套流程,让自己得到那样一个——一个出色的战略?我逐渐形成了这样一个观点:你必须回答五个问题。你必须回答:你的制胜愿望(winning aspiration)是什么?你想要达成什么?因为这有助于为你可能做出的选择提供上下文。然后是”在哪里竞争”——在哪个竞技场上,或者如果你喜欢军事类比的话,在哪个战场上,你要把自己放下去?你不会在每个地方都参与,不会在每个产品、每个垂直环节、世界各地都参与,你会选择某个地方,而在那个地方,你怎么才能在为客户创造价值方面比竞争对手更好,或者比那些竞争对手成本更低?
要在你选择竞争的地方取胜,实现你的制胜愿望,你必须具备哪些竞争对手所没有的能力,才能使你以那种方式取胜?然后,你必须建立哪些管理支撑体系,来确保你构建并维持那些必备的能力,在你选择竞争的地方取胜,实现你的制胜愿望?所以我得出了结论——实际上是在 1995 年,一段八年旅程的终点——我得出了结论:就是这五个,而且你必须把它们放在一起来做,这就是产出一套能够驱动客户做出你所期望行为的战略的本质。
“为赢而玩”还是”为玩而玩”
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想用一个公司的例子来走一遍,但在此之前,有一件我觉得很重要的事情要谈——如果你的书叫《Playing to Win》,你谈到了这个理念:你需要为赢而玩(play to win),而你指出很多人只是在为玩而玩(playing to play),他们只是在玩游戏。我猜大多数听众、大多数制定战略的人不会认为自己是在那样做,他们不会认为自己只是在为玩而玩。他们认为自己是在为赢而玩。我很好奇,有哪些迹象表明你其实并没有在为赢而玩?
Roger Martin: 主要的迹象会来自客户给你的信号。所以,如果你说”我们是行业中最大的创新公司”,而客户——假设这个行业通过某个特定渠道分销——客户走进那个渠道,看着两个产品说”这两个我可以抛硬币决定”,你就没有真正在为赢而玩。也许你以为自己在赢,但客户并不认为你更好。或者如果你的竞争对手把价格降到比你低,你对自己说”天哪,如果我们也降价,就完全赚不到钱了”——但你的竞争对手一直保持那个价格,你也许以为自己拥有低成本定位,但其实是他们拥有,你只能把那个低价位上他们想要的任何市场份额让给他们,因为你在那里无法竞争。
所以,如果你不是在瞄准、也不是在实现——拥有一个让 Lenny 走进商店(不管什么类型的商店)然后对店里的人说”我要那个品牌”的产品——你就会知道自己在为玩而玩。举个例子,Lego,一家我合作了很长时间的公司,非常出色的公司。事实证明,如果你对孩子们做市场调研,一家号称是玩具店但没有 Lego 的店,在孩子们看来就不是玩具店。他们会定义它为不是玩具店。妈妈,我们为什么来这里?我想去玩具店。她说,这里写着玩具啊。孩子说,嗯。这是一个疯狂的品牌。一个疯狂的、疯狂的、疯狂的品牌。
Roger Martin: 而且它在任何产品上都有巨大的溢价,远远超过所有竞争对手。它持续增长,实际上在过去十年的大多数年份里,整个品类增长的 80% 到 90% 都是 Lego 贡献的。所以,他们是在为赢而玩,在消费者心智中建立差异化。但 Vanguard 上次我查的时候管理着 9 万亿美元资产。它做了什么差异化的事情吗?并没有。但客户买单了——他们是否拥有最低成本定位,从而可以收取最低的管理费?当然。所以,有不同的取胜路径,但你可以通过客户的行为来判断。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以,基本上,把你说的复述一下,要取胜,你谈到基本上有两条路径。一条是你做最低成本选项,第二条是你做差异化。你拥有一个差异化的品牌,客户不会抛硬币决定,而是会说,哦,出于这个原因我真的需要它。
Roger Martin: 没错,你说得对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 而如果你做不到这两点,你给出的建议是去找一个不同的竞争场地。
Roger Martin: 嗯,或者退出这个行业,都行……残酷的事实是,你只是时间问题,最终会被淘汰——你所在行业中那些要么低成本要么差异化的竞争对手,基本上可以随意摆布你。就像西南航空一样。西南航空最初只是飞奥斯汀、休斯顿、达拉斯的一个小小航空公司,而现在它是美国客运里程数第一的航空公司,也是过去半个世纪唯一一家赚回资本成本的航空公司,其余所有航空公司从长期来看都在为股东亏钱。它们有好周期和坏周期。这是怎么发生的?就是其他航空公司不得不在西南航空进入任何航线时让步,其他航空公司只能说,好吧,你大概能拿走这条航线 30% 或 35% 的乘客份额,欢迎来到这个市场。他们只能这样做。
他们只能让出阵地。这就是发生的事情——如果你为玩而玩,你最终只会……这真的就像面对一个可以推你的恶霸,你后退一步,他又推你,你又后退一步,他再推你,你再后退一步。如果你不是那两种之一,你毫无自保之策。你无法欺负 Vanguard,无法欺负西南航空,无法欺负宝洁,无法欺负 Lego。商业世界就是这样运作的。
低成本竞争者的不可撼动性
Lenny Rachitsky: 在西南航空的案例中,他们之所以无法被欺负,是因为他们是低成本提供商,其他航空公司无法匹敌他们的价格。所以他们说,好吧,我们无能为力。
Roger Martin: 是的,没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太精彩了。
Roger Martin: 我住在波士顿的时候,他们进入了波士顿到芝加哥的航线,当时那条航线是美联航和美航的双寡头垄断,价格大约是单程 1000 美元,因为是个不错的双寡头。西南航空进来后说,我们飞普罗维登斯到中途机场,不是洛根到奥黑尔,票价 200 美元。他们的广告做得很好,我一直很喜欢他们进入新市场时的广告——他们画了波士顿的地图,说如果你住在这些地方,也就是波士顿南部、西部,从你家到登机口的时间比去洛根机场还短。
因为洛根机场,你要把车停在停车楼里,然后走半个小时,过了安检之后还要再走 20 分钟……诸如此类。而普罗维登斯机场,如果你在那儿飞过,你可以停在离登机口大约 100 码的地方。所以他们只能说,我们挡不住,不是所有人都会选择它,但会有很多人选择,而我们对此无能为力。
战略选择瀑布的五重问题
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢的是,我们已经开始深入探讨这五个问题了。到目前为止我们主要讨论的是如何取胜,基本上就是你的取胜选项——做低成本提供商,或者做差异化,或者找一个不同的取胜之地。让我再总结一下这五个问题:我们的制胜愿望是什么?我们在哪里竞争?我们如何取胜?我们必须具备哪些能力才能取胜?需要什么样的管理体系来确保这些能力到位?
Roger Martin: 对,你完全掌握了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,很棒。
Roger Martin: 你学得真快,朋友。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我这里做了笔记。回到”我们如何取胜”这个问题,因为我觉得每个听众都会想,好,我们有两条取胜路径,要么做最便宜的,要么做差异化,好的。那怎么差异化?你有没有一个分类框架来思考这个问题,或者告诉人们,有哪些方式和选项可以探索——我们怎样才能与众不同?
Roger Martin: 主要是尽可能深入地理解客户,然后问自己,有没有办法在此基础上建立差异化?有很多方式可以做到,但这与能力紧密相关——也就是说,如果你有一种取胜方式,你说,我的在哪里竞争是在网上卖宠物食品,我的如何取胜是做到最好。但事实证明,任何能建网站的人都能在网上卖宠物食品,而且实际上,一下子就有 20 家开始做了,然后全部倒闭。你不具备那个能力,所以你必须问自己这个问题:我能否用一套竞争对手难以复制的能力来满足某个特定的客户需求?他们要么做不到,要么不愿意做。这两个问题都很重要,因为有时候是不愿意。
你真的认为沃尔玛建不出和亚马逊一样好的网站,而且达到巨大规模吗?我觉得他们能做到,对吧?
Lenny Rachitsky: 对,可能吧。我不知道。
Roger Martin: 他们做了吗?没有。他们说,我希望这个在线购物的东西不要真的火起来,因为那就麻烦了——我们在全美有 5000 家门店,我们投入了那么多,那就太糟糕了。于是他们整整十年什么都没做,给了亚马逊规模优势,让亚马逊获得了巨大的规模优势、网络效应,然后你看,你就得到了一个你未必完全应得的竞争优势。你需要那个损失最大的参与者的帮助——他希望这件事不会发生。特斯拉也一样,特斯拉获得了十年的领先起步,不是因为传统车企做不到,他们完全可以做到,当然通用汽车很多年前就造出了一辆功能完备的电动车。但他们搞不清楚到底怎么从中赚钱,所以没有去做,给了特斯拉建立一个人们将其与电动车等同起来的品牌的机会——电动车等于特斯拉——让特斯拉远远领先,然后拥有了其他人难以匹敌的规模。
“做到最好”不是战略
Lenny Rachitsky: 你说了一点我觉得非常有趣、也非常重要的话——你说仅仅做到最好或者更好并不是解决方案。你可以有更好的宠物食品,你暗示那并不能让你成功。你能多谈谈这个吗?
Roger Martin: 对,你还需要回答第二个问题,那就是:我要以什么方式做得更好,以及别人为什么没法简单地快速复制。我最喜欢的商业案例之一——我曾在 Thomson Reuters 的董事会任职 14 年,最初是 Thomson,后来他们收购了 Reuters,也就是 Thomson Reuters。最好的业务是 Westlaw,它是法律在线检索领域的绝对主导者。如果你是一名诉讼律师,正在为一个案件做准备,需要了解这个案件有哪些重要先例,你登录 Westlaw,用 Westlaw 的关键词系统输入一些搜索词,就能得到那五个真正关键的案例。你用 Google 也能做同样的事,但你会得到 500 个可能相关的案例。
Westlaw 是怎么做到的?过去一百多年来,他们把美国法律体系中每一个判例都拿出来,让一位 Westlaw 的律师撰写一份摘要(head note),概括该案件的内容,并使用这些关键词使其可以被检索。到 2024 年,这项工作需要 1500 名全职律师。所以,如果有人说,Westlaw 这个业务利润惊人,还在持续增长,太棒了,我也想进入这个领域……他们只需要雇佣 15 万名全职律师,还得创建一套不同于 Westlaw 的编号系统和关键词系统,然后再做 Westlaw 过去 50 年一直在做的事——免费提供给法学院,让法学院的学生还没毕业就学会使用 Westlaw,然后……
没问题,很容易,对吧?根本没有人尝试过。何必呢?人生苦短。这就是你所需要的那种能力——你可以说,我们将通过提供让律师工作效率最高的检索服务来取胜。如果它节省了时间,就节省了金钱。你不再需要一个大型的法律图书馆。律师事务所过去都有那些庞大的法律图书馆,现在不需要了,你只需要一个终端,或者实际上,现在每个人的电脑上都有。你也不需要一群图书管理员去帮你找需要的案例,它们直接弹在你的屏幕上。这就是一个竞争优势的绝佳案例。
(广告部分已跳过)
护城河与壁垒
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以本质上,我们讨论的是护城河。你能打造哪些别人没法直接复制的护城河?
Roger Martin: 沃伦·巴菲特喜欢这个说法,对吧?他说他投资的就是护城河。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。
Roger Martin: 是的,是的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我会找一下我们在最近一期播客中引用过的那句话,他说的是,“有护城河的城堡”。沿着这个思路,你是否有一种方式来思考重建能力的壁垒类型?比如说,这是我们拥有的选项,是不是像……本质上,Seven Powers 里应该讨论过这个。
Roger Martin: 对,对。这就是我喜欢 Helmer 的原因,因为他做了分类。我还需要更深入地研究一下,因为我还没有认真研究过是否真的只有七种,或者还有更多。我倾向于认为可能不止七种,但也可能就是七种。它们可能都是聚类在一起的,有些变体可能归在那些类别之下。但我自己没有一个分类体系来说,这是你寻找护城河的方法。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很好,如果有的话会很棒。顺便说一下,巴菲特的原话是:“我寻找由不可逾越的护城河保护的经济城堡。”
Roger Martin: 是的,我很喜欢这句话。
Lenny Rachitsky: 就是这句。
Roger Martin: 我很喜欢。他很聪明,也很一致。不过,每个人都会犯错,对吧?他也一样。所罗门兄弟、全美航空……任何认为自己能在战略上做到完美的人都是在自欺欺人。所以即使是最顶尖的人,像沃伦·巴菲特这样杰出、堪称天才的人,也会觉得某个东西是护城河,结果它却是短暂的。但我们任何人都应该感到庆幸,如果能有一个哪怕接近他的成绩,在识别护城河方面,因为他确实做到了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我们和 Hamilton Helmer 聊过这个话题,每一家创业公司的融资幻灯片上都写着,这是我们的护城河,这是我们建立壁垒的方式,但他们都是在自欺欺人,很少真的存在真正的护城河,尤其是在早期阶段。
Roger Martin: 是的,是的。
用五个问题分析 FigJam
Lenny Rachitsky: 让我们再回到那五个问题,因为它是你思考战略的核心方式。你能否以 FigJam 为例做一个假设性的分析,用它来思考他们可能会问哪些战略问题?我可以先描述一下 FigJam 是什么,这样你——
Roger Martin: 当然可以,我不了解那个产品——
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的。它基本上是一个可视化白板协作工具,人们可以在上面放便利贴、做简单的模型原型,所有人可以看到彼此的光标一起操作。
Roger Martin: 哦,好的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以它主要用于头脑风暴、创意发散之类的场景,以及概念梳理。
Roger Martin: 明白了,这对 Figma 来说很合理。
Lenny Rachitsky: 没错,正是 Figma 旗下的。
Roger Martin: 好。那么,你要问的问题是:我们想要实现什么?我们是想创造一个目前还没有数字化方案的东西——人们目前还在用纸和笔来做这件事——所以我们想发明一个品类,然后通过提升用户体验来实现变革?这是我们的目标吗?还是说市场上已经有玩家在做这件事了,只是做得不够好?你需要想清楚,我们到底想实现什么?我不会在这上面花太多时间,因为你需要在那五个问题之间来回切换,但你必须有一个理由,才会在一个特定的领域去寻找在哪里竞争、如何取胜。你觉得他们投资 FigJam 的理由是什么?你觉得是什么?是一片空白市场,还是现有市场上的产品不够好?
Lenny Rachitsky: 如果非要总结的话,我认为他们在尝试扩大市场,他们在设计工具领域有一个稳固的据点,而产品团队更广泛地使用 Figma 是一个相邻市场。市面上已经有类似的工具,而且做得不错。
Roger Martin: 好吧,那我对这个起点并不看好。
Lenny Rachitsky: 展开说说。
Roger Martin: 所以,“那边有一个大市场,我们也想分一杯羹”,在我看来是一个极差的理由。理由应该是,客户匮乏——客户缺少某些我们能提供的东西。这就是为什么我讨厌……大多数外国公司进入中国都碰了一鼻子灰,原因就在于其逻辑是:那里市场很大,我们能分到一些。所以,我一开始就不看好这个。我不是说这注定失败,但如果有人给我看一份这样的融资路演 PPT,我不会投资。
Lenny Rachitsky: 不过,我想你也可以换一种方式来表述,比如”我们的客户需要更多方式在 Figma 内与团队协作”,而且有这些——
Roger Martin: 对。那个会好一些。当然你是在推测,是我让你推测的,所以我们并不确定。但我更喜欢那个版本,也就是说,我们的制胜愿望是什么?是让核心客户满意——他们喜欢我们做的事情,但觉得范围太窄——如果能把产品扩展到这个市场,我们的客户会非常高兴。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这真的很棒。所以,你本质上要用客户如何受益的语言来表述。
Roger Martin: 我认为只要有内在联系,这种表述往往是最有力的。因为请记住,战略的核心是什么?是驱动客户产生我们所期望的行为。所以一切都回归到这一点。那么,“在哪里竞争”就是,你要说清楚,我们说的是哪些客户?或者我们现有客户中有哪些需求我们还没有满足,而正在试图通过新产品来满足?以什么产品形态?是成品还是一个组件?通过什么分销渠道?这是不是又一款自助式产品?Figma 基本上是自助式的,对吧?然后你选定那个”在哪里”,再问,我们怎么解决这个问题?
价值链中的位置
Lenny Rachitsky: 在讲这个之前——
Roger Martin: 哦对,请说请说。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你刚才提到的要素是,具体谁是客户?在这个案例中就是产品经理、工程师和其他职能角色;然后是分销渠道,我们如何触达他们?
Roger Martin: 对,如何触达他们。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那么,在”在哪里竞争”这个问题下,还有哪些问题?
Roger Martin: 它在多大程度上是一个成品还是一个组件?因为有时候可能是,我们想提供一个可以集成到别人产品中的组件。Apple 上的应用就是这个模式,对吧?
Lenny Rachitsky: 明白了。
Roger Martin: 我们卖给他们的不是 iPhone,而是客户 iPhone 中的一个组件。我们在这里做的是同样的事吗?因为那样你就得考虑,它如何与整体其他部分配合?
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以”在哪里”也意味着它在产品中的位置?——
Roger Martin: 在哪个纵向阶段?它是一个从头到尾的集成产品?还是上游某些环节,供给下游?还是我们从别人那里获取组件再进行组装——我们是集成商?这些都是重要的”在哪里竞争”选择,因为它们影响巨大。比如四季酒店——那家豪华酒店公司——在纵向阶段的”在哪里竞争”上做了一个完全不同的选择。80 年代他们说,我们要退出房地产开发——买地、申请酒店用地许可——我们要退出酒店建设——建造酒店——我们甚至要退出拥有土地或酒店的业务,这样我们就能在酒店管理上做到极致。
富人,比如 Michael Dell、David Thompson 和 Bill Gates,会作为投资来拥有这些酒店,他们会很乐意在酒店上挂四季品牌的名字,而我们收取管理费。这就是一个”在哪里竞争”的选择。即使有人会说,你是一家豪华酒店,你和其他服务高端客户、价格高昂的豪华酒店一样。不不不不不,他们做的事堆起来有这么厚,我们做的事只有这么薄。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以这其实是一个价值链的问题。你选择在价值链的哪个环节竞争?
Roger Martin: 对,价值链。价值链的哪个位置?完全正确。每个企业都有价值链问题。它们往往是事后才抱怨,比如所有应用开发者都抱怨 Apple 抽成太多,但那是他们自己做的选择——一个价值链选择。我们设计的东西会出现在 iPhone 上,或者 Android 设备上——如果是那种情况——然后就祝你好运。你可以拼命抱怨他们抽成太多,这不公平,他们搞双头垄断……没错,但你们百分之百地配合构建了这个格局。百分之百,从来没有抱怨过,直到你想要更大的一块蛋糕。那是一个纵向阶段、一个价值链阶段,是你自己心甘情愿选择的。没有人强迫你。
Lenny Rachitsky: 而 Apple 也不会轻易让步,把利润还给你。
Roger Martin: 不会。不会。我喜欢 Apple 那种控制一切的方式吗?我喜欢吗?不。但我会说,哦,那些可怜的应用开发者吗?不,自己去建分销渠道吧,老兄。
Lenny Rachitsky: 够冷酷的。
Roger Martin: 是的。
如何取胜
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,我们已经谈了制胜愿望——对于 FigJam 来说,就是让那些希望以不同方式与团队协作的客户得到满足,确保他们留下来,确保他们从 Figma 获得所需,而不是转向其他工具。然后是”在哪里竞争”——假设目标是工程师和产品经理,通过现有产品进行分发,相当于现有产品的一个功能。接下来就是”如何取胜”了。你怎么思考这个维度?
Roger Martin: 对对。你问的问题是,我们如何以更低的成本解决这个问题?这样我们就能始终比对手有更犀利的价格。如果市面上有解决方案,但每个用户要五万美元,因为他们的成本是每个用户三万美元,而我们可以做到每个用户十五美元,那我们就可以按每个席位一百美元来收费,彻底碾压竞争对手。或者,市面上有其他选项,但它们让用户做各种繁琐操作,沉重缓慢,耗时很长……我们有快捷方式,我们用 AI——你只需说几句话,它就说,哦,我知道你的意思,然后直接放入工作流中。或者我们更集成——就像 Thomson Reuters,我曾担任其董事会的公司,我们的优势是更好地集成了工作流。你不需要跳出工作流去使用这个产品再跳回来,我们直接问,你的工作流是什么?好,集成进去。是不是能更好地集成到他们的工作流中,让他们的生活更方便?我会问的是这类问题、这类可能性。本质上,你必须有一个理论——你凭什么做得更好或成本更低。
Lenny Rachitsky: 关于低成本这条路,一般认为建议是不要走这条路,这是一条非常艰难的路。你怎么看,什么时候走低成本路线确实有可能赢?
低成本路线的现实
Roger Martin: 这不是我给出的建议。我认为两条路都是完全正当的战略。它们各有其含义。所以,如果你想成为成本领先者,几乎不可能在你所经营的领域中没有主导性规模却能成为成本领先者。所以,如果你想做一个利基市场的成本领先者,祝你好运,这几乎不可能成功。Vanguard 必须全力冲刺——我们要做指数共同基金,这东西现在还不存在,我们来做,而且要做到巨大规模,我们不能让任何人在规模上接近我们,因为我们要保持最低的成本地位。于是他们成了全球最大的共同基金公司,你必须做到这一点。西南航空也是一样,要让那个模式真正运转,他们必须不断扩张、扩张、再扩张,越做越大。
M&M Mars……这需要巨大的决心——我们要往前冲,在这条路上不停地推进。而差异化这条路,我认为有时候你可以在较低规模下实现差异化,然后慢慢向更高规模发展。但商业世界正变得越来越对规模敏感。想想差异化的成本,通常是花在品牌上的投入、花在研发上的投入、研发创新。这两个要素是任何企业成本结构中对规模最敏感的部分。所以,做一个利基型的差异化者在越来越难。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我觉得也必须指出,两条路都非常难。要建立一个赚钱的、盈利的、能活下去的企业,本身就非常非常难。
Roger Martin: 对对,我同意。
Lenny Rachitsky: 而且你不会拥有这样一个公式——“如何取胜”搞定了,好,我们做成大生意了。
Roger Martin: 我同意,我同意。所以,如果我看一百个大公司的战略,我会说我看不上其中九十个。
Lenny Rachitsky: 然后剩下十个里可能有九个看起来不错,但最后也没做成。
Roger Martin: 对,没错,确实如此。商业世界里,大量的意大利面被扔向大量的墙壁。
Lenny Rachitsky: 是啊,资本主义。
Roger Martin: 没错。
能力体系
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,现在到了能力这一步,要弄清楚你需要什么能力才能取胜。你能谈谈,比如以 FigJam 为例,你会怎么考虑这个问题?
Roger Martin: 我会问自己一些问题,比如,这里是否存在学习曲线——因为我们比任何人都起步早,积累了更多的经验,所以能拥有更强的能力?我们是否找到了一种服务客户的方式,让他们觉得被我们照顾得更好?比如我们设置了服务热线……我们想出了怎么做好热线服务,因为如果产品是自助式的,用户通过自助方式获取产品,然后在使用中遇到问题时,他们会觉得我们就是比别人做得好。我们在所有供应商里是最好的。“如何取胜”是一个关于客户如何更好地感知我们的理论——前提是我们走差异化路线。然后就是,我们需要具备什么能力才能让这个理论变成现实,而不是仅仅停留在愿望上。如果我们想让他们觉得我们最容易打交道,我们就必须具备相应的能力来做这件事。
再比如四季酒店,他们说自己是全世界最成功、最盈利、各方面最好的奢华酒店连锁,这是有原因的——规模最大、品质最好、利润最高、员工满意度最高、客人评价最高,所有方面都领先。他们的”如何取胜”是这样的——他们说,如果你跟住在奢华酒店的人交谈,他们其实宁可不在那里。你会说,哇,他们身处奢华之中,为什么?Lenny,你觉得他们宁愿在哪里?
Lenny Rachitsky: 在家。
Roger Martin: 对。主要是在家——至少对他们的核心客群高端商务旅客来说是这样。他们已经出差太多了,二十年前就已经住过太多奢华酒店了。所以,我们不会把奢华定义为宏伟的建筑、华丽的装饰和那种令人窒息的服务,而是定义为一种服务——弥补你离开家或办公室后所失去的东西。
因为如果人们不得不离开家,他们宁愿在办公室而不是酒店,因为这样效率更高。所以我们需要相应的能力,需要能兑现这种能力的员工。问题在哪?问题在于全球酒店行业的年离职率是 80%,也就是说,你在普通酒店遇到的普通员工,平均在那家酒店链的职业生涯只有 16 个月。在这种情况下,你怎么可能提供那种真正特别的服务?答案是——这里我就跳到”管理体系”这一步了。
你必须用不同的方式招聘、不同的方式入职培训、不同的方式做职业发展。如果你把这些都做好了,离职率就会降到 10%,员工平均待上十年,你就能把他们训练到可以提供那种服务。这就是你构建的能力——让员工能在更低的层级做出更多决策,以定制化的方式对待客人,让客人觉得这不是照本宣科、按规则手册来的,而是这个人真心觉得,这对我的客人是最好的解决方案。
护城河与长期竞争优势
Lenny Rachitsky: 有意思的是,这些能力甚至包括管理体系——也就是第五步——都和你的护城河相关。护城河是你需要达成的东西,同时理想情况下也是让别人难以复制的东西。
Roger Martin: 对。你说得完全正确。如果你想的话,可以把”如何取胜”叫做护城河——就是对你护城河的定义。能力和管理体系既构建护城河,又维护护城河。维护这个部分很重要,因为如果你是最成功的,别人就会说,我也想做那个。但现在有一种现代的、不幸的、扯淡的说法——“在当今这个超级竞争的世界里,竞争优势是转瞬即逝的,你不可能再有长期优势了。“我只能说,哦,是吗?四季酒店,那大概不算长期吧——自从他们……不,应该说 35 年,别夸大。自从他们采取那个战略以来才 35 年。哦,还有 Tide。77 年大概也不算长吧,因为他们已经连续 77 年是第一名洗衣液了。我猜你说得对,确实是转瞬即逝。
才不是。什么情况下它才会转瞬即逝?是你只有一样东西,而且只有一样东西的时候。比如你建了世界上最大的聚乙烯工厂,靠近好的原料产地,你拥有了低成本地位。别人看到你靠这个赚了那么多钱,会怎么做?在你旁边建一个两倍大的聚乙烯工厂,然后你就完了。为什么?因为那个竞争优势太简单了。但四季酒店呢?你得卖掉所有酒店,开除所有参与酒店开发的人员——而且那些做酒店开发的人本来就喜欢做这行——你得基本上解雇全部员工,从零开始,付比现在高得多的薪水,给更多的职业保障,给更多的培训,给更好的制服,等等,花十倍的钱来招聘,然后指望也许有朝一日你能提供四季酒店那种水准的服务。
竞争对手说”人生苦短”
Roger Martin: 竞争对手基本上会说,人生苦短。他们会放弃并死掉吗?不会,还有其他很好的酒店品牌,文华东方,我妻子就很喜欢住文华东方,甚至常常比四季酒店还喜欢。但他们并没有说,我们要复制四季酒店,他们说的是,我们会选择一个不同的”在哪里竞争”,和一个不同的”如何取胜”,而这最终正是你想要的。与其完全重叠——所有人都在同一个”在哪里竞争”上画同心圆——不如让竞争对手选择不同的”在哪里竞争”。这就是为什么人们会说,Roger,“如何取胜”,这太不讲政治了,因为你在制造失败者,然后就有了受害者,等等。压迫者和被压迫者,这很符合现代的叙事。而我说,不,我想做的是鼓励他们去别的地方发展壮大,而不是撞到我们头上。
所以,如果你拥有完全不同的能力和管理体系,这会鼓励竞争对手选择不同的”在哪里竞争”和”如何取胜”。如果你的能力和管理体系与竞争对手非常相似,而你用你选定的”在哪里竞争”和”如何取胜”取得了成功,他们会怎么做?他们会直奔你的”在哪里竞争”,试图在完全相同的地方取胜,把你们双方的市场都毁掉。这正是你不想要的。你的能力和管理体系越复杂——我不该用”复杂”这个词——越微妙、越多层面,竞争对手就越可能说”人生苦短”。每个人谈到 Southwest 都会这么说。如果你是美国唯一一家连续 50 年赚到资本成本的航空公司,你会不会说,哇,我也想那样?但那意味着什么?
那意味着卖掉你大部分的飞机,只保留一种机型——737。彻底撕掉你整个航线结构、整个枢纽辐射模式,改成点对点。完全改变你的劳工关系策略,从与工会对抗变成付高薪,前提是他们高度灵活。人们以为 Southwest 是非工会的,它不是——但他们做的方式不同。你基本上得开除所有的旅行代理,说服你的客户自己在线预订,以节省更多成本。人生苦短,真的太短了。所以他们尝试了类似 Continental Light 或者 Ted 这样的东西,只做了 Southwest 所做的一半,然后你变成了什么?一个劣质版的 Southwest。所以对我来说,这就是终极状态。终极武器是你永远不需要使用的武器。竞争取胜的终极方式,是永远不必被迫去竞争。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,这句话太精彩了。Southwest 的故事让我想到 Hamilton Helmer 的反向定位(counter-positioning),不知道你有没有听过这个概念,但基本上就是,你以一种竞争对手无法模仿你的方式来定位自己,因为他们现有的业务结构决定了他们做不到。
Roger Martin: 啊,听起来没错。关键在于那个”做不到”。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对,“做不到”。
Roger Martin: “做不到”这一点。太好了。是的,Mike Porter——他可能也引用过 Mike 的观点——Mike 非常强调这一点。他说,这就是断层线。你要找到断层线,让竞争对手跨过那条断层线、进入你的领域时痛苦至极。一个很好的例子是宝洁的 Olay,书里有写,我们当时对它进行了重新定位。那个本可以击溃我们、绝对能击溃我们的竞争对手,是 Estée Lauder 旗下的 Clinique。如果他们把 Clinique 引入大众渠道的话——因为我们在大众渠道做的正是 Clinique 那种东西,而不是在高端渠道。高端渠道就是百货商店的前四名,或者 Sephora、Ulta 那种。如果 Estée Lauder 把他们的 Clinique 品牌带入大众渠道,他们就会把我们做的事彻底扼杀。就这么简单。
事实上,Clinique 曾经是整个护肤品领域最大的品牌,后来我们成了整个护肤品领域最大的品牌,而他们没有这么做。为什么?他们是傻瓜吗?不,他们不是,Estée Lauder 非常聪明。但 Estée Lauder 同时还有 Bobby Brown、Mac、Estée Lauder 自有品牌,以及另外六七个品牌,全部在高端渠道。如果他们把 Clinique 拿过去放入大众渠道,会怎么样?等于朝自己脸上开枪。把自己杀了,对吧?高端渠道的那些人会是完全的愤怒。所以 Estée Lauder 不得不留在那边——如果用 Helmer 的术语来说,这就是反向定位。他们不得不留在那里。这愚蠢吗?不,他们所有品牌加在一起,仍然是护肤品领域最大的。但 Clinique 却把领导地位输给了我们那个他们曾经觉得什么都不是的品牌。Oil of Olay 变成了 Olay、Olay ProV、Regenerist,所有这些定价远超他们想象的产品,都在大众渠道销售。但我们最大的盟友,在某种意义上,就是他们的分销渠道——如果我们……真的是字面意义上的,那个渠道会狠狠地惩罚他们,惩罚得如此之重,以至于他们没有这么做。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我特别喜欢我在这里学到的关于化妆品和护肤品的战略思维,我也特别喜欢你在为护肤品和化妆品品牌做战略这个画面。
Roger Martin: 是的,是我把宝洁带入了彩妆领域。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太有趣了。
AI 与创新者的窘境
Lenny Rachitsky: 不知道你是否关注 AI 领域正在发生的事情,Google 正面临的搜索竞争——竞争对手直接给你答案,而不是给你一堆蓝色链接?
Roger Martin: 是的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 现在的问题就是,Google 会不会转型,因为用户似乎真的很喜欢直接得到答案,但他们通过蓝色链接投放广告赚着数万亿的钱,他们正处于一个非常典型的创新者窘境。
Roger Martin: 对,对,我对 AI 领域正在发生的事情非常感兴趣,我也在写一些相关的东西。但这很难。我曾在很多客户的内部看到过这种情况,当你赚钱的核心机制受到威胁时,你确实很难接受这个东西会消失。大型汽车 OEM 厂商靠卖内燃机汽车赚钱,就是这么简单。这没什么好惊讶的,他们已经做了 100 年了,他们在学习曲线上走得很远,拥有规模优势,等等等等。所以这些该死的电动车就有点让人不爽了。你描述的 Google 的情况,我认为是类似的。但我的一般建议始终不变——这可能需要一段时间,但最终胜利的会是客户。我的朋友 A.G. Lafley,和我合著那本书的人,一位出色的 CEO,在这方面很有心得。他的一个大客户——非常大的客户——来找他说,如果你不停止与 Amazon 合作,我们就把你们所有的产品下架。
客户永远是对的
Roger Martin: 巨大的威胁。非常大的威胁。A.G. 当时就说:“如果客户想去那里购物,我们就不能不在客户想去的地方出现。所以如果你觉得有必要这么做,那就做吧,因为客户想去那里购物,我们不会拒绝。但你们到底对我们在那里做的事有什么不满?” 他们说:“嗯,你们允许他们从你们的配送中心直接把产品发给他们的客户。” A.G. 就说:“是吗?你们也想这样做吗?” 他们就……然后他接着说:“我们为他们做的任何事情,都不会是不愿意为你们做的。他们提出的要求你们没有提,是因为他们的商业模式不同。但如果你们带着想法来找我们,告诉我们怎么帮助你们更好地服务我们共同的客户,我们全力以赴。但我们不会抵制一个客户已经表明想去购物的地方。” 当然前提是那是一个诚实的平台——如果 Amazon 是个卑鄙、不诚实的平台什么的,那另当别论——但只要是一个诚实、正规的地方,客户能在那里买到我们的产品就行。
所以,这就是我的立场:你可能不得不拼命挣扎,可能不得不承受经济下行,但如果你觉得你能……我总会想起一件事,我不知道你小时候有没有做过这种事,Lenny,我们全家去海边度假的时候,我们有四个兄弟,我们会搭……后来还有一个小妹妹。但我们会搭沙堡,试图挡住潮水,那是在佛罗里达或者加州,我们试图挡住潮水,第二天早上去看我们的城堡还在不在……结果总是没了。总是没了。但我们还是不停地尝试,这就像——你挡不住潮水。也许你可以挡一阵子,但你不可能永远挡住。所以你必须搞清楚客户正在往哪里走。如果他们正在去某个地方……
潮水不可阻挡
Vanguard 就是这样做的。Jack Bogle,已故的 Jack Bogle,他几年前去世了,他不喜欢 ETF。他说 ETF 对客户来说不如共同基金好。他有各种各样的正当理由,但指数 ETF 业务开始疯狂增长,Jack 不得不妥协,说:我认为这对他们不好,但他们想要,于是他们全力投入,成为了领先的指数 ETF 提供商,同时也是指数共同基金的领先提供商。但有一段时间他们不是的,他意识到这就是潮水,他在试图阻挡潮水。所以,祝你好运。祝你好运。所以对我来说,如果 Google 认为他们可以凭借自己的力量、凭借数万亿美元的市值、凭借在某个领域近乎垄断的地位来阻挡潮水——
微软的前车之鉴
你看,水总会找到流动的路。想想微软及其在 PC 操作系统上的垄断地位,或者说近乎垄断地位。我认为他们滥用了那种垄断。我经常问人们:上一次让你作为客户感到兴奋的 Windows 更新是什么时候?
Lenny Rachitsky: Windows 95。
Roger Martin: 答案,我认为很清楚,就是 Windows 95,对吧?
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。
Roger Martin: 因为那是他从 Steve Jobs 那里买到图形用户界面版权并应用的时候,你再也不用输入反斜杠反斜杠了……你终于可以点击操作了。那已经是很久以前的事了,上次我查了一下,到现在差不多 30 年了。所以他们就是在虐待客户。他们现在在 PC 操作系统中的份额比那时低很多吗?并没有。但这不是衡量份额的正确指标。在我看来,那个行业里你真正应该关心的份额,是你占据人们盯着智能屏幕的分钟数的份额。那才是你真正应该在意的操作系统份额。那么,人们现在盯着哪种智能屏幕最多?最多的?还有哪种很多人喜欢盯着?平板。所以如果把所有这些加在一起,问问……那么他们在智能手机操作系统中的份额是多少?微软的?
上次我查了一下是 0.4%,千分之四。对,实际上就是零。那平板呢?据说那边是 4%。所以他们在人们盯着智能屏幕这件事上的份额已经暴跌。暴跌。为什么?因为水总会找到自己的水位。人们说,还有其他方式绕过这个东西,我要走那些路。而且我认为人们用智能手机做越来越多事情的程度,智能手机功能进步的速度远远快于你的 PC 操作系统,因为有更多的人在使用它。所以这就是我想对 Google 说的:我不在乎这有多痛苦,水往低处流,潮水终会涨上来,你挡不住的,哪怕你是这个星球上最强大的三家公司之一。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这可能需要时间,但最终客户的潮水会拉动的,我认为这真的很重要。
Roger Martin: 没错,现在就开始。如果你不现在开始,就太晚了。
改善优于完美
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。我想最后问大家一个很实操的问题,送给那些可能感到不知所措的人,他们觉得:天哪,我不知道我们该怎么办,这太难了,所有这些战略的东西。你有一个很棒的想法叫做”改善”(betterment),我想你写过一篇媒体文章,讲的是”追求改善而非完美”(thinking betterment over perfection)。这给了人们一个迈出第一步的方式:好吧,这里有了一条前进的路。你能谈谈这个方法吗?
Roger Martin: 对我来说,战略——这个叫做战略的东西——人们总是”天哪天哪,我怎么做战略啊?“之类的。我只是把它看作一个解决问题的工具。你应该尝试解决什么问题?你应该尝试解决的是你目前获得的结果低于你希望获得的结果的那种情况。这就是我所说的”差距”。这两者之间存在差距。你应该这样理解:你目前的结果是你所做出的所有选择与竞争环境相互作用产生的自然结果。因此你应该合理地假设,那些结果可能不会变得好太多,因为它们之所以是这样是有充分理由的。所以你需要做出一组不同的选择来消除那个差距。这就是你应该着手做的事情。
我会问这个问题:我目前面临的最痛苦的一个差距是什么?客户以前这样做,现在却那样做了;我找不到这类资源;我们的分销渠道抛弃了我们……不管最痛苦的事情是什么,然后就集中攻克它。问自己:我可以做出哪些不同的选择?我会说,用我的战略选择瀑布。我能改变在哪里竞争吗?我能改变如何取胜吗?我能改变我的能力吗?我能改变我的管理系统吗,从而实现一个不同的制胜愿望?所以,不要试图解决世界上所有的问题,甚至不要试图解决你公司所有的的问题——那是追求完美。改善就是消除那个差距。你猜怎么着?如果你消除了那个差距,你就可以把注意力转向下一个差距,再下一个差距,再下一个差距。
如果你一直这样做,你始终在攻克下一个差距,下一个……随着时间推移它们会越来越小。我不知道这是不是一个很好的类比,但我做了 15 年商学院院长,有一位教授获得年度最佳教授奖的次数比任何人都多,而且他教的往往是难度很高的课程,常常是 EMBA 之类的课程。他有一个简单的公式。他教的是二年级的课程,二年级课程正好是 13 次两小时的讲座,或者说 13 次课。他每一年都会就每次课向学生征集反馈意见,不管什么原因,不管其他任何因素,每年直接砍掉排名第 13 的那节课。
追求改善而非完美
Roger Martin: 因为从某种意义上说,那就是最大的差距——学生所期望的与他们实际得到的之间的差距。他会直接用别的东西替换掉那节课。他会尝试一些新的内容,用它来替代。你可能会说,就这样你就能年年获得最佳教授奖?答案是肯定的——改善(betterment)。因为如果你教了 25 年,每年都坚持这样做,课程就会一年比一年好、一年比一年好。所以,改善这种方式不会让完美主义者感觉良好,但我的目标不是让完美主义者感觉良好,我的目标是帮助人们变得更好。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想起你用水的比喻——水最终总会找到出路。不断迭代,把事情做得更好。
Roger Martin: 对,我在战略方面思考的很多东西,如果你愿意的话,是自然的。我试图去问:这个世界通常是如何运转的?我们正在做的事情与世界通常运转的方式是否一致?
结语
Lenny Rachitsky: Roger,这次对话太愉快了,我们涵盖了我希望谈到的所有内容。我想我们对很多人思考战略的方式会有很大帮助。在我们结束之前,你还有什么想对听众说的吗?我们聊了很多,可能也没什么遗漏了。
Roger Martin: 嗯,关于战略,我想给一条建议。人们经常问我关于天生的战略家的问题,或者他们会说自己天生不擅长这个,自己更偏向运营型人才。我告诉他们的是,我从来没有遇到过这种被称为伟大天然战略家的神话般的生物。他们经常会把 Lafley 拿出来反驳我。他们说,你看,Lafley 被公认为战略天才。而我说,没错,但当我为写一篇论文而深入采访他的背景时,我发现他在海军服役期间——大概是 25 岁左右的年纪——他的一份工作就需要他思考战略,他不断尝试、不断实践。然后我意识到,在他成为 CEO 之前的几十年里,他一直在练习战略,几十年。
所以,当他成为 CEO 的时候,他比我见过的几乎任何人都积累了更多的实践次数。还有一个人,Lego 品牌集团的前 CEO,现在已经在 Lego 体系内更高的层面工作了,情况也很类似。所以我遇到的伟大战略家都有一个共同点:他们就是不断练习。任何人——不存在一个愿意练习战略的人最终会说”我是做运营的,我不擅长战略”这种事。这也跟我们最后谈到的改善有关。就是通过做出不同的选择来解决问题。问题不是我帮你定义的差距——而是你在心里真切感受到的”我希望这件事能更好”的那种差距。去攻克它,如果你这样做,你就会成为一位出色的战略家。所以,要受到鼓舞,不要气馁。最糟糕的做法就是等待。人们会说,我现在有这么多运营方面的事情要处理,然后我以后再来做战略。那你永远不会有什么成就。说过这种话的人从来没有做出过什么成就。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。我喜欢这一点,我喜欢这种充满力量的感觉,也喜欢这种直言不讳。Roger,你太棒了。非常感谢你能来。
Roger Martin: 不客气。谢谢你让这次对话对我来说也是一段愉快的旅程。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我学到了很多,这总是一个好兆头,而且过程非常有趣。
Roger Martin: 嗯——
Lenny Rachitsky: 谢谢,Roger。
Roger Martin: 好。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,大家再见。
Lenny Rachitsky: 非常感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 Lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| A.G. Lafley | 保留原文 |
| betterment | 改善(betterment) |
| Bill Gates | 比尔·盖茨 |
| Boston Consulting Group | 波士顿咨询公司 |
| Bruce Henderson | 保留原文 |
| Clinique | 保留原文(倩碧) |
| competitive advantage | 竞争优势 |
| Competitive Strategy | 《竞争战略》 |
| counter-positioning | 反向定位 |
| David Thompson | 保留原文 |
| differentiated | 差异化 |
| Estée Lauder | 保留原文(雅诗兰黛) |
| ETF | 交易所交易基金(ETF) |
| execution | 执行 |
| feedstock | 原料 |
| FigJam | 保留原文 |
| Figma | 保留原文 |
| Four Seasons | 四季酒店 |
| Hamilton Helmer | 保留原文 |
| head note | 案件摘要(head note) |
| how to win | 如何取胜 |
| hyper competition | 超级竞争 |
| ICE engines | 内燃机 |
| innovator’s dilemma | 创新者窘境 |
| Jack Bogle | 保留原文(Vanguard 创始人) |
| Lego | 保留原文 |
| Lenny Rachitsky | 播客主持人,保留原文 |
| low cost | 低成本 |
| mass channel | 大众渠道 |
| Michael Dell | 保留原文(戴尔公司创始人) |
| Michael Porter | 迈克尔·波特(首次出现保留原文) |
| Mike Porter | 迈克尔·波特(即 Michael Porter,文中 Roger Martin 口语化称呼) |
| moat | 护城河 |
| Monitor Company | 保留原文 |
| mutual fund | 共同基金 |
| Olay | 保留原文 |
| play to win | 为赢而玩 |
| playing to play | 为玩而玩 |
| Playing to Win | 《Playing to Win》(书名保留原文) |
| polyethylene | 聚乙烯 |
| positioning school | 定位学派 |
| prestige channel | 高端渠道 |
| Procter and Gamble | 宝洁 |
| resource-based theory of the firm | 企业的资源基础理论 |
| resource-based view of the firm | 企业的资源基础观 |
| Richard Rumelt | 保留原文 |
| Roger Martin | 本期嘉宾,保留原文 |
| self-serve | 自助式 |
| Seven Powers | 保留原文(Hamilton Helmer 的著作) |
| Solomon Brothers | 保留原文 |
| Southwest | 保留原文(西南航空) |
| Steve Jobs | 保留原文 |
| strategy choice cascade | 战略选择瀑布 |
| thinking betterment over perfection | 追求改善而非完美 |
| Thomson Reuters | 保留原文(汤森路透) |
| Tide | 保留原文(汰渍,宝洁旗下洗衣液品牌) |
| US Air | 保留原文 |
| value chain | 价值链 |
| Vanguard | 保留原文(先锋集团,美国知名基金公司) |
| vertical stage | 纵向阶段 |
| VRIO analysis | VRIO 分析 |
| Westlaw | 保留原文(法律在线检索平台) |
| where to play | 在哪里竞争 |
| winning aspiration | 制胜愿望 |
| winning strategy | 制胜策略 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)