Intercom 如何全力押注 AI 而浴火重生 | Eoghan McCabe(创始人兼 CEO)
How Intercom rose from the ashes by betting everything on AI | Eoghan McCabe (founder and CEO)
Eoghan McCabe: You don’t have a choice. AI is going to disrupt in the most aggressive violent ways. If you’re not in it, you’re about to get kicked out of all of it.
Introduction to the Episode
Lenny Rachitsky: You have very successfully shifted late stage SaaS business to an AI-first agent-based business.
Eoghan McCabe: Fin is our AI agent who will pass 100 million ARR with Fin in less than three quarters.
The Interview Begins
Lenny Rachitsky: Let’s talk about how you made this actually happen.
Eoghan McCabe: We were about to hit $0 net new ARR, which means we would’ve been in negative growth territory.
ChatGPT Launch and Rapid Response
Lenny Rachitsky: So, ChatGPT launches. Was it just like this is it, we got to go all in on this thing?
Eoghan McCabe: I said, we need to become a wartime company. If we don’t fight for this, we are dead. I jumped hard on AI, but I also restarted the culture. I rewrote the values designed to be a sharp knife to cut out the parts of the company that I just knew wouldn’t be effective.
From Anti-Bot to AI-First
Lenny Rachitsky: If you’re trying to make the shift and it’s just not moving, you may need to go hardcore founder mode.
Eoghan McCabe: The way that greatness is created is that you find a CEO who’s willing to make brave hard decisions and own the results.
Lessons in Pricing Strategy
Lenny Rachitsky: What percentage of the employees kind of turned over during this period?
Inside the Pivot Decision
Eoghan McCabe: Ultimately like 40%.
Losing Money on Every Deal
Lenny Rachitsky: You said there was a soft coup. Is there more you could share about that?
Today my guest is Eoghan McCabe. This is the first in a series of conversations that I’m having with founders who have successfully transformed their established SaaS or marketplace businesses into an AI first company that is growing like crazy and overtaking their decade plus old business. So, many companies and product teams and founders are trying to navigate this very tricky time where every industry is being disrupted by AI, and my goal here is to help you essentially disrupt yourself before somebody else does. The story of Intercom’s transformation into Fin is incredible. Their traditional business was valued at billions of dollars, was making hundreds of millions of dollars in ARR, but growth started to plateau and was even about to go negative. Six weeks after GPT-3.5 Came out, they had a working prototype of what is now Fin and Eoghan and the team decided to go all in on AI.
Today Fin is growing like crazy already at eight digits in ARR and Intercom is on track to be growing faster than every public software company by next year. In our conversation, Eoghan gets very real and honest about what it takes to win right now. What do you have to do to turn the ship around at Intercom in spite of a lot of pushback and even a soft coup attempt, what he believes people still don’t understand about what is happening in software and AI and so much more. If you enjoy this podcast, don’t forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app or YouTube. Also, if you become an annual subscriber of my newsletter, you get a year free of a bunch of incredible products including Lovable, Replit, Bolt n8n, Linear, Superhuman Descript, Whisper Flow, Gamma Perplexity, Warp, Granola, Magic Patterns, Raycast, [inaudible 00:02:42] and Mobbin. Check it out at lennysnewsletter.com and click bundle. With that, I bring you Eoghan McCabe.
Eoghan, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast.
Eoghan McCabe: Thank you. Great to be here.
Executing Founder Mode
Lenny Rachitsky: You have done something quite extraordinary with Intercom, something that a lot of founders and product teams are trying to do, which is to navigate this very scary disruption that’s happening as a result of AI to most businesses. You have very successfully shifted, as you described, a late-stage SaaS business to an AI-first agent-based very successful business. I want to use the time to extract as much as I can out of your journey so that people that are trying to navigate this and having a hard time can have less pain, less suffering and will hopefully get to something that works. To give people a sense of just how well things have gone. Can you share some stats about the current state of the business, how it’s going?
All-In on AI and Culture
Eoghan McCabe: Currently across the business we benchmark ourselves against all public software companies. There’s like 120 something B2B software companies. We’re like in the 15th percentile for ARR growth, so we’re up there. Fin, which is our AI agent, which is the future of the business, the thing that will disrupt the old business. It’s growing north of 300%. It took off really fast like all these other AI companies you hear of the first year, it grew from one to 12 million ARR. We’re now in solid mid eight digit ARR growth there, we’ll pass 100 million ARR with Fin in less than three quarters. And yeah, Fin, we’re in the customer experience category with Fin, so it’s one of these agents that helps do all your customer work and they all started with service and in that category we are the biggest by customer count, biggest by revenue, best by performance benchmarks. We win all our head-to-heads and our direct competitor bake-offs. We’re rated number one on G2, so I think we’re doing pretty well. We’re doing far better than we imagined at this point.
On the Soft Coup
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. This sounds like the dream for a lot of founders, especially ones that are stuck with their existing business that isn’t going very far. So, let’s get to that. Let’s talk about the beginning of this journey. You had a business that was working, people used it, loved it, over 100 million ARR I believe. Talk about just the state of the business at the point roughly when you decided I really need to make a big change and go AI first.
Eoghan McCabe: It was already in the hundreds of millions, Intercom is 14 years and change now. Part of the story is that in 2020 I had been sick for a couple years. The background is I had mold toxins and later I found out that I got a tick bite and that messed me up. And so I left the CEO role in 2020 and a lot of the mistakes I had been making when I was sick got worse. We became what a lot of late stage software companies are today, which is a bit bloated. We lost some energy. Our strategy was diluted and unfocused. We’re trying to do all the things for all the people.
We didn’t know what problems we were already solving and for who, and the result was very slow revenue growth in the low single digit percent and I was away for two years unsatisfied where the business was going. We had this post COVID sugar rush, which a lot of big companies at that stage did in 2021. Everyone’s valuation and revenue was through the roof and that hit a lot of problems in a lot of these companies and we had five quarters of success of sequential decline in our net new ARR and we were about to hit $0 net new ARR which means we would’ve in negative growth territory. We never got there. I managed to stop it before we got there, but we were falling each quarter and I found that I, despite my wishes to go and have new adventures, still had a lot of pride for this damn thing and didn’t want to see it.
And in a way that was so different from the way it started, it started with so much hope and optimism like so many companies do, and it was about to fade away. So, that was when I felt like I need to go back and I need to make a change. I went back and one month later ChatGPT was announced, so it would be really neat and tidy to be able to say that the AI transformation came, I knew I couldn’t be on the sidelines, I had to save this thing from the coming disruption. Actually, I got whacked across the head by this AI thing, but it also ended up being a gift.
Founder Mode and Mass Turnover
Lenny Rachitsky: So, ChatGPT launches, was it just like this is it, we got to go all in on this thing? Was it like, hmm, let’s watch this thing? How quickly was it clear that this is the future, this isn’t working what we’re doing?
Return as CEO and Its Daily Toll
Eoghan McCabe: We and I were very lucky and that we had an AI group already. We were in the customer communication business, chiefly doing customer service. We were building bots, but they were rudimentary AI. We had a bunch of our own machine learning that did Q&A for customer service, but it required a phenomenal amount of setup and was kind of crappy. But we had a number of AI engineers in the company already, and so when GPT 3.5 came out, they said, this is different and it didn’t take long for people to start to imagine that this is going to be pretty disruptive to service. And it started where we imagined that this was going to just wreck everyone selling seats, everyone in the conventional SaaS game.
And we believed that was quite possible for some couple years after that moment. But we were only six weeks into the launch of GPT 3.5 when we actually had a beta version of Fin. I got a text from Des, my co-founder, a week or so after the launch of GPT 3.5 and he said, “The AI team have something interesting and they actually think we could make a product out of this.” And this was long before there’s now no doubt 100 service agents. We had something very early working and part of what we had to our advantage also was that we had this giant base 300, sorry, 30,000 paying customers, hundreds of thousands of active users, millions of their users, billions of data points.
So, we had a lot to play with and so we jumped on it. Now obviously it’s fun to tell that once again to the idea of this brave Maverick move, and I won’t discount the fact that we were brave, but we were coming from a point of having nothing to lose. So, we certainly are unique. I don’t know a single company of our size and age that has pivoted this hard to AI and being as successful as we have been, but we also previously were screwed. We were in a really tough spot, so had no choice. So, I’ll take the kudos and credit, but also have a lot of empathy for companies that weren’t as in as much trouble as we were, and so try to thread the needle and sustain the old business while adding to it with the new AI stuff.
The Disruptive Scope of AI Agents
Lenny Rachitsky: Something I heard from someone that worked at Intercom, correct me if this is not correct, you’ve always been very anti-bot in the customer support business because you didn’t like how impersonal it was. It just didn’t feel like the way you wanted to build a business, and then now that’s what you do. Talk about just that transition.
Future Organizational Forms
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah, I know it’s a fun and ironic twist. Our mission from the early days was make internet business personal. And when I came back and we started to lean into AI, I started to wonder, does that mission make any sense anymore? Now, part of our lean into AI is that we had no choice not only for the business, we needed something new, but also we saw that this is the future and you can’t fight the future. You must be part of it. And so okay, fuck, we’re going to be part of it. And ultimately, and it’s very easy to tell yourself these little stories. So, I’m open to anyone telling me this is bullshit, but when I interrogate myself, my soul and my mind, I don’t think it is, when I interrogate my heart and my mind, I don’t think it is.
But I’m now of the belief that providing a customer with a highly engaged, instantly available expert, consistent, fast, charismatic, funny, friendly, personal agent available for literally every single customer every minute of the day around the clock is so much more personal than making them wait 2, 3, 4 days for a crappy canned response. And so that’s the irony and the magic and the wonder of AI, even if it does make us ask some hard questions of ourselves and think carefully about its impact on humanity, it actually is superior at the things we describe as personal and human, relative to humans themselves. And so that’s where I’m at today. Yeah, maybe it’s a bunch of fancy post rationalization, but honestly that’s really where I stand.
Efficiency Revolution and Economic Impact
Lenny Rachitsky: I think data has shown people often prefer not to talk to humans just to solve problems that can just be solved. It’s a lot of stress to try to figure out how to talk to some support agent that doesn’t know anything about what’s going on.
The End of Repetitive Work
Eoghan McCabe: Yes, and the AI is just better. Look at Waymo. So, Waymo doesn’t crash. It has 3.5 times less crashes than humans. It doesn’t bother you or bug you. I like to chat with an Uber driver as much as the next guy, but not always. It doesn’t have hygiene problems. It doesn’t take wrong turns. I mean it just doesn’t do all these things that really bug people. And it’s really interesting to see Uber now offer women the option to call only female drivers, and I guarantee the reason they’re doing that is because women love Waymo because they feel safer. AI is so often superior and humans are going to be far better at other things. I’m pro-human, I love humans. I really want humans in the mix for all things in the rest of my life, but when it comes to practical, productive, efficient, and effective value, the glue in between the human parts of our lives, I actually want AI and robotics.
Lessons from the Fin Pivot
Lenny Rachitsky: Before we start talking about how you actually made this transformation a success, one other piece of history is just your pricing strategy historically has been not liked by people. For example, I once had a Twitter poll or a survey on my newsletter just like what products do you pay the most for of all your SaaS products? And Intercom’s by far the most. I know people constantly complain about just how unclear it was and how high it was, and now you guys are at the forefront of how to price AI products. So, we’re going to get to that, but just talk about the lessons and what happened there with pricing back in the day.
Old vs New Company Culture Clash
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah, so I want to just validate your survey data. Yes, people abhorred our pricing. It was a meme. There were actual funny popular viral memes on Twitter that were making fun of our pricing. Part of the problem, if not all of the problem, well, there’s two problems. One was our strategy, super unfocused. As you said, we’re trying to do all the things for all the people, and when you’re trying to do all the things for all the people, your efforts to capture all that different types of value are going to necessitate pretty complex pricing. If you’re like customer service and you’re selling seats and you’re doing outbound messaging and you need to charge for messages and you’re doing like SD or Messenger on a website and you need to charge for leads, already that’s just metrics in every direction.
And then if you’re trying to sell to many different sizes of customers, you need tiers and gates and it just became a behemoth. So, part of the problem was the unfocused strategy, and then the other part of the problem was an unwillingness to frankly make bold decisions, say no, pick a lane and actually take pain in the short term for the long term. We rolled out this new pricing, and this is even before the Fin pricing you’re talking about. When I came back and I said, “Yes, we’re going to lose a lot of revenue here.” I can’t remember how much we wrote down, but we actually have already given away something like $50 million in ARR.
We’ve reduced the prices for a lot of customers just to give them way simpler pricing because surprise, surprise, when people feel like they have far simpler, more predictable, fairer pricing, they’ll stick around longer and it creates so much more ease in the company and promotes a healthier relationship with the customer too. When our people saw that we were screwing customers effectively in every direction, it starts to erode the idea that we care about our customers and then they make other customer-unfriendly decisions. And so one of the values I promoted when I came back was that we would be customer-obsessed, and so we had to kill our old pricing and give away a lot of revenue. So, that was the spirit behind the changes. But we can talk about the Fin pricing if you want to also.
Self-Awareness and Growth
Lenny Rachitsky: Let’s save that because that’s a really important topic that I think people need to hear. Let’s talk about the shift and how you made this actually happen. You make it sound like, oh, not fully, but it’s oh, we have to do, it wasn’t working anyway. There’s no risk to go all in on this AI thing. You’re making $150 million a year ARR, you’re worth at least a billion dollars at that point as a business. Yeah.
Eoghan McCabe: I mean multiple billions.
Intercom’s Secret to Product Leadership
Lenny Rachitsky: Multiple billions.
Eoghan McCabe: We were making more money than that, so we were like multiple hundreds of millions.
Intercom’s Pivot and Growth
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, okay. Very difficult to actually do even if things don’t feel like they’re growing anymore. So, first of all, just what was the moment, if there was one, of just like, okay, the six-week experiment of someone building a Fin internally, was that being like, this is it, or was there another moment of like, let’s go all in on this?
Eoghan McCabe: It was the combination of the company being older, us all, me and the founders being impatient like, are we going to make something out of this? We went through a time when the company was worth a lot. We’re private so we don’t have a daily mark to market, but all the other public software companies dropped 80%, 85, 90%. We saw our revenue growth crater. We were used to nice double digits. We were in low single digits. And so part of it was, let’s do something here. Another part of it was my own anger and dissatisfaction with how the company was being run and the mistakes that I made myself. I made a lot of compromises as a lot of founders and founding CEOs do to placate employees or do it out fear to bring investors along, following advice in the industry and best practices.
You betray your intuition in little bits and pieces over the years when the bright spark of your original idea turns into this big, unstoppable, scary corporate beast and a little bit of you dies every single time you go and betray yourself in that way. If you could pick in your mind three or four tech darlings from 10 years ago when you meet the CEO and talk to them privately, very few of them feel outstanding about the state of their culture and the decisions that they make and the way in which they have to work. All of them have betrayed themselves in little ways, and I had left the business, I was super sick, I was burned out frankly from the revenue even having started to slow down before I left.
I had been attacked unfairly in the press, just all of me was just fed up and I decided to take a very authoritarian, top-down, aggressive founder-first approach to all the things, and I found that deeply cathartic and that was the thing that led to me in part. The other was just good old-fashioned logic and the other was desperation saying, we’re doing the AI thing, the AI thing, exciting and sexy. We need some new energy thing here. The new AI thing makes sense. And also just my intuition says, go for it. And so when people tell these stories, they rewrite history in their minds for the stories to be elegant and also so that they support their own self-aggrandized narratives about their brilliance. Actually, it’s a big messy cocktail of things. And anyway, that’s my attempt at explaining the cocktail.
Quick Fire Questions
Lenny Rachitsky: I saw a stat that when you first launched, when you first had this kind of prototype, you were losing money on every transaction that you’re charging like a dollar, it cost you $120, something like that.
My Favorite Product
Eoghan McCabe: That’s right. 120 cents. Yeah, yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: 120 cents. Okay. So, there’s a lot of vision here if this is going to get to a place where this actually will be great and affordable.
Personal Life Motto
Eoghan McCabe: It’s really funny. We charge 99 cents to resolve tickets, customer problems, and we have a higher resolution rate than anyone else, and we are proud of that and we obsess over that. It is the metric by which these agents are assessed, and we wanted our revenue to be 100% aligned with the value that they attained because we had all this scar tissue from pricing prior that felt unfair to customers. So, we said, what’s the most fair that we can possibly find? Now, when we did all our research, we found that many SaaS businesses were spending between 20 and 5. We were thinking, can we charge 5? Can we even charge two and a half dollars? But early on we started to sense that people just wouldn’t value the digital work as much as the human work, even though the digital work is better, more consistent, always available, makes the customer far happier.
And so we actually started to lean into a price that we thought would be was the nexus between us earning the most and it being the most palatable. We basically said that if someone is not prepared to pay 99 cent for us to rapidly and elegantly perfectly and excellently solve their customer’s problem, we need to wrap this up. We don’t have a business here. So, that was where the 99 cent came from. I always believe that that pricing should come from value and not from costs. The cost is our problem. We just had this sense and intuition early on that this thing will get cheaper and it got a lot cheaper. The margin moves around, but we make a margin that makes this more than worth our while, and we know our customers get an excellent deal and are able to deliver to their customers a level of service that they never could before.
Thoughts on Quitter
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s a very clear pitch. We just had Madhavan the podcast and the pricing expert, and he has this phrase, beautifully simple pricing is where you want to get to. Also, he’s a huge fan of outcome-based pricing, which is what you’re describing here, where you pay for an outcome. So, you guys are in the magic quadrant of his pricing advice.
Eoghan McCabe: Yes, thank God our pricing wars are over.
Lenny Rachitsky: Finally.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, so going back to how you actually did this thing. So, basically you described what many people think of now as founder mode, just top down, as you said, the third area, and just here’s what we’re doing. We’re not going to sit around waiting for you to give me ideas. What did you do? What did that look like internally?
Eoghan McCabe: There was a couple of things. One was we were burning a lot of money, so I cut a lot of costs aggressively. Canned a bunch of different projects. We had this big glorious office we were about to fit out and I’m like, we’re about to hit negative growth territory, stop it. And a lot of companies were really stuck in the prior world where they just were used to being super successful, rich and wealthy and spent like drunken sailors. So, I stopped all of that, got really frugal in ways I never thought I would. I still haven’t touched the interior design of this office. I’m in here, even though I call it the hotel Marriott, I’m sick of it. Anyway, that was one. Another was picked a lane. Strategically we were all over the place and I said, “We’re doing service.” Zendesk had been acquired a couple years prior.
They were strategically, energetically, culturally dead. They were upsetting customers in the market. There’s an opportunity there. We’re doing service, forget all the other stuff, even though there was a lot of people in the company saying, well, shit, we still have $80 million of ARR that we’re getting from the other thing and we’re really good at that, and there’s a big opportunity. There’s other companies in this space worth billions. It was the type of decision that where I had to practice the professional CEO approach, which is, “Hey folks, what do you all think? Let’s take everyone’s input. Let’s put it all down on a spreadsheet.” Everyone had color beside all of the different options that we may take. Let’s make a group decision. I said, “Sorry, this is what we’re doing.” So, I was very dictatorial in that respect. We had no one making decisions, so somebody needed to, even if I had some qualms about the decisions myself, I couldn’t predict the future, but someone had to make a call.
Obviously as soon as AI came around, I jumped hard on AI and announced that we were going to spend nearly $100 million of our own cash on that. We allocated a lot of capital, but I also restarted the culture. We had just a very comfortable culture as a lot of companies did. There was a lot of focus on social issues and a lot of complaining and dissatisfaction, and I rewrote the values designed to be a sharp knife to cut out the parts of the company that I just knew wouldn’t be effective. So, I said that people must be resilient, that we had very high standards, that we’d work incredibly hard, that shareholder value was the most important thing that we’d optimize for. A lot of things that were controversial for this prior crowd. And then I designed these quarterly performance processes where not only would you get a mark or a grade for your performance against your goals that quarter, but you’d also get a score for your behavior against the values.
And I hard coded a formula myself, and so I took it out of the manager’s hands to say, if people got below a certain mark, respectfully and lovingly, we would say, thank you for your service. We’re going to go forward without you. And so you do that just a small number of quarters and you can start to shape an organization that’s design and the image of the values you want to create. And obviously there was a lot of pain, a lot of satisfaction. There was attempts at soft coup, there was letters sent to the board, people really unhappy, but on the other side of it, the people left were the most incredible entrepreneurial, brave, inspiring, happy individuals you could possibly imagine. And then you hire in their image. We ran an anonymous employee survey, I think 15 or 16 months after I started aggressively working through the org and rebuilding the org and rebuilding the culture, and we had a 98 to 99% approval of management, leadership and new strategy.
And this is coming from me having the lowest Glassdoor rating for a CEO I had ever seen when I came back. So, I just want to explain that being that deliberate about your culture and upsetting a lot of people is the path through which you can create a culture where people are super happy, super engaged, super aligned, and now we have just this highly performant organization. Yes, we’re messy in many ways. So, that was a big part of it too. So, it was kind of strategically picking a lane. Remaking how we go to market, the pricing was a really, really big piece that had a big effect. Betting on AI and then culture. And I kind of buried the AI thing because frankly none of this would matter if we didn’t bet on AI. So, the story could all be summed up by saying, when you ask what did I do, it was that we built Fin and that changed everything.
Lenny Rachitsky: You said that this was very unpopular. I imagine many people were not happy with all the change and how top-down this was, you said there was a soft coup. Is there more you could share about that? I never heard that story.
Eoghan McCabe: When you make that degree of change and you tell people that they’re in control like we did in the previous generation of late-stage businesses, there’s going to be some friction when you change the rules. And it’s my strong belief that great employees and great companies want and are constructed out of a very clear and strong hierarchy where it is the responsibility of the CEO to make brave and hard decisions unilaterally, yes, using their experts as inputs and be responsible for the outcome. If I make decisions that propel the company in the way that thankfully my decisions have, I get rewards and kudos and I get to go back to the board and say, I want a bigger grant. If I don’t, I get fired and I should get fired. If my big, brave, unilateral decisions put us in the toilet, then I have to take responsibility for that also.
So, that’s how in my humble opinion, it should work. And I, for one, don’t know of a great company that doesn’t work that way. You’ll see from time to time, I did this a couple of years ago, people will construct these indexes of the performance of companies that are founder led, and of course this is a self-serving statement, but it’s also true. And surprise, surprise, the founder led companies perform substantially better because they have the moral authority and the willingness to take the risks that the professional CEOs don’t have the remit for. The professional CEOs are typically told, don’t mess things up, and the founders are bored if they’re not taking the risk of messing things up from time to time. And so that’s in my opinion, what creates greatness and great innovation. But like I said, there will be friction changing a company that’s configured for democracy and committee decisions and soft and gentle interactions and communication to be properly founder led and top down.
Lenny Rachitsky: So, a big lesson here is if you’re trying to make the shift and it’s just not moving, there’s a lot of resistance. You may need to go hardcore founder mode and make some significant change. What percentage of the employees kind of turned over during this period?
Eoghan McCabe: Could be something ultimately like 40%. So, it was a big, big turnover over some couple number of years. Often the culture is set by a very small number of people, so it only took a quarter to really start to change the tenor of the conversations that were happening, but to bring in the people that were that new level of ambition and wanted to work as hard as the rest of us and work in a mature and engaged in excited way, that took a little longer time. There’s such a thing as product market fit. There’s a thing as founder market fit, there’s a thing as founder, product market fit. That’s how you’re doing it right, but there’s also such a thing as employee, founder, product market fit. You have to have the right employees for the type of business you’re creating, and there are companies that want the need to be more stable and they’re going to want the need to hire more stable individuals.
There’s going to be companies that want to do the highly collaborative, more democratic thing. I wouldn’t invest in them, but there’s companies that want to do it. If you’re an employee that enjoys that, there are a lot of positions out there. There are big companies like Google that do that. There are startups that hire the crazy, young, wild, messy, early startup people, and that’s great for them and the company too. So, it’s really all about having the right individuals and when you create that, not only do you create great success, but you just create a lot more happiness and balance and harmony. Ultimately, the employees who wanted a more gentle democratic environment, they’re not going to be happy in a company like Intercom or Coinbase or any of these strong organizations. They’ll be more happy somewhere else. So, even if it requires a little bit of a loving push out the door, I know that you’re actually doing them a favor in the medium to long run.
Lenny Rachitsky: I was going to say that a lot of these people will be happier working in a different company.
Eoghan McCabe: Absolutely. Who wants to go to war every day with your organization and in Slack? That’s just not fun. That’s not good for the nervous system or the soul.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, so this whole period sounds very stressful for you. Did you ever regret coming back and just like, what the hell did I get myself into? What am I doing to myself?
Eoghan McCabe: I never regretted coming back, but I have many moments where I don’t enjoy the job. I didn’t regret coming back because it was deeply cathartic for me. When a founder runs away from their business, it is the ultimate betrayal of their heart and the dream that they have. Now, it’s okay to wrap things up and quit, but when you kind of run away, like I kind of had to because I was sick and burned out and kind of disenchanted, I don’t know, it didn’t feel good. So, especially when I had done that, having betrayed in a million or a thousand small ways, my intuition, there was something I needed to exercise. So, it has been deeply meaningful in that respect. And then of course, I’m fortunate that it worked out. I get to be on the second most popular podcast in tech. I get to pat myself on the back in front of all these people. Who wouldn’t want that?
That said, the reality is that for particularly people like me who like the adventure and the high agency being unilateral, day-to-day movement where you’re trying to make big, wild, bold decisions, the reality is that if you’re successful, most of your days will not be that. It’ll be reviewing the bonus policy for next year and reviewing the comp proposal for your execs for the next year. It will be showing up for accountability meetings and stepping through the status of different work streams. It’ll be rushing from meeting to meeting, having 8, 9, 10 meetings a day. I don’t happen to believe that that’s a great way to live your life. It’ll be trying to get to all the emails you need to get to such that all those people aren’t offended and hurt and trying to communicate in the ways with your staff and your team that is empathetic and thoughtful and keeps in mind that they may be having as shit a day as you are.
You’re giving me an opportunity to paint story of this maverick led adventure that you might imagine in a comic. I’m for some reason picturing TinTin sail the seas, this swashbuckling adventure. It’s not. It’s corporate life kind of sucks particularly for people like me. So, I have many of those days, and so the only reason I’m still around is that I have a broader mission that makes it worthwhile for now, but that’s why you see so many of our best founders get to a point where they’re like, okay, I’ve had enough corporate fun. So, that’s the most authentic answer I could give you. No regrets coming back, but plenty of pain on a day-to-day basis.
Lenny Rachitsky:
One of the interesting things about this space of agents, there’s all this talk, agents are taking over. It’s the future of software. SaaS is going to be replaced with agents. CX is a classic. It just feels like, I imagine looking forward, it was not obvious. Now looking back, it’s like obviously this is an amazing place for agents to take over work, but there’s always this talk of agents will do everything and all the SaaS software is going to be replaced by agents. Do you have a sense of just how far this disruption will go outside of CX because it’s already happening in your businesses?
Eoghan McCabe: The first thing I’ll say is that CX is deceptively large given it’s hidden behind just two words, two letters. Customer experience really is service success, sales and marketing, in my opinion. It’s all engagement with all customers. It’s the biggest part by headcount of any business. Any consumer business and any B2B business the biggest organizations are sales, service, success. So, I’ll talk about things other than CX in a moment, but I want to emphasize that CX is the majority of business operations. Of course, it’ll go beyond CX. Any function that requires a lot repetitive operational mechanical work will be automated, whether it’s chasing or collecting or issuing invoices, it could be onboarding or offboarding employees.
There are so many repetitive jobs in an organization that it’ll start to replace. One of the interesting questions is how much will be generic operations bots, how much will be expert agents? There are expert agents for law and contract review. There will probably be expert agents for accounting, but you’ll need the glue in between all of these agents too. But future organizations will be agents everywhere. I’ve spent quite a bit of time thinking about what does it all look like in the future, and I imagine it as a medley of humans and agents, and I don’t think it’s obviously going to be humans on the top and the agents all in the IC roles. I think that’ll be more of a complex mix where you’re going to have people that are like managers and leaders, but they’ll be in IC roles, working with agents to configure them for success and monitor and manage their progress, kind of add that oversight and cover for edge cases. And so I think we’re going to be surprised in which the way that these organizations go, they’ll definitely be smaller, they’ll be flatter because of that.
I won’t be surprised if there are agents at the highest level too. I mean, I’ve been thinking about how, and we do have a great human chief of staff here, but imagine a future human chief of staff that understands your priorities and actually talks to you and does a check in each day and reaches out to different people and ask for updates and helps organize your priorities and helps you remember who you need to keep accountable. Clearly there’s an opportunity for that. And so you can imagine agents in specific roles like customer service in operational roles being glue and in being kind of like co-pilot or assistant roles like that, which I mentioned. But what I think that all brings is just epic levels of efficiency. It’s going to be super deflationary. There’ll be a lot more competition. AI itself is insanely competitive right now.
It’s so intense in a way that was never before that’s going to come to all industries when so much of their inner workings becomes automated. And ultimately I think it’s going to be great for the consumer. They’ll have more options, cheaper options, and I can’t but see that be great for the economy, a lot of economic lubricant as it were, and a lot of new movement and activity. And if we were to really go off the reservation, but I’ll stop here, that means that we need more humans too. We need population growth to show up for this big growth economically. And yeah, I just see the future as just a beautiful collaboration between humans and agents in every direction.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love the optimism. Someone described this once as a society … What is it? Agentic society where it’s us and agents living together.
Eoghan McCabe: Right.
Lenny Rachitsky: This begs the question around just jobs. We had Marc Benioff on the podcast. He’s all agent force, agent force, agent force, and asked him just like, what jobs do you think are going away? He’s just like, “CX, going away, gone. Sales not going away. We need sales people.” Just what’s your sense? I know it’s like touchy subject. No one ever wants to say jobs are going away, but just what’s your sense of where jobs might be disappearing more, most?
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah. Well, I don’t find it to be particularly touchy because jobs have always gone away and technology has done a really good job at stealing jobs that we’re repetitive, demeaning, dangerous. We have less people losing limbs and dangerous factories or dying and suffocating down mines because of the technology that we now have available to us. People breaking their backs on farms or just doing things that’s highly demeaning to the great, beautiful creative potential of each human individual life. So, I won’t apologize for competing with or competing for shit work because all the while technology has done that in the past, population has increased. GDP has increased, longevity, crime rates have diminished in the western world, the world that has enjoyed the most technology. So, we have no good reason to not believe that that won’t continue. Even while there is difficulty and there has been in the past, no doubt, people who were gainfully employed in dangerous work in mines had to find new work.
And so I don’t take that for granted, but I think that this is part of the long arc of humanity flourishing and getting healthier and happier. What are the types of work that will go away? It’s all the demeaning, crappy stuff, and that exists in digital businesses. You ask a human to sit at a keyboard answering the same question day in, day out, and you get to a point where you don’t even ask them to answer the question manually. You ask them to click the button that brings up the macro. Like what a horrible use of a human life. I’ve met thousands of people that have worked at Intercom, a broad range of talents. People who they might not describe themselves as particularly high IQ. Maybe they were suited at that point in their life for this highly repetitive work. You talk to them for two or three minutes, you’ll see the bright spark of a beautiful human that if they got to do the right thing, they would light up and bring so much happiness and joy to the world.
And so that’s the mission we’re all on. I’m not pollyannaish here, like I said, and I’m suggesting that there won’t be friction, but for the most part, we’re doing good. And to get specific, they will be CX roles and a lot of basic repetitive roles. There is a lot of repetitive stuff in sales, and so you’ll do more sales with less people. There are SD or roles qualifying basic questions. You’re not going to need as many people in sales organizations. So, I’m a little misaligned with Marc in that respect. But what he’s getting at is that what sales people bring to the table is human connection and trust, and that is not about to go away anytime soon. And thank God for that.
Lenny Rachitsky: I had Ben Mann, the co-founder of Anthropic on the podcast recently, and he said that he’s like, “Even my job is probably going to go at some point.” He was like, “Lenny, your job is going to be replaced by AI at some point.” That was pretty compelling. Did not expect him to say that.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah, I don’t know. It will in many ways. We’re going to have agents in AI to aggregate content and create content, but humans, as much as when it comes to productivity, value, efficiency, efficiency is not the number one thing that we value. If efficiency was the number one thing we value, I’d always buy the cheapest clothes, furniture, computers, even paper for my printer. But I think humans value things like beauty and human stories and human heart and connection. And not only will they still want those and they’ll still want a Lenny that has his own story and his own take and opinions and is a little imperfect, but they’ll pay more for it. The abundance of AI is going to make automated things worth zero. Just like the value of cheap content on YouTube. Why do people subscribe to some channels and pay more? Why do people pay to rent movies? Because some things have more quality, more beauty, more craft, more art, more humanity. So, I think there’ll always be a place for that.
Lenny Rachitsky: Phew. All right. I’ve got a couple more years at least.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Before I move on to a different topic. Just kind of reflecting back on this shift to Fin and the success that you’ve had, are there any other just lessons that we haven’t touched on that you think might be helpful for folks that are trying to go through this journey?
Eoghan McCabe: I think it’s ultimately that you don’t have a choice. My co-founder Des is writing a book at the moment, and that’s core to the idea here. You don’t have a choice. The story of the technology industry or digital technology is really short and it’s punctuated by a small number of things, microprocessors, personal computers, the internet, maybe mobile. Now there’s AI. I think AI is bigger than all these things. And all of these things disrupted essentially all categories. So, not only is this likely to disrupt all the categories, it’s going to disrupt it in the most aggressive violent ways. And if you’re not in it, you’re about to get kicked out of all of it. And so my strongest advice is roll your sleeves up, figure out what’s going to disrupt you, have fun with it. You need to bring in actual talent. We and I will be nothing if we didn’t have actual AI scientists and leaders.
It’s the only way we can be successful here. We have an incredible person who by the time this is out will have received a promotion to chief AI officer. I keep announcing all these things and that’s great confidence to you. Fergal Reid, and he’s just one of the very best in AI applications, and we happened to be working with him for many years. So, part of it is finding the talent and part of it is bringing in the young talent too. AI is kind of a young man’s game, and I’m young, but I’m not as young as a lot of the kids building AI. And so learning to empower and enable them and learn from them too is a really big deal. And unfortunately, part of what you learn from them is the only way you’re going to win right now is if you work your ass off, because all these little AI companies run by kids in their twenties are literally working 12 hours a day, literally 365 days a year.
No joke, all of them. And that’s not a fun idea for many of us, especially those who’ve grown up. Some people in our generation have kids or a lot of them do. There’s comfort and stability in your life. You don’t want to work like that, but if you want in, that’s part of the price and that’s how so many of these young new AI are going to win because very few of the previous generation companies are willing to make all of those changes and go all the way in. And so my actual advice, which is not that helpful, is that if founders of previous generation companies are themselves not willing to roll up their sleeves and get into it and work as hard as the kids, hire a kid. You can be a chairperson like I was, have a lot of fun. You can mentor the kid, hire a kid because you’re in the wrong job, buddy.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love how pragmatic this advice is and what’s interesting as you talk about 12 hours a day every day, it’s like we’re trying to get close to what agents are doing, which is half, that’s basically 50% of agents.
Eoghan McCabe: But that’s not just a poetic cute thing to say, that comes from something very real, which is these younger companies know how to use AI in ways that the older companies don’t. The younger companies are vibe coding and using AI for their creative work and for their job descriptions. I guarantee you go to companies of our generation and even we have had to push people, you go to companies of our generation, most people in most organizations, particularly non-technical organizations, they’re not using any AI. Maybe they’re starting to use ChatGPT to write a job description, but they’re not doing it by default. And so that’s more than a joke. You’re competing with young companies that are in part AI.
Lenny Rachitsky: This reminds me, I did an interview with the Perplexity founders. It was, I just checked, April 2024, so just over a year ago. And they were saying that the way they operated, and this sounded it’s so crazy at the time, is anytime they had a question for anyone else on the team, they first asked ChatGPT about it, and then they go ask the person as like, that is insane. And now this is just obvious. That’s what we all do now. Just like, hey, I’m just going to talk voice.
Eoghan McCabe: It’s a prime example. They’re doing many such things. When I say 365 days a year, they’re the company I think of because they’re doing exactly that. All these young companies are doing wild, weird and ridiculous things that people you are in my age kind of chuckle at, but it’s business as usual for them. So, there’s just a big mind shift, cultural shift, and there’s a culture clash of the previous generation versus the new generation. And the sooner you kind of wrap your head around that, the sooner you can start to unstake yourself, I think.
Lenny Rachitsky: And just to build on that, the sounds crazy to work this hard, it sounds very stressful, not fun. Why would I do this? This sucks. But at the same time, this is, as you said, such an unusual rare opportunity. There’s so much opportunity. There’s so much wealth being created. There’s so many businesses being created. This is the time, if you were to ever work really hard, this is a good time to do it.
Eoghan McCabe: I think so. I don’t actually generally promote working that hard. I try to not fetishize it. I actually think a life well-lived includes taking slow walks in nature where you’re not thinking about ARR growth or hiring your chief revenue officer, not going to eight meetings a day. Maybe you should go to no meetings a day, certainly not working 12 hours a day. I don’t actually promote that in general as a thing one should do with their life. I’m simply saying that if you want to compete and enjoy success in this age, which means you need to be doing AI, that is the price.
So, you either decide to pay the price or get out. Don’t half-ass it. You see all these companies saying, we do AI and they’ve just sprinkle a little bit of crappy AI and they’ve got the same cultures. It won’t work. The one thing I will say, the one little asterisk to my first point is that all great people and great things have been achieved through hard work. And so I’m speaking out of both sides of my mouth here, to younger people to let them know that every way of living is valid, but people who have achieved things have always worked hard and they find a way to enjoy it too. And particularly in 2025 in AI.
Lenny Rachitsky: I want to follow this thread. I was going to ask you this earlier, but I didn’t, and I want to see if this takes us somewhere interesting, just watching you speak and talk. You’re very self-reflective, very centered. You have these really good breaths you take when you think about something. I met you a long time ago, randomly at a party when you were just starting Intercom. I don’t think you were like that. During this kind of two-year period was there kind a transformation that you went through to kind of become this?
Eoghan McCabe: Absolutely. Yeah. There’s a couple things. First, I mean, there’s three things that come to mind. Working in a startup for 14 years has a certain way of kicking you in the head many times a day that either kills you or makes you far stronger. So, that’s one piece. There’s no elegance to that point, but I think we can all intuit that that level of experience teaches you something, you grow up very fast. Point two is I did a lot of therapy. I found this amazing guy 12 years ago. He started a couple of his own tech companies and talked in public. He only coached and was a therapist to CEOs. He’s now kind of in a later stage of his career. But this amazing guy, his name is Yosi Amram, amazing guy. I just landed on my feet. I just didn’t know who I was dealing with.
But one of the greatest minds and teachers of the last, I don’t know, many decades, people don’t even know him, but he’s taught and worked with many CEOs and he just helped me get to know me and take time for myself. And people like to hate on therapy right now. I think a lot of therapy sucks and a lot of therapists are not good. And they fear that actually therapy will lobotomize them and turn them into thumb sucking, navel-gazing, soft, irrelevant losers that won’t have that edge anymore. And the interesting thing about 12 years of weekly therapy and spiritual work is that it takes your edges off, but they’re all edges that are super counterproductive. All the edges that made you an asshole, got you triggered, miscommunicated or fought back when you were insecure, they take all the edges away then help you see yourself and love yourself so much more for who you are.
Be completely unafraid to acknowledge the things you’re not good at, but own the things you are. And in understanding yourself, you understand others better and can communicate in a substantially more connected and authentic way. Great, great therapy and it has to be great, is a recipe for brilliant leadership in my opinion. And then the third part is two years away where I ran away, where I was sick, revenue growth wasn’t doing so hot. I unsuccessfully tried to defend myself from a bunch of fake bullshit in the newspapers. I mean I was beat up. And in a moment like that, your ego, any sense you have of your greatness is eviscerated. And that’s painful. It can be so painful that many people don’t come back from it, and I credit the 10 years at that point, or nine years of therapy I did at that point, plus the support of this therapist, the coach that I had, to surviving it.
But if you can survive it, what you end up with on the other side is all of those insecure, a lot of the insecurities and all that ego bullshit that made you super ineffective, jealous, or triggered for all sorts of different reasons, it’s gone. And your image that you are this perfect, brilliant leader that all successful founders form when they are successful had to die. And the reason that’s so good is that that’s so limiting. When you have this ego identity of yourself about how fucking amazing you are, then any moment that challenges that is super scary. Anyone who questions it is offensive. And so I credit wherever I am today and I have decades of learning still to go to those three components. And I feel super fortunate to have had all of them, even though the last one sucked, I can finally say, wow, it really helped.
Lenny Rachitsky: Thank you for sharing all that. I’m glad I went there. I want to show you something that I randomly have in my office, my wife just got me that I think you’re going to love. It’s a piece of art that I think will resonate with [inaudible 01:03:02].
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah. What am I looking at here? So, it’s a hand?
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s a hand with a snap and then let me see if you can see what it says.
Eoghan McCabe: I can’t see what it says.
Lenny Rachitsky: It says ego death now.
Eoghan McCabe: Right. Look at this. Good. Exactly.
Lenny Rachitsky: There it is.
Eoghan McCabe: May all our egos peacefully become smaller and leave this mortal coil. The reality is none of our egos ever die. And even great … Ram Dass is this great spiritual teacher who died a few years ago and someone asked him on his deathbed something like, “How did you get over your bullshit or your ego?” And he said, “I never did. Just the edges got smoothed away.” And this is a guy who had 70 years of the deepest, wildest spiritual work, he acknowledged, no, still my same self. So, the ego is still there and we actually need to acknowledge it and love it. And when you acknowledge it, then it’s not a surprise when you’re like a little jealous and you’re like, huh, I’m jealous. That’s funny. Okay. And it’s all good.
Lenny Rachitsky: Reminds me Daniel Kahneman who wrote all these books about biases that we have and here’s all the ways we’re flawed. If people ask him, “Have you learned to live more rationally?” He’s like, “Not at all.” Knowing all these things about how we’re flawed in the way we think all these biases doesn’t actually, I can’t use it in life.
Eoghan McCabe: We’re human. We should let ourselves be human. I think it’s beautiful. We’re logic systems, but we’re also heart systems and body systems and soul systems. So, all of it is good.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, I want to go in a completely different direction. The last thing I want to talk about, I needed to mention this. I don’t know if you’ve seen this, but I’ve been doing research on which companies produce the best product leaders. And I’ve been doing this by looking at which alumni of companies go on to become CPOs at the highest rate, get promoted the most at their next job, become the first product manager at a future startup, start their own companies. Intercom is coming number one across this research next to Palantir and Stripe, Revolut. So, the question this begs is, what are you guys doing that produces such great product leaders? There’s the hiring piece and then there’s what they do at Intercom piece. So, what do you think is creating these sort of really big successes from your alumni group?
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah, I don’t have a really succinct answer unfortunately. I can say in the abstract, our culture is a very producty culture. So, myself and Des, there was four founders and me and Des Traynor drove a lot, like all the strategy. We’re product guys. I was a software designer. I studied computer science, so I’m technical, but never did it professionally. So, the first part is that just product innovation, design just was just core to our culture and people always picked up on that. So, I think good people wanted to work here and we were good at finding good people. The other part was that because we had this sprawling strategy, we had all these products that we needed a complex structure for it and that included lots of PMs and PM groups that we gave a lot of autonomy to. And so the product of our big messy strategy was that we had PMs that got to act like mini CEOs.
And so I think that they got to learn the broader skill sets beyond designing wireframes and interviewing some customers. They really own it like a mini CEO to some degree. I think there’s one other thing which is part to our approach was this deeply first principles thinking methodology almost to a fault, although I don’t think it’s a fault. I and we would create frameworks for everything. It’s like, okay, we want to do these events. Who are the events for? What is the ultimate goal of the event? What’s the mechanism by which events work? What are other mechanisms that can achieve that same goal? How do we define success for an event like that? How does the user or the attendee define value? What other things do those people find valuable? We create these complex systems to try and approach everything, but the net effect was we’d have really joined up considered strategy and it’s everywhere.
Like Paul Adams, our chief product officer, I didn’t even plan to show this. He made this book recently, The AI Age and the Transformation of Customer Service and it’s a bunch of frameworks for how to think about AI, et cetera. So, it’s part of what we do. And so we would hire people who are good at that, but we teach that. That’s teachable and not everyone does that. And so the conversations that Des and I would have, we still love being on whiteboards. Our very first office, our own office in Dublin, it was a tiny office. One wall was four, five computers, the other wall was just all whiteboards. We loved that we had a whiteboard wall. In our next office we had a room, square room and all walls were whiteboards.
So, we just love to draw diagrams so you can teach all that stuff. So, yeah, it’s just all that good energy product, product energy, first principles, the people we chose. And on the founders side, I was talking to Des about this morning, why have so many Intercom people gone on to be founders? I think it’s because we hired founder types and my pitch to people was always come to Intercom, figure out how great companies are built and build it with us and then go on to start your own. I would say that often at all hands. But the irony is that the people we hired back then, the founder types were probably not great employees. They were better founders. I’m not a good employee. And so it’ll be interesting to see if this current cohort, we’ll get many founders out of this current cohort, but will they convert as well as they did before?
Because we’re now hiring people who want to be part of something bigger. They’re more mature and grown up, more stable and consistent. They’re part of, they have a certain expertise and a certain lane they want to work in. And maybe they’re not the crazy types that went on to start companies, but it’s wild. I did see some of that research by you, particularly the one where you show the companies ranked by the number of founders that they have. And I’m like, what is happening? I was as surprised that we were that high as you were because there are many other great companies on that list. So, surprised and proud.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love when people say, I don’t really have a clear answer. And then you have exactly a clear answer and it resonates a lot with other companies on this list that I’ve had on of what the themes are, and I’ll just reflect back a few of them. One is complexity. That comes up a lot. And interestingly, most of the other companies in the list, I’ll read them real quick. Intercom, Palantir, Revolut, N26, Dropbox, Chime, Stripe, and then Coinbase and Notion is down there. So many are FinTech. Almost all are FinTech. And the complexity there is really high. So, there’s a really interesting trend there. Just complexity. Ownership is another one that comes up a lot. Many CEOs, GMs kind of roles, first principles thinking and just going to the bare metal comes up a lot in these conversations.
Eoghan McCabe: Yes.
Lenny Rachitsky: And then hiring senior people, hiring founder types.
Eoghan McCabe: Yes. Like Stripe did a lot of that. I think Stripe did a lot of first principle stuff and founder types.
Lenny Rachitsky: The other thing, we didn’t even talk about this, but you guys invented RICE. You guys popularize jobs to be done. Like speaking of frameworks, you guys are a wealth of frameworks that we all use.
Eoghan McCabe: Drowning and frameworks, yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Drowning slash changing the way everyone builds product in a really positive way. Okay, is there anything else that you wanted to touch on or leave listeners with before we get to a very exciting lightning round?
Eoghan McCabe: When someone like me comes on a podcast like this, they always have an ulterior motive and that’s healthy and good. It’s part of the transaction. Some of it is to enjoy feeling like an expert. But my ulterior motive today is to make sure that people understand that Intercom is a fundamentally different type of late stage company. We are a large old startup. Every single way in which we work is as a startup and are competing with and crushing the actual startup competition in our agent categories. And the reason that that’s important for people to know is just like I said earlier, that the handicap that good but late stage companies have is that their late stage and people don’t mentally put them in the same box.
They just don’t imagine these older companies. If I told you that IBM had made the most wildly innovative coding assistant, you’d find it hard to believe, most people would. It’s maybe so interesting such that it would stick in your mind, you need to go look at it. But by default people aren’t going to look at IBM. And so I want people to take a new look at Intercom because it’s a brand new company and our mission is to help every single type of business deliver impeccable, incredible, beautiful personal service to every single one of their users and people, many thousands of people are using Fin for that today. So, go check out Fin please, fin.ai.
Lenny Rachitsky: And I don’t know if you mentioned this at the beginning, but let’s mention that you predict that you’ll be the fastest growing company across if you were to look at all public software companies next year.
Eoghan McCabe: So, two years ago we were in the low single digits growth rate. We doubled our growth rate and last year we were in the low double digits. This year we’re in the 15th percentile of all public software companies. So, you take the 120 something public software companies, we’re in the 15th percentile. So, we’re getting up there fast and if we sustain this trajectory, and it’s obviously dangerous to put these types of things out publicly, but I’ll tell you, I look at the charts and it’s hard not to imagine where this goes. I think we’re going to find ourselves being the fastest growing out of all, relative to all public software companies. So, let’s see. But that’s the level of shock, surprise and transformation that has actually happened here all because of Fin. So, check in with me in a year and maybe I’ll be embarrassed or maybe I’ll be feeling like a genius.
Lenny Rachitsky: Or underselling it. This just reflects back on exactly how I started our conversation. You’ve done something extraordinary at Intercom. I’m really happy that we’re here and we’re sharing this story.
Eoghan McCabe: Thank you.
Lenny Rachitsky: With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. I’ve got five questions for you. Are you ready?
Eoghan McCabe: Please. Ready.
Lenny Rachitsky: What are two or three books that you find yourself recommending most to other people?
Eoghan McCabe: So, I found I lost the habit of reading as I started to get more and more stressed with my startup. And so I would listen to audiobooks here and there, but the most recent book I read is a book called Nuclear War: A Scenario, and it’s a very much a nonfiction and scared the shit out of me. So, if you like nightmares, it’ll be beautiful bedtime reading.
Lenny Rachitsky: Excellent.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: What’s a recent movie or TV show you’ve really enjoyed?
Eoghan McCabe: I love movies. I want TV to be better, but I very rarely find TV to be great. The first and last TV show I loved was True Detective one that was just incredible. But the last movie I watched was 28 Years Later, and that’s by Danny Boyle. I was born in the eighties, grew up as a kid in the nineties, and so grew up with Trainspotting. It was 28 Days Later. Then he made a movie called Sunshine. So, 28 Years Later is a type of movie that’s just not made anymore. It’s the most nineties movie made since the nineties. It’s like very rock and roll and also deeply touching. So, I was really surprised by that. I bet I would love to know that younger generations that are watching this, what they may think, they may hate it, but I love 28 Years Later.
Lenny Rachitsky: So, this is the same person that made 28 Days Later, then 29 years later [inaudible 01:15:51].
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah, Danny Boyle.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. Okay. Very cool. I didn’t know about that. Do you have a favorite product you’ve recently discovered that you really love? Could be a gadget, could be an app, could be clothes.
Eoghan McCabe: I very rarely like products, I’m such a perfectionist that it has to be really simple with very little moving parts, like a bowl, to actually be like, good. I’ve started to get more into coffee. I’ve been buying products by Fellow. They’re remarkably good for consumer products, different, it’s on a different level. So, there’s some sort of level of taste and craft happening there that I don’t see in basically any other consumer hardware type products. And of all things, I’d bought a Porsche 911 recently and that is a beautiful product. The interiors are exquisite and there’s still a bunch of shit that is going to annoy you. And so it’s far from perfect. So, yeah, perfectionism is sometimes a gift if you’re in the business of creating products, but also quite the curse. You’re never happy, including with the Porsche 911.
Lenny Rachitsky: I think that’s the third time someone recommended a car. Someone recommended, I think Boz at Facebook recommended a fancy Mercedes, and then someone once suggested a Rivian, so now we got Porsche on the list. I always thought maybe one day I’ll give someone all the prizes, all the products people have ever mentioned in this. And those are getting, Porsche might be a little high. Okay, two more questions. Do you have a favorite life motto that you find yourself repeating, coming back to in work or life sharing with friends?
Eoghan McCabe: It’s trite. It’s not sophisticated and it’s more of a concept than a phrase, but it’s something around the idea that life is short. I’m just so aware that time ticks by and we all live on autopilot. So much of what we do is inspired by either our insecurities or things that other people we look up to or envy do. Very rarely making contact with what we really want and following our hearts and our heads. And we just kind of get stuck in these lanes and just live out our days. And certainly when you get 41 now, you get to 41 and thankfully still very young, anyone in their forties, congrats, should feel good about that.
But I know if you’re in your twenties or thirties, 40 feels old. But when you’re in your forties, my experience is that the weeks and the months and then the years go by. It’s not a big deal. I’m back at Intercom two and a half years now to any of these kids in AI in their twenties. If they don’t get something done or achieved by next month, they’ll be so disappointed themselves and so impatient. And in some ways, at least when it comes to productivity, they’re better at getting more out of the time. But I’m now trying to get more life out of the time too. So, just, if there is a motto, it’s like life is short or memento mori, we’re all on the way out. So, make the use of what you’ve got.
Lenny Rachitsky: Fun fact, I built an app once called Savorable that helped you savor the moment, it was called Savorable and it sent you a text every few hours, I don’t know, maybe once a day with a little reminder of way to savor the moment. And one of the texts was just like, remember, you will die.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah. And the problem is that even that idea, we forget it instantly. And if you start getting text every day, you’ll ignore the text. Try to fault. We just don’t want to acknowledge that reality on a day-to-day basis. Maybe that’s important.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, maybe for the best.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, Final question. Speaking of apps, I was doing research on you in preparation for this and I didn’t realize you built Quitter back in the day. I love Quitter. I found it so fun. It basically told you anytime someone unfollowed you on Twitter. So, the question just what happened to that app?
Eoghan McCabe: I think we eventually sold it for 14K.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow, that’s cool.
Eoghan McCabe: On one of these, I think there’s a website called Flipper where you could sell websites. It really blew up. It was like a little experiment, kind of a social experiment. It was the first time that I had this feeling that there’s no reason someone wouldn’t want to use this. Obviously people are going to want to use this. And it was really instructive for me because it taught me that that feeling is possible. You meet so many founders, young founders particularly, and they don’t have a sense within themselves about the value of the stuff they’re building. Will this be good? Let’s get customer feedback. And it is possible to build things that you deeply know makes sense. And that’s why my formula for building things was to always build things for myself. And that was what Quitter was like. Followers go up, followers go down. At that point in time, people had 100 followers or 200 followers, and you’d want to know who’s not my friend anymore.
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh man, I love that that was your bar that led you to the success later if it’s as good as Quitter in terms of product market fit.
Eoghan McCabe: I mean, it had the best fit ever. About everyone on Twitter tried to sign up for it and it broke.
Lenny Rachitsky: Well, I loved it. Eoghan, thank you so much for doing this. I love just how real and open you are about everything and just how much insight you have to share. I also just love the vibe. I feel like I just am more centered just watching you-
Eoghan McCabe: Oh, thank you.
Lenny Rachitsky: … speak. Two Final questions. Where can folks check out Fin, follow you if they want to follow up on anything? And then how can listeners be useful to you?
Eoghan McCabe: Check out Fin, fin.ai. If they want to follow me. I’m E-O-G-H-A-N on Twitter, so it’s Irish spelling of Owen. But if they want to be helpful to me, I’d love them to try Fin. I’d love them to have their friends that run any kind of customer operations, try it too. This AI thing is noisy. There’s so much hype, but it’s also really real. And the weird thing about Fin, even relative to the coding apps, the coding apps are blowing up, and yet there’s a lot of people experimenting and kicking tires. You can’t kick tires with Fin. We only deliver value when you expose it to your customers and it closes tickets and makes them happy. And so AI is really, really happening. And so if you know anyone out there that has customers, they should be using Fin. It’s the smartest, cheapest, easiest way to dramatically enhance their business. So, if they do that, they’ll be helping me sincerely.
Lenny Rachitsky: I’m sold. Eoghan, thank you so much for being here.
Eoghan McCabe: Thank you, sir. Pretty fun.
Lenny Rachitsky: This was amazing.
Eoghan McCabe: Yeah, thank you.
Lenny Rachitsky: Bye everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| agentic society | 智能体社会 |
| AI agent | AI 智能体 |
| ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue) | 年度经常性收入 |
| bake-off | 对比评测/竞品比拼 |
| Ben Mann | Ben Mann(Anthropic 联合创始人) |
| beta version | 测试版本 |
| Boz | Boz(Facebook 高管) |
| chief AI officer | 首席 AI 官 |
| chief of staff | 幕僚长 |
| chief revenue officer | 首席营收官 |
| CPO (Chief Product Officer) | CPO(首席产品官) |
| customer experience | 客户体验 |
| CX (Customer Experience) | 客户体验 |
| Daniel Kahneman | Daniel Kahneman(诺贝尔经济学奖得主、行为经济学家) |
| Danny Boyle | Danny Boyle(英国导演) |
| Des | Des(Intercom 联合创始人) |
| Des Traynor | Des Traynor(Intercom 联合创始人) |
| ego death | 自我消亡 |
| Fellow | Fellow(咖啡器具品牌) |
| Fergal Reid | Fergal Reid(Intercom 首席 AI 官) |
| Fin | Fin(Intercom 的 AI 客服产品) |
| Flippa | Flippa(网站交易平台) |
| founder market fit | 创始人市场契合 |
| founder mode | 创始人模式 |
| G2 | G2(软件评测平台) |
| Glassdoor | Glassdoor(企业点评平台) |
| head-to-head | 正面交锋 |
| IC (Individual Contributor) | 基层执行角色 |
| jobs to be done | jobs to be done(待办任务理论) |
| lightning round | 快问快答 |
| Madhavan | Madhavan(定价专家) |
| Marc Benioff | Marc Benioff(Salesforce CEO) |
| mark to market | 市值计价 |
| memento mori | memento mori(拉丁语,意为”记住你终将死去”) |
| mold toxins | 霉菌毒素 |
| net new ARR | 净新增 ARR |
| Palantir | Palantir(数据分析公司) |
| Paul Adams | Paul Adams(Intercom 首席产品官) |
| Perplexity | Perplexity(AI 搜索引擎公司) |
| PM (Product Manager) | 产品经理 |
| Pollyannaish | 盲目乐观 |
| post rationalization | 事后合理化 |
| product market fit | 产品市场契合 |
| Quitter | Quitter(Twitter 取关通知应用) |
| Ram Dass | Ram Dass(精神导师) |
| resolution rate | 解决率 |
| Revolut | Revolut(数字银行) |
| RICE | RICE(优先级排序框架) |
| SaaS (Software as a Service) | SaaS(软件即服务) |
| SAML authentication | SAML 认证 |
| Savorable | Savorable(品味当下应用) |
| SCIM provisioning | SCIM 配置 |
| SDR (Sales Development Representative) | SDR(销售开发代表) |
| soft coup | 软政变 |
| Stripe | Stripe(支付技术公司) |
| tick bite | 蜱虫咬伤 |
| True Detective | True Detective(《真探》,HBO 剧集) |
| vibe coding | vibe coding(氛围编程) |
| wartime company | 战时公司 |
| Waymo | Waymo(自动驾驶公司) |
| Yosi Amram | Yosi Amram(CEO 心理咨询师/教练) |
| Zendesk | Zendesk(客服软件公司) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
Intercom 如何全力押注 AI 而浴火重生 | Eoghan McCabe(创始人兼 CEO)
对话记录
Eoghan McCabe: 你没有选择。AI 将以最猛烈、最激进的方式颠覆一切。如果你不投身其中,就会被踢出局。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你已经非常成功地将一个后期阶段的 SaaS 业务转型为以 AI 为先、以智能体为核心的业务。
Eoghan McCabe: Fin 是我们的 AI 智能体,它将在不到三个季度内突破 1 亿 ARR。
Lenny Rachitsky: 让我们来谈谈你是如何做到这一切的。
Eoghan McCabe: 我们当时即将触及 $0 净新增 ARR,这意味着我们将进入负增长区间。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那么,ChatGPT 发布的时候,是不是就感觉——就是它了,我们必须全力押注?
Eoghan McCabe: 我说,我们需要变成一家战时公司。如果我们不为这件事而战,我们就死定了。我大力押注了 AI,但我也重塑了公司文化。我重写了价值观,让它像一把锋利的刀,切除掉那些我明知不会有战斗力的部分。
Lenny Rachitsky: 如果你正在试图转型但始终推动不了,你可能需要进入硬核创始人模式。
Eoghan McCabe: 伟大的成就,来自于找到一位愿意做出艰难而勇敢的决策并承担后果的 CEO。
Lenny Rachitsky: 在这段时期,大概有多少比例的员工流失了?
Eoghan McCabe: 最终大概 40%。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你提到过曾发生过一次”软政变”,能多分享一些吗?
节目介绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Eoghan McCabe。这是我将与一系列创始人对话的第一期,这些创始人已经成功将自己成熟的 SaaS 或市场平台业务转型为以 AI 为先、疯狂增长并超越了自己十多年老业务的公司。如今许多公司、产品团队和创始人正试图在这段非常棘手的时期找到方向——每个行业都在被 AI 颠覆,我这里的目标是帮助你 essentially 在别人颠覆你之前先颠覆自己。
Intercom 转型为 Fin 的故事令人难以置信。他们的传统业务估值数十亿美元,ARR 达数亿美元,但增长开始停滞,甚至即将转为负增长。GPT-3.5 发布仅六周后,他们就做出了现在 Fin 的可运行原型,Eoghan 和团队决定全力押注 AI。如今 Fin 正在疯狂增长,ARR 已达八位数,Intercom 有望在明年增速超过所有上市软件公司。在我们的对话中,Eoghan 非常坦诚地谈到了当下要赢需要付出什么——在大量阻力甚至一次软政变未遂的情况下,如何在 Intercom 实现转型,他相信人们对软件和 AI 正在发生的事情仍有哪些误解,以及更多内容。如果你喜欢这档播客,别忘了在你最喜欢的播客应用或 YouTube 上订阅关注。
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访谈正式开始
Lenny Rachitsky: Eoghan,非常感谢你的到来,欢迎来到播客。
Eoghan McCabe: 谢谢,很高兴来到这里。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你在 Intercom 做了一件相当了不起的事情,这也是许多创始人和产品团队正在尝试做的——在 AI 对大多数业务造成的这场非常可怕的颠覆中找到出路。正如你所描述的,你已经非常成功地将一个后期阶段的 SaaS 业务转型为以 AI 为先、以智能体为核心、非常成功的业务。我想利用这段时间尽可能多地从你的经历中提炼经验,让那些正在努力应对转型困境的人能少一些痛苦和煎熬,希望能找到可行的出路。为了让大家对目前的成果有个概念,你能分享一些关于业务当前状态的数据吗,进展如何?
Eoghan McCabe: 目前在整个业务层面,我们以所有上市软件公司为标杆来衡量自己。大约有 120 多家 B2B 软件公司,我们的 ARR 增长大约排在第 15 百分位,所以我们位居前列。Fin 是我们的 AI 智能体,是业务的未来,是将颠覆老业务的产品。它的增速超过 300%。和所有你听到的那些 AI 公司一样,它起飞得非常快——第一年就从 100 万增长到了 1200 万 ARR。我们现在在 Fin 上的 ARR 已稳稳处于八位数中段,将在不到三个季度内突破 1 亿 ARR。Fin 所在的领域是客户体验(customer experience)品类,所以它是一种帮你完成所有客户工作的智能体,这些产品都是从客服(service)切入的。在这个品类中,我们按客户数量是最大的,按收入也是最大的,按性能基准测试也是最好的。我们在所有正面交锋和直接竞品的对比评测中都获胜了。我们在 G2 上排名第一,所以我觉得我们做得相当不错,远比我们此时期望的要好得多。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这听起来是很多创始人的梦想,尤其是那些现有业务停滞不前的创始人。那我们就来聊聊这个。说说这段旅程的开端。你有一个运转正常的业务,人们在用,也喜欢它,ARR 我相信已经超过 1 亿。谈谈在你决定”我真的需要做出重大改变,全面转向 AI”那个时间点,业务的状态是什么样的。
Eoghan McCabe: ARR 已经是数亿级别了。Intercom 成立至今 14 年多了。故事的一部分是,2020 年我之前病了几年。背景是我中了霉菌毒素,后来又发现被蜱虫咬过,身体搞得很糟。所以 2020 年我离开了 CEO 的位置,而我在生病期间犯下的很多错误在那之后变得更严重。我们变成了很多晚期软件公司今天的模样——有点臃肿。我们失去了一些活力。战略被稀释了,不够聚焦。我们想为所有人做所有事。
我们甚至不清楚自己到底在解决谁的问题、解决什么问题,结果是收入增长非常缓慢,只有低个位数百分比。我离开了两年,对业务的发展方向很不满意。我们经历了一波疫情后的”糖衣兴奋”,2021 年很多那个阶段的大公司都经历了同样的情况。每个人的估值和收入都飙升,但这给很多公司带来了不少问题。我们的净新增 ARR 连续五个季度下滑,眼看就要跌到 0——那就意味着进入负增长区间。我们最终没有走到那一步,我在那之前就踩住了刹车,但每个季度都在下滑。而我发现自己,尽管很想出去开始新的冒险,对这该死的东西仍然怀有很多骄傲,不想看着它就这样消亡。
而且它的状况和当初创业时截然不同,和很多公司一样,创业之初充满了希望和乐观,而现在它即将黯然退场。所以那时我觉得,我必须回去,必须做出改变。我回去一个月后,ChatGPT 就发布了。所以如果能说”AI 变革来了,我知道自己不能袖手旁观,必须拯救这家公司免受即将到来的颠覆”,那故事会非常干净利落。实际上,我是被这个 AI 的事情当头一棒的,但它最终也成了一份礼物。
ChatGPT 发布与快速反应
Lenny Rachitsky: ChatGPT 发布后,是不是立刻就觉得”就是这个了,我们必须全力投入”?还是说”嗯,先观察一下”?你花了多久才确信这就是未来,我们现有的做法行不通了?
Eoghan McCabe: 我们和我都很幸运,因为我们已经有一个 AI 团队。我们身处客户沟通业务,主要做客服。我们在做机器人,但那是很初级的 AI。我们有自己的一套机器学习系统来做客服问答,但需要大量的配置工作,而且效果不太好。但公司里已经有一批 AI 工程师,所以当 GPT 3.5 发布时,他们说”这次不一样了”。没过多久,人们就开始想象这对客服领域将造成多么大的颠覆。一开始,我们想象的是这会摧毁所有卖席位的人,所有做传统 SaaS 生意的人。
我们相信在那之后的几年里这确实是很有可能的。但 GPT 3.5 发布仅仅六周后,我们就已经有了 Fin 的测试版本。GPT 3.5 发布大约一周后,我收到了联合创始人 Des 的短信,他说:“AI 团队有个很有意思的东西,他们觉得我们可以把它做成一个产品。“那是在现在毫无疑问已经有一百个客服智能体出现之前很久的事了。我们很早就做出了能用的东西。我们的另一个优势是,我们拥有庞大的客户基础——三万名付费客户,数十万活跃用户,数百万终端用户,数十亿数据点。
所以我们有很多可以发挥的空间,我们就全力以赴了。当然,把这个故事讲成一次勇敢的特立独行之举很动听,我不否认我们确实很勇敢,但我们当时的处境是已经没什么可失去的了。所以我们的确是独特的。我不认识任何一家和我们同等规模和年龄的公司,做了如此剧烈的 AI 转型并且取得了我们这样的成功。但我们之前确实是走投无路了,处境非常艰难,所以别无选择。所以我接受赞誉和肯定,但也对那些没有陷入我们这般困境的公司抱有很多共情——它们试图在维持老业务的同时用新的 AI 能力来补充,试图两头兼顾。
从反机器人到以 AI 为先
Lenny Rachitsky: 我从一位在 Intercom 工作过的人那里听说,如果我说的不对请纠正我——你之前一直很反对客服领域的机器人,因为你觉得它太不近人情了。你觉得那不是你想做业务的方式,而现在你做的恰恰就是这件事。聊聊这个转变。
Eoghan McCabe: 对,这确实是一个有趣而讽刺的反转。我们从早期就确立了”让互联网商业变得有人情味”的使命。当我回来开始转向 AI 时,我开始思考这个使命还有没有意义。我们转向 AI 的部分原因是别无选择——不仅是对业务而言,我们需要一些新东西,而且我们看到了这是未来,你不能对抗未来,必须成为它的一部分。那就这样吧,我们要成为它的一部分。说到底,给自己编这些小故事是很容易的。所以我愿意接受任何人告诉我在胡扯,但当我审视自己、拷问自己的灵魂和头脑时,我不觉得是这么回事。当我拷问自己的内心和头脑时,我不觉得是在自欺。
但我现在的信念是:为每一个客户提供一位高度投入、随时在线、专业、一致、快速、有魅力、风趣、友善、有人情味的智能体,全天候每周七天服务于每一位客户,这比让客户等上两三天才能收到一个敷衍的套话回复要有人情味得多。这就是 AI 的讽刺、魔力与奇妙之处——即使它确实迫使我们对自己提出一些尖锐的问题,认真思考它对人类的影响,但它实际上在我们所描述为”有人情味”和”人性化”的那些事情上,比人类自己做得更好。这就是我现在的立场。也许这不过是一堆精巧的事后合理化,但说实话,这确实是我的真实想法。
Lenny Rachitsky: 数据也表明,人们往往更不愿意为了解决那些可以直接搞定的问题而去跟人沟通。跟一个对你遇到的问题一无所知的客服打交道,压力很大的。
Eoghan McCabe: 没错,AI 就是更好。看看 Waymo。Waymo 不会出车祸。它的事故率是人类驾驶员的三分之一不到。它不会骚扰你或烦你。我和一般人一样喜欢和 Uber 司机聊天,但不是每次都想聊。它没有卫生问题。它不会走错路。它真的不会做那些让人烦的事情。现在看到 Uber 开始为女性用户提供只呼叫女性司机的选项,我可以保证他们这么做的原因是女性喜欢 Waymo,因为她们觉得更安全。AI 在很多时候确实更优秀,而人类在其他方面会远比 AI 擅长。我是亲人类的,我爱人类。我真的希望在余生中所有事情都有人类的参与,但当涉及到实用、高效、有效的价值创造时,在我们生活中那些连接人与人之间的”胶水”部分,我其实更想要 AI 和机器人。
定价策略的教训
Lenny Rachitsky: 在我们开始聊你是如何让这次转型取得成功之前,还有一段历史——你们的定价策略长期以来一直不受用户待见。比如,我曾经在 Twitter 上做过一个投票,也在我的通讯里做过调查,问你为所有 SaaS 产品中哪个产品付的钱最多?Intercom 遥遥领先。我知道人们一直抱怨你们的定价有多不透明、有多贵,而现在你们反而走在了 AI 产品定价的前沿。所以这些我们后面会聊到,但先说说当年定价那边发生了什么,有什么教训。
Eoghan McCabe: 对,我想先验证一下你的调查数据。没错,人们厌恶我们的定价。它都成了一个梗了。Twitter 上真的有搞笑的、流行的、病毒式传播的梗图在嘲讽我们的定价。问题的一部分——如果不是全部的话——其实有两个问题。一个是我们的战略问题,极度缺乏焦点。正如你所说,我们试图为所有人做所有事,而当你试图为所有人做所有事时,你为了捕获那些不同类型的价值所做的努力,必然会导致相当复杂的定价。如果你同时做客服,按席位销售,又做出站消息推送需要按消息量收费,还做网站上的 SDK 或 Messenger 需要按线索量收费,光是这些就已经是四面八方的各种计价指标了。
然后如果你还想卖给不同规模的客户,你还需要分层和门槛,整个东西就变成了一头巨兽。所以问题的一部分是战略上不够聚焦,另一部分是我们不愿意坦率地做出大胆决策——说不,选定一条路,真正为了长远利益承受短期痛苦。我们推出了新的定价方案,这还是在你说的 Fin 定价之前的事。当我回来的时候我说,“是的,我们这里会损失很多收入。“我不记得我们具体减记了多少,但我们实际上已经放弃了大约 5000 万美元的 ARR。
我们为很多客户降低了价格,就是为了给他们更简单的定价方案,因为毫不意外——当人们感觉自己的定价方案远远更简单、更可预测、更公平时,他们待得更久,而且这也为公司内部创造了更多的轻松感,促进了与客户之间更健康的关系。当我们的员工看到我们在方方面面都在薅客户羊毛的时候,这种认知会侵蚀”我们关心客户”这一信念,然后他们也会做出其他对客户不友好的决策。所以我回来后倡导的价值观之一就是以客户为执念,因此我们必须砍掉旧的定价方案,放弃大量收入。这就是这些变革背后的精神。不过如果你想聊 Fin 的定价,我们也可以谈谈。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那个留到后面再说,因为这是一个非常重要、值得人们听到的话题。我们先来聊聊那次转型,你是怎么让这一切真正落地的。你说起来好像——虽然不完全是——好像是”我们必须这么做”,“反正也不行了”,“全力投入 AI 这件事没什么风险”。但你们当时的 ARR 是 1.5 亿美元,作为一家企业至少值十亿美元。
Eoghan McCabe: 其实是好几十亿。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好几十亿。
Eoghan McCabe: 我们赚的比那还多,所以是好几亿美元的量级。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。即便感觉业务已经不再增长了,真正执行起来也非常困难。那么首先,是否有一个具体的时刻——比如有人内部花六周搭建 Fin 原型的那个实验——让你觉得”就是它了”,还是有另一个让你决定全力投入的时刻?
转型决策的内幕
Eoghan McCabe: 是一系列因素的综合。公司已经不再年轻,我们所有人——我和联合创始人们——都急不可耐:我们到底能不能搞出点名堂来?我们经历过公司估值很高的时期。我们是私人公司,所以没有每日的市值计价(mark to market),但其他所有上市软件公司都跌了 80%、85%、90%。我们看到自己的收入增长断崖式下跌。我们习惯了漂亮的两位数增长,却跌到了低个位数。所以一部分原因是——我们必须做点什么。另一部分是我自己对公司运营方式的愤怒和不满,以及我自己犯的错误。像很多创始人和创始 CEO 一样,我做了大量妥协——为了安抚员工,或者出于恐惧去迎合投资者,追随行业建议和所谓的最佳实践。
当你的原始创意那道亮光变成了这头庞大、不可阻挡、可怕的企业巨兽时,你在岁月中一点一滴地背叛自己的直觉,而每一次那样背叛自己,都有一小部分的你在死去。如果你在脑海中挑出十年前的三四个科技宠儿,当你见到他们的 CEO 并私下与他们交谈时,很少有人对自己的文化状态、自己做出的决策、以及自己不得不采用的工作方式感到满意。他们都在一些小地方背叛了自己。而我当时已经离开了公司,我病得很重,坦率说我已经精疲力竭了——甚至在收入开始放缓之前我就已经快撑不住了。
我在媒体上遭受了不公平的攻击,总之我对一切都受够了。于是我决定采取一种非常威权式的、自上而下的、激进的、以创始人为先的方式来处理所有事情。我发现这样做让我深感释然,这在一定程度上推动了我做出那个决定。另一方面则是纯粹的老式逻辑,还有就是绝望——我们对自己说,我们在搞 AI 了,AI 这件事令人兴奋又性感。我们需要一些新的能量。新的 AI 方向说得通。而且我的直觉也在说,放手去做吧。当人们讲这些故事的时候,他们会在脑海中改写历史,让故事显得优雅,同时也让这些故事支撑起他们自我膨胀的英明叙事。实际上,这是一杯大杂烩般的混乱鸡尾酒。总之,这就是我试图解释的那杯鸡尾酒。
每笔交易都在亏钱
Lenny Rachitsky: 我看到一个数据,说你们最初发布的时候——当你第一次有了那个原型——你每笔交易都在亏钱,你收 1 美元,但成本要 1 美元 20 美分,大概是这个数。
Eoghan McCabe: 没错。120 美分。对,对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 120 美分。好的。所以这其中有很大的愿景——相信这终将到达一个既出色又可负担的阶段。
Eoghan McCabe: 这真的很有意思。我们收取 99 美分来解决工单、解决客户问题,而我们的解决率(resolution rate)比任何其他公司都高,我们为此感到自豪,也对此极度执着。解决率是评估这些智能体的核心指标,我们希望我们的收入与客户所获得的价值百分之百对齐,因为我们之前在定价上留下了太多伤疤,让客户觉得不公平。所以我们问自己:我们能找到的最公平的方案是什么?当我们做完所有调研时,我们发现很多 SaaS 企业每解决一个工单的花费在 20 到 30 美元之间。我们自己的成本是 22 美元。至于消费类企业,可能低到 5 美元。我们想,我们能收 10 美元吗?这看起来很公平,打了个五折。我们能收 5 美元吗?我们甚至能收 2.5 美元吗?但早期我们就开始感觉到,人们就是不会像看重人类的工作那样看重数字化的工作,即便数字化的工作实际上更好、更一致、永远在线、让客户满意度高得多。
Eoghan McCabe: 所以我们实际上开始倾向于一个我们认为既能让我们赚得最多、又最容易被接受的价格交汇点。我们基本上认定,如果有人不愿意付 99 美分让我们快速、优雅、完美地解决他们客户的问题,那我们可以收拾摊子了——这里没有生意可做。所以 99 美分就是这么来的。我一直认为定价应该来源于价值,而不是成本。成本是我们自己的问题。我们很早就有一种直觉,这个东西会越来越便宜,而事实也确实如此。利润率会有波动,但我们确实在赚钱,而且绝对值得去做。同时我们也知道客户得到了一笔非常划算的交易,能够为自身客户提供前所未有水平的服务。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是一个非常清晰的卖点。我们刚请了 Madhavan 上播客,他是定价专家,他有一句话——“简洁优美的定价就是你要到达的终点”。他也是基于结果的定价的忠实拥护者,这正是你所描述的模式——为结果付费。所以你们正好站在他定价建议的最佳位置上。
Eoghan McCabe: 是的,谢天谢地我们的定价战争终于结束了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 终于。
Eoghan McCabe: 是啊。
创始人模式的落地执行
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,回到你实际上是怎么做成这件事的。基本上你描述的就是现在很多人所说的创始人模式——自上而下,就像你说的第三个领域,直接说”这就是我们要做的事”,而不是坐等大家给你出主意。你具体做了什么?内部是什么样子?
Eoghan McCabe: 有几件事。第一,我们当时烧了很多钱,所以我大刀阔斧地砍了大量成本。砍掉了一堆项目。我们有一个很气派的办公室,正准备装修,我说,我们马上就要进入负增长了,停下。很多公司当时还困在之前的世界里,习惯了超级成功、富有阔绰,花钱如流水。所以我叫停了这一切,以一种我从未想过自己会做到的方式极度节俭。我至今没动过这个办公室的内饰设计,我人还坐在这里,虽然我叫它万豪酒店,我已经厌倦了。总之,这是第一件事。
另一件事是选定赛道。战略上我们之前四处出击,我说,“我们做服务。“Zendesk 几年前已经被收购了。他们在战略上、能量上、文化上都已经是死人了,在得罪客户、得罪市场。那里有一个机会。我们做服务,忘掉其他所有东西——尽管公司里有很多人说,见鬼,我们从其他业务还有 8000 万美元的年度经常性收入(ARR),而且我们在那方面很擅长,有很大的机会,这个领域还有其他公司价值数十亿美元。这是那种本该践行职业 CEO 做法的决策——“各位,你们怎么看?让我们听听每个人的意见,全列到电子表格上”,每个选项旁边都标注了颜色,然后大家一起做决定。我说,“抱歉,我们就这么做。“所以在这一点上我非常独断。当时没有人做决策,必须有人来,即使我自己对这些决策也有疑虑,我也无法预测未来,但必须有人拍板。
All-in AI 与文化重塑
很显然,AI 一出现,我就全力押注,宣布我们要用将近 1 亿美元自有资金投入这个方向。我们投入了大量资本,同时我也重塑了文化。之前我们的文化非常舒适,很多公司都是如此——大量精力花在社会议题上,充斥着抱怨和不满。我重写了公司价值观,目的是打造一把锋利的刀,把我深知无法高效运作的那些部分切割出去。我说人们必须有韧性,我们的标准非常高,我们会极其努力地工作,股东价值是我们最优先追求的目标。很多内容对于之前那批人来说是很有争议的。然后我设计了季度绩效评估流程,你不仅会根据那个季度目标完成情况得到一个成绩,还会根据你的行为是否符合价值观得到一个评分。
我自己硬编码了一个公式,把评判权从经理手中拿走——如果有人低于某个分数,我们会带着尊重和关爱说,感谢你的付出,我们要继续前进了,没有你。你只需这样执行几个季度,就能开始塑造一个按照你想要的价值观形象来设计的组织。当然这其中有很多痛苦,也有很多满足感。有人试图发动软政变(soft coup),有人给董事会写信,人们非常不满。但在这一切的另一面,留下来的都是你能想象到的最不可思议的、最有创业精神的、最勇敢、最鼓舞人心、最快乐的人。然后你按照同样的形象来招聘。在我开始大刀阔斧地整顿组织、重建文化大约 15 到 16 个月后,我们做了一次匿名员工调查,管理层、领导层和新战略的认可度达到了 98% 到 99%。
而我回来的时候,在 Glassdoor 上有着我见过的 CEO 最低评分。所以我只是想说明,对你的文化如此刻意地经营、如此大范围地得罪人,恰恰是创造一种人们超级快乐、高度投入、完全一致的文化的必经之路,而现在我们拥有了一个高效能的组织。是的,我们在很多方面还很粗糙。这也是其中很重要的一部分。所以总结起来就是:战略上选定赛道,重塑市场打法,定价是非常重要的一块,产生了巨大影响,押注 AI,然后是文化。我其实把 AI 这件事埋没在了后面,因为坦率地说,如果我们没有押注 AI,其他一切都不重要。所以整个故事可以一句话概括——当你说我做了什么的时候,那就是我们打造了 Fin,而 Fin 改变了一切。
关于软政变
Lenny Rachitsky: 你说这一切非常不受欢迎。我猜很多人对这些变革以及这种自上而下的方式并不满意,你还提到了软政变。你能多分享一些吗?我从没听过那个故事。
Eoghan McCabe: 当你做出那种程度的变革,而又曾经告诉过人们他们拥有掌控权——就像我们在上一代的成熟期企业中所做的那样——当你改变规则时,必然会产生摩擦。我坚信,优秀的员工和优秀的公司都想要、并且也是建立在一个非常清晰、强有力的层级结构之上的。CEO 有责任勇敢而艰难地做出单方面决策——没错,要把专家的意见作为输入,并为结果负责。如果我做出的决策推动公司朝着正确的方向发展——幸运的是我的决策确实做到了——我会得到奖励和认可,我可以回到董事会说,我要更大的激励包。如果我没有做到,我就该被解雇,我确实应该被解雇。如果我那些大胆的、单方面的决策把公司搞砸了,我也必须为此承担责任。
所以,在我看来,事情就应该这样运作。据我所知,没有哪家伟大的公司不是这样运作的。你时不时会看到——我几年前也做过类似的事情——人们会编制各种指数来比较创始人领导的公司和其他公司的业绩表现。当然,这话说来有些为自己代言的嫌疑,但它同时也是事实。不出所料,创始人领导的公司业绩显著更好,因为他们拥有道德权威,也愿意承担那些职业 CEO 没有权限去承担的风险。职业 CEO 通常被告知的是,别搞砸了;而创始人如果一段时间不冒搞砸的风险,反而会觉得无聊。所以在我看来,正是这一点造就了伟大和伟大的创新。但正如我所说,要把一家为民主决策、委员会决策、温和柔性的沟通与互动而配置的公司,转变为真正由创始人主导、自上而下运作的公司,必然会产生摩擦。
创始人模式与大规模人员更替
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以这里的一个重大教训是,如果你试图转型却推动不动,遇到了大量阻力,你可能需要走硬核的创始人模式,做出一些重大改变。在这个时期,大约有多大比例的员工流失了?
Eoghan McCabe: 最终大概有 40% 左右。所以在几年的时间内,这是一次非常大的人员更替。文化往往是由极少数人设定的,所以只需要一个季度就能真正改变对话的基调,但要引进那些具备新的抱负水平、愿意像我们其他人一样努力工作、以成熟且充满热情的方式投入工作的人,则需要更长的时间。有 product market fit(产品市场契合)这个概念,也有 founder market fit(创始人市场契合),还有 founder product market fit(创始人产品市场契合)——这是你做对了的状态。但其实还有 employee founder product market fit(员工创始人产品市场契合)。你必须为你要打造的那类企业配备合适的员工。有些公司追求稳定,就需要招聘更稳定的人。
也会有一些公司想做高度协作、更民主的事情。我不会投资它们,但确实有这样的公司。如果你是喜欢那种方式的员工,市场上有很多这样的职位。有像 Google 这样的大公司是那种风格。也有初创公司招聘那些疯狂的、年轻的、不羁的、混乱的早期创业型人才,这对他们和公司都很好。所以归根结底,关键在于拥有合适的个体。当你做到这一点时,不仅会创造巨大的成功,还会带来更多的幸福感、平衡与和谐。最终,那些想要更温和的民主环境的员工,在 Intercom 或 Coinbase 或任何这类强势组织中都不会快乐。他们在别处会更快乐。所以,即使需要给一点温柔的推出门,我知道实际上从长远来看,你是在帮他们的忙。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我正想说,很多人在别的公司会更快乐。
Eoghan McCabe: 绝对的。谁想每天跟自己的组织、在 Slack 里打仗呢?那一点都不好玩。对神经系统和灵魂都不好。
Lenny Rachitsky: 是的,这整段时期听起来对你来说压力很大。你有没有后悔回来过?有没有觉得,我到底把自己搞进了什么境地?我在对自己做什么?
回归的意义与日常的代价
Eoghan McCabe: 我从没后悔回来过,但我有很多时刻并不享受这份工作。我不后悔回来,是因为它对我来说是一次深层的心理疗愈。当一个创始人逃离自己的公司,那是对自己的内心和梦想的终极背叛。当然,把事情收尾、退出是可以的,但当你逃离的时候——像我当时那样,因为我病了、精疲力竭、有些心灰意冷——那种感觉并不好。尤其是我已经那样做了,在千千万万个小方面背叛了自己的直觉,我有一种需要去宣泄和弥补的东西。所以在这一点上,这段经历对我意义深远。当然,我也很幸运事情最终成功了。我现在能上科技界第二火的播客,在所有人面前自我表扬一番。谁不想要这个呢?
话虽如此,现实是——特别是对于像我这样喜欢冒险、喜欢高自主权、喜欢单方面做决定的人来说——当你做出大胆疯狂的决策、并且日常推进的方式是宏大而冒险的,现实是,如果你成功了,你的大部分日子都不会是那样的。你的日子会是审核明年的奖金政策,审核高管们明年的薪酬方案。会是参加各种问责会议,逐项过问各个工作流的进展状态。会是从一个会议赶往另一个会议,一天开八、九、十个会。我个人并不认为那是一种好的生活方式。会是努力处理完所有需要处理的邮件,免得那些人觉得被冒犯和受伤;会是努力以一种有同理心、周到的方式与你的员工和团队沟通,同时还要记住他们可能和你一样度过了糟糕的一天。
你给了我一个机会来描绘一幅特立独行者领衔冒险的画面,你可能想象的是漫画里的场景。我不知为何脑海中浮现出丁丁(TinTin)扬帆远航的画面——一场惊心动魄的冒险。不是的。这就是公司生活,坦白说挺糟糕的,特别是对于像我这样的人。所以我有很多那样的日子,我还在这里的唯一原因是我有一个更宏大的使命,让这一切暂时值得。但这也正是为什么你会看到我们那么多优秀的创始人最终到了一个点,说,好吧,企业生活的乐趣我体验够了。这是我能给你的最真实的回答。不后悔回来,但日常中有大量的痛苦。
AI 智能体的颠覆范围
Lenny Rachitsky: 关于智能体这个领域,有一个很有意思的现象——到处都在谈论智能体要接管一切。它是软件的未来。SaaS 会被智能体取代。客户体验(CX)是一个典型的例子。回顾过去,这似乎是理所当然的——智能体接手客户体验工作显然是一个绝佳的应用场景。但在当时向前看的时候,并不是那么明显。不过现在总有这样一种论调:智能体会做所有事情,所有的 SaaS 软件都会被智能体取代。你对这种颠覆在客户体验之外的范围有什么判断?毕竟在你的业务中,这已经正在发生了。
Eoghan McCabe: 我想先说的是,客户体验(CX)这个词看起来只有两个字母,但它的涵盖范围大得具有欺骗性。在我看来,客户体验实际上包含了服务、成功、销售和营销——它就是与所有客户的所有互动。按人头算,它是任何企业中最大的部门。任何消费类企业、任何 B2B 企业,最大的团队都是销售、服务和成功。我稍后会谈到客户体验之外的事情,但我想强调,客户体验本身就占了企业经营活动的绝大部分。
当然,智能体会超越客户体验这个范畴。任何需要大量重复性、操作性、机械性工作的职能都会被自动化——无论是追收发票、开具发票,还是员工的入职或离职流程。企业中有太多重复性的工作岗位,智能体都会开始替代它们。一个有趣的问题是,其中有多少会是通用的运营型智能体,有多少会是专业型智能体?现在已经有了法律和合同审查的专业智能体,将来可能还会有会计方面的专业智能体,但你也需要在所有这些智能体之间有”粘合剂”把它们串联起来。
未来的组织形态
未来的组织将到处都是智能体。我花了不少时间思考这一切最终会是什么样子。我设想它是一幅人类与智能体混合共存的图景。我不认为最终的形态是显而易见的人类在上层、智能体全在基层执行角色。我认为会是一种更复杂的混合形态——你会有像管理者、领导者那样的人,但他们可能处于基层执行角色,与智能体协作配置它们以获得成功,监督和管理它们的进展,提供那种 oversight,覆盖边缘情况。所以我认为这些组织最终呈现的形态会让我们感到意外——它们肯定会更小,也因此更扁平。
如果有智能体出现在最高层级,我也不会感到惊讶。我一直在想这个问题——我们确实有一位优秀的人类幕僚长,但想象一下未来的幕僚长:了解你的优先事项,每天跟你沟通确认,主动联系不同的人获取进展更新,帮你整理优先级,帮你记住谁需要被问责。显然这里有机会存在。所以你可以想象智能体在特定角色中发挥作用——比如客户服务中的运营角色,充当粘合剂,或者像我刚才提到的副驾驶/助手角色。
效率革命与经济影响
但我觉得这一切带来的将是史诗级别的效率提升。它会产生巨大的通缩效应,竞争会变得更加激烈。AI 本身现在就已经竞争到了疯狂的程度,其激烈程度前所未有。当各行各业的大量内部运作被自动化之后,这种激烈竞争也会蔓延到所有行业。最终我认为这对消费者是好事——他们会有更多选择,更便宜的选择。我不得不认为这对经济也是好事——大量的经济润滑剂,大量的新活动和新流动。如果我们真的要放开想象力的话——不过我就说到这里——这意味着我们实际上也需要更多的人口。我们需要人口增长来支撑这种大规模的经济增长。总之,我把未来看作是人类与智能体在各个方向上的美好协作。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我喜欢这种乐观。有人曾把这描述为一个……叫什么来着?“智能体社会”(agentic society)——我们和智能体共同生活。
Eoghan McCabe: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这就引出了关于就业的问题。我们之前请 Marc Benioff 上过播客,他满口都是 Agent Force、Agent Force、Agent Force。我问他,你觉得哪些工作会消失?他直接说,“客户体验,没了,消失了。销售不会消失,我们需要销售人员。“你怎么看?我知道这是个敏感话题,没人愿意说工作会消失,但你对哪些工作可能消失得最多有什么直觉判断?
重复性工作的终结
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯,我并不觉得这特别敏感,因为工作一直在消失,技术一直在很出色地抢走那些重复性的、有损尊严的、危险的工作。我们现在很少看到有人在危险的工厂里失去肢体,或者在下矿井时窒息而死,因为我们现在拥有了这些技术。人们不用再在农场里累断腰,或者做着那些严重贬低每个美丽、有创造力的人类生命潜能的事情。所以我不会为竞争那些烂工作而道歉。因为纵观历史,技术在不断取代这些工作的同时,人口在增长,GDP 在增长,人均寿命在增长,西方世界——也就是享受技术最多的地区——犯罪率在下降。我们没有理由不相信这一趋势不会持续下去。当然,过程中会有困难,过去也有过,毫无疑问——那些在矿井里从事危险工作的人确实不得不另谋生路。
我不会把这视为理所当然,但我认为这是人类走向繁荣、更健康、更幸福这条长弧的一部分。哪些工作会消失?就是那些有损尊严的、糟糕的工作——这在数字化企业中也同样存在。你让一个人坐在键盘前,日复一日地回答同一个问题,到后来你甚至不让他手动回答了,而是让他点一下按钮调出宏。多么可怕的浪费一个人的生命。我在 Intercom 见过上千名员工,才华各异。有些人可能不会把自己描述为特别高智商,也许在人生那个阶段他们确实适合做这种高度重复性的工作。但你跟他们聊上两三分钟,你就会看到这个美丽的人类身上闪烁的光芒——如果他们能做对的事情,他们会焕发光彩,给世界带来巨大的快乐和幸福。
这就是我们所有人肩负的使命。我不是盲目乐观的人,我也说了,我承认会有摩擦,但总体而言,我们在做正确的事。具体来说,客户体验岗位和大量基础重复性岗位会消失。销售中也有大量重复性工作,所以你会用更少的人做更多的销售。SDR 角色需要筛选基本问题,销售团队中不需要那么多人了。所以在这一点上我和 Marc 的看法有些不同。但他强调的核心是,销售人员带来的是人与人之间的连接和信任,这一点在可预见的未来不会消失。谢天谢地。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我最近请了 Anthropic 的联合创始人 Ben Mann 上播客,他说,“连我自己的工作最终可能也会消失。“他还说,“Lenny,你的工作迟早也会被 AI 取代。“这话相当震撼。我没料到他会这么说。
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯,不好说。在许多方面确实会。我们会用 AI 智能体来聚合内容、创造内容,但对人类而言,说到生产力、价值、效率——效率并不是我们最看重的东西。如果效率是最重要的,我就总是买最便宜的衣服、家具、电脑,连打印纸都买最便宜的。但我觉得人类看重的是美、人类的故事、人心和连接。不仅人们仍然需要这些东西,仍然需要一个有自己的故事、自己的视角和观点、还有点小瑕疵的 Lenny,而且人们会为此付更多钱。AI 的泛滥会让自动化产出的东西价值归零。就像 YouTube 上廉价内容的价值一样。为什么人们会订阅某些频道并付费?为什么人们花钱租电影?因为有些东西有更高的品质、更多的美感、更多的匠心、更多的艺术性、更多的人性。所以,我认为这些东西永远会有市场。
Lenny Rachitsky: 呼。好吧。至少还能撑几年。
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯。
向 Fin 转型的经验教训
Lenny Rachitsky: 在换话题之前,回顾一下你们向 Fin 转型并取得成功的这段经历,还有什么我们没谈到的经验教训,觉得对正在经历类似转型的人会有帮助的?
Eoghan McCabe: 我觉得最根本的一点是:你没有选择。我的联合创始人 Des 正在写一本书,这正是其中的核心理念。你没有选择。数字科技行业的历史其实很短,其间被少数几件大事所标记——微处理器、个人电脑、互联网,也许还有移动。现在有了 AI。我认为 AI 比这些都要大。而所有这些技术都从根本上颠覆了几乎所有的品类。所以,这不仅仅很可能颠覆所有品类,而且会以最猛烈、最暴力的方式颠覆。如果你不投身其中,你就快要被踢出局了。所以我最强烈的建议是:卷起袖子,搞清楚什么会颠覆你,然后享受这个过程。你需要引入真正的人才。如果我们没有真正的 AI 科学家和领导者,我和我们的公司什么都不是。
这也是我们能够成功的唯一途径。我们有一位非常了不起的人,等这期节目播出的时候,他已经晋升为首席 AI 官了。我一直在宣布这些消息,这对大家来说也是一种信心的证明。Fergal Reid,他是 AI 应用领域最顶尖的人才之一,而我们碰巧已经和他合作了很多年。所以,一方面要找到人才,另一方面也要引进年轻人才。AI 在某种程度上是年轻人的游戏。我还算年轻,但已经不如很多正在做 AI 的孩子们年轻了。所以学会赋能他们、让他们发挥作用,同时向他们学习,这件事非常重要。而不幸的是,你从他们身上学到的一点是:现在你想赢,唯一的方式就是拼命工作,因为那些二十来岁年轻人创办的 AI 小公司,真的是每天工作 12 个小时,一年 365 天,一天不落。
不开玩笑,所有这些公司都是如此。这对我们很多人来说不是什么令人愉快的想法,尤其是那些已经不再年轻的人。我们这一代有些人有了孩子,或者很多人都有了。生活中有了舒适和稳定,你不想那样工作。但如果你想入局,那就是代价的一部分,这些年轻的新 AI 公司之所以能赢,原因就在于此——因为上一代公司中极少有愿意做出所有这些改变、全身心投入的。所以我真正的建议——虽然没那么实用——是:如果上一代公司的创始人自己不愿意卷起袖子投入进去、不愿意像那些年轻人一样拼命,那就雇一个年轻人。你可以像我一样当个董事长,享受其中乐趣。你可以指导那个年轻人,雇一个年轻人,因为你坐错了位置,老兄。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这些建议的务实感。有意思的是,你说每天 12 小时、天天如此,就好像我们在努力接近智能体的工作方式——那基本上是智能体工作量的 50%。
Eoghan McCabe: 这不只是一句好听的诗意表达,背后有非常现实的原因——这些年轻公司知道如何以老公司不会的方式使用 AI。年轻公司在做 vibe coding,用 AI 做创意工作、写岗位描述。我敢保证,你去看看我们这一代的公司——甚至我们自己也不得不推动员工——你去看看我们这一代的公司,大多数组织里的大多数人,尤其是非技术部门,根本没用什么 AI。也许刚开始用 ChatGPT 写个岗位描述,但这不是他们的默认习惯。所以这不仅仅是个玩笑。你在和那些在某种程度上本身就是 AI 的年轻公司竞争。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想起一件事。我采访过 Perplexity 的创始人。我查了一下,是 2024 年 4 月,刚好一年多以前。他们说他们的工作方式——当时听起来疯狂极了——是任何时候他们想问团队里其他人一个问题,都先问 ChatGPT,然后再去问那个人。这在当时简直不可思议。而现在这已经是理所当然的事了。我们所有人都这么做。就是,嘿,我直接语音说就行。
新旧公司的文化碰撞
Eoghan McCabe: 这是一个绝佳的例子。他们在做很多类似的事。当我说一年 365 天时,我想到的就是他们,因为他们确实在这样做。所有这些年轻公司都在做各种疯狂的、奇怪的、匪夷所思的事情,我们这个年纪的人会对此一笑置之,但对他们来说这就是日常。所以这是一种巨大的思维转变、文化转变,是上一代与新一代之间的文化冲突。你越早理解这一点,就能越早开始让自己摆脱困境,我觉得。
Lenny Rachitsky: 顺着这个思路,这么拼命工作听起来很疯狂,听起来压力很大,不好玩。我为什么要这样?这太糟糕了。但同时,正如你所说,这是一个如此不寻常、如此稀有的机会。有那么多机会,那么多财富正在被创造,那么多企业正在涌现。如果你要在某个时候真正拼命工作,现在就是最好的时候。
Eoghan McCabe: 我觉得是这样。我其实一般并不提倡那么拼命工作。我尽量不把它浪漫化。我确实认为,一段美好的人生应该包括在大自然中慢慢散步,而不是满脑子想着年度经常性收入的增长、想着招聘你的首席营收官,不用一天开八个会。也许一天一个会都不用开,当然更不必一天工作 12 个小时。我其实并不提倡把这种生活方式作为人生的常态。我只是说,如果你想在这个时代竞争并享受成功的果实——这意味着你必须做 AI——那就是代价。
所以你要么决定付出这个代价,要么就退出。不要半心半意。你会看到很多公司说”我们做 AI”,结果只是在产品上撒了一点劣质 AI 的粉末,文化还是老样子。这行不通的。有一点我要补充,给我前面说的加个小注脚——所有伟大的人和伟大的成就都是通过努力工作实现的。所以我这其实是在两面说话——对年轻人说,告诉他们每一种生活方式都是有效的,但做出成就的人一直都是努力工作的,而且他们总能找到享受其中的方式。尤其是在 2025 年的 AI 领域。
自我觉察与成长
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想顺着这个话题往下聊。我本来早些时候就想问你这个问题,但没问出口。看着你说话、聊天的样子,我想看看这个话题能不能把我们带到一个有趣的地方。你非常善于自我反思,非常沉稳。你在思考问题时会深呼吸,非常有节奏感。我很久以前就认识你,那是你刚开始做 Intercom 的时候,在一个聚会上偶然遇到的。我觉得你当时不是这样的。在这两年的过程中,你是否经历了一种转变,才成为现在这个样子?
Eoghan McCabe: 绝对是的。有几方面的原因。首先,我想到了三个因素。在一家创业公司工作 14 年,每天都会以某种方式狠狠地敲打你的脑袋,要么把你击垮,要么让你变得强大得多。这是第一点。这一点没什么精妙可言,但我们都能直觉地感受到,那种程度的经历会教会你一些东西,你会成长得非常快。第二点是我做了很多心理咨询。12 年前我找到了一个非常棒的人。他自己创办过几家科技公司,也在公众面前做过演讲。后来他只做 CEO 的教练和心理咨询师。他现在职业生涯已经到了后期阶段。但这个了不起的人,他的名字叫 Yosi Amram,非常厉害。我当时真是走运,根本不知道自己遇到了什么样的人。
他可以说是过去几十年来最伟大的头脑和导师之一,很多人甚至不知道他,但他教过、合作过很多 CEO,他帮助我认识自己,为自己留出时间。现在很多人喜欢批评心理咨询。我觉得很多心理咨询确实很糟糕,很多心理咨询师也不够好。人们担心心理咨询会把自己”额叶切除”,变成只会吮拇指、盯着肚脐看的软弱、无关紧要的失败者,再也丧失了那种锐气。但 12 年来每周一次的心理咨询和心灵修行带来的有趣之处在于,它确实会磨掉你的棱角,但被磨掉的都是那些极度适得其反的棱角。那些让你变成混蛋的棱角,让你被激怒、沟通失误,或者因为不安全感而反击的棱角——它们把这些全部磨掉,然后帮助你更好地认识自己,更爱自己本来的样子。
让你完全不再害怕承认自己不擅长的事情,同时坦然拥有自己真正擅长的。在理解自己的过程中,你也更好地理解了他人,能够以一种更加有连接感、更加真实的方式沟通。伟大的心理咨询——而且必须是伟大的——在我看来是卓越领导力的秘诀。然后第三个部分是离开的那两年,我逃跑了,那时候我身体不好,收入增长也不理想,我试图抵御报纸上那些虚假的胡说八道却失败了。我被打得遍体鳞伤。在那种时刻,你的自我,你对自己伟大的任何感知,都会被彻底摧毁。那非常痛苦。痛苦到很多人无法从中恢复过来。我把挺过那一关归功于当时已经坚持了九到十年的心理咨询,加上这位心理咨询师、教练给我的支持。
但如果你能挺过来,你最终会发现在另一端等着你的是——那些不安全感,以及所有让你变得低效、嫉妒或因为各种原因被激怒的自我膨胀的胡说八道,都消失了。你作为完美、卓越领导者形象——每个成功的创始人在成功后都会形成的那种自我形象——必须死去。这之所以是一件好事,是因为那种自我形象太局限了。当你拥有一个关于自己有多么了不起的自我认知时,任何挑战它的时刻都会变得极其可怕,任何质疑它的人都会被视为冒犯。所以我把今天的自己归功于这三个方面,尽管我还有几十年的学习之路要走。我感到非常幸运能够拥有这三段经历,尽管最后一段非常痛苦,但我终于可以说,它真的帮了我。
Lenny Rachitsky: 谢谢你分享这些。我很高兴我们走到了这个话题。我想给你看一样东西,我办公室里碰巧有一件我妻子刚送给我的,我觉得你会喜欢。这是一件艺术品,我觉得它会和你产生共鸣。
Eoghan McCabe: 好,我看到的是什么?一只手?
Lenny Rachitsky: 一只正在打响指的手,然后让你看看上面写着什么。
Eoghan McCabe: 我看不清上面写的字。
Lenny Rachitsky: 上面写的是”ego death now”。
Eoghan McCabe: 对,你看这个。好。正是如此。
Lenny Rachitsky: 就是这个。
Eoghan McCabe: 愿我们所有的自我都能平静地缩小,离开这尘世。但现实是,我们的自我永远不会真正死去。即使是那些伟大的…… Ram Dass 是一位伟大的精神导师,几年前去世了,有人在他临终前问他类似的问题:“你是怎么克服你的那些胡说八道,或者你的自我的?“他说:“我从来没有。只是棱角被磨平了。“这是一个做了 70 年最深、最疯狂的精神修行的人,他承认,不,我还是那个我。所以自我仍然在那里,我们实际上需要承认它、接纳它。当你承认它的时候,当你有点嫉妒的时候就不会感到意外,你会说,嗯,我嫉妒了。挺有趣的。没关系。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想起 Daniel Kahneman,他写了那么多关于我们认知偏见的书,列举了我们思维中各种各样的缺陷。但如果有人问他:“你学会了更理性地生活吗?“他会说:“完全没有。“了解所有这些关于我们思维方式中的缺陷和偏见,并不能让你在生活中真正运用它们。
Eoghan McCabe: 我们是人。我们应该让自己做人。我觉得这很美好。我们是逻辑系统,但我们也是心脏系统、身体系统和灵魂系统。所以一切都是好的。
Intercom 培养产品领导力的秘诀
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,我想换一个完全不同的方向。这是我想聊的最后一个话题,我一定要提一下。我不知道你有没有看过这个,但我一直在研究哪些公司能培养出最优秀的产品领导者。我的研究方法是看哪些公司的校友在后续职业中以最高比例成为 CPO(首席产品官),在下一份工作中获得最多晋升,成为未来创业公司的第一位产品经理,或者自己创办公司。在这项研究中,Intercom 排名第一,与 Palantir、Stripe、Revolut 并列。那么问题来了,你们到底做了什么,才能培养出这么优秀的产品领导者?这包括招聘环节和他们在 Intercom 的成长环节。你觉得是什么造就了你们校友群体中这些巨大的成功?
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯,遗憾的是我没有一个特别简洁的回答。我大致可以说,我们的文化是一种非常有产品感的文化。我和 Des,当时有四位联合创始人,我和 Des Traynor 推动了很多事情,基本上所有的战略都是我们推动的。我们是产品出身的人。我之前是软件设计师,学的是计算机科学,所以我有技术背景,但从来没有以工程师身份正式工作过。所以第一点是,产品创新和设计从一开始就是我们文化的核心,大家都能感受到这一点。所以优秀的人想来这里工作,而我们也擅长找到优秀的人。另一个原因是,因为我们的战略非常铺展,有很多产品需要一个复杂的组织架构来支撑,这其中包括很多产品经理和产品经理团队,我们给了他们很大的自主权。所以我们那个庞大而凌乱的战略带来的结果是,我们的产品经理能够像迷你 CEO 一样行事。
所以我觉得他们因此学到了更广泛的技能,而不仅仅是设计线框图和访谈一些用户。在某种程度上,他们真的像迷你 CEO 一样掌控一切。还有一点我想说的是,我们的方法中包含一种深度第一性原理的思维方式,几乎到了过度的程度——不过我不认为这是缺点。我和团队会为所有事情建立框架。比如说,我们要办活动,活动是为谁办的?最终目标是什么?活动起作用的机制是什么?还有哪些其他机制可以实现同样的目标?我们如何定义一场活动的成功?用户或参与者如何定义价值?这些人还会从其他什么东西中获得价值?我们会建立这些复杂的系统来尝试处理每一件事,但最终的效果是,我们确实能产出非常连贯、经过深思熟虑的战略,而且这种风格无处不在。
比如我们的 CPO(首席产品官)Paul Adams,我甚至没打算提这个——他最近做了这本书,《The AI Age and the Transformation of Customer Service》,里面全是关于如何思考 AI 等问题的框架。所以,这就是我们做的事情的一部分。我们会招聘擅长这种思维的人,但我们也会教授这种方法。这是可以教的,而且不是每个人都在做这件事。Des 和我之间的对话,我们至今仍然喜欢在白板上讨论。我们在都柏林的第一个办公室非常小,一面墙摆着四五台电脑,另一面墙全是白板。我们特别高兴有一面白板墙。下一个办公室,我们有一个方形的房间,四面墙都是白板。
所以我们就是喜欢画图表,这些东西都是可以教的。就是这样一种很好的产品能量——产品氛围、第一性原理思维、我们选择的人。在创始人方面,我今天早上还和 Des 聊过,为什么这么多 Intercom 的人后来都成了创始人?我觉得是因为我们招聘的就是创始人类型的人。我对求职者说的话一直是:来 Intercom,了解优秀的公司是如何建立的,和我们一起建设,然后出去创办你自己的公司。我在全员大会上经常这样说。但讽刺的是,我们当时招的那些创始人类型的人,可能并不是好员工。他们是更好的创始人。我自己就不是一个好员工。所以看看现在这批人会怎样会很有意思——我们能不能从现在的这批人中走出同样多的创始人?他们会不会像以前那批人一样成功转型?
因为我们现在招的人想要参与更大的事业。他们更成熟稳重,更稳定一致。他们有自己的专业领域和自己想要深耕的方向。也许他们不是那种会出去创业的疯狂类型,但这确实很疯狂。我确实看了你的一些研究,特别是那个按公司创始人数量排名的。我当时就想,这是怎么回事?看到我们排名那么高,我和你一样惊讶,因为那个名单上有很多其他优秀的公司。所以,既惊讶又自豪。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我特别喜欢当有人说”我没有一个特别清晰的答案”,结果实际上给出了一个非常清晰的答案。这和我在这份榜单上采访过的其他公司产生了强烈的共鸣——这些主题是共通的,我来反馈其中几个。第一是复杂性,这一点经常被提到。有意思的是,榜单上大多数其他公司——我快速念一下:Intercom、Palantir、Revolut、N26、Dropbox、Chime、Stripe,然后 Coinbase 和 Notion 也在后面。所以很多都是金融科技公司,几乎全是金融科技。而那里的复杂性确实非常高。所以这是一个非常有趣的趋势——就是复杂性。自主权是另一个经常被提到的。很多 CEO、总经理类型的角色。第一性原理思维,回归最底层本质,在这些对话中也经常出现。
Eoghan McCabe: 是的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 然后就是招聘资深的人,招聘创始人类型的人。
Eoghan McCabe: 是的。Stripe 在这方面做了很多。我觉得 Stripe 做了很多第一性原理的事情,也招了很多创始人类型的人。
Lenny Rachitsky: 还有一件事我们都没提到——你们发明了 RICE 框架,你们推广了 jobs to be done 理论。说到框架,你们简直是一个框架宝库,我们所有人都在使用。
Eoghan McCabe: 淹没在框架里了,没错。
Intercom 的转型与增长
Lenny Rachitsky: 淹没在框架里——或者说,改变了所有人构建产品的方式,而且是往非常好的方向。好了,在我们进入非常精彩的快问快答环节之前,还有什么你想聊的或者想留给听众的?
Eoghan McCabe: 当像我这样的人上这样的播客时,总会有一个别有用心的动机,这是健康且正常的,也是这种交流的一部分。其中一部分是为了享受那种被当作专家的感觉。但我今天的别有用心的动机是确保人们了解 Intercom 是一家根本不同类型的后期阶段公司。我们是一家大型的、老的创业公司。我们工作的每一个方面都是按照创业公司的方式在运转,而且我们正在与真正的创业公司竞争,并在我们的智能体类别中击败它们。这件事之所以重要,原因就是我之前说的——优秀的但处于后期阶段的公司面临的劣势就在于它们是后期阶段的,人们在心理上不会把它们放在同一个类别里。
人们就是不会去想象这些老公司。如果我告诉你 IBM 做出了最疯狂创新的编程助手,大多数人会觉得难以置信。它可能足够有趣以至于印在你脑海里,让你去查看一下。但默认情况下,人们不会去看 IBM。所以我希望人们重新审视 Intercom,因为它其实是一家全新的公司。我们的使命是帮助每一种类型的企业为每一个用户提供无可挑剔的、令人惊叹的、优美的个性化服务,如今已经有成千上万的人在使用 Fin 来实现这个目标。所以,请去看看 Fin,fin.ai。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我不知道你开头有没有提到这一点,但让我们提一下——你预测如果看所有上市软件公司,明年你们将是增长最快的公司。
Eoghan McCabe: 两年前我们的增长率在低个位数。我们将增长率翻了一倍,去年到了低双位数。今年我们在所有上市软件公司中处于第 15 百分位。120 多家上市软件公司中,我们排在第 15 百分位。所以我们在快速上升,如果我们保持这个轨迹——当然公开说这种话是有风险的——但我告诉你,我看着那些图表,很难想象它会走向哪里。我认为我们最终会成为所有上市软件公司中增长最快的。让我们拭目以待。但这就是这里实际发生的震撼、惊喜和变革的程度,这一切都是因为 Fin。所以一年后再来问我,也许我会很尴尬,也许我会觉得自己是个天才。
Lenny Rachitsky: 又或者是你太保守了。这也正好印证了我们对话开始时我说的话——你在 Intercom 做了一件非凡的事情。我真的很高兴我们在这里分享这个故事。
Eoghan McCabe: 谢谢。
快问快答
Lenny Rachitsky: 那么,我们到了非常精彩的快问快答环节。我有五个问题。准备好了吗?
Eoghan McCabe: 请开始。准备好了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你最常向别人推荐的两三本书是什么?
Eoghan McCabe: 随着创业压力越来越大,我发现自己渐渐丢掉了阅读的习惯。所以只是偶尔听听有声书。我最近读的一本书叫《Nuclear War: A Scenario》,一本非常纪实性的书,把我吓得够呛。所以如果你喜欢做噩梦的话,它会是很棒的睡前读物。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很好。
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯。
Lenny Rachitsky: 最近有没有哪部电影或电视剧让你特别喜欢?
Eoghan McCabe: 我很爱电影。我希望电视剧能拍得更好,但很少觉得电视剧真的很棒。我第一部也是最后一部喜欢的电视剧是《真探》第一季,那确实太精彩了。但我最近看的上一部电影是《28 Years Later》,Danny Boyle 执导的。我出生在八十年代,九十年代长大的,所以是伴随着《猜火车》和《28 Days Later》长大的。后来他又拍了一部叫《Sunshine》的电影。所以《28 Years Later》是一种现在已经不再有人拍的电影。它是自九十年代以来最九十年代的电影,非常摇滚,同时又深深打动人心。我真的很惊喜。我很想知道看这个节目的年轻一代会怎么想,他们可能会讨厌它,但我很喜欢《28 Years Later》。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以这是同一个导演,先拍了《28 Days Later》,然后 28 年后又拍了这个。
Eoghan McCabe: 对,Danny Boyle。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,好的,很酷。我都不知道这个。你最近有没有发现一个自己特别喜欢的产品?可以是小玩意,可以是 app,也可以是衣服。
最喜欢的产品
Eoghan McCabe: 我很少喜欢产品。我是个完美主义者,东西必须非常简单、活动部件很少,像一个碗那样,我才会觉得好。我最近开始对咖啡更感兴趣了,买了 Fellow 的产品。作为消费级产品来说,它们好得惊人,完全是另一个层次。那里有一种我在其他消费硬件类产品上基本看不到的品味和工艺。还有,我最近买了一辆保时捷 911,那是一件很美的产品。内饰非常精致,但依然有一堆会让你烦心的地方。所以它远非完美。完美主义在你做产品的时候有时候是一种天赋,但也是一种诅咒。你永远不会满意,包括对保时捷 911。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我觉得这已经是第三次有人推荐车了。有人——我记得是 Facebook 的 Boz——推荐了一辆豪华奔驰,然后还有人推荐过 Rivian,现在保时捷也上了榜单。我一直想也许有一天我会把所有人在这档节目里提过的所有产品都送出去做奖品。不过这些越来越贵了,保时捷可能有点高。好了,还有两个问题。你有没有一个最喜欢的人生格言,在工作或生活中经常重复、回味,或者分享给朋友的?
人生格言
Eoghan McCabe: 说起来很老套,不够精妙,而且与其说是一句话,不如说是一个概念——就是人生短暂。我非常强烈地意识到时间在流逝,而我们所有人都活在自动驾驶模式上。我们所做的大部分事情,不是被自己的不安全感驱动,就是被我们仰慕或嫉妒的人的所作所为驱动。很少真正触及自己内心想要的东西,很少跟随自己的心意和头脑。我们就是被困在各自的车道里,然后过完一辈子。当然,现在到了 41 岁,41 岁还好,还算年轻——任何四十多岁的人,恭喜你们,应该为此感到高兴。
但我知道如果你在二三十岁,40 岁听起来很老。但当你到了四十多岁,我的感受是,一周一周、一月一月、然后一年一年,时间过得飞快,不是什么大事。我回到 Intercom 已经两年半了——对于 AI 行业里那些二十多岁的年轻人来说,如果下个月没做成什么、没达到什么成就,他们就会对自己很失望,很不耐烦。在某些方面,至少在生产力上,他们确实更善于榨取时间的价值。但我现在也在努力从时间里挤出更多的”生活”。所以如果真有什么格言的话,就是人生短暂,或者说 memento mori——我们都在走向终点。所以要充分利用你所拥有的一切。
Lenny Rachitsky: 有意思的是,我以前做过一个 app 叫 Savorable,帮你品味当下。它叫 Savorable,每隔几个小时——也可能是一天一次——给你发一条短信,提醒你一个品味当下的方式。其中一条短信就是:记住,你会死的。
Eoghan McCabe: 对。但问题在于,即便是这个想法,我们也会立刻忘记。如果你每天收到这样的短信,你就会开始忽略它。大概天性使然吧。我们就是不想在日常生活中承认那个现实。也许这样才是对的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 嗯,也许这样更好。
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯。
关于 Quitter
Lenny Rachitsky: 好了,最后一个问题。说到 app,我在准备这期节目时查了你的资料,才知道你当年做过 Quitter。我很喜欢 Quitter,觉得特别好玩。它基本上是每当有人在 Twitter 上取消关注你时就通知你。问题是,那个 app 后来怎么样了?
Eoghan McCabe: 我记得我们最后以 14K 的价格把它卖了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,很酷。
Eoghan McCabe: 在一个叫 Flippa 的网站上,你可以在上面卖网站。它当时真的爆了。那算是一个小实验,一种社会实验。那是我第一次有这种感觉——不可能有人不想用这个东西。显然人们会想用它的。这段经历对我很有教育意义,因为它让我知道那种感觉是真实存在的。你会遇到很多创始人,尤其是年轻创始人,他们内心对自己做的东西的价值没有把握。这东西好不好?我们去找客户反馈吧。但其实,你是可以做出那种你内心深处确定它有意义的东西的。这就是为什么我做东西的公式一直是——为自己做东西。Quitter 就是这样。关注者涨了,关注者跌了。那个时候人们只有一百或两百个关注者,你会想知道谁不再是你的朋友了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 天啊,我喜欢这个——你的标杆就是”有没有像 Quitter 那样的产品市场契合”,而这个标杆后来引导你走向了更大的成功。
Eoghan McCabe: 我的意思是,它的契合度是有史以来最好的。Twitter 上几乎所有人都试着注册,然后它就崩溃了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 嗯,我很喜欢它。Eoghan,非常感谢你来做这期节目。我喜欢你如此真实、坦率地谈论一切,也喜欢你分享了这么多洞见。我也很喜欢这个氛围,感觉光是看着你——
Eoghan McCabe: 哦,谢谢。
Lenny Rachitsky: ——说话,我就觉得更平静了。最后两个问题。大家在哪里可以了解 Fin,如果想关注你的动态可以在哪里关注?以及,听众怎样才能帮到你?
Eoghan McCabe: 试试 Fin,访问 fin.ai。如果想关注我的话,我在 Twitter 上是 E-O-G-H-A-N,是 Owen 的爱尔兰语拼法。但如果大家想帮我的忙,我真心希望你们试试 Fin。也欢迎推荐给身边从事任何类型客户运营的朋友,让他们也来试试。AI 这个领域现在很喧嚣,炒作很多,但它也确实是真实的。而 Fin 的一个特别之处在于,即使是和那些编程应用相比——那些编程应用正在爆火,但很多人也只是在试水、观望——Fin 不允许你只观望。只有当你把它暴露给你的客户、它真正解决了工单、让客户满意的时候,我们才算交付了价值。所以 AI 确确实实正在发生。如果你认识任何有客户的人,他们应该用 Fin。这是最聪明、最便宜、最简单的方式,能显著提升他们的业务。所以,如果大家这么做,就是真心实意地帮了我。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我被说服了。Eoghan,非常感谢你来参加节目。
Eoghan McCabe: 谢谢你,先生。很有趣。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。
Eoghan McCabe: 嗯,谢谢。
Lenny Rachitsky: 大家再见。非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评价,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到往期所有节目,或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| agentic society | 智能体社会 |
| AI agent | AI 智能体 |
| ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue) | 年度经常性收入 |
| bake-off | 对比评测/竞品比拼 |
| Ben Mann | Ben Mann(Anthropic 联合创始人) |
| beta version | 测试版本 |
| Boz | Boz(Facebook 高管) |
| chief AI officer | 首席 AI 官 |
| chief of staff | 幕僚长 |
| chief revenue officer | 首席营收官 |
| CPO (Chief Product Officer) | CPO(首席产品官) |
| customer experience | 客户体验 |
| CX (Customer Experience) | 客户体验 |
| Daniel Kahneman | Daniel Kahneman(诺贝尔经济学奖得主、行为经济学家) |
| Danny Boyle | Danny Boyle(英国导演) |
| Des | Des(Intercom 联合创始人) |
| Des Traynor | Des Traynor(Intercom 联合创始人) |
| ego death | 自我消亡 |
| Fellow | Fellow(咖啡器具品牌) |
| Fergal Reid | Fergal Reid(Intercom 首席 AI 官) |
| Fin | Fin(Intercom 的 AI 客服产品) |
| Flippa | Flippa(网站交易平台) |
| founder market fit | 创始人市场契合 |
| founder mode | 创始人模式 |
| G2 | G2(软件评测平台) |
| Glassdoor | Glassdoor(企业点评平台) |
| head-to-head | 正面交锋 |
| IC (Individual Contributor) | 基层执行角色 |
| jobs to be done | jobs to be done(待办任务理论) |
| lightning round | 快问快答 |
| Madhavan | Madhavan(定价专家) |
| Marc Benioff | Marc Benioff(Salesforce CEO) |
| mark to market | 市值计价 |
| memento mori | memento mori(拉丁语,意为”记住你终将死去”) |
| mold toxins | 霉菌毒素 |
| net new ARR | 净新增 ARR |
| Palantir | Palantir(数据分析公司) |
| Paul Adams | Paul Adams(Intercom 首席产品官) |
| Perplexity | Perplexity(AI 搜索引擎公司) |
| PM (Product Manager) | 产品经理 |
| Pollyannaish | 盲目乐观 |
| post rationalization | 事后合理化 |
| product market fit | 产品市场契合 |
| Quitter | Quitter(Twitter 取关通知应用) |
| Ram Dass | Ram Dass(精神导师) |
| resolution rate | 解决率 |
| Revolut | Revolut(数字银行) |
| RICE | RICE(优先级排序框架) |
| SaaS (Software as a Service) | SaaS(软件即服务) |
| SAML authentication | SAML 认证 |
| Savorable | Savorable(品味当下应用) |
| SCIM provisioning | SCIM 配置 |
| SDR (Sales Development Representative) | SDR(销售开发代表) |
| soft coup | 软政变 |
| Stripe | Stripe(支付技术公司) |
| tick bite | 蜱虫咬伤 |
| True Detective | True Detective(《真探》,HBO 剧集) |
| vibe coding | vibe coding(氛围编程) |
| wartime company | 战时公司 |
| Waymo | Waymo(自动驾驶公司) |
| Yosi Amram | Yosi Amram(CEO 心理咨询师/教练) |
| Zendesk | Zendesk(客服软件公司) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)