什么让卓越团队脱颖而出 | Lane Shackleton(Coda CPO)
What sets great teams apart | Lane Shackleton (CPO of Coda)
Lane Shackleton: Moments that stretch you or moments that you feel uncomfortable in or you find yourself saying, “Oh shit. I shouldn’t be here,” or, “I’m under qualified to be here,” those are the moments you should be seeking out. Those are the moments that stretch you and give you a new foundation. So oftentimes you’ll hear a career question like, “Hey, do you feel like you’re growing in your role?” And that’s a very ambiguous, in my opinion, way to ask this question. A much sharper way is like, “Hey, how many, oh shit moments have you had in the last six months, year, two years, and what are they?” I think if you ask yourself that question and the answer is, “It’s been a really long time since I’ve been stretched in some meaningful way or I’ve felt like I’m under qualified to be there,” then it may be worth digging into.
Origin of the Shackleton Name
Lenny: Welcome to Lenny’s Podcast, where I interview world-class product leaders and growth experts to learn from their hard won experiences building and growing today’s most successful products. Today my guest is Lane Shackleton. Lane is Chief Product Officer at Coda where he’s held the role for over eight years. Before that, he was Group Product Manager at YouTube, a Product Specialist at Google, and as you’ll hear, he started his career as an Alaskan mountain guide and then as a manual reviewer of Google AdWords ads. Lane is an incredibly deep thinker, very first principles oriented, and has built an incredible product team and culture at Coda. In part, he’s done that by studying the principles and rituals of great product leaders and great product teams. In our conversation, Lane shares what he’s learned, what he’s found great PMs and great teams do differently. He shares a bunch of his favorite rituals and principles, how you can implement them on your own team, plus a really clever and unique way of understanding if you’re making progress in your career, plus so much more. I could talk to Lane for hours, but we tried to keep this to under an hour and a half. With that, I bring you Lane Shackleton after a short word from our sponsors.
Lane, thank you so much for being here. Welcome to the podcast.
Lane Shackleton: So glad to be here. Thanks for having me.
From Mountain Guide to Product Management
Lenny: It’s absolutely my pleasure. I’ve always really admired the way that you write about product, the way you think about product, and it feels like Coda has one of the strongest and also the most thoughtful product teams out there. And so I am really excited to have you on here and learn from what you’ve learned over the years. My first question is completely unrelated. I have to ask. Your last name’s Shackleton. Any relation to a certain very famous Antarctic explorer?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. It’s probably distant at best. I wish it was close. I wish I could claim it was my father or grandfather. But I definitely grew up with those stories and reading a lot about him as a kid. In high school we read Endurance, which is a great book if you haven’t read it. It’s an amazing story. Very inspiring how he put people first and brought back all of his men from this journey to the South Pole. So have taken a lot of lessons from that, but that’s as close as I can come to the greatness of Ernest Shackleton.
Why Study Great Product Teams
Lenny: Okay. So there’s a connection. When I think of Shackleton, I also think of the ad that he ran for recruiting people to join his journey. Low chance of survival, incredibly hard, chance for glory if you succeed, something like that.
Designing Coda’s Career Ladder
Lane Shackleton: It’s a wonderful ad. I think I had a mug of that when I was a kid. Yeah.
Core Principles for Product Managers
Lenny: Amazing. Okay. So on that same topic, I noticed maybe your first job was a mountain guide in Alaska. Was that inspired by this legacy? And also why did you decide not to pursue that and get into product management? Completely different life.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. Yeah. Very, very different. Very different time. Didn’t have kids back then. I think I was convinced at the time I wanted a career outside. Just loved spending time in the mountains and climbing, things like that. To be honest, I wasn’t the best guide. There were a lot of amazing guides out there that just had … They were almost invincible in terms of their ability to climb for 20, 30 hours. But I learned a lot from the experience and maybe the quick story on why I stopped guiding. I was on what is a dream trip for mountain guides, which is we were flown to a remote portion of southeast Alaska. It’s an hour long flight. Mountain called Mount Fairweather. Beautiful 15,000 foot peak. And as a part of climbing on glaciers one of the things that you do for context is you’re roped to another person. And the reason that you do that is because if someone falls in a crevasse, you want to be able to stop them or pull them out.
So I was roped to a very nice client that I was guiding and he fell pretty close to the top on our way down. And luckily we were able to self-arrest and arrest that fall. But I spent probably the next six hours walking down that mountain thinking the same thing over and over again, which is I really don’t want to die roped to someone that I barely know and don’t trust or love. So that was the last season that I guided. But tons of great memories and learnings and I think it impacted my life in a pretty significant way.
The Power of Beginner’s Mind
Lenny: Damn. Software much lower stakes. I guess just while we’re on this topic, is there any parallels or big lesson you learned from that experience that you bring to product?
Building Cathedrals, Not Bricks
Lane Shackleton: One is just preparation. I think when you go climbing or when you guide climbing, you spend months and months preparing for usually a few days of climbing. So there’s that kind of preparation. There’s also just a million checklists. So before you go on an expedition, you may check a checklist of all your equipment, stuff like that a dozen times or more. So you ensure redundancy across all your systems. So that was definitely a parallel. The other thing I think about a lot is just how to stay calm in challenging or scary scenarios. We had another instance where I had a client pull a big chunk of rock off and break their feet and I was the junior guide on that particular instance and the more senior guide looked at me, looked at the situation and was like, “Okay, we’re getting this guy out of here right now.” Put him on his back and we basically took turns carrying him out for a couple miles I’ll just never forget instances like that where the clarity of stay calm, assess the situation, prioritize, take action. There’s a mini version of that when you’re building software, I think. So experiences like that, I think, even though I only did it for a handful of summers, were pretty profound.
Lenny: Yeah. What a very different life that life path would’ve been.
How to Develop Your Principles
Lane Shackleton: Pre kids. Yeah.
Lenny: Oh, man. So you mentioned your writing, you mentioned that this is something you want to write about. Shifting to the core topic of our chat, it’s very clear that you spent a lot of time studying how great product managers operate and how great product teams operate. You’ve been doing a bunch of writing on the principles of great product management and also the rituals of great teams. And so I want to spend a bunch of time trying to extract as much as I can from your learning so that listeners can learn. Essentially what are principles of great product managers, what are rituals of great teams and generally how do the best teams operate? And my first question is just why is this something that you started doing? What pulled you into spending so much time and effort trying to understand how the best teams and people operate?
Inspiration from Reading and Storytelling
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. Yeah. I’ve been asking myself that question a little bit lately. There’s a few reasons. One reason is I just found myself giving a similar set of advice in one on ones. And so I think anytime you find as a leader yourself repeating the same lessons, it should be a good flag to say like, oh, I should probably scale this in some way. And as you know, as soon as you write something down, you have to clarify your own thinking and so it becomes very useful for that. And I don’t think I quite expected how useful it would be in that sense. Writing something down and then putting it out there, you start to get feedback back of where you might’ve been right or where you might not be right. And so for me it’s been a good learning experience there as well. I think the second reason is I’ve always been pretty frustrated with career ladders. Most companies have career ladders with 10 or 15 levels and as soon as they hit some scale levels, there’s levels between levels and I feel like I looked at the one at Google and you needed a PhD to decipher it and interpret how to operate within it.
And so that’s one piece of the construct. If you think more broadly though, they aren’t consistent across companies, so now you’re in a situation where you’re in your version of the rat race. And so I found that I basically wanted to have a broader set of principles that transcended level. So things that could be true when you are an ICPM starting your career and things that can also be true when you’re the head of product or running a product team or things like that. That’s one. I won’t rant further on that but I think that’s one piece of it.
And then I think the last reason I’ll mention is I was pretty inspired by a talk that is by this guy named Brett Victor, who’s like a prototyper thinker. May have heard of his work. He has this talk called Inventing on Principle. And in the early days of Coda, one of our first designers, this guy Jeremy Britten, showed this talk to the company and my mind was blown. And I think it was one of those examples of someone developing a clear view of what principles they should operate with and then following that principle. And it was just a meta example of how important it is and how impactful it can be when you decide on a principle and then follow it. And so ever since then I’ve been thinking what are my principles as it pertains to building software and other things. So those are the three reasons that led me to start writing these things down.
Lenny: Amazing. We’re going to find that talk and link to it in the show notes. I want to ask about what principles you’ve come to, but I also want to understand how you actually ended up doing ladders and performance review stuff at Coda. Would it be better to talk about that later after we go through some of these things or is there something you want to share first of just how you think about it at Coda?
Learning from the Very Best
Lane Shackleton: When we were doing career ladders, first of all, we put it off for quite a bit of time and that was based on the advice of a lot of other leaders that said as soon as you introduce this, then the incentives flip from being company focused to being individual focused. So I think we delayed it for a good bit of time. There came a time where we decided, “Hey look, we really do need to provide better guidance here about what it means to grow and what it means to be great.” And so about the same time we were doing the levels thing I started writing down some of the principles that I’ve been publishing. One of the things that I think about a lot when talking about levels is just how to keep everyone oriented toward their team and their company. And I think that we’ve done a really good job of that over the years. So levels aren’t by any means at the forefront of any company discussion. In fact, we don’t use titles that much.
Lenny: You said that it’s not specific to role. Do you mean the same leveling attributes are the same from design and product and engineering?
Escaping Comfort Zones, Embracing Obstacles
Lane Shackleton: We basically have five levels and we call them role stages and they go from apprentice to principal. So apprentice is … Rope analogy here is learns about rope. Practitioner is can tie basic knots, shown complex knots. Given a problem, they can do it. Career is you can calculate rope strength. You know a lot about knots. Principal is basically invented nylon. So the bar is really, really high for principal in these levels and I think that that’s appropriate. It should be aspirational that the bar is exceptionally high at the highest level of our role stages. I find it’s a pretty good process to draw maybe a little bit of contrast with other companies. I think most other companies, especially large companies have 10 to 15 levels. I think we’ve made a really conscious choice to have only five. I think the other bit of contrast I would draw is basically role stages are not visible across the whole company. We’re not showing levels of any individual PM or designer, and that’s partially because we just don’t want to put a big focus on it. And then probably the biggest difference is we have a centralized compensation committee and that’s who decides compensation and so it’s not the manager that drives your compensation. So those are some differences.
Lenny: Super cool. I’ve never seen it done this way before. I think it’s an awesome example of first principles thinking, which I see a lot come out from your product team. And then just to make sure I heard you right, these five stages are roughly the same across role, so designers have the same five and they’re described similarly.
Rituals of Great Teams
Lane Shackleton: That’s right. They’re described similarly at a high level, but then the specifics if you get into it are a little bit different.
Lenny: Okay. I’m going to ask about what the principles are, or a few of them that you can share. But one other very tactical question. At what size of product teams, say just PMs, did you start to develop this framework?
Feedback Calibration: Flash Tags
Lane Shackleton: We were probably at 20-ish PMs and designers when we did that.
Lenny: Awesome. Okay. So let me just ask, what are some of these principles you’ve narrowed it on as principles of great product managers?
Catalyst: Redesigning Product Reviews
Lane Shackleton: Maybe it’s helpful to start with a little higher level context on the unifying thesis. I think the unifying thesis is the core job of a product person in general is to turn ambiguity into clarity. And if you think about the job of a product leader or a product manager, everything is ambiguous all the time. It’s like what’s my role on this team? What problem are we solving? Who’s the target customer? What prototype is going to solve this particular problem? So it’s literally everything. And so if you’re going to do the job well, you really need to get good at spotting ambiguity and turning it into clarity. And so the obvious question that follows from that is okay, great, that sounds like a great Hallmark card, but how do you actually do that? And so I think the principles that I’ve been writing down are very personal. They’re my take on how to do this.
So the first one that I wrote about was systems not goals. And one of the ways that I started this post … I’m a big fan of getting inspiration from outside of tech and so one of the stories that I tell is basically the story of Jerry Seinfeld. If you haven’t seen the documentary Comedian, it’s amazing, it’s definitely worth watching. But the story goes, he’s done Seinfeld the show and he’s got all this material from the last 15 years and he comes in one day and he says, “Look, I’m going to throw away all my material and I’m going to start fresh.” And this is unheard of in comedy for someone to just throw away all their old material and start fresh. And so the question is what does he do next? And the thing that he does is he sets a goal, which is basically to build up to an hour of material again.
But the goal isn’t that important. What’s important here is the system. So the system that he uses is he writes for an hour every morning, doesn’t write for more if he doesn’t want to, and then he goes and performs at night. And so when you rinse and repeat that system, do it hundreds of times, that’s how he builds up from five minutes to 15 minutes to 30 minutes of material. And so I think that I take a lot of inspiration from that and I think product people can generally, which is instead of being obsessed with the goal, be obsessed with the system that gets you there. And so the phrase I sometimes use is goals with good intentions don’t work. I really need to give a common example. A really common example is teams that are trying to learn about customers or do research. And one thing I’ve observed is a team may have a goal like an OKR of talking to 10 customers this quarter and they may or may not hit that OKR. And then if you watch closely, the next quarter, they may not have a goal of talking to customers anymore. And so their learning is going up and down.
And to draw a contrast, that’s just really different than a team that has some default on system for talking to customers. Every few times a week they’re talking to customers for whatever reason. And the impact of that is really hard to see until you understand that the latter team tends to have really good product instincts or really good customer instincts. It’s because they’ve just had this default on mindset of talking to customers. And in the early days of Coda, we actually did something similar. We had a time allotted on Fridays and it was basically, it was on the calendar a customer or a potential customer was coming in and so you knew that it was going to happen and you had to have something to show. And so sometimes we’d be scrambling the three hours before to have a prototype ready for a customer. Sometimes we would’ve had something that we’ve been baking for a while. But the point is that it was default on. And so the way that we developed good customer instincts was not the goal, it was really just the system behind it. So that’s one that I’m passionate about and I think it also translates into a lot of the rituals that we talk a lot about.
Lenny: There’s so many directions I can go with this. I really like this one. It reminds me of something I did at Airbnb where we had a lunch with a host every Friday with the team and we had a community person find someone in San Francisco that’s a host. And there’s no agenda, it’s just let’s have lunch and meet the team. Curious what you’re wondering.
Ritual Portability and the $100 Vote
Lane Shackleton: Exactly.
Process Stability and Continuous Iteration
Lenny: And Airbnb hosts are always so nice and has such a pleasant experience. Also makes me think about this book, The Score Takes Care of Itself.
The Tag-up Mechanism
Lane Shackleton: Yep.
The Product Team Handbook
Lenny: Have you read that?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah.
Learning by Doing, Not Discussing
Lenny: Where it’s just do the fundamentals and you’ll win?
Lane Shackleton: Totally.
From AdWords Reviewer to CPO
Lenny: The other thing it reminds me of is I have this quote hanging in my office here. I Believe it’s from the Rick Rubin book. And the quote is, “The object isn’t to make art, it’s to be in that wonderful state which makes art inevitable.”
Lane Shackleton: I love it.
From Tech’s Mailroom to Product’s Peak
Lenny: I feel like you just changed art-
The Value of Facing Customers
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. Rick Rubin’s amazing.
Customers Don’t Care About Your Product
Lenny: Oh my god, it’s so good. Just every section is this quotable thing I want … I need to hold onto this thing.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. He’s got a great thing on listening. I really admire what he says about listening and I think that a lot of PMs could take that lesson, which is-
Tim Ferriss Day
Lenny: Yeah. What is that lesson?
The Two-Way Writeup
Lane Shackleton: The way he talks about it is essentially you want to listen and absorb every fragment of what that person is saying, including their body language and everything else, and try to turn off the side which is crafting your response or figuring out what you’re going to say next or what the problem with their argument is or whatever. It’s quite hard to do. Because your default mode is always the next step of the conversation. But I think if you can really challenge yourself, like he says, to pause and really try to internalize holistically what that person’s saying, it’s pretty powerful.
Lenny: I was actually just reading that chapter and the next chapter is about this idea of the beginner’s mind. I don’t know if you remember that. I feel like people get sniped by Rick Rubin stuff. But anyway, I’m going to go down this thread. He talks about how AlphaZero or AlphaGo, the first AI thing that beat humans at Go and how there was this move it made, move 37 in the game that was just like … The person the AI was playing walked out of the room. He’s like, “I don’t even know what just happened. This is out of anything I’ve ever imagined.” And it won. And the lesson there it was trained not on what we’ve learned, but it trained itself and figured things out from first principles and then came up with this thing we’ve never even comprehended. And so it’s a really good example of the power of coming from a beginner’s mind and not being influenced by what’s already been done.
Strategy and Planning
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. We have a walkthrough ritual that we do.
Quick Fire Questions
Lenny: Tell me more.
Lane Shackleton: The prompt is essentially put yourself in the shoes of someone who knows nothing about this topic whatsoever and have beginner’s mind and then walk through with five or 10 people watching you and let’s fix all the problems that we see.
Lenny: Okay. I want to talk about rituals. We’re getting ahead of ourselves a little bit. Is there any other principles that you can share either just on a high level or in depth that you’ve come across? And I know people can go to your Substack and read this. And by the way, what’s your Substack URL for people that want to check it out?
Lane Shackleton: Just lane.substack.com.
Lenny: Sweet. We’ll definitely link into it. Yeah. Any other principles?
Lane Shackleton: I think the other one is cathedrals, not bricks, and then the other one is proactive, not reactive. Cathedrals, not bricks I think is a classic one. I think I had a moment of realization and talking to Shishir in a one-on-one when I was at YouTube bemoaning the fact that my team wasn’t performing to the potential that I thought they had. And he had a very pointed and unexpected question, which is like, “Do they know their cathedral? Do they have a cathedral?” And I’m sitting there like, “Man, what are you talking about? We’re talking about performing as a team and you’re asking me about cathedrals.” And then he explained the cathedral story, which I can talk about. In that-
Lenny: What’s the cathedral story?
Lane Shackleton: It was quite clarifying.
Lenny: Yeah. Do share.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. The cathedral story is basically you walk up to three people, they’re laying bricks. You ask the first person, “What are you doing?” They say, “Well, I take the bricks from over here and I put them on that sack over there.” You ask the second person, “What are you doing?” They say, “Well, I take this little cement and I put it on top of the brick that that person lays.” You ask the third person, “What are you doing?” And they say, “Well, we’re building a cathedral.” And the core insight here is that you want your teams to feel like they’re building a cathedral and not laying bricks. And I think it’s really, really easy to do when PMs are really busy on a day-to-day to just be one task after the other, really execution oriented and maybe not take the time to help the team take a broader frame, open the aperture a little bit and have a view of what the cathedral is. And I think we’ve learned many times that one unexpected bit of this is that everybody needs to see a different facet of the cathedral.
So very often … And I’ve made this mistake before plenty of times. Very often people will do a great writeup on vision or strategy or whatever it is and the result is people can’t quite see their version of what this broader arc is or this broader cathedral is. And so one of the things that we have tried to do when we go through big planning cycles is show all the different sides of this. So instead of just having a writeup, we may have a writeup, we may couple that with a metric, we may couple that with directional mocks and what the billboard might look like or how our homepage may change. And really what we’re trying to do is take the mystery out of the set of broader constraints or where we’re headed. I think great product teams and great PM leaders tend to always orient their teams towards a broader cathedral as opposed to laying bricks.
Lenny: Such a beautiful metaphor. Reminds me of this other quote I just looked up while you’re chatting. “If you want to build a ship, don’t drum up the men to gather wood, divide the work and give orders. Instead teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea.”
Lane Shackleton: Classic. Classic. It’s Antoine.
Lenny: That is right. Antoine de St. Exupery. Okay. Something I was curious about as you were chatting also is for folks that want to develop their own principles and define how they want to think about products, is there anything you found to be useful in helping emerge these into principles that you can come to? Is it just sitting around thinking? Is there anything else you’ve done that has helped you define these things?
Lane Shackleton: Probably two things. One is reading really broadly. So I think not just reading PM style literature. Like I said, I tend to get a lot of inspiration from outside of tech. I think that’s one thing. I think the other thing is insofar as you get the opportunity to mentor other people, think about what you’re saying to these people. Think about, okay, this person came to me with this challenge. What was my response? Why was that my response? Am I giving that response a lot of times? Okay, maybe this is a more deeply held belief. So I think noticing those instances was helpful for me.
Lenny: Are there any books or topics or areas that you found most inspirational when you talk about reading and studying other non-product tech?
Lane Shackleton: I mean definitely sports. I would say sports is really interesting to me. Team sports. I’ve always been a huge fan of everything team sports. Storytelling. Go look at some of the best storytellers in the world and they’re actually out there on a stage telling stories. There’s a book called Storyworthy that I really like.
Lenny: I was just going to mention that. That book is so good. Somebody mentioned this on the podcast and I read it. It’s the most useful practical book for how to tell stories.
Lane Shackleton: It’s so good. The insight is amazing. Just in case your listeners are interested, the insight is basically the nugget of a great story is five seconds of transformation. So if you just orient everything else around that moment of transformation, then you end up usually telling a reasonably good story. I had a conversation with the author right after I read that book because I was just totally enamored with it. And then we ended up bringing him into Coda and he gave a great talk. So yeah, big plug for Matthew Dicks.
Lenny: The other thing that stuck with me also from that same … We’re just going on all kinds of tangents. From that same insight is, and I watch movies completely differently now, where basically the characters you meet at the beginning of the story, they’re going to be completely opposite at the end of the story because of this transformation that takes place. So I’m watching movies with my wife now, I’m like, “Okay, she’s very shy right now. She’s going to be very extroverted by the end of this movie.” Or, “They love each other. Oh, they’re going to have a lot of problems.” That’s so interesting. Oh, that’s such a good idea. Okay, I’m going to get this guy on hopefully. And he’s a Moth champion basically.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. I would say as maybe a principal version of this, the way that you learn or the way that everyone including me learns new things is you go seek out the best at that given craft. So in this case, you go to the Moth StorySLAM you see some really good stories. If you ever watch these on YouTube. And then you just unpack what they’re doing and how they’re doing it. And then obviously I think the other way to learn quickly is to throw yourself in the deep end. So insofar as you can put yourself in situations that are uncomfortable or force you to do things like tell a story or force you to come up with a clear strategy, you should always opt into those, especially early in your career.
Lenny: The first thing you said, that’s basically the whole premise of this podcast. Find the best at all these things and learn from them, extract and share.
Lane Shackleton: And the world is much better for it. This podcast is an amazing resource.
Lenny: Thanks man.
Lane Shackleton: You’ve done something very special.
Lenny: I appreciate it. This podcast episode is already very special. The point you just made reminds me of something that I heard you talk about, which is this oh shit moment. I don’t know if it’s related to what you shared of just giving people a sense of whether they’re making progress in their career. Can you talk about that?
Lane Shackleton: Sure. Yeah. I think I picked this up originally from Seth Godin, the author, and it just totally stuck with me. The basic thesis is that moments that stretch you or moments that you feel uncomfortable in or you find yourself saying, “Oh shit, I shouldn’t be here,” or, “I’m under qualified to be here,” those are the moments you should be seeking out. Those are the moments that stretch you and give you a new foundation. And so I have found that they turn out to be a pretty good way to calibrate whether someone is growing in their career. So oftentimes you’ll hear a career question like, “Hey, do you feel like you’re growing in your role?” And that’s a very ambiguous in my opinion way to ask this question. And a much sharper way is like, “Hey, how many, oh shit moments have you had in the last six months, year, two years, and what are they?” I think if you ask yourself that question and the answer is, “It’s been a really long time since I’ve been stretched in some meaningful way or I’ve felt like I’m under qualified to be there,” then it may be worth digging into.
Lenny: That is so good. Making me think about this podcast where I never wanted to do podcasts. I’m like I’m not a podcast person. I just want to sit there and type out newsletters. How cool is that? And I’m like, no, I got to do it because it’s hard. And I’m glad I did it. It also reminds me of this quote that I love that I always think back to. “The cave you fear contains the treasure you seek.”
Lane Shackleton: Nice. That reminds me of … Have you read the book The Obstacle is the Way?
Lenny: No. Say More.
Lane Shackleton: It’s a great book by Ryan Holiday. And the core thesis is … It’s a bit about stoicism. But the core idea is essentially instead of running away from obstacles, you should be running toward them and that’s where you experience either the most growth or the most profound moments of your life. He gives a lot of examples in that book of people throughout history who made that choice. And I think he’s also given that talk to hundreds of sports teams. It’s a good book. Worth reading.
Lenny: It’s so hard. It’s so hard to do hard things, man. So we’ve been talking about principles of great product managers. You also spent a lot of time looking at the rituals of great product teams. And I know you’re working on this handbook that I’m excited to learn more about. Can you just talk about … I guess one, where this idea came from of studying rituals of great teams and also just how do you actually go about learning about these rituals? I know you have this really interesting process.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. In general, I’m a big believer in good design and good product starts with noticing. Tony Fadell has a great talk on this. So I think a bunch of us that are really obsessed with rituals, we just honestly try to be great at noticing. So see something happening with a customer, ask a few questions, get introduced to their team, hear about something interesting from a non-customer, ask for an intro, end up just probing and asking a lot of questions. And then in many cases nowadays with Coda, we’re building new rituals alongside people. So someone has a creative idea about how to implement something and we’re like partners or collaborators with them on that, which is honestly incredibly fun to just see people’s creativity expressed in a tool and then by extension the social construct that they exist in. So that’s a little bit about how we got started in that whole process. And then of course Shishir is writing a book called Rituals of Great Teams so we’ve been cataloging those. We’ve been hosting a bunch of rituals dinners where we basically get people together for a dinner and we usually have three or four presenters at those dinners. It’s just a great chance to learn and think about how the engine runs in a lot of these companies.
Lenny: What are some rituals that you’ve learned from these dinners and these and this research you’ve done that have really stuck with you?
Lane Shackleton: There are so many. It’s hard to choose. Maybe I’ll choose two that are top of mind. One is Dharmesh Shah has this ritual from HubSpot called flash tags. Have you heard of this?
Lenny: No.
Lane Shackleton: We’ve all probably been in the situation where someone gives you feedback and you either under interpret it or over interpret it. And as an organization, I think the core principle here is like you want to be calibrated on how much to pay attention to a bit of feedback. And so he outlines four flash tags. He presented this in one of our dinners. And I absolutely love the phrasing of these as someone who’s given a lot of feedback on product stuff in their career. So it ranges from … I think it’s FYI, suggestion, recommendation, plea. So FYI is basically like I had a thought, take it or leave it kind of thing. Suggestion is … And he uses this hill dying metaphor. So is this a hill I’m going to die on? And FYI is there’s no hill in sight. Suggestion is there’s a hill. I’m not going to die on it but this is what I would do if I were you. You can take it or leave it. Recommendation is I’m climbing the hill. I’m not going to die here, but I’ve thought about this a lot, so don’t ignore this.
And then the fourth one, plea, is hopefully rarely used in the organization. It’s like, I don’t like dying on hills. That’s not what we do here. But this is a pretty good candidate for it. You should really trust me. And so we have ended up using that. I was actually just at an offsite and someone gave a lightning talk to our team on how valuable this has been just to calibrate, hey, we got 100 pieces of feedback and there’s one plea. Okay, let’s spend our time on that. Or there’s a whole bunch of FYIs. I think we’re fine. Let’s keep going. No worries.
Lenny: That’s amazing. It’s interesting none of them are just do it this way. I imagine that’s very intentional.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. Honestly it’s a sign of … In Dharmesh’s case, I don’t know him super well, but it’s a sign of a really experienced leader to know that scale. But every time I look at the scale and I’m weighing where I am between suggestion or recommendation, I have to giggle to myself.
Lenny: And how do you actually use it? In the feedback you put a hashtag plea kind of thing?
Lane Shackleton: The way gets used in code docs and the way I think other companies have made it a ritual is you’ll have a feedback table and you’ll write your feedback and then there’ll just be a little select list and you can select between those four. And usually what people do is they include the description so you can as you’re choosing it, think do I really feel that strongly about this? And honestly, it’s good hygiene. Otherwise, every bit of feedback is taken the same. Which just fundamentally the impact of that is it slows everything down because now you’re looking at a list of 100 pieces of feedback and you’re going like, “Oh man, we got to address all this feedback.” Whereas as soon as you distinguish between what’s most important, it’s much easier to sort through that.
Lenny: What about if it’s in person? Do you say this is a plea or this is a FYI?
Lane Shackleton: Oh, I’ve definitely heard that in many meetings. Are you making a recommendation or are you making a plea?
Lenny: Amazing.
Lane Shackleton: And making the person think through that choice I think is just a very helpful shared language.
Lenny: I imagine one of the other benefits of this is I think most leaders that rise up the ranks eventually realize anything they say in a meeting is going to be taken really seriously and the team’s going to rush back and be like, “Oh, Lane told us to change this thing.” I imagine it helps you just make it clear. No, you don’t need to actually change this. It’s just my thoughts.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. Exactly. Yeah.
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Any other rituals that stand out as really interesting, either more recently you’ve learned or something you’re just like, oh, wow, that was a genius?
Lane Shackleton: I guess one that I get asked about a lot on our team is called Catalyst. And I guess maybe to set some context on this one, in most product teams, the review forum is just a really important part of the product development process. And the core insight for most review forums or product reviews or decision forums is that they generally suffer from two problems that are hard to spot unless you’ve sat through hundreds of them. The first is they have standing attendees, and the second is they’re normally single-threaded, meaning they’re normally one topic at a time. So maybe I’ll talk about both of those because I think they’re not exactly intuitive. So when you think about what happens with a standing set of attendees, you either have the situation where you have too many people in the meeting or you have not enough people in the meeting, and both of those can cause problems.
So if you’ve ever been in a meeting, I certainly have, where it’s like, “Hey, do we have the salesperson who knows most about this or do we have the engineer who’s actually implementing this here? Oh, great. They’re not here? They’re not a part of the standing set of attendees?” You either have to reschedule the meeting or worse, you just do the discussion without the person who’s most knowledgeable, which seems crazy in retrospect. The second problem is single-threaded. So one topic at a time. So if you think about if a product development process is somewhat of a chaotic assembly line for a second, your review or your decision forum ends up being a big time bottleneck in many cases. And obviously you want to be in a situation where product people have a lot of autonomy and they can make most of the decisions themselves. And I’m a big believer in decentralized leadership and all of that, but there are things that cut across the company that need to get reviewed by a broader set of stakeholders.
And so what happens when those things are single threaded is either the meeting is really long, so it’s a three-hour review meeting once a week, and by the end everyone is about to fall asleep, or it’s really short and it’s really hard to get on the calendar. You’re like, “Oh, can we get on the calendar in two weeks?” And the downside of the not being able to get on the calendar is that now you’ve just slowed down the whole velocity of the company because the throughput of your review meeting is really slow. So we built Catalyst to really solve those two problems. And so the way it works is it’s essentially three one hour blocks throughout the week, and the assumption is that the whole company is free. So you can get anyone in the company for those three hours. And each topic has essentially four roles. Driver, maker, braintrust, and interested. It’s a very transparent system.
So a salesperson can say, “Oh, I’m interested in this product development review. I’m just going to mark myself as interested.” And then the driver is the person who’s actually going to drive the meeting, drive the decision, drive the outcome, things like that. And basically, this is all centralized in one doc. And what happens is the day before, that hold that’s on calendar gets removed, and then you have specific topics that get added. So there may be three topics going all at the same time because they don’t have overlapping attendees. And the impact of this, I think if you really watch it in progress is huge. You basically have many topics running all at the same time, so the throughput is much better and you have the right attendees every single time, and you have a clear set of drivers and roles in these meetings. So that means that we can review work much, much faster with the right people, and ideally that results in more value to our customers, more things getting shipped, just a higher velocity organization. So that’s one that we get asked about a lot. And actually a couple of weeks ago, we spent a while remaking the template for that one.
Lenny: I love that ritual. You actually wrote even in more depth in the post that we worked together on how Coda builds product, which we’ll link to if folks want to try this out and you link to actual templates people can actually use it their companies. When someone’s listening to this and they’re like, “Oh, wow, this is extremely cool,” how easy is it do you find for people to take a ritual from a company and implement it? How much is cultural and it’s hard to transplant, or do you find people can take this Catalyst idea plug and play at a lot of companies?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. I think it depends a lot on what your role in the company is. Maybe to say the extremes for a second, if you’re a brand new PM to an organization, you probably shouldn’t go try to remake the whole product review cycle that the head of product is really passionate about and has crafted. But you can probably take a decision template or some interesting ritual that has facilitated a team in the past and use it with your team. Another one of my favorites there is a hundred dollar voting. We use that a lot in the context of planning, and I find that creative rituals like that are easy to pick up for teams because oftentimes it’s like, okay … And maybe I’ll describe the ritual real quick.
Lenny: Yeah. I was going to ask.
Lane Shackleton: The ritual is essentially you can take any set of problems or solutions or themes or whatever you want to get people’s input on, and you put those into a table and then people can basically vote with their dollars and usually you allocate 10 to this and 50 to this because I think it’s really important.” And I have found that especially in planning processes, little rituals like this are great at getting the elephant in the room out. So it’s like, “Oh wow, we have a huge spread on this one particular problem. You think it’s a huge problem. I don’t think it’s a problem at all. Let’s talk about it.” Going back to the thesis of turning ambiguity into clarity, a lot of this is like we’re trying to get the ambiguous stuff out there so that we can make it more clear.
And so I use that as an example because you can be a brand new PM, run a brainstorm, run a planning session like that, and you’re probably going to get great feedback. People are probably going to go, “This is cool. I’ve never done this before.” Now to go to the other side of the spectrum, we help a lot of companies that want to remake a whole process. They want to remake a review system like Catalyst or they want to remake their decision rituals. And so in that sense, we’re usually talking to a head of product or director of product or VP of product and someone who tends to have a lot more agency over the way that the team works.
Lenny: Coda is interesting in that it feels like you have pretty stable processes for planning and reviews. I find most companies just every six months rethink a lot of these things. I guess that’s probably a sign that you found something that’s really good and works and you don’t have to redo it. How much are you radically changing the way you operate versus working in similar ways? How do you think about that percentage wise?
Lane Shackleton: People are always coming up with new creative ways to make their teams run better, make decisions go smoother. And we’re continuously adopting those, but there’s definitely a backbone of the system. The backbone of the system is Catalyst and tag-ups and the concept called Bullpen. And then there’ll be a lot of iteration on top of that. And even those systems went through a lot of iteration. I talked about how the calendar hold got removed and then individual topics got added. That took us launching automations and the ability to add things to calendar in order for that whole process to really work. So in the years prior to us launching that, we did it very manually. So I think there’s still a lot of creativity that I see every day.
So I’ll give one quick example. One of our PM leads on core product, this guy Nathan, he basically saw that a lot of decisions had a lot of different stakeholders because he’s in the core product. And now he’s leading the core product team so he’s trying to figure out what guidance do I give to each of these PMs on who to involve in these decisions? Because every one of these with core product feels like they impact everybody. And so a very simple thing that he did probably in the last six months was he had a table of all the upcoming decisions and then at a tag-up … Which I can explain if you want. But basically with a small set of stakeholders, he had all the upcoming decisions and then he let people hit a little reaction and say, “Oh, I don’t need to be involved. Just notify me of the decision after.” Or, “Hey, I have some opinions, but you can keep going.” Or, “No, I really want to be heavily involved in this decision.”
And it was such a pro move. It was such a, I’ve been through a million of these. I don’t want to treat every one of them the same because if I do, it’s going to slow down the velocity of this whole organization. And so instead, the majority of those, Shishir or I or Oliver, the head of engineering will say, “I may have some opinions, but keep going.” That’s often the default. And then there are plenty where we say, “Just notify us of the decision after.” And in doing that, Nathan can now give better guidance to the PMs on his team and say, “Hey, you don’t really need to involve as wide a group as you think, so just keep going and check in later.” So I think those types of little iterations are usually based on a really good insight.
Lenny: It sounds like a dream come true for a platform team to reduce how many people have to be involved in all your planning and decision making. And that process in which you call it tag-up, maybe just briefly explain it and then I want to talk about this handbook you’re working on, which is going to I think, cover a lot of these things.
Lane Shackleton: Tag-up is based on this insight that a lot of work and project work tends to get discussed in one-on-ones. And actually it’s really an anti-pattern. It’s a pattern you should try to avoid. So if you’re talking to your manager about product work, what’s not happening in that moment is your eng lead and your design lead, they’re not hearing that. And so you end up with this big game of telephone where you’ll have a conversation with your manager in a one-on-one, they’ll go back and translate to their engineering and design lead, and of course the fidelity of the game of telephone, something is lost in all of those transmissions. And so the core idea is have a group one-on-one with the key stakeholders. And so we have this concept of braintrust that’s modeled off after Pixar’s braintrust.
And so we’ll have a tag-up with a small set of people from a given team, or sometimes we have larger groups, and then they meet with their braintrust and it’s once a week. It’s the same mindset of a one-on-one. It’s their time. So anything that they need to unblock a decision or to make progress, they should use that time for. And they often start by reviewing OKRs and metrics and things like that. But then we generally get into a table of topics. Anyone can add a topic. Those topics are up voted, so people will react and then the table will sort itself. And then we’ll say, “Okay, this is clearly the topic on people’s mind.” And that’s a version of what we call Dory, which I can talk about. But essentially the principle is you should discuss that project work with the whole group there. With the whole triad there. And oftentimes with the sales person there and with the marketer there and with everybody else. So I found that that is just a really good practice to try to move a lot of that work out of one-on-ones and into a small group setting.
Lenny: Awesome. Okay. So you’re working on a handbook that’s collecting a lot of these rituals. Talk about that and then when can people maybe look for it?
Lane Shackleton: One of the realizations I had the other day, probably a month or two ago when we started working on this thing, was I was talking to someone about Catalyst and a couple other concepts, and they were like, “I get it. I’m sold. I want to implement some of these things. Where do I look?” And so I found myself sending them a bunch of links to individual templates. So that cued us into the fact that we needed to have a better core handbook for teams that wanted to adopt some of these rituals and also learn from all the rituals that we have learned from and feel very fortunate to have partnered with so many customers on. And so what we did was started writing this handbook, and it’s going to come out hopefully by the time this recording is done. And in it, we’ll talk about everything from rituals like Catalyst to decision rituals to a lot of planning and strategy and roadmaps, that kind of stuff. And trying to pull out the most interesting patterns and also give people a pretty practical view of how to implement these things. I think that’s what has been lacking sometimes.
Lenny: Amazing. We’ll definitely link to that. Hopefully it’s live by the time goes out. We’ll make it happen. I know also you said Shishir’s working on a book that’s related and basically rituals of great teams and Shishir was on the podcast and he talked about Dory, so we don’t have to get into that. If people want to learn about Dory, they can watch that episode. It was one of the earliest episodes actually. One of the most popular.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. I remember that.
Lenny: Okay. Cool. I have a bunch of random questions now. I’m just going to go in a few different directions. One is, you wrote this post that you call Learn by Making, Not Talking. Is that another principle by the way? Is that amongst your many principles?
Lane Shackleton: Yes.
Lenny: Okay. Awesome. So in that post, which we’ll link to, you share this story of how you and the YouTube team came up with skippable ads, which I didn’t realize it was such a controversial … But in thinking about it, obviously letting people skip ads, I could see why people were not excited about that. Could you just tell that story? And basically it’s like the story of how skippable ads on YouTube came about?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. So I moved over to YouTube shortly after the acquisition. It was an amazing tight-knit team. It definitely felt like the Wild West. We were getting sued by Viacom for a billion dollars when that was a lot of money. No advertiser wanted to talk to us. It was essentially viewed as a site of cat videos and dogs on skateboards and things like that. And then I guess the other context, the sales team was very nascent and all they wanted to sell was the homepage and for good reason. That was where you made your money as a salesperson. And so I had just been sponsored by Salar and Shishir to become a PM. It’s a longer story that I’ll leave out for now and we can go into. But on day one of being a PM, Shishir’s like, “Great. You’re the new guy. You get the project that nobody else wants and that’s called skippable ads. And we’ve got this crazy idea that we can align the incentives of advertisers and viewers and creatives in this really clever way by putting a skip button on the ad and then charging people per views.” And the latter part we hadn’t quite cemented yet, but it was part of the core idea.
And so the thing I write about in this post is as a new PM, this feels like a really consequential decision. It’s like we’ve got this new product idea. Nobody really wants it. Advertisers don’t want it. The sales team doesn’t want it. And it’s a very unproven thesis. And so the thing I write about is these are the types of things that you can debate for months or years. And I was sitting in a one-on-one with this guy named Phil Farhi who’s an amazing product leader and was my boss at the time. And we’re trying to figure out what to do and how to handle all the different dynamics. And he just stops and he’s like, “You know what? Just test the extremes. Start the experiment tomorrow. We’ll figure it out.” Essentially.
And I think his point was like, look, we can debate this forever. So I would rather us see the upper and lower bounds of how good this could be or how bad this is going to be immediately. And so we launched a set of experiments. This guy Jamie Kerns who’s still there. Tiny little skip button on one experiment, giant skip button that covered the entire player on the other side of the experiment. And within a few weeks, I think we had developed some conviction based on some very directional data that we were onto something. And so the lesson that I took, this is many years ago and I’ve seen this proven out hundreds of times since, is stop talking about it and go make something. Go run an experiment. Go make a prototype, go write a doc, go make a mock. Just don’t talk about it.
And I found that also as a leader, people really follow that concept. And I also found that it transcends level. I am not talking just to ICPMs. I’m talking to heads of product and CPOs and CEOs to some degree. You should always be out there trying to learn by expressing your ideas and putting them out there. And that’s much more valuable in many cases than pontificating about it or having endless circular discussions on it.
Lenny: It makes me think a little bit about Twitter where they spent years just thinking about the edit button or all these different changes. They’re so scared, they did so much research and then now they’re changing things left and right. Everything’s fine. Everyone’s still using it. It shows you that you don’t have to be so delicate.
Lane Shackleton: Yes. It’s almost never as bad as you think it’s going to be. So yeah, it’s just a question of how much better it can be oftentimes.
Lenny: You mentioned in your early career … We talked about your Alaska guide phase. Something else I saw is that you were on the AdWords approval team. You basically were reviewing ads people submitted to run on AdWords and that’s how you started in tech. So I guess first of all, is that true? And then second of all, how did you graduate from that phase and become this Chief Product Officer of one of the fastest growing, most interesting companies in the world?
Lane Shackleton: That was a really memorable time. There’s an amazing cohort of people that started in tech. I think there was 200 or 300 of us at that time and then eventually thousands that started in Sheryl Sandberg’s organization. I guess maybe some quick context. Before running ads on google.com at that time, you had to have them manually approved by a human before that was handled by machine learning and outsourced to other countries. And so there was this process where basically an ad would show up on your screen, you would mark it family safe, non-family safe, porn. And then based on that, it would either run or it wouldn’t. And actually, funny enough, some of my most successful friends were terrible at the approval event. They failed the rote task of approving ads. They just couldn’t handle it and they went on to be really, really successful.
So after working on ad approvals, at that time, I moved to chat support. It was basically when AdWords was launching chat support. I remember very fondly having two chats, chatting with two advertisers at once. Moved on to phone support. That was eight hours a day of talking to AdWords customers. Really a total rollercoaster ride. It was basically one minute you would pick up the phone and it would be someone from a Fortune 100 company trying to spend millions of dollars on AdWords and then the next minute you would be on the phone with a psychic or a taxi driver that was warring with their compatriots over some really specific keyword. I think there were two lessons that I would draw from this. One is I had a mentor at the time and his advice when I was starting my career was basically you have to get customer facing from the very beginning because you’re going to end up serving a customer your whole career. Even when you’re the CEO of a company, you’re going to be serving a customer. So you better get really good at being in any customer scenario and being able to handle it. And so I think that that turned out to be insanely good advice. And if I think about a piece of advice that I give out to people who are early in their career, I’ve definitely recycled that advice.
I think the other thing that I took away from that experience was it’s just a great lesson in when people don’t actually care about your product. So in AdWord’s case, people did not care about AdWords. You were the expert on it and you’re trying to tell them about ad groups and how this ad format works and blah, blah. And most of the time people are like, “Dude, I’m a small business owner. I’m trying to get people to come to my auto mechanic store.” Or, “I’m trying to get people to come to my taxi service,” or whatever it was. I don’t care. Basically the product had to get out of the way and really just drive impact for the customer. It was like they just want more phone calls or they want more people in the store. So those are I think two pieces that I think about from those days still.
And then I worked in a variety of other roles. I worked in a role called product specialist, which is an awesome role back when there were 15 product specialists at Google. For me, that was an amazing time because I was getting to sit on seven or eight different core product teams. And in my observation, these days, most PMs don’t get to sit on other people’s core teams. And so I had these three or four years of just … I call it a masterclass in PMing because I was getting to watch what was working for some PMs and what wasn’t working for other PMs and just taking notes behind the scenes. So that was a really influential role. And then went on to various PM roles at Google and YouTube.
Lenny: Coming back to noticing. It comes up again and again in our chat. This is so interesting because it feels like you basically came from the mail room of tech to the top of the product field. And so I think there’s a lot of inspiration people can take from this journey. One quick question is how long was that journey from not being a PM, from I guess being at a tech company to getting your first PM role? Just to give people a sense.
Lane Shackleton: Let’s see. I probably worked for at least four, five years before being able to move to PM and I think that was a slightly harrowing journey because at the time, you had to have a computer science degree.
Lenny: At Google. Right. Cool. So I think that’s one takeaway too is give it time. It’s not going to happen. There’s a lot of people that are just like, “I need to become a PM immediately.”
Lane Shackleton: Totally.
Lenny: I think that’s a good example of it’s not going to happen overnight. Coming back to your two lessons, I think they’re really interesting and I’m curious if there’s anything else that comes to mind of what you found was essential to you succeeding in this path? So the first lesson you shared as being customer facing. And in this case being in retail as customer facing, is your advice get in a tech company and work on something customers use or is even working at Starbucks or Abercrombie, does that count?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. I think maybe to relate it to what you just said, if I were to give advice to someone who really aspires to be a PM or trying to get into PM, I think in many cases if you’re in a customer facing role, you are the expert on the customer and that is really, really valuable in tech organizations. And oftentimes it’s undervalued. And so I think people who want to move into PM roles who are not currently in PM roles can often lever that experience and that knowledge of the customer in ways that are pretty profound for the organization and pretty insightful for the organization if they really are creative about it. And then I think the other thing is, regardless of where you are in the organization, you’re always serving a customer. You can’t just talk to one big enterprise customer and you can’t just talk to the smallest customer. You have to have a diverse and continuous stream of customer interactions in order to have good intuitions about what to do next. And your engineers aren’t going to really trust you unless you have good intuitions about where the customer’s headed and what they want and stuff like that. And so the stakes I think are pretty high. The good news is it’s easier than ever with all these tools to really get into the mindset of a customer.
Lenny: My lesson touches on something a previous guest talked about, Paige Costello, where she was often the youngest person in the room and built a lot of respect and people really trusted her over time. And her lesson was know thy customer. If you know the most about what they need, and you can show, here’s what I’ve heard again and again and again, people will just like, “Oh Lane, tell us more.” And they bring you into conversation because providing value, you’re not just there sharing opinions. Everyone’s got opinions.
Lane Shackleton: That’s basically how both me and … I had a friend named Bill Ferrell who transitioned into PM at the same time and that’s essentially how we got the try at being a PM inside of Google was we knew the customer really, really well and we were often in conversations bridging the gap from here’s what I think they’re really saying, or here’s what I think we should build based on what they said.
Lenny: The other thing I wanted to mention, you talked about the product and how a lot of customers don’t care about the product, they just care about just I need this thing done. It reminds me at Airbnb, we hired this guy, Chip Connolly, who was a hotelier. He created the Joie de Vivre hotel chain and just is steeped in hospitality. And he came to Airbnb and started doing this worldwide tour talking to hosts. And he’s just like, “Guys, when you talk about product, you’re telling hosts, ‘Hey, the product’s going to be updated. We’re going to launch all these features.’, they think their home is the product of Airbnb. They don’t understand what you’re talking about when you’re talking about the online experience and the website. That’s the last thing they think about. It’s the experience of someone traveling on Airbnb and staying in their home.” So I think it’s a really good reminder of most people don’t care about the product. They just have this problem and you just happen to be this website that’ll help them solve it.
Lane Shackleton: I think most people can be way more concise with their communication. Even internally, people don’t care. You should assume that people don’t care. Or if you’re talking to customers, writing a blog post for customers, you should assume that they don’t care. When you start with that assumption, you really force yourself to be a little bit sharper in your communication style.
Lenny: And one final question before we get to our very exciting lightning round. I heard a story that at Coda there’s this moment called Tim Ferriss Day that drove a lot of traffic. Can you share that story? Does that ring a bell?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. There’s lots of memorable days at Coda. One of them was Tim Ferris Day. So I guess maybe for context, we had built this very nascent publisher motion where we were going out and helping people publish their rituals. And this is what you see in the Coda Gallery and a lot of what we talked about today. But we had this one person on that team, this guy Al Chen, Tim Ferriss fan, and also I think had been really tenacious with the people around Tim Ferriss and basically finally got an in to him and figured out a really neat way to implement one of his rituals and wrote a doc. And so none of us really knew this, but this was all happening. And anyway, we wake up one morning and traffic is just spiking through the roof, signups are spiking, no one knows what’s going on.
I’m convinced this is all spam. I’m like, “Something’s wrong with our data or something’s going haywire.” At the time, we were also in the China Basin office and the fire alarm went off. And so now we’re outside on our laptops. We were in a war room trying to figure out what was happening and now we’re outside trying to figure out what’s going on. So anyway, make a long story short, data scientists investigate and we eventually figured out that we had been featured in Tim Ferriss’ email newsletter and I think early on you hear this lesson or this adage of first time founder, build a great product, second time founder, build a great distribution. I think that was one of those early big cues to think about the importance of content distribution and the importance of these publishing flywheels. And it definitely made us double down. We’re like, “Okay, if we can do this with Tim Ferriss, what’s next?” And we definitely spent a few months trying to reach that high watermark that was set that day in traffic and sign-ups. So it was a fun memorable day and people for the subsequent one or two years would refer to it as Tim Ferriss Day.
Lenny: So funny. I bet Tim Ferriss had no idea what he did.
Lane Shackleton: No idea.
Lenny: Hoping you have a Lenny’s podcast day once this comes out. Everyone’s going to be freaking out. What is going on here? Is there anything else you wanted to share before we get to our very exciting lightning round?
Lane Shackleton: Maybe we’re talking really briefly about two-way writeups.
Lenny: Yeah, let’s do it. I had that in my notes, but I skipped it, so I’m glad you mentioned it.
Lane Shackleton: Cool. Yeah, I mean this is a concept that I wrote a bunch about and I often now get asked about, and I guess maybe the historical view of this, I got really obsessed with the history of how work gets discussed and decided upon and broke it down into three phases. And so the first phase was 1980s we had PowerPoint. It was this amazing tool. You could manipulate shapes on a screen and we were all using fancy clip art and it was really fun, but we’ve all had the experience of being in a really long PowerPoint presentation and someone’s droning on in their slides and stuff like that. Second phase is in the early 2000s, two things converged. One was Google bought this company called Rightly that became Google Docs. So instead of having Word on your desktop and sending files around you now had online collaborative editing.
And the other thing was Jeff Bezos sent this very famous memo, which basically said no more PowerPoint at Amazon. And what that did was started in earnest their six pager ritual. You can read all about this in the book Working Backwards. It’s a really good book. Colin Breyer’s book. And so that started I think what I’ll call the one-way writeup phase, which is you’re writing down your ideas, you’re expressing them clearly. It’s in prose so you have to be really clear. That was a big step up I think from always presenting work and deciding on work via presentations. And then the thesis is that we’re in the midst of a new phase, which is essentially two-way writeups and that’s where it’s more conversational and feedback and discussion is actually part of the content itself. So that’s the broader historical arc. But if you think about it, PMs and product people are always at the brunt.
They feel this the most because they’re the ones that are driving decisions and really the ones that are driving discussions oftentimes in companies. And so I think the problem with one-way writeups I felt very deeply at Google and YouTube. And just to name them, the first one is you would always be trying to figure out who’s read your write-up. So I have many memories of sending a write-up out at 11:30 PM and then waiting patiently for the avatar of the SVP in my area to show up in there. And that was a sign that they had read it, which is just totally insane if you think about that behavior. The second one is you end up having a lot of the discussion in the comments itself. So this is a space that’s really built for grammar and spell checking and things like that. And you’re having these really meaningful discussions in this a hundred pixel right margin.
And part of that I think is there are all these questions that are being raised, and so you have really no idea what the most important question is. And so if you’re facilitating those discussions in one way writeups, you’re often going through the comments in the 20 minutes before that session trying to figure out which one of these do I want to address. And then the other behavior, and I don’t know if you’ve ever seen this in a doc, but in one way writeups that you see a lot is there’ll be just a mega comment thread on the title of the doc. And people are like, “I don’t think we should do this,” or you’ll get into this 30 comment thread on the title because that’s the best place to put your overall thoughts. And I saw this pattern all the time. So if you live that life, I think the world of two-way writeups and the way that I think a lot of our customers are doing it, and you can do this on other tools besides Coda too, I think is quite a bit better.
I guess the alternative to go down that list is you have a done reading button at the end of a writeup. So now you can say, oh, these are all the people that have read this. And I think even you see a pattern in some of our customers where if it’s a particularly long writeup, you’ll have three done reading buttons so you can see where everyone has gotten to. And then the second thing is making sure that you’re actually addressing the most important question. So instead of pulling questions out of the comments and trying to figure out which one to address, just putting those in a table and then letting people upload those. And that’s what we call Dory. And then I think probably the most valuable is sentiment or pulse, which is, well, how do you feel overall about this particular proposal?
And if you think about the contrast between a comment thread on the title and seeing a list of all the sentiment, how everybody feels about this proposal and really being inclusive to the entire audience is just wildly different. I think in my particular experience. I’ll give you one example. I wrote this proposal, this is now a couple years ago. I thought it was going to sail through no problem. I thought it was going to get four out of five and five out of five smiley faces from everybody. That’s sort of how the sentiment table works. And one of the lead designers basically said, “One smiley face. We shouldn’t do this.” And I was like, oh man. This particular person’s not really vocal in meetings. And so I would not have heard that feedback. It was very unlikely I would’ve heard that feedback unless they had had a sentiment table, a place to add that. And so I think the punchline on all of this is I really authentically believe that this is where we’re headed and hope that a lot of PMs and product teams adopt this in general.
Lenny: I’m so glad that we touched on it and there’s a template or an explanation of this that you wrote up that we’ll link to. Yeah.
Lane Shackleton: Great. Yeah.
Lenny: Awesome. Is there anything else that you think that we should touch on that we haven’t touched on?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. I think one thing that we’ve discussed before is just about strategy and planning and stuff like that. So it may be useful to touch on a couple of insights there. I think there’s two insights in the strategy and planning thing. And this is again in the handbook that we’re writing, but the first that I end up seeing a lot is just this idea that OKRs are not actually strategy. So I think the way that we plan and the way that our customers plan, the key point is it’s critical to disconnect strategy discussions from OKR discussions. And it sounds really obvious, but it’s I think a very common mistake. And I think a really simple question to ask yourself is do we have a separate strategy process or strategy ritual that is distinct from OKR setting and metric setting and goal setting? And I have found you can pick whatever strategy framework works for you, but I do think it’s quite important to pull those two things apart.
The other rule that we live by on the planning side is what we call a 10% planning rule, which is essentially just ensure that you’re not for a given time period planning for more than 10% of that execution period. And I think this is a really easy mistake to make. I mean, this is a hard fought rule because we’ve made that mistake before. But you end up getting bogged down in planning or saying, planning felt rushed and so we need to make it three weeks instead of one week or whatever. And the byproduct of that over the course of a lot of time is that you end up just planning way too much and oftentimes you really don’t know what’s ahead until you’ve launched or learned something. And so I think that’s a pretty good rule to follow.
Lenny: I love that rule. I found the same heuristic. 10%. If you’re planning for a week, plan for half a day, planning for a month, maybe like three days. Yeah, I love it. With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. Are you ready?
Lane Shackleton: I’m ready.
Lenny: What are two or three books that you’ve recommended most to other people?
Lane Shackleton: One that comes to mind is Turning the Flywheel. It’s a little manuscript book. Jim Collins wrote it. It’s really, I think a very succinct and very fast read about how flywheels work. We talked about Storyworthy. I recommend that book a lot. Good Strategy/Bad Strategy. Love that book. Very simple framework that I’ve reused a bunch. Maybe outside of tech, Waking Up is a book by Sam Harris on mindfulness that I really like. And then an old one that I really like is The Inner Game of Tennis by Timothy Galway, which is a kind of classic.
Lenny: Amazing. On Good Strategy/Bad Strategy, I’m working on getting Richard Rumelt on the podcast. I’m in talks with his agent and they seem to be excited. So we’ll hope that actually happens. And then you inspired me to try to get the Storyworthy guy on. So what a cast of characters we’re going to get on here.
Next question. What is a favorite recent movie or TV show that you really enjoyed?
Lane Shackleton: Yeah, it’s a little bit hard with three kids and a job these days to watch a lot of TV. I would say I really enjoyed The Last Dance. I love any sports documentary. All those.
Lenny: Have you seen Underrated, Steph Curry’s new documentary?
Lane Shackleton: No, I haven’t. I got to watch that.
Lenny: Ooh. It’s really good.
Lane Shackleton: I’ve been rewatching Arrested Development. That’s also just a timeless classic.
Lenny: Classic. I love that Michael Cera is in the Barbie movie, not to give any spoilers. That was a funny surprise.
Next question. What is a favorite interview question that you like to ask candidates?
Lane Shackleton: There’s two I really like. One is teach me something that I don’t already know. I think it’s just an awesome way of seeing if someone’s going to lean in and really figure out what you don’t know and then how passionate they are about pitching what they do know I think is really fun. And then Shishir and I have been asking a version of teleporter question and evolving it for many years now, so I like that question quite a bit.
Lenny: Shishir shared that question in his episode and we make TikTok clips out of some of these conversations and that clip just went crazy. People love it. It’s our most viewed clip, I think on TikTok. Or just like, what would your answer to that question, so we’ll try to link to it in the show notes if you want to watch just that one interview question. I think you maybe gave it away, so maybe that’s why you’re evolving it.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah. We-
Lenny: Don’t know if we screwed you.
Lane Shackleton: I also recently wrote a post about my favorite ref check question, which I think I would love to learn other people’s favorite ref check questions.
Lenny: References check. Oh man. That’s its own. Oh man, I’d love to do a podcast just on that. That is such an important skill. The first question you mentioned of asking people to teach you something, I heard the best version of that in a previous episode where Maya, the Head of Product for Spotify podcasts, asks what would your podcast be if you were to start a podcast?
Lane Shackleton: I like that.
Lenny: So feel free to steal it.
Lane Shackleton: I sometimes do a version of making them explain it two different ways after, and making the candidate explain it two different ways and saying, “Okay, now you have to explain that to your grandparent.” And then now you just told me about sewing or some hobby of yours. Now sell it in its most technical form to someone who knows everything about this particular topic. And so it’s kind of fun to also see the range that people can operate.
Lenny: Awesome. What is a favorite product that you’ve recently discovered that you really love? Either digital or physical, anything that comes to mind?
Lane Shackleton: A few. I’m becoming a real sleep nerd, so those eye masks that cup around your eyes, I love. Obviously in the tech world, ChatGPT. I got really obsessed with tennis during the pandemic. There’s a product called Swing Vision that’s really good. It basically cuts up your match into different … All of your forehands or all the longest rallies or all that and uses AI to do that. There’s a corresponding meditation app to the book Waking Up that I really like. That one’s a very good one.
Lenny: We live not so far from each other, so we got to play some tennis and I could check out this very cool product.
Lane Shackleton: Yeah, let’s do it.
Lenny: You’re on. That’ll be our sequel. Just our game. Next question. What is a favorite life motto that you either repeat to yourself often, like to share with people around you, share with your kids maybe?
Lane Shackleton: I don’t know if it’s as motto as much as it’s just a way of being. It’s essentially the present moment is all that we have. Realizing that our attention is very often on the past or the future and in so many ways the present is where it should be always. And so I think that that is something I think about a lot. I think maybe more broadly, I had a mentor who roughly said a version of make things happen, and so I really try to apply that to anything that I do. If that’s work or life or sports, I try to be the person who creates momentum and positive change and progress. And so I think that that’s generally a good motto to live by.
Lenny: Beautiful. What is the most valuable lesson that your mom or your dad taught?
Lane Shackleton: My mom’s a psychologist and a professional counselor so certainly active listening. Maybe the tech version of that or the modern version of that is steal manning someone’s argument, being able to repeat back to someone what they said in a better form, more clear form. So yeah, she’s an amazing woman. Taught me a lot about listening.
Lenny: Final question. You were a guide in Alaska helping people climb. If someone were to pursue climbing, is there a tip or a lesson or something that you think people should know to get better at this or to know before they go down this route?
Lane Shackleton: There’s a saying, which is the safest climber is the one who knows when to come down essentially. And I think that there are many times that you have to put your ego in check and come off a mountain or come out of a climb because it’s not quite as safe as you thought it was. So I think that’s maybe one. I think the other is it’s probably not a one-way door. So I think in many ways you can do climbing and you can do some of these outdoor pursuits on the side, or you can always come back from them. So it’s maybe not as big of a choice as some people think it is.
Lenny: Lane, I said at the top of this episode, Coda has one of the most thoughtful product teams out there, and I think it’ll be clear to people after listening to this why that’s the case and where it trickles down from. Thank you so much for being here. Two final questions. Where can folks find you online if they want to reach out and ask you any other questions? And how can listeners be useful to you?
Lane Shackleton: I’m on LinkedIn and Twitter and I have a Substack. We’ll be releasing that handbook for product teams that I will probably post on Substack. And in terms of useful to me, yeah, give Coda a try. Give us feedback. I love hearing from product people all over. It’s one of the bright spots in my day to hear all the creative rituals that come from this community. You’ve created just a legendary community of people and so they always give very thoughtful feedback so I’m very open to all of that. And yeah, thanks for having me.
Lenny: Awesome. Lane, thank you again so much for being here.
Lane Shackleton: Thanks.
Lenny: Bye everyone.
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| $100 voting | 百美元投票法($100 voting) |
| Al Chen | 人名,Coda 团队成员 |
| Arrested Development | 《Arrested Development》,美国经典情景喜剧 |
| Barbie | 《Barbie》,2023 年电影 |
| Bill Ferrell | 人名,Lane 在 Google 时期的同事 |
| Braintrust | 智囊团(Braintrust) |
| Bullpen | Bullpen(Coda 内部的一个流程概念) |
| Catalyst | Catalyst(Coda 内部的产品评审会议机制) |
| Chip Connolly | 人名,酒店业从业者,后加入 Airbnb |
| Colin Bryar | 人名(前 Amazon 高管、《Working Backwards》合著者之一) |
| CPO(Chief Product Officer) | 首席产品官 |
| Dharmesh Shah | 人名,HubSpot 联合创始人兼 CTO |
| done reading button | ”已读完”按钮(done reading button) |
| Dory | Dory(Coda 内部的议题收集与投票机制,源自皮克斯) |
| Driver | 驱动者(Driver) |
| flash tags | 反馈分级标签(FYI / suggestion / recommendation / plea) |
| Good Strategy/Bad Strategy | 《Good Strategy/Bad Strategy》,Richard Rumelt 著 |
| HubSpot | 公司名,不做翻译 |
| Interested | 关注者(Interested) |
| Jamie Kerns | 人名,YouTube 团队成员 |
| Jim Collins | 人名,管理学家、《从优秀到卓越》作者 |
| Joie de Vivre | Joie de Vivre(美国精品酒店连锁品牌) |
| Maker | 制作者(Maker) |
| Matthew Dicks | Storyworthy 作者、The Moth 故事赛冠军 |
| Maya | 人名,Spotify 播客产品负责人 |
| Michael Cera | 人名,加拿大演员 |
| mock | 模型稿(mock) |
| Nathan | 人名,Coda 核心产品团队 PM 负责人 |
| offsite | 团队外出会议(offsite) |
| Oliver | 人名,Coda 工程负责人 |
| one-way writeup | 单向文档(one-way writeup) |
| Paige Costello | 人名,Lenny 播客的前期嘉宾 |
| Phil Farhi | 人名,Lane 在 YouTube 时的上司 |
| PM(Product Manager) | 产品经理 |
| product specialist | 产品专员(product specialist) |
| Richard Rumelt | 人名,战略学学者 |
| ritual | ritual(Coda 中的可复用工作流模板) |
| Ryan Holiday | 人名,美国作家 |
| Salar | 人名(Salar Kamangar,YouTube 早期高管) |
| Sam Harris | 人名,美国作家、神经科学家 |
| sentiment | 情绪(sentiment,文档中用于收集整体态度反馈的机制) |
| Seth Godin | 人名,美国作家、营销专家 |
| Sheryl Sandberg | 谢丽尔·桑德伯格(前 Google、Facebook 高管) |
| Shishir | 人名,YouTube 时期的一对一辅导对象(即 Shishir Mehrotra,前 YouTube 产品 VP) |
| six pager | 六页纸(six pager,Amazon 的文档文化) |
| Steph Curry | 人名,NBA 球星 |
| StorySLAM | The Moth 旗下的讲故事公开赛 |
| Storyworthy | 《Storyworthy》,一本关于讲故事的实用书籍 |
| Swing Vision | Swing Vision,一款网球 AI 分析产品 |
| tag-up | tag-up(Coda 内部的小组周会机制) |
| The Inner Game of Tennis | 《The Inner Game of Tennis》,关于运动心理学的经典著作 |
| The Last Dance | 《The Last Dance》,ESPN 制作的乔丹纪录片 |
| The Moth | 美国知名的现场讲故事表演组织 |
| Tim Ferriss | 人名,美国作家、企业家(《每周工作 4 小时》作者) |
| Timothy Galway | 人名(注:原文拼写,正确拼写为 Timothy Gallwey) |
| Tony Fadell | 人名,iPod 之父、Nest 创始人 |
| triad | 铁三角(PM、工程负责人、设计负责人三人组) |
| Turning the Flywheel | 《Turning the Flywheel》,Jim Collins 著作的中文不翻译,保留原文 |
| two-way writeup | 双向文档(two-way writeup) |
| Underrated | 《Underrated》,Steph Curry 纪录片 |
| Viacom | 维亚康姆(美国媒体公司) |
| Waking Up | 《Waking Up》,Sam Harris 著关于正念/冥想的书 |
| Wild West | 蛮荒时代(比喻无序的初创阶段) |
| Working Backwards | 《Working Backwards》(关于 Amazon 工作方法的书籍) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
什么让卓越团队脱颖而出 | Lane Shackleton(Coda CPO)
什么让卓越团队脱颖而出 | Lane Shackleton(Coda CPO)
文字记录
Lane Shackleton: 那些拉伸你的时刻,那些让你感到不适的时刻,那些让你脱口而出”糟了,我不该在这里”或者”我资历不够”的时刻——正是你应该主动寻找的时刻。正是这些时刻拉伸了你,为你打下新的根基。所以你经常听到这样的职业问题:“嘿,你在当前岗位上感觉自己在成长吗?“在我看来,这是一种非常模糊的提问方式。更犀利的方式是:“嘿,过去六个月、一年、两年里,你有过多少次’糟了’的时刻?它们分别是什么?“我觉得如果你问自己这个问题,答案是”已经很久没有被以某种有意义的方式拉伸过了,或者很久没有觉得自己不够格了”,那可能值得深入思考一下。
Lenny: 欢迎来到 Lenny’s Podcast,我在这里采访世界级的产品领袖和增长专家,向他们学习打造和增长当今最成功产品来之不易的经验。今天的嘉宾是 Lane Shackleton。Lane 是 Coda 的首席产品官(CPO),已在该职位上任职超过八年。在此之前,他是 YouTube 的集团产品经理,Google 的产品专家,而且正如你将听到的,他的职业生涯始于阿拉斯加登山向导,之后又做过 Google AdWords 广告的人工审核员。Lane 是一位极其深刻的思想者,非常注重第一性原理,并在 Coda 打造了一支出色的产品团队和文化。他的方法之一,就是研究优秀产品领袖和优秀产品团队的原则与仪式。在我们的对话中,Lane 分享了他的所学所悟,分享了他发现的优秀 PM 和优秀团队的与众不同之处。他分享了许多他最喜欢的仪式和原则,以及你如何在自己的团队中加以实践,还有一种非常巧妙且独特的方式来判断你的职业发展是否在进步,以及更多内容。我可以和 Lane 聊上几个小时,但我们尽量把时间控制在一个半小时以内。好了,在短暂的赞助商信息之后,我为大家带来 Lane Shackleton。
姓氏渊源
Lenny: Lane,非常感谢你来这里。欢迎来到播客。
Lane Shackleton: 很高兴来到这里。谢谢你的邀请。
Lenny: 这是我的荣幸。我一直非常欣赏你写作和思考产品的方式,而且我觉得 Coda 拥有最强大、同时也最有深度的产品团队之一。所以我真的很兴奋能请到你来,让我学习你这些年积累的经验。我的第一个问题完全不相关,但我必须问一下。你姓 Shackleton,和那位非常著名的南极探险家有关系吗?
Lane Shackleton: 有,但可能最多只是远亲。我希望关系更近一些,希望可以说他是我的父亲或祖父。但我确实从小听着那些故事长大,小时候读了很多关于他的书。高中时我们读了 Endurance,如果你没读过的话,这是一本很棒的书。这是一个了不起的故事,他如何把人放在第一位,把所有队员从那次南极之旅中全部带回来,非常鼓舞人心。所以从中汲取了很多教训,但这就是我能与 Ernest Shackleton 的伟大之间最接近的联系了。
Lenny: 好的,所以还是有联系的。当我想到 Shackleton 时,我还会想到他为招募队员参加那次旅程而刊登的广告——生存几率极低,极其艰难,但如果成功就有机会获得荣耀,大意是这样。
Lane Shackleton: 那则广告非常棒。我想我小时候还有一个印着那则广告的马克杯。是的。
从登山向导到产品管理
Lenny: 太棒了。好吧,在同一话题上,我注意到你的第一份工作可能是阿拉斯加的登山向导。这是受这个家族传承的启发吗?另外你为什么决定不再继续做下去,转而进入产品管理?完全不同的人生。
Lane Shackleton: 是的,是的。非常非常不同,完全不同的时代。那时候还没有孩子。我当时深信自己想要一份户外职业,就是喜欢在山里度日,攀岩之类的。说实话,我并不是最好的向导。那里有很多出色的向导,他们几乎是无敌的——能连续攀爬二三十个小时。但我从这段经历中学到了很多。关于我为什么停止做向导,可以简单讲一下。那是一次登山向导梦寐以求的旅行——我们被飞机送到阿拉斯加东南部一个偏远的区域,飞行一小时,到达一座叫 Mount Fairweather 的山,一座美丽的15000英尺高的山峰。在冰川上攀登时,作为背景说明,你需要用绳索把自己和另一个人连在一起。这样做的原因是,如果有人掉进冰裂缝,你希望能阻止坠落或者把他们拉出来。
我当时正用绳索连着一位非常好的客户,我在给他做向导。他在我们下山时,快到山顶的地方摔了一跤。幸运的是我们成功进行了制动,止住了坠落。但接下来的大概六个小时里,我一路走下那座山,脑子里反复想着同一件事:我真的不想和一个我几乎不认识、不信任、也不爱的人绑在一起死掉。那是我做向导的最后一个季节。但留下了很多美好的回忆和收获,我觉得这段经历对我的人生产生了相当深远的影响。
Lenny: 天哪。软件行业的代价低多了。既然聊到这个话题,你从那段经历中有没有发现什么共通之处或重要的教训,可以带到产品管理中?
Lane Shackleton: 一个是准备。你去登山或者带人登山的时候,往往要花好几个月来准备,而真正攀爬可能就那么几天。所以有那种长期的准备工作。还有就是无数的检查清单——出发之前,你可能要把装备清单之类的反复核对十几次甚至更多,确保每一套系统都有冗余。这确实和我们的工作有一个共通之处。另一件我经常想到的事,就是在困难或可怕的情境下如何保持冷静。我们遇到过另一次事故,一位客户拽落了一大块岩石,砸断了自己的脚。那次我是初级向导,更资深的那位向导看了看我,又看了看现场,说:“好,我们现在就把他弄出去。“于是把他背在背上,我们轮流背着他走了几英里。我永远不会忘记那样的时刻——那种”保持冷静、评估局势、排定优先级、采取行动”的清晰感。我觉得在开发软件的时候,也有一个微缩版本。所以像这样的经历,虽然我只做了几个夏天,但影响相当深远。
Lenny: 确实。那样的人生轨迹会是多么不同的一条路。
Lane Shackleton: 那是在有孩子之前的事了。
研究优秀产品团队的缘起
Lenny: 天哪。你提到你的写作,提到这是你想写的主题。我们转到今天聊天的核心话题吧——很明显,你花了很多时间研究优秀的产品经理是如何工作的、优秀的产品团队是如何运作的。你写了一系列关于优秀产品管理原则以及优秀团队仪式的内容。所以我想花些时间尽可能多地从你的学习成果中提炼精华,让听众也能有所收获。本质上就是:优秀产品经理的原则是什么,优秀团队的仪式是什么,最优秀的团队总体上是如何运作的?我的第一个问题是,你为什么会开始做这件事?是什么驱动你投入这么多时间和精力去理解最优秀的团队和个人是如何运作的?
Lane Shackleton: 对,这个问题我自己最近也在想。有几个原因。一个是我发现在一对一沟通中,我总是在重复给出类似的建议。所以我觉得,任何时刻你作为领导者发现自己反复在讲同样的东西,这就是一个信号,说明你应该想办法把这些内容规模化传播。而且你也知道,一旦你把东西写下来,就必须厘清自己的思路,所以这对理清思路本身就非常有用。我没想到它在这方面会这么有用。写下来并公开发布之后,你会开始收到反馈,告诉你哪里可能是对的、哪里可能不对。所以对我来说,这也是一个很好的学习过程。
第二个原因是,我一直对职业阶梯这件事感到非常沮丧。大多数公司有十到十五级的职业阶梯,一旦达到一定规模,层级之间还有子层级。我记得看到 Google 的那套,你得有个博士学位才能解读并弄明白怎么在里面运作。这是这个体系的一部分。但往更广处想,各公司之间的职业阶梯并不统一,所以你实际上陷入了一种内卷竞赛。于是我发现,我真正想要的是一套超越层级、更宽泛的原则——这些原则无论你是一个刚入行的 IC 产品经理,还是你担任产品负责人、带领一个产品团队,都应该成立。这是第二个原因。我就不继续抱怨了,但我觉得这是其中一个因素。
最后我想提的第三个原因,是我受到了一位名叫 Brett Victor 的演讲的启发,他是一位原型设计思想家。你可能听说过他的作品。他有一场演讲叫《Inventing on Principle》。在 Coda 早期,我们最早的设计师之一 Jeremy Britten 把这场演讲放给全公司看,我的思维被彻底打开了。我觉得这是一个很好的例子——一个人形成了关于自己应该以什么原则来运作的清晰认知,然后践行这个原则。它本身就是一个元层面的示范,说明了当你确定一个原则并付诸实践时,这件事有多么重要、能产生多么大的影响。从那以后,我一直在思考:在构建软件以及其他方面,我的原则是什么。以上就是促使我开始把这些东西写下来的三个原因。
Lenny: 太棒了。我们会找到那场演讲,链接放到节目备注里。我想问你总结出了哪些原则,但我也想了解你最终在 Coda 是怎么做职业阶梯和绩效评估的。是先聊完那些原则之后再谈这个更好,还是你有什么想先分享的,关于你在 Coda 是怎么思考这件事的?
Coda 的职业阶梯设计
Lane Shackleton: 在做职业阶梯的时候,首先我们推迟了相当长一段时间才着手。这是基于很多其他领导者的建议——他们说一旦引入这个体系,激励方向就会从关注公司变成关注个人。所以我觉得我们推迟了相当久是有道理的。但后来到了一个时间点,我们觉得,确实需要提供更好的指引,告诉大家在公司里成长意味着什么、做到优秀意味着什么。差不多在同一时期,我开始把我一直在发表的那些原则写下来。在讨论层级时我经常思考的一件事,就是如何让每个人始终面向自己的团队和公司。我觉得这些年我们在这一点上做得非常好。所以层级从来不是任何公司讨论的核心话题。事实上,我们也不怎么使用头衔。
Lenny: 你说它不是针对特定角色的。你是说设计、产品和工程使用的是同样的层级标准吗?
Lane Shackleton: 我们基本上有五个层级,我们称之为角色阶段,从学徒到首席。学徒是……用绳索的类比来说,就是学习关于绳索的知识。从业者阶段是能打基本绳结,看过复杂绳结,给定一个问题能够完成。职业阶段是你能计算绳索的强度,对绳结了解很多。首席阶段基本上是发明了尼龙。所以首席这个层级的门槛真的非常高,我觉得这是合理的——在角色阶梯的最高层,门槛应该极高、令人向往。我觉得这个过程还不错,可以和其他公司做一点对比。大多数其他公司,尤其是大公司,有十到十五个层级。我认为我们做了一个非常有意识的选择,只保留五个。另一个不同之处是,角色阶段在整个公司范围内是不可见的。我们不会展示任何一个产品经理或设计师的层级,部分原因是我们不想把注意力放在这上面。而最大的不同可能是,我们有一个集中的薪酬委员会,由他们来决定薪酬,所以不是你的直属经理来决定你的薪酬。这些就是一些不同之处。
Lenny: 太酷了。我从来没见过这样做的方式。我觉得这是一个很棒的从第一性原理出发思考的范例,我从你的产品团队中经常看到这种思维方式。然后确认一下我理解得对不对——这五个阶段在不同角色之间大致相同,比如设计师也有同样的五个阶段,描述方式也类似。
Lane Shackleton: 没错。高层级的描述是类似的,但如果深入到具体细节,会有些不同。
Lenny: 好的。我想问一下这些原则是什么,或者你能分享的其中几条。不过先问一个非常实际的问题——产品团队大概到了什么规模,比如单说产品经理的数量,你们开始开发这个框架的?
Lane Shackleton: 大概在 20 个左右的产品经理和设计师的时候做的这件事。
产品经理的核心原则
Lenny: 很好。那我直接问了,你们归纳出的那些优秀产品经理的原则有哪些?
Lane Shackleton: 也许先从一个更高层级的统一论点说起会更有帮助。我认为这个统一论点是:产品人的核心工作,就是把模糊转化为清晰。如果你想想产品负责人或产品经理的工作,所有事情无时无刻都是模糊的——我在团队中的角色是什么?我们在解决什么问题?目标客户是谁?什么样的原型能解决这个具体问题?真的是方方面面都是如此。所以如果你想做好这份工作,你真的需要擅长发现模糊之处,并将其转化为清晰。接下来自然而然的问题是,好吧,听起来不错,像张精美的贺卡,但你到底怎么做?所以我认为我写下来的这些原则非常个人化,是我自己对如何做到这件事的理解。
我写的第一条是”系统而非目标”。我写这篇文章的时候……我非常喜欢从科技行业之外获取灵感,所以我讲的一个故事基本上是 Jerry Seinfeld 的故事。如果你没看过纪录片《Comedian》,非常精彩,绝对值得一看。故事是这样的——他已经拍完了《Seinfeld》这部剧,积累了过去十五年的所有素材,然后有一天他走进来说:“听着,我要扔掉所有的素材,从零开始。“在喜剧界,一个人就这么扔掉所有旧素材从头开始,这是前所未闻的。那么问题是,他接下来怎么做?他做的第一件事是设定了一个目标,基本上就是重新积累出一个小时的素材。
但目标本身没那么重要,重要的是系统。他使用的系统是每天早上写作一小时,不想写的时候也不多写,然后晚上去表演。当你把这个系统反复执行,做上几百次,他就是这么从五分钟积累到十五分钟再到三十分钟的素材的。我从这个故事中获得了很大的启发,我认为产品人普遍也可以借鉴,那就是与其执着于目标,不如执着于让你达成目标的系统。我有时会用一句话来形容:光有好意愿的目标是没用的。我举一个非常常见的例子。一个很常见的例子是想了解客户或做调研的团队。我观察到的一个现象是,一个团队可能有一个像 OKR 这样的目标,比如本季度要跟十个客户交流,他们可能会也可能不会达成这个 OKR。然后如果你仔细观察,下一个季度,他们可能就不再有跟客户交流的目标了。于是他们的学习投入就在上下波动。
形成对比的是,这与一个拥有某种”默认开启”系统的团队截然不同——他们每周都会因为各种原因跟客户交流好几次。这种做法的影响很难直接看到,直到你意识到后者往往拥有非常好的产品直觉,或者说非常好的客户直觉。这是因为他们一直保持着这种”默认开启”的心态去跟客户交流。在 Coda 早期,我们其实也做过类似的事情。我们在周五安排了固定时间,基本上日历上会安排一个客户或潜在客户来访,所以你知道这件事会发生,你得准备点东西展示。有时候我们会在前三小时手忙脚乱地准备一个原型给客户看,有时候我们拿出来的东西已经打磨了一段时间。但关键是这是”默认开启”的。所以我们培养出良好的客户直觉的方式不是靠目标,而是靠背后的系统。这是我很在意的一条原则,我认为它也延伸到了我们经常讨论的很多仪式中。
Lenny: 这个话题我可以往很多方向展开。我真的很喜欢这条原则。它让我想起我在 Airbnb 做过的一件事——我们每个周五会跟一位房东吃午饭,由团队的一位社区运营人员在旧金山找一位房东过来。没有议程,就是一起吃个午饭、跟团队见见面。
Lane Shackleton: 没错。
Lenny: Airbnb 的房东通常都特别友好,整个体验很愉快。这也让我想到一本书,《The Score Takes Care of Itself》。
Lane Shackleton: 对。
Lenny: 你读过吗?
Lane Shackleton: 读过。
Lenny: 书里说的就是把基本功做好,胜利自然会来。
Lane Shackleton: 完全同意。
Lenny: 另外它还让我想起我办公室里挂的一句话。我记得是 Rick Rubin 的书里的。这句话是:“目的不是创作艺术,而是进入那种让艺术自然涌现的美妙状态。”
Lane Shackleton: 太喜欢了。
Lenny: 我觉得你只要把”艺术”换成——
Lane Shackleton: 对,Rick Rubin 太厉害了。
Lenny: 天哪,太棒了。每一节都是这种让人想记住的金句……我得把这句话牢牢记住。
Lane Shackleton: 是的。他关于”倾听”有一段很精彩的论述,我非常欣赏他说的关于倾听的内容,我觉得很多产品经理都可以从中汲取教训——
Lenny: 对,那个教训是什么?
Lane Shackleton: 他的说法本质上是,你要倾听并吸收那个人所说的每一个片段,包括他们的肢体语言和所有其他信息,同时尽量关闭你内心那个正在组织回应、想着下一步要说什么、或者找对方论点漏洞的那部分自我。这其实很难做到。因为你的默认模式永远是想着对话的下一步。但我认为如果你真的能像他说的那样挑战自己——停下来,真正去全面地内化那个人在说什么——这会非常有效。
初学者心态的力量
Lenny: 我刚好在读那一章,下一章讲的是”初学者心态”这个概念。不知道你还记不记得。我感觉人们很容易被 Rick Rubin 的东西吸引住。不过不管怎样,我快要跑题了。他讲到 AlphaZero 或者说 AlphaGo,第一个在围棋上击败人类的人工智能,它下了一步棋——第 37 手——简直让人……跟 AI 对弈的那个人直接走出了房间。他说:“我甚至不知道刚才发生了什么,这完全超出了我所有的想象。“然后那步棋赢了。这里的教训是,它不是基于人类已有的知识来训练的,而是自己训练自己,从第一性原理出发去理解事物,然后想出了我们从未想象过的东西。所以这是一个很好的例子,展示了初学者心态的力量——不被已有的做法所影响。
Lane Shackleton: 对。我们有一个叫做 walkthrough 的仪式。
Lenny: 跟我说说。
Lane Shackleton: 提示词本质上就是:把自己放在一个对这个话题一无所知的人的位置上,带着初学者心态走完整个流程,旁边有五到十个人看着你,然后我们一起来修掉所有能看到的问题。
Lenny: 明白了。我想聊聊”仪式”这个话题。我们有点跑在前面了。你还有其他原则可以分享吗?不管是大致说说还是深入讲讲都行。我知道大家可以去你的 Substack 读这些内容。顺便问一下,你的 Substack 地址是什么,方便大家去看看?
Lane Shackleton: 就是 lane.substack.com。
Lenny: 好,我们一定会在节目里放上链接。嗯,还有其他原则吗?
Lane Shackleton: 还有一条是”大教堂,而不是砖块”,另外一条是”主动,而非被动”。“大教堂,而不是砖块”这一条我觉得是很经典的一条。我记得有一次在 YouTube 跟 Shishir 做一对一的时候,我在抱怨我的团队没有发挥出我认为他们应有的潜力。他问了一个非常尖锐而且出乎意料的问题:“他们知道自己的大教堂是什么吗?他们有自己要建的大教堂吗?“我当时坐在那里想:“哥们,你在说什么呢?我们在讨论团队绩效,你问我什么大教堂。“然后他讲了大教堂的故事,我可以聊聊这个。在那个——
Lenny: 大教堂的故事是什么?
Lane Shackleton: 那次对话让我豁然开朗。
Lenny: 对,快说说。
大教堂,而不是砖块
Lane Shackleton: 好。大教堂的故事大概是这样的:你走向三个正在砌砖的人。你问第一个人:“你在做什么?“他说:“嗯,我把这边的砖搬到那边的麻袋上。“你问第二个人:“你在做什么?“他说:“嗯,我弄点水泥,抹在前一个人砌的砖上。“你问第三个人:“你在做什么?“他说:“嗯,我们在建一座大教堂。“这里的核心洞察是,你希望你的团队感受到自己是在建造一座大教堂,而不仅仅是在砌砖。我觉得当产品经理每天忙得团团转的时候,很容易陷入一个任务接着一个任务、完全以执行为导向的状态,可能不会花时间帮助团队打开视野、把光圈调大一点,让大家看到大教堂的样子。而且我们反复学到的一点是,这里有一个出乎意料的发现——每个人需要看到大教堂的不同侧面。
所以很多时候……我自己也犯过很多次这个错误。人们经常会写一份很好的愿景或战略之类的文档,但结果是大家没法从中看到属于自己的那个版本,看不到这条更宏大的弧线、这座更宏大的大教堂到底是什么。所以我们在做大的规划周期时尝试做的一件事,就是把这个东西的各个不同侧面都展示出来。比如不只是一份文档,我们可能会配上一份文档,再搭配一个指标,再加上一些方向性的模型图,展示广告牌可能长什么样,或者我们的首页会发生什么变化。我们真正想做的是消除围绕那些更宏观的约束条件和前进方向的迷雾。我觉得优秀的产品团队和优秀的产品经理领导者,总是会把团队引导向一座更宏大的大教堂,而不是仅仅在砌砖。
Lenny: 真是一个绝妙的比喻。这让我想起你聊的时候我刚查到的一句话:“如果你想造一艘船,不要召集人们去搬木头、分工和发号施令。而是教他们渴望浩瀚无垠的大海。”
Lane Shackleton: 经典。经典。是 Antoine 说的。
Lenny: 没错。Antoine de St. Exupéry(圣-埃克苏佩里)。
如何发展自己的原则
好,你刚才聊的时候我还想到一件事——对于那些想要发展自己的原则、定义自己产品思维的人来说,你有没有发现什么方法有助于让这些东西浮现出来成为原则?是就坐在那里想吗?还是你做过其他什么帮助你定义这些东西的事情?
Lane Shackleton: 大概有两件事。一是广泛阅读。不只是读产品经理类的文献。像我说的,我倾向于从科技领域之外获得很多灵感,我觉得这是一点。另一点是,只要有机会去指导别人,就想一想你对这些人在说什么。想一想,好,这个人带着这个挑战来找我了,我的回应是什么?为什么我会那样回应?我是不是经常给出同样的回应?如果是的话,也许这是一个更深层的信念。所以我觉得留意这些时刻对我很有帮助。
Lenny: 在你说的从非产品科技领域阅读和学习方面,有没有哪些书、话题或领域让你觉得最有启发性?
广泛阅读与讲故事的启发
Lane Shackleton: 我觉得体育肯定是其中之一。体育对我来说真的很有意思。团队体育。我一直都是各种团队运动的超级粉丝。还有讲故事。去看看世界上最会讲故事的人,他们实际上就站在舞台上讲故事。有一本书叫《Storyworthy》,我非常喜欢。
Lenny: 我正想提这本书呢。这本书太好了。之前有人在播客上提到过,我就去读了。这是关于如何讲故事最实用的一本书。
Lane Shackleton: 真的很好。那个洞察非常精彩。万一听众朋友感兴趣的话,那个洞察基本上是说——一个好故事的核心是五秒钟的转变。所以如果你把其他一切都围绕那个转变的时刻来组织,那你通常就能讲出一个还不错的故事。我读完那本书后跟作者聊了一次,因为我简直被它迷住了。后来我们还把他请到了 Coda,他做了一场很棒的演讲。所以强烈推荐 Matthew Dicks。
Lenny: 同样那本书里还有一个让我印象深刻的点……我们真是越聊越跑题了。同一个洞察还让我现在看电影的方式完全不一样了——基本上你在故事开头遇到的角色,到故事结尾会变得截然相反,因为这个转变的发生。所以我现在跟我妻子一起看电影的时候就会想:“好,她现在很害羞,到这部电影结束的时候她会变得非常外向。“或者,“他们现在很相爱,哦,他们会有很多问题的。“真有意思。嗯,这真是个好主意。好,我希望能把这个人请到节目上来。他基本上是 The Moth 的冠军。
向最优秀的人学习
Lane Shackleton: 对。我觉得这也许可以作为一条更一般性的原则——你学习的方式,或者说包括我在内所有人学习新事物的方式,就是去找那个领域里最厉害的人。在这个例子里,你去 The Moth StorySLAM,看一些非常好的故事。如果你在 YouTube 上看过这些的话。然后你去拆解他们在做什么、怎么做的。当然,我觉得另一个快速学习的方法是把自己扔进深水区。所以只要你能把自己放到那些让你不舒服的、逼迫你去做比如讲故事、或者逼迫你想出清晰战略的情境中,你就应该主动选择投入,尤其是在职业生涯早期。
Lenny: 你说的第一件事,基本上就是这个播客的全部前提。找到所有这些事情上最厉害的人,向他们学习,提炼并分享。
Lane Shackleton: 世界因为有了它而变得更好了。这个播客是一个了不起的资源。
Lenny: 谢谢哥们。
Lane Shackleton: 你做了一件非常特别的事。
Lenny: 多谢了。这期播客本身已经很特别了。你刚才提到的那个点让我想起你之前谈到过的”糟糕”时刻。我不知道它是不是和你分享的”让人感受到职业成长”直接相关,能展开讲讲吗?
Lane Shackleton: 当然。这个概念我最初是从作家 Seth Godin 那里学来的,之后就一直记在心里。它的核心论点是:那些让你被拉伸的时刻,那些让你感到不舒服的时刻,或者你发现自己心里想说”天哪,我不该在这里”,“我的资历不够站在这里”——恰恰是这些时刻你应该主动去寻找。正是这些时刻在拉伸你,为你打下新的基础。所以我发现,这其实是一种相当不错的标尺,可以用来衡量一个人在职业生涯中是否在成长。你经常听到这样的职业问题:“嘿,你觉得你在当前角色中有在成长吗?“在我看来,这种问法非常模糊。一个更锐利的问法是:“在过去半年、一年、两年里,你经历了多少次’糟糕’时刻?它们分别是什么?“如果你问自己这个问题,答案是”已经很久没有被真正拉伸过了,或者很久没有觉得自己资历不够了”,那就值得深入想想了。
Lenny: 这太好了。让我想到做这档播客——我之前完全不想做播客。我觉得我不是做播客的人,我只想坐在那里写 newsletter,多舒服啊。但我告诉自己,不行,我得做,因为它很难。我很庆幸自己做了。这也让我想起一句我一直很喜欢的名言:“你害怕的洞穴里,藏着你追寻的宝藏。”
Lane Shackleton: 说得好。这让我想到——你读过《The Obstacle is the Way》这本书吗?
Lenny: 没有。多说说。
逃离舒适区与迎向障碍
Lane Shackleton: 这是 Ryan Holiday 写的一本很好的书。核心论点和斯多葛哲学有些关联。但基本思想是:与其逃避障碍,你应该迎向它们,因为正是在那里你会经历最大的成长或人生中最深刻的时刻。他在书里举了大量历史人物做出这种选择的例子。他后来还把这个理念讲给了上百支体育队伍听。好书,值得一读。
Lenny: 太难了。做难的事真的太难了,哥们。
伟大团队的仪式
我们一直在聊优秀产品经理的原则。你在优秀产品团队的”仪式”上也花了很多时间。我知道你正在做一本手册,我很期待了解更多。能不能聊聊——首先,研究伟大团队仪式这个想法是从哪来的?另外,你实际上是怎么去了解这些仪式的?我知道你有一个很有趣的过程。
Lane Shackleton: 好的。总的来说,我坚信好的设计和好的产品始于”留意”。Tony Fadell 有一场很棒的演讲讲的就是这个。所以我们这群对仪式非常着迷的人,说白了就是在努力练就”留意”的本事。看到某个客户那里发生了什么有趣的事,就多问几句,请他们引荐一下他们的团队;从非客户那里听到什么有意思的,也请求引荐,不断追问和探究。而且现在很多时候,借助 Coda,我们和用户一起在构建新的仪式——有人提出了一个有创意的想法来实现某件事,我们就像合作伙伴或协作者一样和他们一起做。说实话,看到人们的创造力在一个工具中表达出来,进而延伸到他们所处的社会结构中,这个过程非常有趣。这就是我们开始那段整个过程的来由。当然,Shishir 也在写一本叫《Rituals of Great Teams》的书,所以我们一直在做这些仪式的编目。我们还主办了一系列仪式晚宴,基本上就是把大家聚在一起吃顿饭,通常每场晚宴有三四位演讲者。这是一个非常好的学习和思考机会,去了解这些公司内部引擎是如何运转的。
Lenny: 从这些晚宴和研究中,你学到了哪些让你印象特别深刻的仪式?
Lane Shackleton: 太多了,很难选。我挑两个最常浮现在脑海的吧。一个是 Dharmesh Shah 在 HubSpot 的一套仪式,叫做 flash tags。你听过这个吗?
Lenny: 没有。
反馈校准:Flash Tags
Lane Shackleton: 我们大概都遇到过这种情况:有人给你反馈,你要么解读不足,要么过度解读。作为一个组织,我认为这里的核心原则是——你希望在面对一条反馈时能够准确判断该给予多少关注。所以他提出了四个 flash tags。他在我们的一次晚宴上分享了这套方法。作为一个在职业生涯中给出过大量产品反馈的人,我非常喜欢这些措辞。它从 FYI、suggestion、recommendation 到 plea 依次排列。FYI 基本上就是——我有个想法,采纳与否随意。Suggestion——他用了一个”守山头”的比喻:这座山头值得我拼命吗?FYI 是连山头的影子都没有。Suggestion 是有山头,但我不会为此拼命,但如果我是你我会这样做,采纳与否取决于你。Recommendation 是我正在爬山,我不会死在这里,但我确实深思熟虑过,所以别忽视它。
第四个,plea,希望在组织中很少被使用。它的意思是——我不喜欢拼命守山头,这不是我们这里的行事风格,但这件事确实很值得这么做。你真的应该相信我。我们后来确实用上了这套方法。事实上我最近刚参加了一次 offsite,有人给我们的团队做了一场闪电演讲,讲这套方法多么有用——帮助你校准:嘿,我们收到了一百条反馈,其中一条是 plea,好吧,把时间花在那上面。或者一堆都是 FYI,我觉得没问题,继续推进,不用担心。
Lenny: 太棒了。有趣的是,其中没有一个是”就这么做”。我想这是很有意为之的。
Lane Shackleton: 对。说实话,这体现了一种——我对 Dharmesh 不算特别了解,但一个真正经验丰富的领导者才会知道要做这样的分级。不过每次我看这个分级、掂量自己究竟处于 suggestion 还是 recommendation 时,都忍不住暗自发笑。
Lenny: 那实际中怎么用呢?在反馈里加一个 hashtag plea 之类的?
Lane Shackleton: 在代码文档中的用法,以及我认为其他公司把它仪式化的方式是——你会有一张反馈表,写下你的反馈,旁边有一个下拉列表,你可以从那四个里选。通常人们会把描述也附上,这样你在选择的时候可以想想自己是否真的这么强烈地觉得。说实话,这是一种好习惯。否则每条反馈都会被同等对待。而这带来的根本影响就是拖慢一切——因为你面对一百条反馈清单时会想:“天哪,我们得处理所有这些反馈。“而一旦你区分出哪些最重要,梳理起来就容易多了。
Lenny: 如果是面对面呢?你会说”这是一条 plea”或者”这只是 FYI”吗?
Lane Shackleton: 哦,我在很多会议上确实听到过这样的对话。你这是 recommendation 还是 plea?
Lenny: 太妙了。
Lane Shackleton: 让对方在做出这个选择时认真思考,我觉得这就是一种非常有帮助的共同语言。
Lenny: 我想这个做法的另一个好处是——大多数逐步晋升的领导者最终都会意识到,自己在会议上说的任何话都会被非常当真,团队会立刻跑回去说,“Lane 让我们改这个东西。“我想这应该能帮你把意思表达清楚:不,你们不需要真的去改,这只是我的想法。
Lane Shackleton: 对,没错。
Lenny: 还有其他让你觉得特别有意思的仪式吗?不管是最近才学到的,还是让你觉得”哇,这真是天才”的?
Catalyst:重新设计产品评审机制
Lane Shackleton: 有一个我们团队内部被问得很多的,叫做 Catalyst。先交代一下背景:在大多数产品团队中,评审会是产品开发流程中非常重要的一环。大多数评审会、产品评审或决策会议都存在两个核心问题,但除非你亲身经历过上百场这样的会议,否则很难察觉。第一个问题是固定参会人员,第二个问题是一次只讨论一个议题。我分别讲讲这两个问题,因为它们并不那么直观。关于固定参会人员,要么会议上人太多,要么人不够,两种情况都会出问题。
如果你参加过这样的会议——我肯定经历过——就是那种”最了解这个的销售人员来了吗?实际负责实现的工程师来了吗?哦,他们不在?他们不在固定参会名单里?“你要么重新安排会议,要么更糟——在没有最了解情况的人参与的情况下直接讨论,回头想想简直荒唐。第二个问题是单线程,一次只讨论一个议题。假设产品开发流程某种程度上是一条混乱的流水线,那你的评审会或决策会议在很多情况下就会变成一个巨大的时间瓶颈。显然,你希望产品人员有充分的自主权,能自己做大部分决策,我也非常信奉去中心化领导的理念,但确实有些事情是跨部门的,需要更广泛的利益相关者参与评审。
当这些会议是单线程的时候,要么会议非常长——每周一次三小时的评审会,到最后所有人都快睡着了——要么会议非常短,而且很难排上,“我们能不能两周后再约?“排不上日程的代价就是拖慢了整个公司的节奏,因为评审会的吞吐量实在太低。所以 Catalyst 就是为了解决这两个问题而设计的。它的运作方式是每周三个一小时的时段,前提是全公司的人在这些时间都可用,你可以请公司里任何人参与。每个议题有四个角色:驱动者(Driver)、制作者(Maker)、智囊团(Braintrust)和关注者(Interested)。这是一个非常透明的系统。
比如一位销售人员可以说,“我对这个产品开发评审感兴趣,我就把自己标记为关注者。“驱动者是实际推进会议、推进决策、推进产出的人。所有这些信息都集中在一个文档里。具体运作方式是,前一天日历上的占位会被移除,然后具体议题会被添加上去。所以可能三个议题同时进行,因为参会人员互不重叠。我觉得如果你亲眼看到它在运作,效果是非常显著的。多个议题同时推进,吞吐量大大提升,每次都有正确的参会人员,会议中有明确的驱动者和角色分工。这意味着我们能够以快得多的速度、带着对的人评审工作,理想情况下能为客户创造更多价值、交付更多产品,整个组织的节奏也会更快。这是我们被问得很多的一个仪式。实际上几周前我们还花了不少时间重新制作了它的模板。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个仪式。你在我俩一起做的那篇关于 Coda 如何做产品的文章里写得更深入,我们会附上链接,感兴趣的话可以看看。文章里还附了模板链接,大家可以在自己公司直接用。如果有人听了觉得”哇,这太酷了”,你觉得把一个公司的仪式移植过来有多容易?有多少是文化层面的、很难移植的?还是你觉得像 Catalyst 这样的想法可以在很多公司即插即用?
仪式的可移植性与百美元投票法
Lane Shackleton: 这很大程度上取决于你在公司中的角色。先说极端情况:如果你是一个刚入职组织的 PM,你大概不应该去改造那位产品负责人精心打造、非常看重的整个产品评审流程。但你可以借鉴一个决策模板,或者某个以前在团队中奏效的有趣仪式,用在自己的团队里。我自己最喜欢的一个是百美元投票法($100 voting),我们在做规划的时候经常用。我发现这类创意仪式对团队来说很容易上手,因为通常就是……要不我先简单描述一下这个仪式?
Lenny: 好,我正想问这个。
Lane Shackleton: 这个仪式的要点是这样的:你可以拿任何一组问题、解决方案、主题,或者任何你想让大家发表意见的内容,放进一张表格里,然后让大家用”钱”来投票——通常是给每人分配 100 美元。大家逐一看过之后会说:“嗯,我想在这上面投 10 美元,在那上面投 20 美元,还有这个投 50 美元,因为我觉得它真的很重要。“我发现,尤其是在规划过程中,这样的小仪式非常适合把房间里的大象赶出来。比如:“哇,在这个问题上我们的分歧好大。你觉得这是个巨大的问题,我觉得根本不是问题。那我们来聊聊吧。“回到”把模糊变成清晰”这个主题,很多时候我们做的就是把这些模糊的东西摆到台面上,然后让它变得更加清晰。
所以,我拿这个来举例,是因为即使你是一个全新的 PM,也可以运行一场这样的头脑风暴或规划会议,而且很可能会得到很好的反馈。大家很可能会说:“这挺酷的,我以前没这么做过。“再看另一个极端的情况,我们帮助过很多想要重塑整套流程的公司。他们想重新打造一个类似 Catalyst 的评审体系,或者想重新设计他们的决策仪式。在这种场景下,我们通常对话的对象是产品负责人、产品总监或产品 VP——这些人通常对团队的工作方式有更大的决定权。
流程的稳定性与持续迭代
Lenny: Coda 有一个很有趣的地方,就是感觉你们在规划和评审上有相当稳定的流程。我发现大多数公司每六个月就会重新思考很多东西。我猜这大概说明你们找到了一个真正好用、行之有效的方法,不需要反复重来。你们有多大程度上在根本性地改变运营方式,又有多大程度上沿用相似的方式?你怎么看这个比例?
Lane Shackleton: 人们总是不断想出有创意的新方式来让团队运转得更好、让决策更顺畅。我们在持续采纳这些新做法,但系统的主干是固定的。这个主干就是 Catalyst、tag-up 以及一个叫 Bullpen 的概念。在此基础上会有大量的迭代。而且即便是这些主干系统本身,也经历了很多迭代。我之前提到过日历占位是怎么被取消的,然后又是怎么加入单独议题的——那需要我们先上线自动化功能,以及往日历中添加事项的能力,才能让整套流程真正运转起来。所以在上线这些功能之前的几年里,我们完全靠手工操作。所以我觉得每天依然能看到大量的创造力。
我举一个简单的例子。我们核心产品团队的一位 PM 负责人,叫 Nathan,他基本观察到核心产品中的很多决策涉及大量不同的利益相关者。他现在领导着核心产品团队,所以需要想清楚怎么给手下的每位 PM 指导——在这些决策中该让谁参与。因为核心产品里的每一个决策似乎都会影响到所有人。大概在过去六个月里,他做了一件非常简单的事:他列了一张表,包含所有即将到来的决策,然后在 tag-up 上……tag-up 我可以解释一下,如果你需要的话。但基本上就是在一个小范围的利益相关者群体里,他列出了所有即将到来的决策,然后让大家点击一个小反应按钮来表达态度——“哦,我不需要参与,决策后通知我就行”,或者”嗯,我有一些想法,但你们可以继续推进”,又或者”不行,我真的想深度参与这个决策”。
这真是一个非常老练的操作。一看就是经历过无数类似场景的人——我不想对每一个都同等对待,因为那样做会拖慢整个组织的速度。所以,大多数情况下,Shishir、我、或者工程负责人 Oliver 会说”我可能有一些想法,但继续推进吧”——这往往是默认态度。还有不少情况我们会说”决策后通知我们就行”。这样一来,Nathan 就能给团队里的 PM 更好的指导:“嘿,你不需要像你想的那样拉那么多人进来,继续推进,之后同步一下就好。“所以我觉得,这类小的迭代通常都建立在一个非常好的洞察之上。
Lenny: 听起来这对平台团队来说简直是梦想成真——减少在所有规划和决策中必须参与的人数。你提到的这个流程叫 tag-up,也许可以简单解释一下,然后我想聊聊你正在做的那个手册——我想它会涵盖很多这类内容。
Tag-up 机制
Lane Shackleton: Tag-up 基于这样一个洞察:大量的工作和项目讨论往往发生在一对一会议中。实际上这是一个反模式,是一个你应该尽量避免的模式。因为如果你跟你的经理在一对一中讨论产品工作,那个时刻你的工程负责人和设计负责人是听不到的。结果就变成了一场大型的传话游戏——你在一对一中跟经理聊,他回去再转述给他的工程和设计负责人,而传话游戏的保真度嘛,每次传递都会损失一些信息。核心思路就是:用一个小组会议来替代一对一,让关键的利益相关者都在场。所以我们有这个智囊团(Braintrust)的概念,是模仿皮克斯的智囊团而来的。
我们会安排一个 tag-up,由某个团队的一小群人参加,有时规模也会大一些,然后他们跟智囊团每周碰面一次。它的心态跟一对一是一样的——这是他们的时间。所以任何需要用来解除决策障碍或推进进度的事情,都应该利用这个时间。他们通常从回顾 OKR 和指标等开始,但之后一般会进入一个议题表格。任何人都可以添加议题。这些议题会被点赞投票,人们用表情反应,然后表格会自动排序。我们就说:“好,这显然是大家最关心的话题。“这是我们所称的 Dory 的一个版本,我可以详细讲。但原则就是,你应该让整个小组在场的情况下讨论那些项目工作,让铁三角(triad)都在场,往往还包括销售人员、营销人员和其他所有人。所以我发现,把大量原本在一对一中进行的工作搬到一个小群体场景中,这是一个非常好的实践。
产品团队手册
Lenny: 太好了。那你正在做一本手册,收集了很多这类仪式。聊聊这个吧,大家什么时候可以期待看到它?
Lane Shackleton: 大概一两个月前,当我们开始做这件事的时候,我有一个领悟。当时我在跟一个人聊 Catalyst 和其他几个概念,他说:“我理解了,我被说服了,我想实施其中一些东西。我去哪里看呢?“然后我发现自己给他发了一堆单独的模板链接。这让我们意识到,需要一个更好的核心手册,给那些想要采纳这些仪式的团队,同时也让他们从我们学到的所有仪式中获益——我们非常幸运能跟这么多客户合作,从中积累了大量经验。所以我们开始编写这本手册,希望在这期节目录制完成之前就能发布。里面会涵盖从 Catalyst 这样的仪式,到决策仪式,再到大量的规划、策略和路线图等内容。我们会尽量提取出最有趣的模式,同时给大家一个相当实用的视角,告诉你如何实施这些东西。我觉得有时候缺的就是这种实用性。
Lenny: 太棒了,我们一定会附上链接。希望发布的时候它已经上线了,我们会想办法促成的。另外你也提到 Shishir 正在写一本相关的书,基本上是关于优秀团队的仪式。Shishir 之前也上过播客,聊过 Dory,所以我们不需要再展开那个话题了。想了解 Dory 的听众可以去看那一期,其实那是最早几期之一,也是最热门的一期。
Lane Shackleton: 对,我记得那期。
学习靠动手,不是靠讨论
Lenny: 好的。接下来我有一堆零散的问题,准备往几个不同方向聊聊。第一个是,你写过一篇叫做”Learn by Making, Not Talking”的文章。顺便问一下,这也是你的一条原则吗?在你那么多原则里面?
Lane Shackleton: 是的。
Lenny: 好的,太好了。在那篇文章里——我们会附上链接——你分享了你和 YouTube 团队想出可跳过广告的故事。我之前没意识到这件事当时那么有争议……但仔细想想,让人们跳过广告,我当然能理解为什么大家不兴奋。能不能讲讲那个故事?基本上就是 YouTube 可跳过广告是怎么诞生的?
Lane Shackleton: 好的。我在收购之后不久转到了 YouTube。那是一个关系非常紧密的团队,确实有一种 Wild West 的感觉。当时我们正被 Viacom 起诉十亿美元——那时候十亿美元还是一大笔钱。没有广告主愿意跟我们谈。它本质上被视为一个猫视频和滑板狗之类的网站。另一个背景是,销售团队还非常初级,他们只想卖首页广告,原因也很充分——那是你作为销售人员赚钱的地方。我当时刚由 Salar 和 Shishir 赞助成为一名产品经理。这背后有个更长的故事,我先不展开了,之后可以聊。但在我做产品经理的第一天,Shishir 就说:“很好。你是新人,你拿到一个没人想要的项目,叫可跳过广告。我们有这么一个疯狂的想法:通过在广告上放一个跳过按钮,然后按观看次数向人们收费,可以用一种非常巧妙的方式对齐广告主、观众和创作者的激励机制。“后半部分当时还没完全确定,但它已经是核心理念的一部分了。
我在那篇文章里写的就是,作为一名新产品经理,这感觉像是一个后果非常重大的决定。我们有这个新的产品创意,没人想要它——广告主不想要,销售团队也不想要。而且这是一个非常未经验证的论点。我写的就是,这类事情你可以辩论几个月甚至几年。当时我正和一个叫 Phil Farhi 的人开一对一会议,他是一位非常出色的产品领导者,也是我当时的上司。我们正在讨论该怎么办、如何处理各种复杂的关系。他突然停下来,说:“你知道吗?直接测试极端情况。明天就开始实验。我们边做边想。“差不多就是这个意思。
我想他的意思是,看,这件事我们可以永远辩论下去。所以我宁愿立刻看到这件事的上限和下限——最好能好到什么程度,最坏又会坏到什么程度。于是我们上线了一系列实验。一个叫 Jamie Kerns 的同事,他现在还在那。一组实验放了一个很小的跳过按钮,另一组实验放了一个覆盖整个播放器的巨大跳过按钮。几周之内,我们就基于一些非常有方向性的数据,形成了初步的信念:我们确实找到了一些东西。所以我得到的教训——这是很多年前的事了,从那以后我看到这个道理被验证了上百次——就是:别再讨论了,去动手做点什么。跑一个实验,做一个原型,写一份文档,做一个 mock。就是别光讨论。
我发现作为领导者,人们真的很认同这个理念。我也发现它不受级别的限制。我不仅仅是在跟初级产品经理说这些,我也在跟产品负责人、首席产品官,甚至在某种程度上跟 CEO 说。你始终应该通过表达自己的想法并把它们呈现出来来学习。在很多情况下,这比高谈阔论或无休止地循环讨论要有价值得多。
Lenny: 这让我有点想到 Twitter,他们花了好几年琢磨编辑按钮和各种改动,特别谨慎,做了大量研究。然后现在他们左改右改,一切正常,大家还在用。这说明你不需要那么小心翼翼。
Lane Shackleton: 没错。事情几乎永远不会像你想象的那么糟。所以很多时候问题只是:它能好到什么程度。
从 AdWords 审核员到首席产品官
Lenny: 你提到你职业生涯早期……我们聊过你阿拉斯加向导的阶段。我还看到另一件事,就是你曾经在 AdWords 审核团队工作。基本上就是审核人们提交要在 AdWords 上投放的广告,你就是从那里开始进入科技行业的。所以首先,这是真的吗?其次,你是怎么从那个阶段一路走到现在,成为全球增长最快、最有意思的公司之一的首席产品官的?
Lane Shackleton: 那真的是一段非常难忘的时光。有一批非常棒的同期入行者,当时大概有两三百人,后来在 Sheryl Sandberg 的组织下发展到了几千人。先补充一点背景:在那个时候,要在 google.com 上投放广告,你需要人工审核通过才行——后来这才由机器学习接管并外包到其他国家。所以当时有这么一个流程:广告会出现在你的屏幕上,你标记为家庭安全、非家庭安全、色情,然后根据你的标记决定它能不能上线。有意思的是,我一些最成功的朋友,在那个审核环节其实表现得一塌糊涂。他们应付不了那种机械重复的任务,但后来都变得非常非常成功。
在广告审核之后,我转到了聊天支持岗位。那时候 AdWords 刚推出聊天客服。我清楚地记得同时处理两个聊天窗口、同时跟两个广告主对话的情形。之后又转到电话支持,每天八个小时跟 AdWords 客户通电话。简直像过山车一样。可能前一分钟你接起电话,对面是一家财富 100 强公司的人,想在 AdWords 上花几百万美元;下一分钟你就跟一个通灵师或出租车司机在电话里,为某个非常具体的关键词跟同行争来争去。我从这段经历中提炼出两个教训。第一,我当时有一位导师,他在我刚起步时给我的建议基本上是:你必须从一开始就直面客户,因为你整个职业生涯最终都在服务客户。即便你成为一家公司的 CEO,你也是在服务客户。所以你最好尽早练就一种能力——在任何客户场景下都能从容应对。事实证明这个建议好得不得了。如果要我给职业生涯早期的人一条建议的话,我一定会把这条原封不动地转述出去。
Lane Shackleton: 我从那段经历中得到的另一个教训是:当人们其实并不在意你的产品时,该怎么办。这在当时是一个非常深刻的课题。在 AdWords 的场景下,广告主根本不关心 AdWords 本身。你是这方面的专家,你试图跟他们讲广告组、广告格式怎么运作,等等。但大多数时候对方的反应是:“兄弟,我是个小企业主,我就是想让人来我的汽修店。“或者”我就是想让人来坐我的出租车,“诸如此类。他们不在乎。本质上,产品必须退居幕后,真正为客户带来实际效果。他们想要的只是更多的电话咨询,或者更多的人走进店里。所以这两点,是我至今仍时常回想起来的。
之后我做过其他一些岗位。其中一个叫产品专员(product specialist),那是 Google 还只有 15 个产品专员的时候,这个岗位非常棒。对我来说那段经历极为宝贵,因为我得以坐在七八个不同的核心产品团队里。据我观察,如今大多数产品经理没有机会坐在别人的核心团队里。所以那三四年的时间,我称之为产品经理的大师课——我在幕后观察哪些做法对某些产品经理有效,哪些对另一些无效,一直在做笔记。那个角色对我影响非常大。之后我又在 Google 和 YouTube 担任了各种产品经理职位。
从技术行业的”收发室”到产品领域的顶峰
Lenny: 回到”观察”这件事。它在我们的对话中一次又一次地出现。这真的很有意思,因为你基本上是从技术行业的”收发室”一路走到了产品领域的顶峰。所以我觉得人们可以从这段经历中获得很多启发。有一个快速的问题:这段旅程有多长?从还不是产品经理,也就是从进入技术公司开始,到获得第一个产品经理职位,大概花了多长时间?好让大家有个概念。
Lane Shackleton: 让我想想。我大概至少工作了四五年才得以转做产品经理,而且我觉得那段路走得有些艰难,因为当时你必须拥有计算机科学学位。
Lenny: 在 Google 是这样。对。好,我觉得这也是一个启示——给它时间。不会一蹴而就。有很多人就是想着”我必须立刻成为产品经理”。
Lane Shackleton: 完全同意。
Lenny: 我觉得这就是一个很好的例子,说明这事不会一夜之间发生。回到你说的两个教训,我觉得非常有意思。我很好奇还有什么你觉得在这条路上成功所必需的东西?你分享的第一个教训是直面客户。在这个例子中是在零售场景直面客户。那么你的建议是——进入一家技术公司、从事与客户相关的工作?还是在星巴克或 Abercrombie 工作也算数?
直面客户的价值
Lane Shackleton: 对。如果要把这个和你刚才说的联系起来,如果要我给一个真心想成为产品经理、正试图进入产品领域的人提建议的话,我认为在很多情况下,如果你身处直面客户的岗位,你就是客户方面的专家,而这对技术组织来说是非常、非常有价值的。而且这种价值常常被低估。所以那些想转做产品经理但目前还不是的人,往往可以利用这种经验和客户知识,以一种对组织来说相当深远、相当有洞察力的方式来发挥作用——只要他们真的有创造力地去运用它。另外我认为还有一点:不管你在组织中的什么位置,你始终在服务客户。你不能只跟一个大型企业客户交流,也不能只跟最小的客户交流。你必须拥有多元而持续的客户互动流,才能对下一步该做什么建立良好的直觉。而且你的工程师不会真正信任你,除非你对客户的方向和需求有可靠的直觉判断。所以我觉得这件事的赌注相当高。好消息是,借助如今所有这些工具,深入理解客户的思维方式比以往任何时候都更容易。
Lenny: 我所说的这一点触及了一位之前嘉宾谈到的话题——Paige Costello,她常常是房间里最年轻的人,但逐渐建立起了很高的声望,大家也越来越信任她。她的经验法则是:了解你的客户。如果你对他们需要什么了解得最深,并且能够展示出来——“这是我一次又一次听到的”——人们就会说:“哦 Lane,再多说说。“他们会把你拉进讨论,因为你在提供价值,而不是仅仅在那里发表意见。人人都有意见。
Lane Shackleton: 这基本上就是我和……我有一个朋友叫 Bill Ferrell,他跟我差不多同时转做产品经理。我们之所以能在 Google 内部获得尝试做产品经理的机会,本质上就是因为我们对客户了解得非常非常透彻,而且我们经常在对话中起到桥梁的作用——“根据他们说的,我认为他们真正想表达的是这个”,或者”根据他们的反馈,我认为我们应该构建这个”。
客户不在乎你的产品
Lenny: 还有一件事我想提一下。你谈到产品,说到很多客户并不在乎产品本身,他们只关心”我需要把这件事办成”。这让我想起在 Airbnb 的时候,我们招了一个人,Chip Connolly,他是酒店业出身的。他创立了 Joie de Vivre 酒店连锁,浸淫在酒店服务业多年。他来到 Airbnb 之后开始做环球之旅,跟房东们交流。他就是那种感觉:“各位,当你们谈产品的时候,你们跟房东说’产品要更新了,我们要上线这些新功能’——但他们觉得自己的家才是 Airbnb 的产品。他们根本不理解你们在说什么,当你们谈论线上体验和网站的时候。那是他们最不在乎的东西。他们关心的是有人通过 Airbnb 旅行、住在他们家里的那段体验。“所以我觉得这是一个非常好的提醒——大多数人并不在乎你的产品。他们只是有一个问题,而你恰好是这个能帮他们解决问题的网站。
Lane Shackleton: 我觉得大多数人在沟通时可以更加简洁。即使在公司内部,人们也不在乎。你应该假设人们不在乎。或者如果你在跟客户说话、为客户写博客文章,你应该假设他们不在乎。当你从这个假设出发时,你真的会迫使自己的沟通风格变得更加犀利。
Tim Ferriss Day
Lenny: 在我们进入非常令人期待的快问快答环节之前,最后一个问题。我听说 Coda 有一个叫 Tim Ferriss Day 的时刻,带来了大量流量。你能分享一下这个故事吗?有印象吗?
Lane Shackleton: 有印象。Coda 有很多令人难忘的日子。其中一个就是 Tim Ferriss Day。也许先补充一点背景:我们当时搭建了一个非常初步的发布者(publisher)方向,主动走出去帮助人们发布他们的 ritual。这就是你在 Coda Gallery 里看到的,也是我们今天谈到过的很多东西。但在那个团队里有一个人,叫 Al Chen,他是 Tim Ferriss 的粉丝,而且我觉得他一直在非常执着地联系 Tim Ferriss 周围的人,终于搭上了线,找到了一个非常巧妙的方式来实现 Tim Ferriss 的一个 ritual,并为此写了一个 doc。而我们其他人对这一切一无所知,这些都在悄然发生。总之,有一天早上我们醒来,流量暴涨,注册量暴涨,没人知道发生了什么。
Lane Shackleton: 我当时确信这都是垃圾流量。我心想,“我们的数据出了问题,还是系统出了什么故障。“当时我们的办公室在 China Basin,偏偏火警警报又响了。于是我们只好拿着笔记本电脑跑到外面。本来我们还在作战室里试图搞清楚发生了什么,现在又跑到外面继续排查。总之长话短说,数据科学家做了调查,我们最终发现是 Tim Ferriss 的邮件通讯里推荐了我们。我觉得早期你会听到这样一条教训或者说格言:第一次创业的人,打造好产品;第二次创业的人,打造好分发渠道。我想那一天就是一个重要的信号,让我们开始认真思考内容分发的重要性、以及这些发布飞轮的重要性。这件事也让我们加倍投入。我们想,“好,如果我们能在 Tim Ferriss 这里做到,下一个是什么?“在接下来几个月里,我们确实一直在努力追上那天创下的流量和注册量的最高水位。所以那是一个令人难忘的日子,之后一两年的时间里,大家都会把它叫作 Tim Ferriss Day。
Lenny: 太有意思了。我猜 Tim Ferriss 完全不知道自己做了什么。
Lane Shackleton: 完全不知道。
Lenny: 希望这期节目上线后能迎来一个 Lenny’s Podcast Day。所有人都慌了——怎么回事?在我们进入非常令人期待的快问快答环节之前,还有什么你想分享的吗?
双向文档(Two-way Writeup)
Lane Shackleton: 也许我们可以简单聊聊双向文档(two-way writeup)。
Lenny: 好,聊聊吧。我笔记里记了这个,但刚才跳过了,所以很高兴你提到它。
Lane Shackleton: 好的。这个概念我写了不少东西,现在也经常被问到。我想从历史的角度来说——我一度非常着迷于工作中讨论和决策方式的演变历史,把它分成了三个阶段。第一个阶段是1980年代的 PowerPoint。这是一个了不起的工具,你可以在屏幕上操控各种形状,大家都在用花哨的剪贴画,很有趣。但我们都有过这样的经历:坐在一个冗长的 PowerPoint 演示里,有人对着幻灯片喋喋不休。第二个阶段是2000年代初,两件事同时发生。一是 Google 收购了一家叫 Rightly 的公司,后来变成了 Google Docs。所以你不再需要在桌面端用 Word 然后把文件传来传去,而是有了在线协作编辑。
另一件事是 Jeff Bezos 发了一份非常著名的备忘录,基本内容就是 Amazon 不再使用 PowerPoint。这件事正式启动了他们的六页纸(six pager)ritual。你可以在《Working Backwards》这本书里读到所有相关内容,这是一本非常好的书,Colin Bryar 写的。所以我认为那开启了所谓的单向文档(one-way writeup)阶段——你把自己的想法写下来,清晰地表达出来,用的是散文体,所以你必须非常清楚明确。我认为这比始终通过演示来展示工作和决策要进步了一大截。而我的论点是,我们现在正处于一个新阶段的中间,本质上就是双向文档(two-way writeup)——它更具对话性,反馈和讨论本身就是内容的一部分。这就是更大的历史脉络。但你想一想,产品经理和产品人员总是承受最多的一方。
他们对这个感受最深,因为他们是推动决策的人,在很多公司里也是真正推动讨论的人。所以我认为单向文档的问题,我在 Google 和 YouTube 时期深有体会。具体来说,第一个问题是你总是在试图搞清楚谁读了你的文档。我有很多这样的记忆:晚上十一点半把文档发出去,然后耐心等待我所在领域的 SVP 的头像出现在文档里——那就是他们读过的标志。你想想这个行为,简直完全荒谬。第二个问题是大量的讨论最终都发生在评论区里。但评论区的空间本来是为语法和拼写检查之类的东西设计的,而你却在那一百像素宽的右边距里进行着真正有意义的讨论。
部分原因是有很多问题被提出来,而你完全不知道哪个最重要。所以如果你在单向文档中引导这些讨论,你经常在讨论会开始前二十分钟还在翻评论,试图搞清楚到底要回应哪一个。还有一种行为,我不知道你是否在文档里见过,但在单向文档中很常见——文档标题下面会出现一个巨型评论串。人们说”我觉得我们不应该做这件事”,或者你在标题下面陷入一个三十条评论的讨论串,因为那是放总体看法的最佳位置。这个模式我见过无数次。所以如果你经历过那种生活,我认为双向文档的世界——我们很多客户正在使用的方式,而且其他工具也可以做到——要好得多。
沿着刚才那个列表往下说,替代方案是这样的:你在文档末尾有一个”已读完”按钮(done reading button),所以现在你可以说,哦,这些都是已经读过的人。我甚至在一些客户那里看到这样的模式:如果文档特别长,你会放三个”已读完”按钮,这样就能看到每个人都读到了哪里。第二点是确保你真正回应的是最重要的问题。与其从评论里把问题挑出来再判断该回应哪个,不如直接把问题放在一个表格里,让大家提交自己的问题。这就是我们所说的 Dory。然后我认为最有价值的可能是情绪或脉搏,也就是说,大家对这份提案整体感觉如何?
你想想看,标题下的一个评论串,和看到所有人的情绪列表——每个人对这个提案的感受——这种对所有受众的真正包容性,是完全不同的。至少在我的亲身经历中是这样的。我给你举一个例子。我写过一份提案,这是几年前的事了。我当时觉得这份提案会毫无悬念地通过,每个人都会给四颗星或五颗星笑脸——情绪表大致就是这么运作的。结果一位首席设计师基本上的反应是:“一颗笑脸。我们不应该做这件事。“我当时心想,完了。这个人在会议上其实不太发言,所以我很可能根本听不到这条反馈。除非有情绪表这样一个地方来提交,否则我收到这条反馈的可能性非常低。所以我觉得这一切的总结是,我真心相信这就是我们前进的方向,也希望很多产品经理和产品团队能广泛采纳这种方式。
Lenny: 很高兴我们聊到了这个。你之前写过一份关于这个的模板和说明,我们会附上链接。
Lane Shackleton: 好的。
Lenny: 太棒了。还有什么你觉得我们应该聊但我们没有聊到的吗?
战略与规划
Lane Shackleton: 我觉得我们之前讨论过的还有一个话题,就是战略和规划之类的事情,聊一下那方面的几个心得可能比较有价值。在战略和规划上我觉得有两个关键洞察。这也是我们正在写的手册里的内容。第一个是我经常看到的一个问题,就是 OKR 实际上并不等于战略。所以不管是我们的规划方式,还是我们客户的规划方式,关键的一点是:必须把战略讨论和 OKR 讨论分开。这听起来显而易见,但我觉得这是一个非常常见的错误。一个很简单的自测问题是:我们有没有一个独立的战略流程或战略 ritual,与 OKR 制定、指标设定、目标设定区分开来?你可以选择任何适合你的战略框架,但我确实认为把这两件事拆开非常重要。
另一条我们在规划方面遵循的原则是我们所说的”10% 规划法则”,本质上就是确保在一个给定的执行周期内,规划时间不超过该周期的 10%。我觉得这是一个很容易犯的错误。我是说,这是一条来之不易的原则,因为我们自己犯过这个错。你会在规划中陷入泥潭,或者说觉得规划太赶了,所以需要把一周改成三周之类的。而这样做的后果,经过长时间的积累,就是你花了太多时间在规划上,而实际上很多时候你在发布或学到一些东西之前,根本不知道前面等着你的是什么。所以我觉得这是一条很值得遵循的原则。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这条原则。我发现了同样的经验法则。10%。如果你规划一周的执行期,就花半天来规划;规划一个月的执行期,大概三天。是的,很喜欢。说到这里,我们已经到了非常令人兴奋的快问快答环节了。准备好了吗?
Lane Shackleton: 准备好了。
快问快答
Lenny: 你最常推荐给别人的是哪两三本书?
Lane Shackleton: 一本是《Turning the Flywheel》,Jim Collins 写的一本小册子。非常精炼,读起来很快,讲的是飞轮效应怎么运作。我们前面提到过《Storyworthy》,那本书我也经常推荐。还有《Good Strategy/Bad Strategy》,我很喜欢那本书,框架非常简洁,我反复使用过很多次。技术领域之外的话,有一本《Waking Up》,是 Sam Harris 写的关于正念的书,我很喜欢。还有一本很老的书我也很喜欢,叫《The Inner Game of Tennis》,Timothy Galway 写的,算是一本经典。
Lenny: 太棒了。关于《Good Strategy/Bad Strategy》,我正在努力邀请 Richard Rumelt 来上播客。我正在跟他的经纪人沟通,他们看起来挺有兴趣的。希望这事能成。然后你也启发了我去邀请《Storyworthy》的作者。到时候我们的嘉宾阵容真是越来越精彩了。
下一个问题。最近你最喜欢的一部电影或电视剧是什么?
Lane Shackleton: 嗯,现在有三个孩子再加上工作,看剧的时间确实不多。不过我非常喜欢《The Last Dance》。我热爱所有体育纪录片,所有的都爱看。
Lenny: 你看过《Underrated》吗?Steph Curry 的新纪录片。
Lane Shackleton: 没有,还没看。我得去看看。
Lenny: 哦,那部真的很好看。
Lane Shackleton: 我最近在重看《Arrested Development》,那也是一部经久不衰的经典。
Lenny: 经典。我很喜欢 Michael Cera 出现在《Barbie》电影里——不算剧透——那个出场真的很有趣的惊喜。
下一个问题。你最喜欢问候选人的面试问题是什么?
Lane Shackleton: 有两个我很喜欢。一个是”教我一个我不知道的东西”。我觉得这是一个非常好的方式,可以观察一个人是否会主动投入,真正搞清楚你不懂什么,然后看他们在推销自己懂的东西时有多大的热情,真的很有趣。另一个是 Shishir 和我问了很多年的一个传送门问题的变体,不断在迭代,我非常喜欢那个问题。
Lenny: Shishir 在他那期节目里分享过那个问题,我们会把一些对话做成 TikTok 短片,那个片段直接爆了。大家超爱。我觉得那是我们在 TikTok 上播放量最高的片段。如果你只想看那一个面试问题的话,我们会在节目简介里放链接。不过你可能已经把答案泄露了,也许这就是你们要迭代它的原因。
Lane Shackleton: 对,我们——
Lenny: 不知道我们是不是坑了你。
Lane Shackleton: 我最近还写了一篇关于我最喜欢的背调问题的帖子,我很想看看别人最喜欢的背调问题是什么。
Lenny: 背调问题。天哪。那本身就可以单独做一期。天哪,我很想做一期专门聊这个的播客。这个技能太重要了。你提到的第一个问题,让人教你点什么,我在之前一期节目里听到了一个最好的版本——Spotify 播客的产品负责人 Maya,她问的是”如果你要做一个播客,你的播客会是什么?”
Lane Shackleton: 这个好。
Lenny: 欢迎拿去用。
Lane Shackleton: 我有时候会做一个变体,就是让候选人用两种不同的方式来解释同一个东西。跟候选人说,“好,现在你要把这个解释给你爷爷奶奶听。“然后你刚给我讲了缝纫或者你的某个爱好,现在用最专业的形式把它推销给一个对这个领域无所不知的人。所以看一个人能在多大范围内灵活切换,也很有趣。
Lenny: 很棒。你最近发现的、非常喜欢的一款产品是什么?数字产品或实体产品都行,任何想到的都可以。
Lane Shackleton: 有几个。我正在变成一个真正的睡眠极客,那种罩在眼睛周围的凹形眼罩,我很喜欢。科技领域的话,ChatGPT。疫情期间我迷上了网球,有一款产品叫 Swing Vision,非常好用。它基本上能把你的比赛切割成不同的片段——所有正手击球、最长的回合等等,用 AI 来完成这些。还有跟《Waking Up》那本书配套的冥想 app,我也很喜欢,非常推荐。
Lenny: 我们住得不远,得找机会打一场网球,我也可以试试这个很酷的产品。
Lane Shackleton: 好,来吧。
Lenny: 一言为定。那就是我们的续集了——就一场网球赛。下一个问题。你最喜欢的座右铭是什么?可以是经常对自己说的,或者喜欢跟周围的人分享的,也许是跟孩子们分享的?
Lane Shackleton: 我不确定这算不算座右铭,更像是一种存在方式。本质上就是:当下这一刻就是我们拥有的一切。意识到我们的注意力很大程度上停留在过去或未来,而在很多方面,当下才是它应该在的地方。所以这是我会经常想的事情。也许更广泛地说,我有一位导师大致说过一个版本——“去推动事情发生”。所以我真的努力把这一点应用到我所做的任何事情上——不管是工作、生活还是运动——我都试着做那个创造势能、带来积极变化和推进的人。我觉得这是一个值得用来指导生活的好的座右铭。
Lenny: 很美。你妈妈或爸爸教给你的最宝贵的一课是什么?
Lane Shackleton: 我妈妈是一位心理学家和职业咨询师,所以当然是积极倾听。也许这个说法的技术版本或者现代版本就是 steel-manning(钢人论证)对方的论点——能够把你听到的内容以更好的、更清晰的形式复述给对方。她是一位了不起的女性,教会了我很多关于倾听的东西。
Lenny: 最后一个问题。你曾经在阿拉斯加做过登山向导,帮助人们攀登山峰。如果有人想要从事登山运动,你有没有什么建议或心得——可以帮助人们在这方面做得更好,或者在走上这条路之前应该知道的事情?
Lane Shackleton: 有一句说法:最安全的攀登者,就是那个知道什么时候该下山的人。我觉得有很多时候你必须克制自己的自尊心,从山上撤下来或放弃一次攀登,因为实际情况没有你想象的那么安全。这也许是第一点。另一点是,这可能并不是一扇单向门。在很多方面你可以在做其他事情的同时进行攀登和其他户外运动,或者你随时都可以重新回来。所以这个选择可能没有一些人想象的那么重大。
Lenny: Lane,我在本期节目一开始就说过,Coda 拥有最深思熟虑的产品团队之一,我想听众们在听完这期节目之后应该会明白为什么会这样,以及这一切从何而来。非常感谢你来到这里。最后两个问题:如果大家想在网上找到你、向你提问,去哪里找你?听众怎样才能帮到你?
Lane Shackleton: 我在 LinkedIn 和 Twitter 上都有账号,还有一个 Substack。我们会发布那本面向产品团队的手册,我可能会发在 Substack 上。至于怎么帮到我——试试 Coda 吧,给我们反馈。我很喜欢听到来自各地产品人的声音,听到这个社区里各种有创意的 ritual 是我日常工作中最亮眼的时刻之一。你创建了一个传奇般的社群,他们总是给出非常用心的反馈,所以我对所有反馈都非常欢迎。谢谢你的邀请。
Lenny: 太棒了。Lane,再次非常感谢你来到这里。
Lane Shackleton: 谢谢。
Lenny: 大家再见。
感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你最喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助其他听众找到这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| $100 voting | 百美元投票法($100 voting) |
| Al Chen | 人名,Coda 团队成员 |
| Arrested Development | 《Arrested Development》,美国经典情景喜剧 |
| Barbie | 《Barbie》,2023 年电影 |
| Bill Ferrell | 人名,Lane 在 Google 时期的同事 |
| Braintrust | 智囊团(Braintrust) |
| Bullpen | Bullpen(Coda 内部的一个流程概念) |
| Catalyst | Catalyst(Coda 内部的产品评审会议机制) |
| Chip Connolly | 人名,酒店业从业者,后加入 Airbnb |
| Colin Bryar | 人名(前 Amazon 高管、《Working Backwards》合著者之一) |
| CPO(Chief Product Officer) | 首席产品官 |
| Dharmesh Shah | 人名,HubSpot 联合创始人兼 CTO |
| done reading button | ”已读完”按钮(done reading button) |
| Dory | Dory(Coda 内部的议题收集与投票机制,源自皮克斯) |
| Driver | 驱动者(Driver) |
| flash tags | 反馈分级标签(FYI / suggestion / recommendation / plea) |
| Good Strategy/Bad Strategy | 《Good Strategy/Bad Strategy》,Richard Rumelt 著 |
| HubSpot | 公司名,不做翻译 |
| Interested | 关注者(Interested) |
| Jamie Kerns | 人名,YouTube 团队成员 |
| Jim Collins | 人名,管理学家、《从优秀到卓越》作者 |
| Joie de Vivre | Joie de Vivre(美国精品酒店连锁品牌) |
| Maker | 制作者(Maker) |
| Matthew Dicks | Storyworthy 作者、The Moth 故事赛冠军 |
| Maya | 人名,Spotify 播客产品负责人 |
| Michael Cera | 人名,加拿大演员 |
| mock | 模型稿(mock) |
| Nathan | 人名,Coda 核心产品团队 PM 负责人 |
| offsite | 团队外出会议(offsite) |
| Oliver | 人名,Coda 工程负责人 |
| one-way writeup | 单向文档(one-way writeup) |
| Paige Costello | 人名,Lenny 播客的前期嘉宾 |
| Phil Farhi | 人名,Lane 在 YouTube 时的上司 |
| PM(Product Manager) | 产品经理 |
| product specialist | 产品专员(product specialist) |
| Richard Rumelt | 人名,战略学学者 |
| ritual | ritual(Coda 中的可复用工作流模板) |
| Ryan Holiday | 人名,美国作家 |
| Salar | 人名(Salar Kamangar,YouTube 早期高管) |
| Sam Harris | 人名,美国作家、神经科学家 |
| sentiment | 情绪(sentiment,文档中用于收集整体态度反馈的机制) |
| Seth Godin | 人名,美国作家、营销专家 |
| Sheryl Sandberg | 谢丽尔·桑德伯格(前 Google、Facebook 高管) |
| Shishir | 人名,YouTube 时期的一对一辅导对象(即 Shishir Mehrotra,前 YouTube 产品 VP) |
| six pager | 六页纸(six pager,Amazon 的文档文化) |
| Steph Curry | 人名,NBA 球星 |
| StorySLAM | The Moth 旗下的讲故事公开赛 |
| Storyworthy | 《Storyworthy》,一本关于讲故事的实用书籍 |
| Swing Vision | Swing Vision,一款网球 AI 分析产品 |
| tag-up | tag-up(Coda 内部的小组周会机制) |
| The Inner Game of Tennis | 《The Inner Game of Tennis》,关于运动心理学的经典著作 |
| The Last Dance | 《The Last Dance》,ESPN 制作的乔丹纪录片 |
| The Moth | 美国知名的现场讲故事表演组织 |
| Tim Ferriss | 人名,美国作家、企业家(《每周工作 4 小时》作者) |
| Timothy Galway | 人名(注:原文拼写,正确拼写为 Timothy Gallwey) |
| Tony Fadell | 人名,iPod 之父、Nest 创始人 |
| triad | 铁三角(PM、工程负责人、设计负责人三人组) |
| Turning the Flywheel | 《Turning the Flywheel》,Jim Collins 著作的中文不翻译,保留原文 |
| two-way writeup | 双向文档(two-way writeup) |
| Underrated | 《Underrated》,Steph Curry 纪录片 |
| Viacom | 维亚康姆(美国媒体公司) |
| Waking Up | 《Waking Up》,Sam Harris 著关于正念/冥想的书 |
| Wild West | 蛮荒时代(比喻无序的初创阶段) |
| Working Backwards | 《Working Backwards》(关于 Amazon 工作方法的书籍) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)