产品运营终极指南 | Melissa Perri 和 Denise Tilles
The ultimate guide to product operations | Melissa Perri and Denise Tilles
Melissa Perri: Do you want to hire 10,000 product managers and let them all do these things off the side of their desk and then concentrate on strategic work 30% of the time or do you want them concentrating on strategic work majority of the time and then help build a product operations team around them that can create these shared systems and this infrastructure to allow them to work better?
Introduction of the Guests
Lenny: Today, my guests are Melissa Perri and Denise Tilles. This is a rare two-guest episode. Melissa and Denise are authors of an awesome new book called Product Operations: How Successful Companies Build Better Products at Scale. Melissa is a legend in the product management community. She’s the author of the foundational handbook, Escaping the Build Trap. She runs a product management training organization called Produx Labs, teaches product management at Harvard, and has worked with hundreds of companies on their product management function. Denise is a product leader, coach, and consultant helping companies with their product vision, strategy, and execution, and works with Melissa at Produx Labs.
In our conversation, we get super deep into the emerging role of product ops. As you’ll hear in our conversation, over the past few years, this role has gone from almost non-existent to something like half of scaling tech companies with at least one product ops person. This new role is probably the thing that’s most changing in the role of product management. After this conversation, I’m convinced it’s a great thing.
We chat about what the role concretely is, how it differs from product management and project management, what to look for in your first product ops hire, how to roll out a product ops function, why product managers shouldn’t be afraid of this role and how your life gets significantly better, plus, a case study on how they rolled out product ops function at a large company, and so much more. With that, I bring you Melissa Perri and Denise Tilles after a short word from our sponsor.
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Melissa and Denise, thank you so much for being here. Welcome to the podcast.
Denise Tilles: Thank you.
Melissa Perri: Thanks for having us.
How Common is Product Ops
Lenny: You are the second ever guest duo I’ve had on the podcast. Melissa, this is your second appearance on the podcast, and you two have a new book out, which I have right here. It’s called Product Operations: How Successful Companies Build Better Products at Scale. What I want to do with our time today is to help people fully understand the role of product operations from every direction as much as we can get through in an hour. How does that sound?
Melissa Perri: Sounds great.
Denise Tilles: Great.
Melissa Perri: Let’s do it.
The Rise of Product Ops
Lenny: Awesome. So first question, just to set a little context on this role, how popular and how common is the role at this point? I did a quick skim of just awesome companies and really successful companies, and every single one of them seems to have a product ops role at this point. OpenAI, Uber, Stripe, Ramp, Deal, those are just the few that I looked at. Is that what you’re seeing? How should people think about how popular and how common this role has become?
Enterprise Process and Governance Needs
Melissa Perri: I think over the last few years, we definitely have seen product operations start booming. It did originate in a lot of big companies that you mentioned too like Uber. The head of product operations at Uber and the person who started it, Blake Samic, is a case study in our book and he also did it at Stripe and he does it at OpenAI. So it’s pretty funny that you mentioned those three because that’s Blake right there who did that. We have seen a very good transition from people whispering about product operations, and I know when I wrote my first book, Escaping the Build Trap, in 2018 I mentioned it in there because we had just started doing it at Athenahealth.
I saw this as a really big issue in trying to make a complete product management function there and especially at scale. We had 365 product teams. We were trying to figure out how does this all come together, and product operations for me was a key part of it. So when I had first written it into that book, a lot of people were like, “Oh, what is this thing? I think we need it. Do we need more?” and that’s what got us to start writing this book. Since then, I’ve seen a lot more companies coming out and either making more mature product operations teams that started probably before that or actually introducing them now.
Customer and Market Insights
Lenny: I guess maybe thinking about just tech companies, if you had to put a number on some rough percentage of interesting fast-growing, hyper growth, these startups, is there a percentage you’d put on how many of them have a product ops person at this point?
Bridging Sales and Product Information
Melissa Perri: We don’t have a hard and fast number, I’ll say that on this, but we have seen that. Let’s take a sampling of maybe something that I know better. When I teach CPO accelerator, when I teach people in these cohorts, out of the 20, 25 people that we’ll have in a cohort, I’d say at least half of them have somebody doing something product ops related. It might not be a mature function, it might just be one person on it, but at least half of them have somebody doing something.
Denise Tilles: That’s a good yardstick because I teach a product operations masterclass for Produx Labs with Melissa, and it’s been interesting. I do some pre-work and try to understand where folks are in the products journey. When we started offering this class in 2020, about 60% were products curious. As time has gone on, it’s really gone down and people have started to add it. They just want to understand what’s the best way to optimize it. So I would say it’s gone from that level to, say, probably 60% of them do have it now and then want to understand how to optimize it.
Product Ops is the Future
Lenny: Do you have a sense of when this started to inflect and become such a common thing? When I was a product manager, I had no product ops person. So it’s really fascinating to me to learn about this emergence. I know there’s probably not a date, but just it sounds like maybe after your last book was published. Is there a timeframe of this became a thing? Is it this guy you mentioned that’s now at OpenAI that started spreading it?
Melissa Perri: Blake, I think, was one of the people at the beginning who was talking about it the most and he’s done a lot of work, I think, to push product operations and tell people about it. So that was great. I know Pendo has been speaking about product ops a little bit more and that’s where I started to notice that it was picking up steam. I think around 2019 is when Pendo started talking about product operations. So it was roughly right after my book came out that I saw more people speaking about it and now they’re trying to figure out, “Do we standardize it? What do we need? How does this actually look like in organizations?” but I think it’s been probably a good five years of now hearing people doing it in realtime.
What Product Managers Should Keep
Lenny: Awesome, and it sounds like maybe just in the last few years it started to really take off. We actually had Christine from Pendo on the podcast talking about product ops about a year ago at this point. So this is a great followup to a lot of that. Before we talk about what is product ops and what are the functions, what would you say are the biggest benefits to a company having a product ops role and also just what’s a sign that you should probably seriously consider bringing on a product ops person and starting to invest in that area?
Denise Tilles: It’s really about helping the product managers focus on what they were actually hired for, the strategic work. In my role on the operating side and managing teams and Melissa as well, more and more product managers are taking on the data, harvesting the data, implementation and just to get data to work with, they’re spending 20%, 30% of their time. So what would that look like if they were enabled and had all of those great inputs to actually focus on company growth, achieving the value, achieving the scaling goals that the company had? So it’s really about helping them focus on what they were hired for.
PMs Must Retain Decision-Making Power
Lenny: Again, when I was a PM, I had no product ops person, and having read your book, basically all the things product ops does is stuff PMs historically have done. To me, it’s scary to give up all those things and put them on someone else’s plate. There’s the ideal of, “Oh, amazing, I don’t have to do all these things. I’ll focus on things I really get excited about,” but there’s also this new fear of, “Oh, someone else is going to take these things and maybe they won’t do as well. There’s this new process I have to think about. There’s new lines of communication.” So what’s your biggest pitch to a product manager starting to hear about product ops and this fear of like, “Oh, man, my job is going to be weird. This new person I have to deal with all the time. I used to do all these things.” How do you help a PM get excited about this?
Melissa Perri: Product operations does not take away decision making rights from the product manager. It’s there to inform them. So if you’re judging your success as a product manager of, “Hey, I do the SQL queries and I have to spend the 50 hours to set up all these customer interviews and calls,” that to me is very operational process type work, but it’s not work that’s going to help you make a decision about your product. That’s why we’re looking at the product operations team because what I’ve seen is product managers doing this off the side of their desk like me too. I got excited about this because when I was at OpenSky in early days of my product management career, I had to go learn MongoDB to get data out of a database. I was sitting through a MongoDB class learning how to do this. I knew SQL, but we did not use the SQL database then. I had to go learn MongoDB so I would stop bothering the engineers to be able to actually just measure if my products and my features were doing anything correct.
That was a lot of time that I spent doing that instead of spending it on good feature work and on understanding my customers and working with my developers and figuring out what we were actually going to build, instead I’m out here learning this programming language, which I never used again, by the way. Never used it again after that. That to me is the stuff that product ops takes away from the product managers.
What I constantly hear from product managers though is, “I am so busy, I don’t have time to do the things that I need to do correctly. I’m so busy trying to line up customer interviews,” or, “I’m so busy just trying to get data out of systems. I’m fighting these fights to get the things that I need to do my job correctly that I don’t have time to do my job correctly,” and that’s what we’re trying to help them with. So I wouldn’t be afraid that product ops is coming in here. It’s not supposed to be something that’s providing more overhead. It’s supposed to be something that’s a little more liberating and helps free you up from all the busy work.
Project Management vs Product Ops
Lenny: That’s a great pitch. I always thought product management is an insane role with way too much going on, and that’s why everyone’s always burnt out and stressed. There’s just so many things you have to do. So I totally get how this is happening and why this is happening. I love that you’re helping people figure out how to actually do it well. Let’s actually get into what the role actually is. I think it’s a really confusing role. A lot of people hear product ops and everyone know what it is. There’s maybe research synthesis, there’s some data stuff. What’s the simplest way to think about what is the general consistent roles of a product ops person and what they can do for your company?
Denise Tilles: The way we think about it is structured around the three pillars that we talk about in the book, so business and data insights, more of the quantitative side, making sure that the product manager has all of these engagement and revenue inputs to make smart decisions, the customer market insights, so the qualitative. We talked about this a little bit earlier in terms of finding folks to speak to, making sure you’re speaking to more than one just customer. Finally, the third pillar is process and practices. So it’s really around those areas and it depends on what your company needs and where the biggest opportunities and challenges might be.
Deep Dive: Business Data and Insights
Lenny: Awesome. So the three, just to reshare what you just said, the three pillars of product ops, business, data and insights, customer and market insights and the process of how you build product and helping the business operate more effectively in the way they build product.
Denise Tilles: Sounds great when you say it. Yes.
Lenny: I have the notes and this is exactly described in your book, so well-described. Is there one of these three that you find most important, impactful? Is it really dependent on the business and their needs or what the PM wants to do? How do you think about, I don’t know, which of these three is maybe most important or is it a super dependent?
PMs Still Need Data Skills
Melissa Perri: So we usually see that high growth companies start with business data and insights and make sure that they can actually monitor what they’re doing and get the strategic inputs. We see larger companies and enterprises go more towards the process and governance, especially if they’re in, let’s say, a transformation because they don’t have the infrastructure to run good product. Let’s say it’s that way. They’re usually just starting out, they’re just forming their teams. Let’s say they just trained product managers and now they’re like, “What else do we need to do besides just training product managers to make this work?” So they need an operating model and they typically don’t have a product operating model.
In that case, they’re looking at even just, “How do we do roadmaps across the organization so that I as a chief product officer or VP of product can actually just have transparency into what my teams are doing?” Jira does not work for that. You need a portfolio tool to be able to roll that up into something that makes sense. Again, that helps me as a VP now or a CPO make strategic decisions and it helps me monitor my teams and understand, “Are we actually spending money on the right things? Are we doing the right work?” So they tend to do it more on the process and governance side, but it’s all in service of being able to make rapid strategic decisions and get good products out there to the world.
Improving Data Reusability via Product Ops
Lenny: That’s a really handy way of thinking about it. So just to say what you said again, for high growth companies, you’re finding of these three pillars generally where product ops can help most is the business and data insights, helping them understand what’s happening and make decisions more quickly, which makes a lot of sense. For more established older companies going through a digital transformation, oftentimes it’s helping them with their process and making them more efficient in how they operate. Is there also a bucket for the middle pillar of customer and market insights or is that spread across?
Denise Tilles: That’s the squishy middle. When I do teach this class, I ask people what their perception is of product ops and people never think that. So that’s an area definitely for growth I think at a lot of companies.
Will Software Replace Product Ops
Lenny: How does that piece work with user research and that team?
Melissa Perri: So we’ve seen a lot of the work that is done in that team. They work with user research. Now, in organizations where let’s say, this happens in a lot of organizations but not all of them, where product oversees design as well and user research and it oversees UX, this becomes seamless because you are going to have, let’s say, a product ops person usually with a user research background who’s going to be helping to do the stuff we talk about and the customer market insights piece, which is pulling all the research that’s been done, like the customer interviews, all those things together into things like a findings database. So there’s great tools out there like Dovetail, but you can also roll your own, and it’s about aggregating all the interviews or customer research that’s been done so people can query it and start to see what do we already know so we’re not going out there and duplicating a bunch of research.
It’s also about finding participants who want to opt into research. So making sure that you have customers aware that, “Hey, we might contact you to do customer interviews. This is why. Do you want to participate in alphas and betas? If so, this is what it entails.” If we can build a database of people and customers that we have who opt into those types of things, it makes it easier for product managers to go out and contact them and say, “Hey, by the way, we got a beta. Do you want to do it?” They know what it is, they’re expecting it. They know what the cadence is that people will reach out to them on to do research, and the user researchers can use that as well.
Now, the thing about the customer and market insights piece is that that person who’s streamlining those activities and building those systems, they’re not usually the same person who’s doing the user research. So this is not about taking user research away from product managers or from user researchers, it’s about enabling them to do it more effectively, enabling the insights to be put out across the company more effectively, and also helping them get in touch with users and get that feedback.
Another piece of this too that we talk about is getting qualitative insights from sales and support. So we always hear from sales teams, and this is the classic product management tension, “The product managers aren’t listening to me” or, “I’ve told them five months ago that I had this problem with these customers that were going to churn.” We didn’t build those features. What this function does with the customer and market insights here is that it helps get a lot of that information back to the product team in an effective way.
Then it also helps communicate back to sales, “Hey, let’s be a little transparent about how we’re using that feedback.” So that’s how we can communicate it back in strategy. Let them know where we stand with working on those ideas or solving those problems for customers, but usually, there’s a wealth of qualitative information stuck somewhere in our organization systems, whether it’s in Salesforce, whether it’s in support tickets, in somebody’s Google doc of their customer interviews that they’ve been doing, and what we’re trying to do is get that out of these individual systems and into somewhere where a lot of people can take those qualitative insights and start to learn from them.
PM to Product Ops Ratio
Lenny: People always ask me, “What’s changing in product management? What’s the future of product management?” I’m always like, “Nothing. It’s going to be basically the same. It’s just never going to be fully defined. It’s going to keep doing this weird role,” but I feel like this is actually the answer. What’s changing in product management is this product ops role is emerging, taking a lot of these things that PMs don’t necessarily want to be doing or aren’t amazing at and giving you more space to do the things they really want to do. So I think that’s pretty amazing. I think if you think about the timeline, you said five years ago there was no real product ops. Today, half of companies essentially have a product ops role and I’m guessing in another few years it’ll be much higher. So this is really interesting.
Melissa Perri: I’m excited about it too. I think what we saw before was that, like you were saying, product management was this squishy role for a long time, but now we’re standardizing what do product managers do. What’s happening, I think, though is product managers become more prevalent, and as people realize that this is a critical role for companies, whether you’re a software company or a bank or something else. We build businesses off of software in today’s world and if you’re not building software, you are behind. With more and more software that we’re putting out there, product managers don’t have time to go do all these things off the side of their desk and it’s fine when you’re a small startup. I was doing it too. Like I said, I had to go learn MongoDB when I was in a smaller company, and then we start to scale and I’ve got more and more product responsibility and I’m like, “I don’t have time to go learn MongoDB now,” and that’s where people start to burn out and where they get frustrated, like you said.
We’ve got more and more systems, we’ve got more software tools out there that product managers are using, and it becomes a lot to track. So it’s either, for companies, do you want to hire 10,000 product managers and let them all do these things off the side of their desk and then concentrate on strategic work 30% of the time or do you want them concentrating on strategic work majority of the time and then help build a product operations team around them that can create these shared systems and this infrastructure to allow them to work better?
Starting Size of Product Ops Teams
Lenny: I think that’s such a powerful way of thinking about this. I imagine PMs listening to you saying, “I don’t have to learn MongoDB and SQL anymore,” would think. Actually, no, I think that’s good. They should learn to do SQL and run their own data, but I think the important pieces here, yes, it would be great, but as you scale, it becomes harder and harder to have time to do all that because things … You end up with other work that you need to be doing. So in theory, it would be awesome if your PMs could run their own queries and do their own research and create the whole process, but it just becomes harder and harder.
It reminds me of a lot of companies that are trying to delay hiring a product manager in general and instead giving the role to engineers and designers. My feedback is always like, “That’s great as long as they want to be doing all these things that are not generally what they enjoy doing,” like an engineer doesn’t necessarily love running meetings and writing one pagers and strategy docs and taking notes. So I think it’s a similar thing where, sure, it’s great until you don’t really want to be doing that or you don’t have time for that and you have your actual job you need to be doing.
Denise Tilles: That’s your full-time job and your OKRs and your goals are really around the outcomes for the company, you’re like, “But I wrote 20 scripts this year.” So we need to help them focus on the things that they’re being expected to deliver in terms of value.
Melissa Perri: I also think it’s funny how many people want to be a product manager until they realize what product management entails. This happens a lot and I saw it with my MBA students at Harvard too. We do a whole class, they play a product manager. I had a lot of people opt out of being a product manager at the end of it. They were like, “I did not realize it was like that. I did not realize I had to do so many things.” I think a lot of what gets them as well is the type of context switching that’s required as a product manager. So you already, just with the basis of what we have to do, do so many different things of user research, working with the designers, working with the developers, working with executives, working with different stakeholders. You got to context switch to be able to relate to all them. You got to empathize with all these different people. You have to do all these different tasks to do this type of work.
Then you got to go figure out what template to put your roadmap in, which is going to be different template than the other 80 product managers on your team because somebody didn’t come in and just say, “Hey, we’re going to use this.” That type of work to me is just distracting from it. Is it hard for a product leader to just be like, “Hey, this is a template we’re using”? No, but then if that product leader has to go out and train 80 other people on that template, make sure it’s consistently updated all the time, make sure it’s in the right formats, make sure it’s in the right software, that is where the overhead comes in, and a lot of product leaders are doing this right now and what we’re trying to do is free up individual product managers, but also those product leaders.
So I work with all these CPOs, these VPs of product and they’re like … I see them just not working on strategy. I’m like, “Why are you not working on strategy?” and they’re like, “I don’t have time to do that. I’m in here stopping all these fires. I’m figuring out what template I should put my roadmap in.” Like I said, it’s not hard. They know what template it should be in, but think about if you now can delegate that to somebody else and say, “I want it in this template. Go roll it out. Go roll it out, go train everybody on it, find the right software for it, do it.” It frees those people up, the leaders, to go work on strategy. That’s why you’re spending so much money for a product leader, anyway. That’s why you spend so much money for a product manager, anyway. So to me, these things are not impossible to do. It’s just do we have the right people doing them?
How to Start Product Ops
Lenny: For PMs that are trying to figure out what remains on their plate, what are the the pieces that a PM should keep and not offload on a product ops person?
The Decision to Hire Product Ops
Melissa Perri: They don’t want to offload decision rights. You should never be outsourcing your decision making to a product ops person. That’s not the point. They’re the product manager for the product managers. That’s how I think about it. So their decision should be around, “How do I operationalize great product management here?” but as a product manager, you shouldn’t be delegating to them to make any decisions about their product, and that’s not their job. If they are coming to you and saying, “You should build this,” that’s not their job either. That’s not the right thing.
So making the actual decision and then putting that decision into play with your teams, that’s the type of work that you want to hold onto for a product manager. So while a product ops person can help you point you in the right direction, let’s say, to find customers, maybe even help you get in touch with the customers, send out the email to invite them to a meeting or operationalize that, hopefully that’s automated. I would love a product ops person to automate that type of stuff. You are going to be doing the user research. The product ops person you can go to and maybe say, “Hey, this is the type of problems that we’re understanding,” and maybe they help you find other pieces of information around the organization on those topics and bring it to you, but they’re not going to be the ones reading through all this information and being like, “You should build this.”
They’re also not going to be the ones who you say, “Hey, I made this decision about what to build, told the team about it, the team got together. Can you go monitor the developers and make sure they’re building it on time?” No, they’re not project managers, they’re not the people who are going to be on top of your developers watching them build things, making sure that everything’s out on time. That’s not their role either. They’re not going to handle hard stakeholder conversations about trade-offs for you, all of those things that you are going to want to keep ownership of because at the end of the day as a product manager, your job is to produce outcomes and you do need to make sure that you’re monitoring those outcomes and moving towards them. You don’t want to offload their responsibility.
Lenny: So I took a couple notes of just things that the PM continues to own, whatever, in quotes, no one owns anything, strategy, vision, prioritizing, resource allocation, trade-off decisions, hard conversations around trade-offs and stakeholder input and things like that. Is there anything else in that bucket of just stuff a PM, a product manager continues to be responsible for?
Keys to Finding Product Ops Talent
Denise Tilles: Well, there’s a big piece that we’re missing, go-to-market, and that’s where product ops could really make a difference in terms of connecting those teams, but also being the first point of contact for sales, first point of contact for product, and enabling just some efficiencies if we want to call it process or method, but just trying to help break down the silos.
A company I’m working with right now, there’s big challenge with that and it’s a large enterprise level company. So how do we break down all of the different silos between departments and team leads and whatnot? So it’s really talking about, “Here’s how we’re going to do it. Here’s some simple templates we will use at training sales, training product,” and then getting that into play. Doing the book and doing our research, that was a consistent story point from a lot of people that we interviewed that go-to-market was a really big pain point.
Profile of Market Research Talent
Melissa Perri: So I think too what Denise was saying is product ops will take on a lot of the coordination of those types of things and making the standardized templates, but as a product manager, your role in informing what the go-to-market is doesn’t change. You’re still putting the inputs in there. So maybe product ops will provide, for example, templates and help say, “Hey, here’s the different pieces that we need to make a go-to-market plan,” for example, “Here’s the templates. Here’s what I gathered from people,” but you as a product manager still have to fill out your parts.
You still have to go talk to the salespeople. You still have to work with the marketing people to make sure it’s positioned correctly, but the product ops person can help with the program management around it of getting those people together, having consistent templates, creating the cadence for when you review those things, making sure that they all align and they’re all in one place so you’re not going to find them everywhere, and then making sure that go-to-market process is consistent across the organization so that it’s not like, as Denise said, it’s not like everybody’s reinventing the wheel and somebody on a go-to-market team has to figure out how to go-to-market differently with a different product team.
Lenny: Awesome. That’s a really handy and important addition. You mentioned project management. I imagine many people think product ops also takes on project management. What’s a good way to think about project management versus product ops? There’s also program management. Do you have a way of thinking about those roles?
Denise Tilles: The way I like to think about it is, however, whatever they’re doing in terms of the three pillars of product ops is really thinking about, as I mentioned earlier, increasing the speed and quality of decision making and all of the pillars of play into that. Program manager, I think, is really thinking about larger company initiatives and the duration of their work is ongoing versus a project manager, they’re responsible for certain project that’s at a time box and an end date, but it does get a little wiffy, for sure.
Lenny: I want to go back to the three pillars real quick and go one level deeper to help people understand what they actually entail and what are the jobs of a product ops person. So just we could even keep this brief, but just let’s say with business data and insights, what are the functions and jobs and things that a product ops person would be doing for your company?
Denise Tilles: A lot of companies will have a data science team or a business intelligence team and you don’t have to reinvent the wheel, you don’t have to have your internal product ops type of intelligence team, but it’s about connecting those and making sure you’re putting that with a product lens, and especially, say, with finance too. You don’t want all the product managers hitting up the CFO for that month’s revenue or having questions. So it’s about accessing all of these inputs and putting it through a product lens and then making sure that product managers actually know what to do with it, can action it.
Lenny: So it’s essentially running queries for you, generating charts and graphs and recommendations based on what the data’s telling you. Basically, it’s doing all the data stuff that a PM would be doing. Is there anything else there?
Real-World Research Ops Case Study
Melissa Perri: Also helping the leaders too. So we’re talking about it from a product management perspective, but I think this one especially becomes really critical for leaders and executives. A lot of times, and I sit through board meetings where we talk about ARR, we talk about retention, we talk about net retention, and we talk about all of these business metrics, and they’re great for monitoring the health of our business, but where product ops comes into play in business data and insights is how do we monitor the health of our product.
So as a chief product officer, ARR is interesting to me, but it’s not as interesting to me as ARR by customer segment. It’s not as interesting as ARR by product line. It’s not as interesting if I take that and then look at it by retention or adoption by product or feature set or adoption by customer segment by product. When we start to put those lenses on it, they now become a really powerful strategy insight.
So what I think these people do and do really well is even at the executive level, they help you … You as a product leader are like, “I need these types of insights. This helps me. This is how our business runs and this is how I want to set the strategy.” These people make those dashboards, make those repeatable insights for you. Then ideally, they know the data so well and they know your business so well that they can surface up other opportunities for you as well to look at data that you didn’t know was there or can find these interesting trends.
So they are very much like the people digging into the data, they’re just doing it with more of a product lens instead of, like Denise said, an overall company metric lens. It’s not just in service of the product managers. I just wanted to point that out because I think this becomes so powerful for leaders because if leaders don’t understand those types of metrics, they can’t actually monitor their strategies. They can’t go back and say, “Oh, we decided to go upmarket into the enterprise.” Look, we’ve got enterprise revenue, but are you actually looking at where the enterprises are adopting different product lines? Are you looking at how the enterprise uses different features, and if certain enterprises are using these types of features, are they less likely to churn? It’s those types of insights that I think are really important on this lens.
Product Ops Reporting Structure
Lenny: As a PM hearing that somebody else will be doing this, it feels really weird. This feels like such a core job of a PM is to spend a lot of time with data, try to find opportunities, try to find things going well, not going well, but I think the message, again, is not you shouldn’t be doing that as a PM and it’s not bad if you are really good at it, it’s you probably just don’t have a lot of time to do it well. If you can find someone that’s really good at this and has time, that doesn’t have all the other thousands of things on their plate, you’ll actually end up finding more interesting results, finding more interesting insights. You’re probably missing a bunch of stuff because you don’t actually have a lot of time. Is that generally the way you think about it?
Melissa Perri: Yeah, and I think too, the business and data insights people, they’re not going to be experts on product. They’re almost always not. We had a couple analysts at Produx Labs and they were ex-McKinsey, ex-Deloitte. They didn’t know anything about product. So we taught them the product piece and we were the ones who were like, “Here’s the interesting data I know I’m going to need to see,” and they were able to pull those things together in views where we could actually dig into it, but that was a jumping off point on the quantitative research where we’re like, “Okay. Now we need to go do the qualitative.”
I think for product managers, you still need to be super comfortable with data. If you can’t read these charts, if you can’t see or understand trends, and a lot of times too, if you’re putting this stuff in Looker or a BI tool, ideally, you can pull ad hoc reports yourself. It’s just that you don’t have to craft a SQL query to do it. You still need to understand the relationship between data and product and you still need to understand what good data looks like. You need to understand too things like causation and correlation. You need to understand that, “If I put out this crazy marketing launch on Thursday, that’s why all of a sudden we got a million signups on Thursday and we didn’t get a million signups on Wednesday.” They still need to understand all those things, and I don’t think that becomes any less important. I don’t think understanding and interpreting trends becomes any less important as a product manager’s job. I just think it’s about putting data into the hands of product faster so that it’s not about you having to fight your way through bureaucratic processes at your company to get that data.
So product ops can help streamline things that we know we’re going to look at repeatedly. There’s a bunch of stuff that we know we should look at. So put them in a dashboard like, “Why should I have to go pull that report ad hoc every single time?” Put them in a dashboard, put them in a report. Same for board slides. We had one of my friends who’s the chief product officer of Forsta, Brian Bhuta, and he said, “I love product ops because when we prepare for board meetings, I know there’s a certain set of information that I’m going to have to put together for this board meeting, and then when we go do it manually, it becomes obsolete by the time the board meeting’s over and then I got to start again and prepare for the next three months and do the board meeting again.” So it’s like you don’t want your data to be obsolete. You want this to be in a repeatable fashion for things that you know are repeatable, but it doesn’t get you off the hook of still looking for trends and looking for insights.
Case Study: Athenahealth
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We had a guest on, Casey Winters, and he has this perspective that when you have ops, operational people, that’s generally a sign that something is not efficient and it could be made more efficient with software and product. Not everything can be productized, but do you have a perspective on that, that ops is often a sign where software, hopefully someday, could do itself?
Product Ops Practices at Athenahealth
Melissa Perri: You still need people to oversee those programs. So I don’t think they would fully be obsolete. It wouldn’t be like this whole role goes away completely, but they’re the people who should be looking at, “What can we do to optimize and streamline this?” and not do it with human components. I think that’s why a product management mindset lands so well to a product ops function too because you’re like, “How do I use software or tools or processes or frameworks to help fill in some of these gaps and standardize it and then let it run?” That what I was meaning by the shared services model.
If you really think in that format, it’s not like, “Hey, I need a team of 10,000 product ops people.” I think you’re doing it wrong if you’re doing that right. It should be a well-run lean team who thinks about how to leverage tools for this or building your own or whatever and your products for the product team, and that’s how it should be seen. So what I mean it shouldn’t be obsolete one day, if you are building, let’s say, products for the product team, you still need somebody to look over that product and make sure it’s relevant. At the pace of everything changing like it does today, so many things are so different than they were five years ago, you want somebody to be looking over that and making sure they’re still up-to-date, it’s still relevant, it still works for our company and stuff like that, but you’re going to have a smaller subset of people doing that. It’s not going to be like, “Oh, I need a product ops team for every product manager that’s on here.” That’s not how it should work at all.
Lenny: I think that is going to make a lot of people feel better hearing that. Do you have any rule of thumb or way of thinking about just how many product ops people you want per product manager, per team? What’s a simple heuristic for just how many people you may need?
Executive Transparency and Information Gaps
Melissa Perri: I don’t have a hard and fast rule on that one, but I would say if you are at a one-to-one ratio, you’re doing it wrong. Absolutely.
Denise Tilles: If you’re at one-to-hundred, you’re doing it wrong.
OKR Dashboards and First ProdOps Lead
Melissa Perri: Yeah, too. I also think it’s like … So when we talked about it too with this hybrid versus shared services model, if you have a hybrid model, let’s say, and typically, this is a symptom that your data is not well-instrumented. Let me put it that way as well. Sometimes you need a stopgap holdover until you can well-instrument your data or something, and that could be as long as it takes for certain companies. In this case, like we said, you might have a business data and insights person aligned to every director of product who oversees multiple Scrum teams. You might have one aligned to every VP of product, depending on how much help you need to get the product data out of things.
Now, if you have a very well-instrumented dataset like we were talking about at Doodle or something like that, you’re probably going to have way less people because the product managers are armed and capable of going in there and being able to pull the queries themselves, do their ad hoc research themselves because they made it accessible and you made it possible for them to go do that.
So I do think there’s a balance there between how good your company is instrumented both for everything, for all three of these pieces that we’re talking about relative to the size of your product ops team. It might take some more manpower at the beginning to get it going, but, ideally, you streamline this team and it becomes pretty lean and pretty small and they’re overseeing multiple programs or software systems that run themselves.
Lenny: Well, it gives me a lot of hope that this isn’t going to become just another massive org within a company. It is looking at companies that are incredibly efficient like Ramp and Deal that have very few employees, very few product managers, and they have product ops people. So that tells me there’s a lot of leverage that you can find from just maybe, I don’t know, one or two that’s probably not a large team of product ops people there.
Product Ops Team Organizational Structure
Melissa Perri: We say too, get started with one person. We described these three pillars and repeatedly through the book we’re like, “Hone in on what’s the most important part for you that’s going to help you right now,” that we talk through, and then just take one person and throw that out there. Usually, you can get so much leverage from that that it frees you up to do a lot of the stuff that you need to get done. Then when you’re ready and you see the next hurdle and it’s not something that first person can take on, then you might add one more person.
There are different expertise, I think, between the three different pillars and the people who would oversee it, and that’s something to take into account as well. So like we said, in business data and insights, that person typically is not an expert on product. Hopefully they get ramped up on it working with you, but they’re typically not an expert on product. A lot of times these people are not coming from a product management background. That’s going to be actually a different person than I would look at to help with the governance and product pieces. That person needs to be a product background person because they’re usually helping roll out the roadmap stuff, coach people on how to do it, helping to define the different systems and processes that you need on your product operating model, and if they have no experience with product management at all, that’s going to be really hard for them to do and it’s probably not going to be great.
We do see this trend of people throwing agile coaches at this, and agile coaches who have never been a product manager before in a well-run company are going to struggle there because they’re going to revert back to agile processes and optimizing for things like Scrum, but they’re not going to do what that role is designed for, which is to help product management processes. We don’t usually need another agile coach telling us how to run a standup. We need people to come in and help us figure out who’s invited to these cross-functional roadmap reviews, what inputs do we need on there, and what decisions do we need to make coming out of it, and how do we communicate it at the correct level to executives as well so we’re not digging into Jira at these meetings in front of A CEO. CEOs don’t care about what’s in Jira. Well, they shouldn’t. Let’s put it that way.
Denise Tilles: Shouldn’t.
Melissa Perri: They want to know like, “What are the big pushes that we’re doing to help us reach our strategic objectives?” So it’s helping that they know a little more about the right size of communication, the different cross-functional teams, what product managers do on a daily basis and what’s important to them, and that’s really critical in that role. So that’s where, I think, your teams might just be slightly bigger from a perspective of more than one person. I’m not saying hundreds of people, but you might need a couple different people in this organization because the roles are slightly different. For the market research and the customer research thing too, you might need somebody with a user research background for that. Somebody who did research ops is a great person for that.
Denise Tilles: It’s pretty unusual, I think, to see companies start out with an entire team. I worked with Sam’s Club and they were planning to do it that way, but mostly we see it starting organically. I think the way [inaudible 00:44:53] mentioned in her story of being a PM and feeling the pain and having the empathy of wanting to make it better, and that’s typically the generation of these roles, that it might be someone being allocated part-time from their PM role and finding out that they really do enjoy this enablement aspect of it and that’s where it grows.
Validating and Sustaining Product Ops Roles
Lenny: Awesome. So let’s just lean into this topic of just how to start rolling it out at your company, and you’ve already talked about a bunch of tips there. By the way, if you buy your book at the end there, there’s this really beautiful little guy, there you go, I think, on the camera of just a little yellow brick road of all the steps that it takes to roll it out.
Denise Tilles: Yes, Candyland.
Lightning Q&A Round
Lenny: Candyland. So on this topic of just who to start with, sounds like you recommend start with one person, and what I’m hearing is pick one of these three pillars that you think is most highest leverage potentially to take off your product management plate. Is that right?
Denise Tilles: Yup.
Top Book Recommendations
Lenny: So what else should people be thinking about in starting to roll this role out, starting to build this team?
Denise Tilles: That’s a great question. So one of our case studies is Shintaro Matsui at Amplitude, and he created the role at Amplitude. When you think about, it’s Meta. So they’re creating a tool that helps in terms of product operations, but they’re enabling it there as well. So he’s done a really great job of getting that set up and really being a thought leader there. So the case study that we chatted with him about was introducing it and how do you get it going and how do you build the momentum and show the quick wins. That was his top tip was making sure that you set, understand, first of all, you may have a perception of what the biggest needs are, but doing your listening tour and doing your user research, some research sprints, understanding there may be a huge opportunity, but it also sounds massive in your team of one, where can you make the most difference quickly? Where can you have the most impact?
So identifying those, celebrating those wins, making sure everybody understands that, and then showing what’s above the line with a person of one the capabilities you’ll have, and then below the line, things that you may not get but you could if we did think about building the team and setting the expectations as well.
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Lenny: Do you suggest they try to hire someone that has already been a product ops person? Is it okay to hire someone that hasn’t then they just become a product ops person? How important is that experience?
Denise Tilles: I think if you find someone that’s done the role of product management, awesome. If someone’s set it up somewhere … Look at Blake Samic, started from Uber to Strike to AI. Clearly, he’s got a model going that’s really successful. So if somebody could get a Blake Samic, I would say definitely do that.
Favorite Interview Question
Lenny: It’d be hard to pull him away from OpenAI.
Melissa Perri: I don’t think he’s leaving there right now. Just started, got a lot of work ahead of him.
Recently Discovered Great Products
Lenny: We have a lot of LinkedIn requests right now. Here they come.
Melissa Perri: Poor Blake. Sorry, sorry for your inbox. I think too it’s about if you’re going all in. If you’re just trying to get buy-in for this and let’s say it’s originating from a CPO or a product leader who’s like, “Hey, let’s start this out,” but the company’s not ready to invest all the way, you might pull somebody from a different function, let’s say, have them be the product ops person and try to rapidly demonstrate value. If you’re a CPO or a leader and you’re like, “I got budget. I know this is important. I’m totally bought in. Let’s go,” you’re probably better off hiring, let’s say, somebody who’s done this before, somebody who’s experienced, but also somebody who could be more of a VP or director of product ops and then they can go do the hiring and figuring out, “Do we pull people from other functions and streamline it?” That helps free up the leader as well from not having to go find 8,000. It’s never going to be 8,000 people, but eight people to do that function.
So that would be a way to look at it as well. So if people are not quite sold on it, you might want to start with one function. Figure out where the burning issue is. Demonstrate that value. Show that it’s something that you want to actually invest in, and then you might want to hire in a leader or help build up the team from there.
Personal Life Motto
Lenny: It feels like that first hire is so important because if they don’t do great, the whole role of product ops starts to get a bad tinge within the company. So there’s a lot of pressure on making sure that first person succeeds. I guess more reason to buy your book and make sure that they do it right.
Melissa Perri: If you feel like you as a leader can coach the product ops person and you have time to coach the product ops person, let’s say, through being a good product ops person and getting started with it and directing them, you’re probably good at taking somebody who does not have experience but has the right skillset and then you can teach them. If you have absolutely no time to coach this person and they’re not super self-directed, let’s say, so they’re not going out taking classes, reading the books, doing that type of thing, probably going to want to hire somebody who’s done it before, at least that portion of it, and then that person can help coach other people grow the function.
It’s the same thing with product management. We look at these teams especially in a lot of transformation companies. We have a lot of product managers who’ve never been product managers before, and a lot of leaders who’ve never been product managers before, and they ask me, “Do I hire in experienced leaders or what?” and I’m like, “Well, if those product leaders need to go coach other product managers, then you need somebody who’s experienced in there. You need somebody who knows how to get that work done. If they don’t have time to learn, if you’re not on a timeline to actually teach these people these things and get them up to speed, then you need somebody to hit the ground running.”
So I’d look at it for how much time do we have to demonstrate value, how much coaching is available to get this person into the right mindset and the right skillset to do this and execute. I think that that’s needed in almost every role, not just this one.
Denise Tilles: One thing I wanted to mention was whether to hire products or product manager person for the role with the background of product ops or product management, there’s not a ton of folks out there that have a products title, but as you’re looking, dig in because this person may have been doing a lot of the work as a product manager or within that title. So there’s a lot of people out there that probably would fit that profile, but not with a proper product ops title.
Where to Find the Book
Lenny: What are the key skills that you find are really important for finding this person, especially if they don’t have this role? My guess is dependent on the pillar, if they’re data-focused, research-focused or process-focused. What do you suggest to make sure you’re looking for when you’re hiring this person?
Melissa Perri: With the business data and insights, you’re looking for somebody who’s really good at interpreting data, telling stories with data, somebody who’s good at communicating to many different types of stakeholders about the data and putting it into useful ways. What I wouldn’t hire for that role as a first person is it’s not a database engineer. That’s not what we’re doing. We’re not SQL-ing, turning things into the right SQL tables. We’re instead trying to get the information out of the SQL tables and make sense out of it.
So we actually find people with consultant backgrounds who are really good at this because they’re usually churning out these types of reports and stuff for PE firms, VC firms, and whoever were their clients to begin with. What would be ideal is if that person has a lot of experience with a BI tool like Looker or Tableau as well and they could use it. That’s not always the case. Sometimes those people are really good at Excel and PowerPoint, but they’re not great at the Looker and BI. If you could find that two things together though, home run right there.
So this person’s probably a data analyst background. We did have a business intelligence background like you were talking about as well, something like that for the business and data and insights role. It does not have to be a product manager. I think you can help them, steer them in the right directions for what questions you need to answer. They shouldn’t be the ones coming up with all the questions you need to answer. It’d be great if they surface some insights, but you ask them the questions, they can go get the answers.
Lenny: What about for the other two pillars?
Denise Tilles: Well, in terms of the process and practices, I think this person really needs a super high EQ, understanding what the needs are, but also has a good spidey sense of how much methods do we need to think about bringing to the team and thinking about how those things get introduced that it’s not a mandate, but it’s a suggestion of how we can work. Typically, product managers will be pretty open to that because if they’re like, “I don’t know what the roadmap template is. I don’t know what the roadmap cadence is.” “Here’s some guidance.” “Awesome. Now I don’t have to think about how to do it, I’m just going to do it.”
So I think someone who has a lot of experience understanding the underlying tensions and opportunities, and then feels good and understands how to implement the systems thinking and also understands it’s not a set it and forget it, that they’re constantly reevaluating the processes, the tools, “Are these working for us?” Then understands, I think, in more broadly, “As my CPO is getting ready for a board meeting, what are the inputs they’re going to need? As we’re getting ready for the QBR, are the PMs ready? Do we have a cohesive stories? Anybody taking the time to look at all of the different presentations to make sure that we’re giving the same perspective or building towards a certain strategy that everybody’s focused on?” So that would be my advice.
Melissa Perri: I think for customer and market research part, you’re looking for somebody with more of a user research background here, but process-oriented. So I’d look for somebody who knows user research code, knows really good tactics for that because it can help create the toolkits, get the right type of prototyping and usability software in there. They know what good interviewing looks like, that type of stuff, but they also got this need to make things better. So they’re like, “I need to create a system to do this.” They’re good at operationalizing stuff. I think that’s a skill for everybody. They’re like, “I can build a system to fix this.” That’s actually a really good interview guild that I would ask a product ops person and I never came up with it. I never thought about that before, but it’s like, “Tell me about some process or something that you had to do in your job that you really hated and that you ended up just trying to automate a way or build a system around it to make it better.” That would be a great interview question for anybody in those roles, I think.
With the user and market insights person too, there’s not a ton of people out there doing this, but there is a little research ops movement out there that I think could be really valuable here. So Jen Cardello, who is our case study on Fidelity, she runs their user insights team there and she’s our VP of, I think it’s user insights and she does oversee all the user researchers as well, but she also oversees a research ops team, and the research ops team is responsible for building their participant database. They also help build toolkits for people to do user research. They oversee any of the user research tools. They also go out and train other people in doing good user research.
So with them, that looks like not everybody’s allowed to go talk to customers and financial firms like this because of compliance reasons. They make sure they certify people to be able to go do good research up to certain points and they get levels for how far they can go so that they can democratize the research and help put it into their hands. Then if there’s compliant issues around different research studies, they come back to Jen’s team and the user researchers will help them complete it.
So it’s about how we … There’s a lot of legal things about what you can say and what you can’t say to customers and stuff like that, what you can ask them, and they’re navigating those complexities around there. So Jen comes from a research ops background. She comes from a whole UX background, but research ops is her thing and she’s fantastic at setting up that stuff. She and I worked together at Athenahealth and she did that there. So I watched her put that into place and it was amazing and now she does it at Fidelity.
So if you find somebody with that background, golden, but if you find somebody who … If you can’t find somebody like Jen because there’s only one Jen, you should look for somebody who has at least a user research background, probably some UX background. They’re really good at doing that and they want to operationalize it.
Lenny: Jen’s about to get a bunch of LinkedIn requests too.
Melissa Perri: Sorry for your inbox, Jen.
Lenny: I feel like the research team is going to hate people now for pulling you into product ops. Who would you suggest product ops report to generally at least to start?
Melissa Perri: Head a product.
Denise Tilles: CPO.
Lenny: Such a clear, quick answer. I love it. How do they find time to train and work with this person? Are they the right-hand person that helps them just make everything more efficient? What’s a way? What’s that relationship like?
Melissa Perri: I think definitely their right-hand person, and we say to a lot of CPOs, especially high growth companies, “Make your first hire just a product ops person to help you get this data out and start looking at it,” because that helps them with board meetings, it helps them set strategy. Usually when you walk into a growth stage company, that’s the first thing that you need to do is make sure that it’s working, that you need to set it. Typically, when you’re getting hired, there’s usually a strategy problem and that person, they’re like your right-hand man trying to operationalize that. So I definitely think that you’re going to be guiding them there.
I think this comes back to our question though about, do you hire somebody with experience or do you hire somebody who’s new to it? If you as a CPO don’t have a lot of time to train up somebody on product ops because you’ve got 8,000 fires to fight, then hire somebody with experience who knows how to do it and operationalize it. If you are like, “My biggest issue is business data and insights,” for example, “and I just need to get my data so that I can do the strategy pieces and then I need to think through and work through what I want product ops to look like,” maybe then you just hire the data analyst. If they’re confident in the data analysis piece, it’s pretty easy, I haven’t done this myself, to teach them about what types of information you need to see as a product person. They’re going to need a lot more handholding at the beginning because they’re not going to know all the different cuts of data, but it’s not an investment of an inordinate amount of time to be able to get something valuable back.
It’s not like training for 40 hours a week and then waiting six months to see results. It’s more about, “I need you to go pull these types of cuts. Here’s why. Let me explain to you this so that you learn it and then you can think about it next time,” but that’s going to help you there too. So I think it really depends. So how fast you need product ops fully rolled out and then how much time you have to train people, and then where you’re starting from there and how big and how much buy-in you have to grow this thing from the get-go.
Lenny: Awesome. Maybe as a last question, I’d love to go through a quick case study of a company you worked with and just share maybe how you rolled it out, what you ran into, challenges you had to overcome, and maybe the benefits and impact that adding this role had.
Melissa Perri: When I was at Athenahealth, we were doing a … Athenahealth has always been a software company, so let me put it that way, but they didn’t have a formal product management role and they had just implemented it when I came in. So the chief product officer brought me in. He did not have an extensive product background, so he said, “I need to train all these product people and figure out what to do with this organization.” So I came in to help him do that. We had over 360 product managers. We had 5,000 software developers there and it was a massive platform, $8 billion in market cap, I think, electronic health record system.
So this is where I started to realize we needed product ops. This was me discovering this. So I’ll tell you how we rolled it out and probably what we would do differently next time, but we had trained all the product managers. People were starting to use a lot of the things that we were teaching, and we saw that the maturity was getting a lot better in the organization, which was fantastic, but then we started to run into these problems, and these problems that we found could not be solved by just training product managers, and that’s where the concept for product ops came up.
We also realized we had way too many product managers, just way too many product managers. There was one person reporting into one person all the way down, and we were like, “This is not helpful.” So we ended up training everybody, teaching people about what the role was, and then thinking through as we encounter these other problems, “What else do we need besides product managers?” Product ops became one of the things. We also had people actually move out of product management into other roles. We had people become data analysts, we had people become user researchers, we had people go into other parts of the organization, but a lot of people after we trained them actually just self-selected out of product management and some of them did come to us and say, “What else is there?”
When we looked at the product ops role, we said, “Okay. What are the big fires that we have to fight that’s just not from a lack of skills perspective?” That’s a big part about product ops. It’s not a replacement for product managers or product leaders not having product management skills. It’s to help skilled product managers and product leaders do their job better. So this will never replace the fact that people don’t have the skills to do their job.
So where we ran into issues was, one, getting insights back to the executives on what the teams were actually doing. So the CEO and I were sitting there trying to set strategy and set the vision for the company and I was helping him formulate it into written form and help him deploy it and think through where we want it to go. He was in Jira, digging around in Jira trying to find information on what people were working on, and I was like, “You’re not going to find that in Jira, especially when we’ve got hundreds of thousands of tickets for 5,000 people. You’re not going to find this in there.”
That started to show me, “Hey, he’s looking for this. What do you want to see?” He’s looking for a portfolio roadmap of what everybody’s doing and he wanted to see what are the big pushes we’re making from a feature perspective and how do they tie back to our overall strategy and our goals. What’s going to help our retention? What’s going to help us get new customers? What’s going to help us move into the enterprise, which was a big thing we were doing going upmarket into hospitals? We had no transparency into the allocation of R&D on that and also the roadmaps on that.
So one of the things that we were trying to do in product ops was build that view, try to figure out how we get people to put the right information into Jira at the right level. So we actually had to train people on how to write … At the time, we only had Jira, so epics in Jira that were not just build a button, they were more substantial than that. They actually had to meet behind it so we could look at it. Then we had to go out and find the right software to roll that up into a portfolio view so the executives could get the insights they were looking for.
We also had to build a way to track the OKRs that were deployed and actually see where it was. So we had to build the dashboards for that. So we started there and that became really important because that was a big issue was just the executive visibility, how do we make consistent roadmaps across the organizations, how do we get visibility into what’s going on. As we started to identify more and more things, we said, “We’re a huge team. We should actually have somebody overseeing this.”
Data and insights was a really big issue in the company in general, and we knew we had to instrument things better, and at the time, they brought in Amplitude and they were starting to put an Amplitude everywhere in the organization, but it wasn’t fully rolled out yet. So we had these people who were going around trying to help the individual product teams get the information out of Amplitude and we said, “We need this to be more of a consistent thing, a consistent program.”
So that sparked the need for having our first product operations leader. So we ended up creating a VP of product operations and somebody moved from the product management role into that. She was much more of a process type person. She wanted to really help arm the teams into being able to get good data out there, but she understood product management well enough where she knew how all this stuff worked and she wanted to create the systems internally.
So reporting into her, we had a business data and insights team that was overseeing Amplitude rollout and they were also putting people around the director level overseeing usually five to let’s say eight Scrum teams on the director level, sometimes smaller just depending on the product. We had a business data and insights person embedded at that level to help get the ad hoc reports out now because we weren’t well-instrumented. We said, “We’re still making the programs and the shared services at the top level, but these people need to make decisions today. So how do we get them to do that?” So she oversaw that team. She had somebody directed there.
then we also had the people looking at the portfolio views and the governance and the rollout and the rollout of that getting put into that as well. So that helped us get going with that. On the other side, so this didn’t fall under product operations at the time, but like I said, Jen Cardello was doing research ops there and leading this team around the user insights. She got the participant database out. That was fantastic. She got out a bunch of different user research tools. They made a design systems database too that helped us be able to do prototyping a lot faster and have consistent design processes, which was amazing.
The head of UX reported into the chief product officer. So it still fell under the CPO, but it reported into the head of UX on that side and that was totally fine because we just collaborated with them pretty much all the time. So that’s how we started to roll it out and get going and that’s where that need was and it became so much better to get the insights that we needed out there.
Then what happened was, actually, Athenahealth at this time, it was really wild and private. So this is where I left and a lot of leaders left at the same time, but they ended up restructuring it and they actually kept the product ops team. So now, Tim Davenport oversees product ops team. He was the chief of staff for the chief product officer at the time and he’s been building it, again, taking the stuff that worked and then building onto it, and they’re actually one of our key studies in the book as well about what Tim’s doing now and how he’s orchestrated as well to help with opex and capex and accounting type issues that they were having too.
So Athenahealth has been through many different restructurings since I’ve been there, but they have always kept product ops and their current chief product officer said that he will never go anywhere else that doesn’t have product ops. That’s how much he believes in it.
Lenny: Wow. What a testament to the value of product ops, 100% retention on the role through all these transitions. One of the interesting things you said is within this VP of product ops managed a bunch of different people and teams, which is really interesting because I always imagine product ops VP would manage product ops people. Is that common where they lead, say, there’s a data team you mentioned and a few other team?
Melissa Perri: Yeah. In this case, we did have her managing the business data and insights people and they were data analysts. I wouldn’t say they were data engineers or anything like that, but there were people who were really good at pulling SQL and analyzing data from a product perspective. We actually moved. I should say this as well. We moved a lot of people who didn’t want to be product managers but were good at that out of the role and into that role. So they had some product background, they had been trained in product, they were really good at the data pieces, but they were more suited for that than they were suited for product management. Like I said, a lot of people opted out. They were like, “Get me out of this role. I don’t want to do this.” They wanted more of a transactional type role or diving into data, and a lot of it came down to I think people under anticipate how much they’re going to have to deal with stakeholders, and once they have to, they’re like, “Oh, God, I don’t want to do this,” and I see that over and over again when it happens with product management.
So she oversaw them, but they did work closely with the data people on the CTO side. There was a whole data team on the CTO side who were doing more of the database administration and the instrumentation of things. They were also helping to roll out Amplitude, instrument it correctly, and building the right views and things like Amplitudes or the other product analytics or other tools that they were using. We did not have Tableau at the time. That was something that was added later, but they were in charge of utilizing the data and trying to build those insights.
Lenny: Amazing. With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. I’ve never done this with two people. We’ll see how it goes. So you can pick the question you want to take or both answer. Here we go. What are two or three books you’ve recommended most to other people?
Denise Tilles: I’ll take that. Of course, Escaping the Build Trap. It’s true.
Melissa Perri: I thought you would say that.
Denise Tilles: Another one that I recommend is called Traffic. It came out this year by Ben Smith, around the invention and growth of HuffPo and Gawker and whatnot. I was in media at Condé Nast then, so peripherally part of it. It’s an exciting ride that has an ending that we all know, but it’s a good story, good tale.
Melissa Perri: The Art of Action I think is a fantastic book on strategy and I always recommend this to people and it’s out of the realm. There’s a lot of great product management books out there too, but I like this one because it’s a sleeper hit, I think, in the product management community. It is a fantastic description of deploying strategy and how you can tell if strategy is well-deployed in organizations or if there’s gaps that you need to fill. So I find that when people read it, they go, “Oh, my God, we have all of these problems,” and I’m like, “Yup, that’s a strategy deployment and strategy creation problem. That’s pretty apparent.” So that’s my favorite book to recommend to people. I love Theresa Torres’ Continuous Discovery Habits. Fantastic book as well, just to give a shout out in the product world too.
Lenny: Next question, favorite recent movie or TV show that you’ve really enjoyed?
Denise Tilles: Deutschland 82, 86, 89. It’s on Hulu. Highly recommend it, about East Germany.
Lenny: Like Pedal.
Denise Tilles: Yeah, really great.
Melissa Perri: I am going to go … I just watched the House of Usher on Netflix. I love the … It’s Halloween right now. Well, it was just Halloween.
Denise Tilles: Perfect.
Melissa Perri: So I was watching all the scary movies, but I love the Netflix genre of everything from the Haunting of Hill House. Those were great.
Lenny: Amazing. I started watching that and then I gave up quickly, but I should give it another chance. My wife and I have been stuck on Love is Blind. Classic.
Denise Tilles: Same.
Melissa Perri: Good one.
Denise Tilles: Same.
Melissa Perri: Good one.
Lenny: What a terrible, wonderful show.
Denise Tilles: It is. It’s the high low.
Lenny: Next question, do you have a favorite interview question that you’d like to ask when you’re hiring people?
Denise Tilles: When was the last time you changed your mind about something really important and why? So do they have a learning mindset? Do they have self-awareness? Can they acknowledge where they were and how they evolved? So that’s usually a pretty insightful question.
Melissa Perri: Mine’s probably tell me about a time that you failed and what happened. That one’s an interesting one too because if nobody has an example of a time that they failed, that right there is an interesting sign. Two, I feel like everybody tries to turn it into a positive story. They really try to spin it and I’m like, “I don’t even want you to spin it. I just want to tell me what you learned.” It’s fine to say what you learned at the end of that. I think that’s okay, but they’re like, “Oh, but this happened and all these things were great afterwards,” and I’m like, “I’m not looking for a fantastic outcome. I’m just looking for did you fail and did you learn something from it.”
Lenny: Do you have a favorite product you’ve recently discovered that you really like?
Melissa Perri: Well, there’s one I’m going to have to plug. It’s not that I recently discovered it, but I talked about all the issues that we had at Athenahealth with the portfolio management system, and after that, I discovered Dragon Boat and I’m now on their advisory board, but it helped me solve that problem. So much of rolling up everything that was in Jira sits on top of it and being able to look at it in a great view. So that was so, so good.
Another one that I have not been involved with but that I just really love because I think they’re doing great things with, again, in the product ops world, is Dovetail and they are a research repository out there and they’re also putting AI on top of it to help generate insights into all the research that’s been done. I have no affiliation with Dovetail, but I really love what they’re doing because I’ve had that problem of us rolling our own research repository over and over and over again, and now we’ve got a tool out there to do it.
Denise Tilles: I guess the one I would mention is Vistali, and some product leaders that I’m working with right now are playing around with it, and it’s an interesting tool that’s a single workspace that you can connect your strategy and discovery and delivery visually and guides people along those paths as well. So interested to play with it more, but it piqued my interest.
Lenny: Do you have a favorite life motto that you often repeat to yourself, often share with someone, come back to often to help either with work or with life?
Denise Tilles: Mine’s both, especially with teams that I’m working with or cross-functional stakeholders that if you try to serve everybody, you serve no one. So it’s about honing in on who you’re actually building your product for, who your persona is, and then with my children in terms of try to be everyone’s friend, but it may not happen. So it goes both ways.
Melissa Perri: What’s the worst that can happen with most of the things that I’ve done? To me when I get scared about something or trying to do something or even interpersonal reactions where I’m like, “God, I have to have this hard conversation with this person,” my brain, I try to tell myself, “What’s the worst that can happen?” Usually when you sit down and start to think about it, it’s not as bad as you anticipate. So for me, that’s always helped me manage my anxiety around difficult situations or taking a leap and trying to get out there. I think in my younger days, I was a little crippled by overthinking and by being too anxious about things and not taking big leaps. So I’ve tried to stick by that and keep asking myself, “What’s the worst that can happen?” and it’s usually not as bad as you think it is.
Lenny: I love that. Final question, since there’s two of you, we’ll end in a really sweet way. What’s one thing you really admire about each other?
Denise Tilles: Melissa is a legend, but behind the legend, she’s just a really great collaborative person. So of course, we got to know each other really well writing this book together. We worked together before that, but it was a really great way of staying connected to a former colleague, someone in the industry. Especially during COVID, it was a really great way of building towards something that was bigger than the both of us. So what I love about her is that she’s really revered by so many folks, but really approachable and really truly wants to help people.
Melissa Perri: Thanks, Denise. What I love about Denise is she’s really this calming, patient presence and she approaches everything with so much professionalism, but also can really get to the meat of the problem, help calm down certain situations where escalated, turn them around, and she’s got this patience and calm about her in everything that she does that helps you focus, helps you concentrate on the big issues and she can really steer people in the right direction. So to me, I’ve always admired watching her coach and lead people. She led her analysts at Produx Labs as well. When things would go slightly awry or a situation would go out of hand, Denise was always like, “Nope, we’ll just fix it,” and dove in and was able to make it better. I always really appreciated that.
Denise Tilles: Oh, shocks. We might’ve had a few of the what’s the worst that could happen moments, right?
Melissa Perri: Always.
Lenny: Amazing. You two are awesome. For folks listening, make sure to grab their book, Product Operations. You can find it on Amazon, I imagine. Share where else people can find it, but two final questions. Where can folks find you online if they want to reach out and how can listeners be useful to you?
Denise Tilles: Productoperations.com, we’ve got some downloadables that are available for folks and questions if you want to get in touch with us. How can they help us? I’m trying to think here.
Melissa Perri: Tell us your stories about product operations. We want to hear how people are implementing it, what’s working, what’s not working. We’re always learning about this too, and I think we said in this book, it’s ticking off now, but it’s by no means standardized. So we want to hear about what’s happening, how has your company been successful or not successful with it, what have you seen work, what have you seen not work. So definitely reach out and let us know about it. Also, you can help us by buying the book and leaving us an Amazon review if you do read it because that does help authors and we self-publish this one too, so that always helps us on there.
You can find both of us on LinkedIn as well. I’m Melissa Jean Perri, I think on, there, but if you look for Melissa Perri, I usually pop up and Denise Tilles. Then if you want to contact us, product operations.com, we got a form on there to reach out.
Lenny: Productoperations.com. Is that the best way to find where to buy the book or are there other sites you recommend people go check it out?
Melissa Perri: We do. We just got it. Self-publishing has been fun, but we just got it where it is distributing now to Barnes and Noble and other bookstores. So you can usually find it on anything, but if you go to the website, it will have the most up-to-date information on where you can find it. Then if you go to your bookstore and some people are against Amazon, so if you go to your bookstore and ask for it, they will be able to order it for you.
Lenny: Amazing. Thank you two for being here.
Melissa Perri: Thanks for having us.
Denise Tilles: Thanks for having us.
Lenny: My pleasure. Bye, everyone.
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| agile coach | 敏捷教练 |
| Amplitude | Amplitude |
| ARR | ARR(年度经常性收入) |
| Athenahealth | Athenahealth(医疗科技公司) |
| Blake Samic | Blake Samic |
| Brian Bhuta | Brian Bhuta |
| business data and insights | 商业数据与洞察 |
| Candy Land | Candy Land(棋盘游戏) |
| capex | 资本支出 |
| Casey Winters | Casey Winters |
| chief of staff | 幕僚长 |
| chief product officer | 首席产品官 |
| dashboard | 仪表盘 |
| data instrumentation | 数据埋点 |
| Deal | Deal(公司名) |
| Deloitte | 德勤 |
| Doodle | Doodle |
| Dovetail | Dovetail(用户研究工具) |
| Dragon Boat | Dragon Boat(产品组合管理工具) |
| epic | epic(Jira 中的史诗级需求) |
| Fidelity | Fidelity(金融服务公司) |
| Forsta | Forsta |
| Jen Cardello | Jen Cardello |
| Jira | Jira |
| listening tour | 倾听之旅 |
| Looker | Looker(BI 工具) |
| McKinsey | 麦肯锡 |
| MongoDB | MongoDB |
| net retention | 净留存率 |
| opex | 运营支出 |
| persona | 用户画像 |
| portfolio roadmap | 组合路线图 |
| product operating model | 产品运营模型 |
| Product Operations | 产品运营 |
| Produx Labs | Produx Labs |
| program management | 项目群管理 |
| program manager | 项目群经理 |
| quick wins | 快速胜利 |
| Ramp | Ramp(公司名) |
| research ops | 研究运营 |
| research repository | 研究知识库 |
| Salesforce | Salesforce |
| Sam’s Club | Sam’s Club |
| Scrum | Scrum |
| Shintaro Matsui | Shintaro Matsui |
| Tableau | Tableau(数据可视化工具) |
| Tim Davenport | Tim Davenport |
| toolkit | 工具包 |
| user research | 用户研究 |
| Vistali | Vistali(产品管理工作空间) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
产品运营终极指南 | Melissa Perri 和 Denise Tilles
Melissa Perri: 你是想招聘一万个产品经理,让他们都把这些事情挤在工作间隙做,然后只花30%的时间专注在战略工作上?还是想让他们把大部分时间都用在战略工作上,然后围绕他们组建一个产品运营团队,打造共享系统和基础设施,帮助他们更好地工作?
嘉宾介绍
Lenny: 今天的嘉宾是 Melissa Perri 和 Denise Tilles。这是罕见的双嘉宾一期。Melissa 和 Denise 是一本出色新书的作者,书名叫《产品运营:成功的公司如何大规模打造更好的产品》(Product Operations: How Successful Companies Build Better Products at Scale)。Melissa 在产品管理领域是一位传奇人物。她是基础手册《逃离构建陷阱》(Escaping the Build Trap)的作者,经营着一个名为 Produx Labs 的产品管理培训机构,在哈佛大学教授产品管理,并与数百家公司合作优化其产品管理职能。Denise 是一位产品领导者、教练和顾问,帮助公司进行产品愿景、战略和执行方面的工作,并与 Melissa 一起在 Produx Labs 共事。
在我们的对话中,我们非常深入地探讨了产品运营这个正在崛起的角色。正如你将听到的,过去几年里,这个角色几乎从不存在发展到大约一半的规模化科技公司至少拥有一名产品运营人员。这个新角色可能是当前产品管理领域变化最大的事情。这次对话之后,我确信这是一件好事。
我们将聊到这个角色具体做什么,它与产品管理和项目管理有何不同,招聘第一位产品运营人员时应该看重什么,如何推行产品运营职能,为什么产品经理不应该害怕这个角色以及你的生活会因此变得多么美好,还有她们在一家大公司推行产品运营职能的案例研究,以及更多内容。接下来,请收听 Melissa Perri 和 Denise Tilles。
(跳过赞助商广告)
Lenny: Melissa、Denise,非常感谢你们来参加节目。欢迎来到播客。
Denise Tilles: 谢谢。
Melissa Perri: 谢谢邀请我们。
Lenny: 你们是我播客上第二个双人嘉宾组合。Melissa,这是你第二次做客节目了,你们俩出了一本新书,我手边就有一本,叫《产品运营:成功的公司如何大规模打造更好的产品》。今天我想利用我们的时间,帮助大家从各个角度全面理解产品运营这个角色,尽可能在一个小时内讲清楚。怎么样?
Melissa Perri: 听起来很棒。
Denise Tilles: 好的。
Melissa Perri: 开始吧。
产品运营角色的普及程度
Lenny: 太好了。第一个问题,先为这个角色设定一点背景——目前这个角色有多流行、多普遍?我快速浏览了一些优秀的公司和非常成功的公司,似乎每一家现在都有产品运营的岗位。OpenAI、Uber、Stripe、Ramp、Deal,这些只是我看到的几个。你们观察到的也是这样吗?大家应该如何看待这个角色现在有多流行、多普遍?
Melissa Perri: 我觉得在过去几年里,我们确实看到了产品运营开始蓬勃发展。它最早就出现在你提到的一些大公司,比如 Uber。Uber 的产品运营负责人、也是开创这个角色的人 Blake Samic,是我们书中的案例研究对象,他后来也在 Stripe 做这件事,现在在 OpenAI 做。所以你提到这三家公司还挺有意思的,因为那正是 Blake 做的。我们看到产品运营从一个大家只是私下议论的东西,发生了很好的转变。我知道当我在2018年写第一本书《逃离构建陷阱》的时候,我在里面提到了这个概念,因为当时我们刚刚在 Athenahealth 开始做这件事。
我当时就看到,在尝试构建一个完整的产品管理职能时,尤其是在规模化阶段,这是一个非常大的问题。我们有365个产品团队。我们当时在思考这一切如何整合到一起,而对我来说,产品运营是其中的关键组成部分。所以当我最初把它写进那本书的时候,很多人说:“哦,这是什么?我觉得我们需要它。我们需要更多吗?“这也促使我们开始写这本新书。从那以后,我看到越来越多的公司站出来,要么是将此前就开始的、更加成熟的产品运营团队进一步发展,要么是现在正式引入这个职能。
Lenny: 也许只看科技公司的话,如果要你给出一个大致的比例——那些有趣的、快速增长的、超高速增长的创业公司中——你能给出一个大概百分之多少已经拥有产品运营人员的数字吗?
Melissa Perri: 我得说我们没有一个非常确切的数字,但我们确实观察到了一些趋势。让我们以我比较了解的一个样本来说。当我在教 CPO 加速器课程时,当我教这些学员群体的时候,在每期20到25人中,我估计至少一半的人有某个人在做产品运营相关的工作。可能还不是一个成熟的职能,可能只有一个人在做,但至少一半的公司已经有人在做相关的事情了。
Denise Tilles: 这是一个很好的衡量标准。我为 Produx Labs 和 Melissa 一起教授一门产品运营大师课,这很有意思。我会做一些课前调研,了解学员在产品运营方面处于什么阶段。当我们在2020年开始开设这门课的时候,大约60%的学员是”对产品运营感兴趣”。随着时间的推移,这个比例明显下降了,人们开始引入这个角色,他们只是想了解优化它的最佳方式。所以我估计,现在大概有60%的人已经有了这个角色,然后想了解如何优化它。
产品运营的兴起时间
Lenny: 你们有没有感觉到这个趋势是从什么时候开始拐点上升、变得这么普遍的?我做产品经理的时候,根本没有什么产品运营人员。所以对我来说,了解这个角色的崛起非常有趣。我知道可能没有一个具体的日期,但听起来可能是在你上一本书出版之后。这个角色是在什么时间段成为一件事的?是你提到的那位现在在 OpenAI 的人开始推广它的吗?
Melissa Perri: Blake,我想,是早期最积极谈论产品运营的人之一,他做了很多推动产品运营、向人们介绍它的工作。这很好。我知道 Pendo 也在更多地谈论产品运营,我就是从那时开始注意到它在逐渐升温的。我想大概是2019年左右,Pendo 开始谈论产品运营。所以大概是在我的书出版之后不久,我看到越来越多的人开始讨论它,现在他们在琢磨,“我们要不要标准化?我们需要什么?在组织中它具体应该长什么样?“但我觉得,到现在大概已经有五年左右的时间,能听到人们在实时地做这件事了。
Lenny: 很棒,听起来可能也就是最近几年它才真正开始爆发式增长。我们大约一年前请过 Pendo 的 Christine 来播客聊产品运营。所以这期是对那期内容的一个很好的延续。在我们讨论什么是产品运营、它的职能是什么之前,你们认为一家公司拥有产品运营角色最大的好处是什么?以及,什么信号表明你大概应该认真考虑引入一个产品运营人员,开始在这个领域投入了?
Denise Tilles: 核心就是帮助产品经理专注于他们真正被雇佣来做的事情——战略性工作。我在运营端管理团队的角色中,以及 Melissa 也是一样,越来越多地看到产品经理在承担数据方面的工作——采集数据、做实施,就为了让数据能跑起来,他们要花掉20%、30%的时间。那么,如果他们被充分赋能,拥有所有这些优质的输入,真正专注于公司增长、实现价值、达成公司的规模化目标,那会是什么样子?所以归根结底就是帮助他们专注于他们被雇佣来做的事。
Lenny: 再说一次,我做产品经理的时候,根本没有产品运营人员。读了你们的书之后,我发现基本上产品运营做的所有事情,都是产品经理历史上一直在做的事。对我来说,把所有这些东西交出去、放到别人的盘子上,是有点可怕的。理想情况下当然觉得,“哦,太好了,我不用做这些事了,我可以专注在我真正感兴趣的事情上。“但同时也会有一种新的恐惧,“哦,别人要来接手这些事情了,也许他们做得没我好。还有新的流程我要去适应,新的沟通链路要建立。“那么,对于一个刚开始接触产品运营概念的产品经理,面对这种恐惧——“天哪,我的工作要变得很奇怪了,多了个新搭档要天天打交道,以前这些都是我自己做的”——你们最有力的说辞是什么?你怎么让一个产品经理对此感到兴奋?
Melissa Perri: 产品运营不会夺走产品经理的决策权。它的作用是为产品经理提供信息支撑。如果你衡量自己作为产品经理是否成功的标准是”嘿,我自己写 SQL 查询,我自己花50个小时去安排所有这些客户访谈和通话”,那在我看来这些都是非常偏运营流程类的工作,而不是能帮你做出产品决策的工作。这就是为什么我们要关注产品运营团队,因为我看到产品经理们在桌子旁边挤时间做这些事情——我也是过来人。我之所以对这个话题感兴趣,是因为在我产品经理生涯早期在 OpenSky 的时候,我得去学 MongoDB 才能从数据库里取数据。我当时坐在 MongoDB 的课堂上学怎么搞这个。我懂 SQL,但那时我们用的不是 SQL 数据库。我得去学 MongoDB,这样就不会总去打扰工程师,能自己衡量我的产品和功能到底有没有做对。
我花了大量时间在这上面,而不是花在做好功能开发、理解客户、与开发人员合作、搞清楚我们到底要构建什么上。相反,我在外面学这个编程语言——顺便说一句,之后再也没用过,再也没用过。对我来说,这就是产品运营要从产品经理身上拿走的东西。
但我不断从产品经理那里听到的是,“我太忙了,我没时间把该做的事做好。我光忙着安排客户访谈就焦头烂额了,“或者”我光是从系统里导出数据就耗尽精力了。我每天都在为获取做好本职工作所需的东西而奔波,以至于我没有时间去做好本职工作。“而这正是我们想要帮他们解决的问题。所以我觉得不必害怕产品运营的介入。它不应该是增加额外负担的东西,它应该是某种更解放的力量,帮你从所有那些繁杂事务中解脱出来。
Lenny: 这个说辞很有说服力。我一直觉得产品经理这个角色简直疯狂,事情多得离谱,所以大家总是在倦怠和焦虑。你确实有太多事情要做。所以我完全理解为什么会出现这种情况,也理解为什么现在会发生这种变化。我很高兴你们在帮助人们弄清楚如何真正把它做好。我们接下来就深入聊聊这个角色到底是什么。我觉得这是一个很容易让人困惑的角色。很多人听到产品运营,但每个人对它的理解都不一样。也许有研究综合,有一些数据相关的工作。那么,最简单地理解产品运营人员的一般性一致职能是什么,他们能为公司做什么?
Denise Tilles: 我们的思考框架围绕书中谈到的三大支柱来组织。第一个是业务与数据洞察,偏量化的一面,确保产品经理拥有所有这些用户活跃度和收入方面的输入,从而做出明智的决策。第二个是客户与市场洞察,偏质化的方面。我们之前聊到过一点,关于找到合适的人来交流,确保你不仅仅是在跟一个客户对话。第三个支柱是流程与实践。所以基本上就是围绕这几个领域展开,具体取决于你们公司需要什么,以及最大的机会和挑战在哪里。
Lenny: 好的。三大支柱,就复述一下你刚才说的——产品运营的三大支柱:业务、数据与洞察;客户与市场洞察;以及构建产品的流程,帮助企业以更高效的方式运营产品构建过程。
Denise Tilles: 你说出来的感觉真好。是的。
Lenny: 我手里有笔记,你们书中正是这样描述的,写得非常清楚。这三大支柱中有没有一个你觉得最重要、影响最大的?还是说完全取决于业务和他们的需求,或者产品经理想做什么?你怎么看,我不知道,这三者中有没有一个可能是最重要的,还是说完全因情况而异?
Melissa Perri: 我们通常看到高增长公司从业务数据与洞察入手,确保他们能够真正监控自己正在做的事情,获取战略性的输入。我们看到大型公司和企业更多地向流程与治理方向倾斜,尤其是当它们正在进行转型的时候,因为它们缺乏运行良好产品实践的基础设施。大概可以这么说。它们通常刚起步,刚组建团队。比如说它们刚培训完产品经理,然后就在想,“除了培训产品经理之外,我们还需要做什么才能让这一切运转起来?“所以它们需要一个运营模型,而它们通常没有一个产品运营模型。
大型企业的流程与治理需求
Melissa Perri: 在这种情况下,它们甚至在考虑”我们如何跨组织做路线图,这样作为首席产品官或产品副总裁,我就能真正清楚地了解各个团队在做什么?” Jira 对此并不适用。你需要一个项目组合工具,把这些信息汇总成有意义的东西。这同样帮助我作为副总裁或首席产品官做出战略决策,也帮助我监控团队,理解”我们到底有没有把钱花在正确的地方?我们在做正确的事吗?“所以它们往往更偏向流程与治理这一侧,但这所有的一切都是为了能够快速做出战略决策,把好的产品推向市场。
Lenny: 这种区分方式非常实用。我来复述一下你刚才说的——对于高增长公司,在这三大支柱中,产品运营最能帮忙的通常是业务数据与洞察,帮助它们理解正在发生的事情、更快地做出决策,这很合理。而对于正在进行数字化转型的大型成熟企业,往往是在流程方面帮助它们,提升运营效率。那中间那个支柱,客户与市场洞察,有没有单独的一类对应场景,还是说它是分散在两边的?
Denise Tilles: 那是中间最模糊的一块。我在授课时会问大家对产品运营的印象是什么,从来没有人会想到这一块。所以我认为在许多公司,这恰恰是一个有待发展的领域。
客户与市场洞察
Lenny: 这一部分跟用户研究以及那个团队是怎么配合的?
Melissa Perri: 我们看到了那个团队做的很多工作。他们跟用户研究团队合作。现在,在一些组织中——这种情况在很多组织里存在但并非全部——产品部门同时管辖设计、用户研究和 UX,这时整个事情就变得很顺畅,因为你可能会有一位通常有用户研究背景的产品运营人员,来帮忙做我们讨论的这些事情以及客户与市场洞察这块工作,也就是把所有已经做过的研究——客户访谈、所有这些内容——汇总到一起,形成类似发现数据库(findings database)这样的东西。现在市面上有很好的工具比如 Dovetail,但你也可以自己搭建。核心就是把所有访谈或客户研究汇总起来,让员工可以查询,开始了解”我们已经知道了什么”,这样就不会重复做一堆研究。
同时这也涉及寻找愿意参与研究的用户。要确保让客户知道,“我们可能会联系你做客户访谈,这是原因。你愿意参与 alpha 和 beta 测试吗?如果愿意,具体流程是这样的。“如果我们能建立一个由愿意参与这些活动的客户组成的数据库,产品经理联系他们就会更容易——“顺便说一下,我们有一个 beta 版,你愿意试试吗?“客户知道这是什么,也对此有预期。他们了解研究者联系他们的节奏,用户研究人员也可以使用这个数据库。
需要指出的是,客户与市场洞察这块,负责梳理这些活动、搭建这些系统的人,通常不是做用户研究的同一个人。所以这不是要把用户研究从产品经理或用户研究人员手中拿走,而是帮助他们更高效地做这件事,让洞察更有效地传播到全公司,同时也帮助他们更好地触达用户、获取反馈。
产品运营如何打通销售与产品的信息流
这部分我们谈到的另一个内容是从销售和支持渠道获取定性洞察。我们经常听到销售团队这么说,这也是经典的”产品经理不重视我的反馈”的紧张关系。客户经理会说:“产品经理根本不听我的”,或者”我五个月前就告诉他们这几个客户有流失风险,因为存在某个问题。“但我们没有开发那些功能。客户与市场洞察这个职能要做的,就是帮助把这些信息有效地传达给产品团队。
然后它也帮助向销售团队反馈,“让我们在如何使用这些反馈上更透明一些。“这样我们可以通过战略层面来沟通。让销售知道我们在处理这些想法、解决客户问题方面进展到了哪一步。但通常情况下,大量定性信息被埋在组织的各种系统里——可能在 Salesforce 里,可能在客服工单里,可能在某人 Google 文档里的客户访谈记录中——我们要做的就是把这些信息从各自的孤立系统中提取出来,放到一个许多人都能获取的地方,让大家可以基于这些定性洞察进行学习和参考。
产品运营是产品管理的未来
Lenny: 大家总问我”产品管理正在发生什么变化?产品管理的未来是什么?“我总是说,“没什么变化。基本还是老样子。这个角色永远不会被完全定义清楚,会继续做一个奇怪的角色。“但我觉得,这可能才是真正的答案。产品管理正在发生的变化就是产品运营这个角色正在崛起,接管了很多产品经理不一定想做、也不一定擅长的事情,给他们更多空间去做真正想做的事。所以我觉得这很了不起。如果回顾一下时间线,你说五年前还没有真正意义上的产品运营。如今,大约一半的公司已经有了产品运营岗位。我猜再过几年这个比例会高得多。所以这真的很有意思。
Melissa Perri: 我也很兴奋。我觉得我们之前看到的情况是,正如你所说,产品管理长期以来就是一个模糊的角色,但现在我们正在标准化——产品经理到底做什么。不过我认为正在发生的是,产品经理变得越来越普遍,人们意识到这是一个对公司至关重要的角色,无论你是一家软件公司还是一家银行。在当今世界,我们基于软件构建业务,如果你不开发软件,你就落后了。随着我们推出的软件越来越多,产品经理没有时间再顺带处理这些事情了。在你还是个小创业公司的时候这还好。我以前也做过这些。就像我说的,在小公司的时候我还得去学 MongoDB,然后我们开始扩张,我承担的产品责任越来越多,我就觉得”我现在没时间去学 MongoDB 了”。正是在这种时候,人们开始倦怠,开始沮丧,就像你说的。
我们有越来越多的系统,越来越多的软件工具供产品经理使用,要跟踪的东西太多了。所以对企业来说,要么你雇佣一万个产品经理,让他们都顺带处理这些杂事,然后只有 30% 的时间专注于战略工作;要么你让他们大部分时间都专注于战略工作,然后围绕他们搭建一个产品运营团队,创造共享系统和基础设施,帮助他们更好地工作。
产品经理到底应该保留什么
Lenny: 我觉得这是一种非常有启发性的思考方式。我能想象正在听的产品经理听到你说”不用再学 MongoDB 和 SQL 了”会怎么想。不过不对,我觉得那样想也不对。他们确实应该学会 SQL,学会自己跑数据。但我认为这里的关键是,理论上当然很好,但随着规模扩大,你要处理的事情越来越多,就越来越难有时间去做这些了。你总会有其他更需要你去做的工作。所以理论上,产品经理能自己跑查询、自己做研究、搭建整套流程当然最好,但现实中会越来越难做到。
这让我想起很多公司试图推迟招聘产品经理,把这个角色交给工程师和设计师。我的反馈始终是,“只要他们愿意做那些通常不是他们喜欢做的事情,那当然没问题。“比如工程师未必喜欢主持开会、写一页纸文档、写策略文档、做会议纪要。我觉得这是类似的情况——当然挺好的,直到你发现自己并不想做这些,或者没时间做这些,而你还有本职工作要完成。
Denise Tilles: 那才是你的全职工作,你的 OKR 和目标真正围绕的是公司的成果,而不是”我今年写了 20 个脚本”。所以我们需要帮助他们专注于那些被期望交付的价值。
Melissa Perri: 我还觉得有趣的是,那么多人想做产品经理,直到他们意识到产品管理到底意味着什么。这种情况非常普遍,我在哈佛的 MBA 学生身上也看到了。我们有一整门课,让他们扮演产品经理。课程结束后很多人都放弃了做产品经理的想法。他们会说,“我没想到产品管理是这样的,我没想到要做这么多事情。“我觉得让他们感到吃不消的还有产品经理需要的频繁上下文切换。即使只考虑基本职责,你就已经要做太多不同的事情了——用户研究、跟设计师协作、跟开发协作、跟高管沟通、跟不同的利益相关者打交道。你需要不断切换上下文才能与所有人沟通协作,需要对各种不同的人产生共情,需要完成各种不同类型的任务才能做好这份工作。
然后你还得去找用什么模板来放你的路线图,而且这个模板很可能跟团队里其他 80 个产品经理用的都不一样,因为没有人站出来说,“我们就用这个。“对我来说,这类工作纯粹是在分散注意力。让一个产品负责人说”我们用这个模板”,这很难吗?不难。但如果这个产品负责人还要去培训其他 80 个人使用这个模板,确保它持续更新,确保格式正确,确保放在正确的软件里——这就是额外开销的来源。现在很多产品负责人就在做这些事情,而我们要做的是解放个体产品经理,同时也解放这些产品领导者。
我和很多 CPO、产品 VP 合作,他们……我看到他们根本没有在做战略。我问,“你们为什么不在做战略?“他们说,“我没时间。我在到处灭火,我在纠结路线图该用什么模板。“就像我说的,这并不难,他们知道该用什么模板。但想想看,如果你能把这件事交给别人,说”我要用这个模板,你去推广,去培训所有人,去找合适的软件,把这些都做了”——这就能解放那些领导者去做战略工作。毕竟,你花那么多钱请一个产品领导者,不就是为了这个吗?你花那么多钱请一个产品经理,不也是为了这个吗?所以对我来说,这些事情并非做不到,关键是我们有没有让合适的人来做这些事。
产品经理不应外包决策权
Lenny: 对于那些正在弄清楚自己到底还应该保留哪些工作的产品经理来说,哪些事情是他们应该自己留着、不应该交给产品运营人员的?
Melissa Perri: 他们不应该外包决策权。你永远不应该把决策外包给产品运营人员。这不是他们的职责。他们是”产品经理的产品经理”——我是这样理解的。所以他们的决策应该是围绕”如何在这里实现卓越的产品运营”,而作为产品经理,你不应该让他们替你做任何关于产品的决策,那不是他们的工作。如果他们跑来跟你说”你应该做这个功能”,那也不是他们该做的事。
所以做出实际决策,然后把这个决策落实到团队中去执行——这是产品经理应该牢牢把握的工作类型。虽然产品运营人员可以帮你指明方向,比如帮你找到客户,甚至帮你联系客户、发邮件邀请他们参加会议,把这些流程运营起来——最好能自动化——我很希望产品运营人员能把这类事情自动化。但用户研究是你自己要做的。你可以去找产品运营人员说,“我们发现这类问题”,也许他们能在组织内找到其他相关信息带给你,但他们不会替你阅读分析所有这些信息然后告诉你”你应该做这个”。
他们也不会是你说了”我做了这个构建决策,已经告诉团队了,团队已经开始工作了”之后,你让他们去监督开发人员确保按时交付的那种角色。不,他们不是项目经理,他们不会盯着你的开发人员看他们怎么构建东西、确保一切按时发布。那也不是他们的职责。他们也不会替你处理关于权衡取舍的棘手利益相关者对话——所有这些你都需要自己保持主导权,因为归根结底,作为产品经理,你的工作是产出成果,你需要确保自己在监控这些成果并朝着它们推进。你不想把这个责任外包出去。
Lenny: 我记了几条关于产品经理继续拥有的职责——当然,加个引号,没有人真正”拥有”任何东西——战略、愿景、优先级排序、资源分配、权衡决策、围绕权衡的艰难对话、利益相关者意见整合等等。在”产品经理继续负责的事情”这个类别里,还有其他我遗漏的吗?
Denise Tilles: 还有一大块我们没提到的——上市(go-to-market)。在连接这些团队方面,产品运营可以发挥很大作用,同时作为销售团队接触产品团队的第一联系人、产品团队接触销售团队的第一联系人,通过一些流程或方法上的改进来提升效率,帮助打破部门壁垒。
我现在正在仔细翻译这段播客片段。
Denise Tilles: 我目前正在合作的一家企业就面临这个巨大挑战——那是一家大型企业级公司。我们怎么打破各个部门、团队负责人之间的部门壁垒?所以核心就是,“这是我们推进的方式,这是我们在培训销售、培训产品团队时会用到的一些简单模板,“然后将其落地实施。在写书和做调研的过程中,这是一个反复出现的共同主题——我们采访的很多人都说上市(go-to-market)是一个很大的痛点。
Melissa Perri: 我觉得 Denise 说的还有一点很关键——产品运营会承担大量这类协调工作,制定标准化模板,但作为产品经理,你在提供上市方案输入信息方面的角色并没有改变。你仍然需要把你的输入放进去。所以也许产品运营会提供——比如模板,帮助你说”好,做一份上市计划需要这些不同的部分”,“这是模板,这是我从大家那里收集到的信息”——但作为产品经理,你仍然需要填写属于你的那部分。
你仍然需要去跟销售人员沟通,仍然需要和市场团队协作确保定位准确。但产品运营人员可以帮助做项目管理层面的工作——把这些人聚到一起、维护统一的模板、建立定期评审的节奏、确保所有内容对齐且集中在一个地方、而不是到处散落。然后确保整个组织的上市流程是一致的,这样就不会像 Denise 说的那样——每个人都在重复造轮子,上市团队的某个人还得跟不同的产品团队用不同的方式去做上市。
项目管理 vs 产品运营
Lenny: 太好了,这是非常实用也很重要的补充。你提到了项目管理(project management)。我猜很多人会以为产品运营也承担项目管理的职责。你怎么理解项目管理和产品运营之间的关系?还有项目管理(project management)和项目群管理(program management)也有区别。你对这些角色有区分方式吗?
Denise Tilles: 我喜欢这样理解——无论他们在做什么,围绕产品运营的三个支柱,核心思路都是像我之前说的那样,提高决策的速度和质量,三个支柱都服务于这个目标。项目群经理(program manager),我认为更多是在思考公司层面的大型倡议,他们的工作是持续进行的、没有固定截止日期的;而项目经理(project manager)则负责具体的有时间盒和明确结束日期的项目。不过老实说,这些角色之间确实有些模糊地带。
深入三大支柱:商业数据与洞察
Lenny: 我想快速回到三大支柱,再深入一层,帮助大家理解它们具体包含什么、产品运营人员到底做哪些工作。我们可以简短一些——就说说商业数据与洞察(business data and insights),产品运营人员在你的公司里具体会做哪些职能和工作?
Denise Tilles: 很多公司会有数据科学团队或商业智能团队,你不需要重新造轮子,不需要在内部产品运营里再建一个数据智能团队。关键在于把这些连接起来,确保你用产品的视角来看待这些数据,尤其还包括财务数据。你不想让所有产品经理都去找 CFO 问当月的营收数据,或者带着各种问题去问。所以核心是获取所有这些输入,用产品的视角来加工,然后确保产品经理真正知道该怎么使用、能够据此采取行动。
Lenny: 所以本质上就是替你跑查询、生成图表和可视化,然后根据数据呈现的情况给出建议。基本上就是产品经理本来要做的所有数据相关的工作。这个支柱里还有别的吗?
Melissa Perri: 也在为领导者服务。我们刚才一直从产品经理的角度来谈,但我觉得这个支柱对领导层和高管来说尤为关键。很多时候,我坐在董事会会议上,我们讨论 ARR,讨论留存率,讨论净留存率,讨论所有这些商业指标——它们对于监控业务健康状况很有用,但产品运营在商业数据与洞察方面真正发挥作用的地方在于:我们如何监控产品的健康状况。
作为首席产品官,ARR 对我有意义,但我更关心的是按客户细分拆分的 ARR。我更关心按产品线拆分的 ARR。我更关心把这些数据再叠加留存率,或者按产品或功能集拆分的采用率,或者按客户细分再按产品拆分的采用率。当我们加上这些视角之后,它们就变成了真正有力的战略洞察。
所以我认为这些人做得很好的是——即使在高管层面,他们也能帮你做到——你作为产品领导者说”我需要这类洞察,这对我的决策有帮助,这是我们的业务运转方式,这是我制定战略的依据”,这些人帮你搭建仪表盘,帮你建立可重复的洞察机制。然后理想情况下,他们对数据足够了解,对你的业务也足够了解,能够主动挖掘出你没想到的其他数据机会,或者找到你没有注意到的有趣趋势。
他们非常像深入挖掘数据的人,只是他们更多是以产品的视角来做这件事,而不是像 Denise 说的那样以公司整体指标视角。这不仅仅是服务于产品经理的。我想特别指出这一点,因为我认为这对领导者来说极其重要——如果领导者不理解这类指标,他们就无法真正监控自己的战略执行情况。他们没法回过头说”我们决定向上市场进入企业级客户”——好,我们有企业级客户的收入,但你有没有真正去看不同企业级客户对各个产品线的采用情况?有没有看企业级客户如何使用不同功能,以及某些使用特定功能的企业级客户是否更不容易流失?我认为正是这类洞察,在这个视角下尤为重要。
Lenny: 作为产品经理,听到有别人会做这件事,感觉挺奇怪的。这感觉是产品经理非常核心的工作——花大量时间与数据打交道,寻找机会,发现哪些在变好、哪些在变差。但我想这里传递的信息同样不是说你不应该做这些,也不是说你擅长这个就不好——而是你可能根本没那么多时间把它做好。如果你能找到一个真正擅长这个、也有时间、不用同时处理成千上万其他事情的人,你实际上会发现更多有趣的结果、更有价值的洞察。你可能正在错过很多东西,因为你真的没那么多时间。你们大致是这个理解吗?
Melissa Perri: 是的,而且我觉得还有一个要点——做商业数据与洞察的人,他们不会是产品方面的专家,几乎从来都不是。我们在 Produx Labs 有几个分析师,之前来自麦肯锡、德勤。他们对产品一无所知。所以我们教他们产品的那部分,由我们来告诉他们”这些是我知道我需要看到的有趣数据”,然后他们能够把这些东西整合成我们可以深入分析的视图。但这其实是定量研究的起点——我们看完数据会说”好,现在需要去做定性研究了。“
产品经理仍需具备数据能力
Melissa Perri: 我觉得对于产品经理来说,你仍然需要对数据非常熟悉。如果你看不懂这些图表,看不到或看不透趋势,而且很多时候,如果你把这些东西放在 Looker 或 BI 工具里,理想情况下你应该能自己拉取临时报告。只不过你不需要手写 SQL 查询来做这件事。你仍然需要理解数据和产品之间的关系,你仍然需要知道什么样的数据是好数据。你还需要理解因果与相关的关系,你需要理解”如果我在周四做了一场大规模营销推广,那就是为什么我们周四突然获得了一百万注册用户,而周三没有。” 他们仍然需要理解所有这些,而且我认为这件事的重要性不会降低。理解和解读趋势作为产品经理工作的核心部分,其重要性不会减少。我只是觉得关键在于把数据更快地放到产品团队手中,这样你就不必在公司里为了拿到数据而去跟官僚流程抗争。
用产品运营提高数据可复用性
所以产品运营可以帮助我们精简那些我们知道会反复查看的东西。有很多东西我们知道应该去看,那就把它们放在仪表盘里——“为什么我每次都要临时去拉那个报告?” 把它们放在仪表盘里,放在报告里。董事会幻灯片也是一样。我们有位朋友是 Forsta 的首席产品官 Brian Bhuta,他说:“我喜欢产品运营,因为当我们准备董事会会议时,我知道有一套固定的信息需要整理出来,而当我们手动去做的时候,等董事会开完数据就已经过时了,然后我又得重新来过,为接下来的三个月做准备,再开一次董事会。” 所以你不希望你的数据是过时的。对于那些可重复的事情,你希望用一种可重复的方式来呈现,但这并不代表你就不需要去主动寻找趋势和洞察了。
产品运营会被软件取代吗?
Lenny: 我们之前请过一位嘉宾 Casey Winters,他有一个观点:当你有运营人员的时候,这通常意味着某些事情效率不够高,可以用软件和产品来提升效率。虽然不是所有事情都能产品化,但你对这个观点怎么看——运营是否往往是软件有朝一日可以自动化的领域?
Melissa Perri: 你仍然需要人来监督这些项目。所以我不认为它们会被完全淘汰,不会是整个角色彻底消失。但他们应该是那些思考”我们该怎么做来优化和精简这件事”的人,而不是用人力来堆。我觉得这也是为什么产品管理的思维方式能很好地适配产品运营职能——因为你会想”我怎么用软件、工具、流程或框架来填补这些空白,把它标准化,然后让它自动运行?“这就是我之前说的共享服务模式的意思。
如果你真的是按照那种思路来想的,那不是”嘿,我需要一万个产品运营人员”。我觉得如果你这么做,方向就是错的。它应该是一个运行良好的精益团队,思考如何利用工具来做这些事,或者自己构建工具,或者为产品团队构建产品,这才是正确的做法。所以我说它不应该有一天被完全淘汰——如果你在为产品团队构建产品,你仍然需要有人来监督那个产品,确保它是相关的。在当今一切飞速变化的节奏下,很多东西和五年前已经完全不同了,你需要有人来监督这些,确保它们仍然是最新的、仍然相关、仍然适合我们公司,但你会用更少的人来做这件事。不应该是”哦,每个产品经理都需要配一个产品运营团队”。绝对不应该是这样的。
产品运营与产品经理的人数比例
Lenny: 我想这番话会让很多人安心不少。你有没有什么经验法则或者思路,来衡量你需要多少产品运营人员对应多少产品经理、多少团队?有没有一个简单的经验法则来判断你可能需要多少人?
Melissa Perri: 这个我没有硬性规则,但我可以说如果你们的比例是一比一,那你的做法就是错的。绝对是。
Denise Tilles: 如果比例是一比一百,那也是错的。
Melissa Perri: 对,那也是。我还觉得……所以当我们之前谈到混合模式与共享服务模式的时候,如果你用的是混合模式,比如说,这通常是一个症状,说明你的数据埋点做得不好。我这么说吧,有时候你需要一个过渡性的权宜之计,直到你把数据埋点做好,而对某些公司来说这可能需要很长时间。在这种情况下,就像我们说的,你可能会安排一个商业数据与洞察的人对应每一位管理多个 Scrum 团队的产品总监,也可能安排一个对应每一位产品副总裁,取决于你需要多少帮助来从系统中提取产品数据。
而如果你的数据集埋点做得非常好,就像我们之前谈到 Doodle 的那种情况,你可能需要的人会少得多,因为产品经理自己就能进入系统拉取查询、自己做临时研究——因为你让数据变得可访问了,你让他们可以自己去做了。
所以我确实认为这之间存在一个平衡——你们公司在所有这三个方面的数据埋点做得有多好,相对于你的产品运营团队的规模。在起步阶段可能需要更多的人力来推动,但理想情况下,你会精简这个团队,让它变得相当精干,他们负责监督多个能自动运行的项目或软件系统。
产品运营团队的起步规模
Lenny: 这让我很有信心,产品运营不会变成公司里又一个庞大的组织。看看像 Ramp 和 Deal 这样极其高效的公司,员工很少,产品经理也很少,但他们有产品运营人员。这说明一个人——也许就一两个人——就能产生巨大的杠杆效应,大概不需要一支规模很大的产品运营团队。
Melissa Perri: 我们也建议,从一个人开始。我们在书中描述了这三大支柱,并且在全书反复强调:“聚焦当下对你最重要的、最能帮到你的那个部分”,我们会在书中引导你分析,然后只派一个人去做这件事。通常,仅此一人就能带来巨大的杠杆效应,释放出大量精力让你去做需要完成的事情。然后等你准备好了,看到了下一个瓶颈,而且不是第一个人能接住的,这时候你可以再加一个人。
这三大支柱所需的专长各不相同,负责人的背景也需要区别对待,这一点需要考虑进去。就像我们说的,在商业数据与洞察方面,那个人通常不是产品专家。他们 hopefully 能在与你合作的过程中逐步上手,但他们通常并不是产品出身。很多时候这些人没有产品管理背景。而我会找来帮助治理和产品部分的人,实际上是另一种人。那个人需要有产品背景,因为他们通常要负责推行路线图相关的工作,辅导大家怎么做,帮助定义产品运营模型中所需的各种系统和流程。如果他们完全没有产品管理经验,这件事对他们来说会非常困难,结果可能也不会太好。
我们也确实看到一种趋势——企业往这个角色上堆敏捷教练,而敏捷教练如果从来没做过产品经理,在一家运营良好的公司里会很吃力,因为他们会退回到敏捷流程的思路上去,去优化 Scrum 之类的东西,但不会做这个角色本该做的事——帮助产品管理流程。我们通常不需要再来一个敏捷教练教我们怎么开站会。我们需要的是有人进来帮我们理清楚:这些跨职能路线图评审会该邀请谁?需要什么输入?会上要做出什么决策?以及如何用正确的粒度向高管层沟通,这样我们就不至于在 CEO 面前打开 Jira 一个个看。CEO 才不关心 Jira 里有什么。嗯,至少他们不应该关心。这么说吧。
Denise Tilles: 不应该关心。
Melissa Perri: 他们想知道的是:“我们在推进哪些重大举措来帮助实现战略目标?” 所以这个角色需要帮助大家对齐到合适的沟通粒度,了解不同的跨职能团队,了解产品经理日常在做什么、什么对他们来说是重要的——这在那个角色中非常关键。所以我认为,从”不止一个人”的角度来看,你的团队可能会稍微大一些。我不是说几百人,但可能需要几个人,因为各个角色的定位确实不同。在市场研究和客户研究方面,你可能需要一个有用户研究背景的人。做过研究运营(research ops)的人是非常合适的人选。
Denise Tilles: 我觉得很少见到公司一上来就组建一整个团队。我跟 Sam’s Club 合作过,他们原本计划这样做,但大多数情况下我们看到的是自下而上地生长。我想就像之前有人提到的,作为一个产品经理感受到痛点,怀着共情心想把它变得更好——这些角色通常就是这样产生的。可能是某个人从产品经理的角色中被部分调配出来,然后发现自己真的很喜欢这种赋能型的工作,团队就从那里慢慢长出来。
如何开始推行产品运营
Lenny: 好。那我们就深入聊聊在公司里怎么开始推行这个话题,你们已经提到了不少建议。顺便说一下,如果你们买了这本书,在书的最后有一个特别漂亮的小东西——来,对着镜头展示一下——一条黄色砖路,标出了推行产品运营的全部步骤。
Denise Tilles: 对,就像 Candy Land 棋盘游戏那样。
Lenny: Candy Land。回到”从谁开始”这个话题,听起来你们建议从一个人开始,我听到的是——从这三大支柱中选一个你认为杠杆效应最高的、最能从产品管理层面上卸载下来的部分。对吗?
Denise Tilles: 对。
Lenny: 那么在开始推行这个角色、开始搭建这个团队的时候,大家还应该考虑些什么?
Denise Tilles: 这个问题很好。我们的案例研究中有一位是 Amplitude 的 Shintaro Matsui,他在 Amplitude 创建了这个角色。你想想看,Amplitude 本身是 Meta 级别的公司——他们打造的正是一个有助于产品运营的工具,同时他们内部也在推行产品运营。他在这方面做得非常出色,是真正的思想领袖。我们与他讨论的案例重点就是:如何引入产品运营、如何启动、如何建立势头并展示快速胜利。他最重要的建议是——首先要确保你理解了需求,你可能对最大的痛点有自己的判断,但要做倾听之旅,做用户研究,做一些研究冲刺,去真正理解问题。也许你发现了一个巨大的机会,但它听起来对一个人的团队来说太庞大了——那你在哪里能最快地创造最大价值?在哪里能产生最大的影响?
识别出这些快速胜利,庆祝这些成果,确保所有人都了解。然后画出一条线——线以上是一个人能做到的事情,线以下是目前做不到但如果我们考虑扩充团队就能做到的事情——同时管理好各方的期望。
Lenny: 你们建议应该尽量招一个已经做过产品运营的人吗?还是说招一个没做过的、然后让他成长为产品运营也可以?这个经验有多重要?
Denise Tilles: 我觉得如果你能找到一个已经做过产品运营的人,那当然很好。如果有人在其他地方搭建过这个体系……看看 Blake Samic,从 Uber 到 Stripe 再到 AI 领域,显然他已经摸索出了一套非常成功的模式。所以如果能招到一个 Blake Samic 这样的人,我肯定建议招。
Lenny: 要把他从 OpenAI 挖走可不容易。
Melissa Perri: 我觉得他现在不会走的。刚去,还有很多活儿要干。
Lenny: 他的 LinkedIn 好友请求现在估计爆了。来了来了。
招聘产品运营的决策
Melissa Perri: 可怜的 Blake。抱歉,抱歉塞满了你的收件箱。我觉得这也取决于你是否全力投入。如果你只是在争取支持,假设这个想法来自首席产品官或产品负责人,说”嘿,我们开始做这个吧”,但公司还没有准备好全面投入,你可能会从其他职能调一个人过来,让他做产品运营,快速展示价值。如果你是首席产品官或领导者,你说”我有预算,我知道这很重要,我完全认可,开干吧”,那你可能最好直接招聘一个做过这件事的人,一个有经验的人,而且是一个能担任产品运营 VP 或总监的人,然后由他去做招聘和规划,“我们要不要从其他职能调人过来并理顺流程?“这样也能解放领导者,不用亲自去找——不会是八千人,但可能是八个人来承担这个职能。
所以这也是一种思路。如果大家还没有完全被说服,你可能想从一个职能开始,找出最紧迫的问题在哪里,展示价值,证明这是值得真正投入的事情,然后再考虑引进一个负责人或从那里开始组建团队。
Lenny: 感觉第一个招聘非常重要,因为如果这个人做得不好,产品运营这个角色在公司里就会开始蒙上不好的色彩。所以确保第一个人成功有很大压力。也许这更说明了为什么要买你的书,确保他们做对了。
Melissa Perri: 如果你作为领导者觉得可以辅导产品运营人员,你有时间来辅导这个人,引导他成为一个合格的产品运营人员并开展工作、给予方向指导,那你可能适合招一个没有经验但具备正确技能组合的人,然后你来教他。如果你完全没有时间辅导这个人,而他也不太自我驱动——比如他不会主动去上课、读书、做那些事情——那你可能需要招一个做过这件事的人,至少在那方面有经验,然后那个人可以帮着辅导其他人,发展这个职能。
产品管理也是一样的。我们看这些团队,尤其是在很多转型公司里。有很多从未做过产品经理的人被放在产品经理的位置上,还有很多从未做过产品经理的领导者,他们问我:“我应该招有经验的领导者吗?“我说:“如果那些产品负责人需要去辅导其他产品经理,那你就需要有经验的人。你需要知道怎么完成这项工作的人。如果他们没时间学,如果你没有时间线去教这些人这些东西并让他们上手,那你就需要一个来了就能跑的人。”
所以我会从这些角度考虑:我们有多少时间来展示价值,有多少辅导资源可以帮助这个人建立正确的心态和技能来执行。我觉得这几乎适用于每个角色,不只是这一个。
寻找产品运营人才的关键
Denise Tilles: 我想补充一点,关于招聘产品运营人员时——是招有产品运营背景的还是产品管理背景的人——目前市场上拥有产品运营头衔的人并不多,但你在寻找的时候要深入挖掘,因为这个人可能作为产品经理或在那个头衔下已经做了很多这类工作。所以外面有很多人可能符合这个画像,只是没有正式的产品运营头衔。
Lenny: 你觉得找到这个人的关键技能是什么?特别是如果他们没有这个角色的经验。我猜这取决于支柱方向,是数据方向的、研究方向的还是流程方向的。你建议在招聘这个人时要注意看什么?
Melissa Perri: 在商业数据与洞察方面,你要找的是一个非常擅长解读数据、用数据讲故事的人,一个善于向不同类型的利益相关者沟通数据并将其转化为有用形式的人。我不会为这个角色招的第一个人是数据库工程师。那不是我们要做的。我们不是在写 SQL,把东西整理到正确的 SQL 表里。我们是要从 SQL 表中提取信息并赋予意义。
实际上我们发现咨询背景的人非常擅长这个,因为他们通常在为私募基金、风投公司以及各种客户产出这类报告。最理想的是这个人同时有大量使用 Looker 或 Tableau 等 BI 工具的经验并且能熟练使用。当然不是每次都能找到。有时候这些人非常擅长 Excel 和 PowerPoint,但在 Looker 和 BI 方面不太行。但如果你能找到兼具两者的人,那就是全垒打了。
所以这个人大概是数据分析背景。我们也确实见过商业智能背景的人,就像你之前提到的,类似这样的背景适合商业数据与洞察这个角色。不一定要是产品经理。我觉得你可以帮助他们、引导他们朝正确的方向去思考需要回答什么问题。他们不应该独自想出所有需要回答的问题。如果他们能主动发现一些洞察当然很好,但基本上是你提出问题,他们去找答案。
Lenny: 另外两个支柱呢?
Denise Tilles: 在流程和实践方面,我觉得这个人需要有极高的情商,能够理解各方的需求,同时也要有很好的直觉判断——我们需要引入多少方法论,以及如何引入才能让它不是强制命令,而是关于我们如何工作的建议。通常产品经理对此会比较开放,因为如果他们说”我不知道路线图模板是什么,我不知道路线图的节奏是什么”,然后有人说”这里有一些指引”,他们会说”太好了,现在我不用想怎么做,直接做就行了”。
所以我觉得需要一个有很多经验来理解深层张力和机会的人,然后能很好地理解并实施系统思维,同时也要理解这不是设好就忘的事——他们需要不断重新评估流程、工具,“这些对我们有用吗?“然后更广泛地理解,“当首席产品官准备董事会会议时,他需要什么输入?当我们准备 QBR 时,产品经理们准备好了吗?我们有没有连贯的故事?有没有人花时间看过所有不同的演示文稿,确保我们传达的是一致的视角,或者都在朝着某个大家都聚焦的战略方向推进?“这就是我的建议。
客户与市场研究人才画像
Melissa Perri: 我觉得在客户和市场研究这块,你要找的是有用户研究背景,但同时又具备流程导向的人。所以要找那些懂用户研究方法、掌握很好的实操技巧的人,因为他们可以帮忙创建工具包,引入合适类型的原型设计和可用性测试软件。他们知道什么是好的访谈,诸如此类,但他们内心也有一种把事情做得更好的驱动力。所以他们会说:“我需要建一个系统来做这件事。“他们擅长把事情体系化。我觉得这是所有人都需要的一种能力——“我可以建一个系统来解决这个问题。”
这其实是一个非常好的面试引导问题,我会拿它去问产品运营的人,虽然我之前从来没想过这个。就像问:“告诉我你在工作中不得不做的一个你特别讨厌的流程或事情,然后你最终想办法把它自动化了,或者在它周围建了一套系统让它变得更好。“我觉得这对任何做这类角色的人来说都是一道很好的面试题。
研究运营的实际案例
在用户和市场洞察这方面,目前做这件事的人不算多,但确实有一个小型的 research ops 运动正在兴起,我觉得在这里会非常有价值。Jen Cardello 是我们 Fidelity 案例研究的主角,她在那里负责用户洞察团队,她是用户洞察的副总裁——我想应该是这个头衔,她也分管所有的用户研究员,同时她还管理着一个研究运营团队。研究运营团队负责建立他们的参与者数据库,也帮忙为做用户研究的人构建工具包,管理所有的用户研究工具,还会走出去培训其他人做好用户研究。
在他们那里,并不是所有人都可以直接去跟客户交谈,像这种金融公司出于合规原因是有限制的。研究运营团队会确保对人员进行认证,让他们能够在一定范围内做合格的研究,而且他们还有分级制度,决定你能做到什么程度,这样就能实现研究的民主化,把研究能力交到更多人手上。如果某项研究涉及合规问题,就会回到 Jen 的团队,由用户研究员来协助完成。
这里面有很多法律上的问题——什么可以对客户说,什么不能说,能问客户什么,不能问什么——研究运营团队就是在处理这些复杂的合规要求。Jen 有研究运营的背景,她有完整的 UX 背景,但研究运营才是她的专长,她在这方面的体系建设非常出色。我和她曾在 Athenahealth 共事过,她在那里就做了这件事。我亲眼看着她把那套体系搭建起来,非常令人惊叹,现在她在 Fidelity 又做了一遍。
所以如果你能找到有这种背景的人,那就太好了。但如果找不到像 Jen 这样的人——毕竟 Jen 只有一个——那你至少应该找有用户研究背景的人,可能还需要一些 UX 背景。他们在这方面很擅长,而且有把它体系化的意愿。
Lenny: Jen 的 LinkedIn 即将收到一堆好友请求了。
Melissa Perri: Jen,对不起你的收件箱。
产品运营的汇报关系
Lenny: 我感觉研究团队现在要恨死把你们拉进产品运营的人了。一般来说,至少在初期,你认为产品运营应该向谁汇报?
Melissa Perri: 产品负责人。
Denise Tilles: 首席产品官。
Lenny: 回答得如此清晰干脆,我喜欢。他们怎么找到时间来培训和与这个人协作呢?这个人是他们的左右手,帮他们把一切都变得更高效吗?这是一种怎样的关系?
Melissa Perri: 我觉得肯定是他们的左右手。我们会对很多首席产品官说,尤其是高增长公司的——“你的第一个招聘就应该是产品运营的人,帮你把这些数据弄出来并开始分析”,因为这能帮他们做董事会汇报,帮他们制定战略。通常你走进一家成长阶段的公司,第一件事就是确保一切运转正常,你需要设定好战略。一般你被招进来的时候,往往存在战略层面的问题,而这个人就是你用来体系化战略的左右手。所以我确实认为首席产品官需要在方向上给予指导。
不过这也回到了我们之前的问题——你是雇一个有经验的人,还是雇一个新手?如果你作为首席产品官没有太多时间来培养一个产品运营的人,因为你有八千个火要救,那就雇一个有经验、知道怎么做的人来做体系化。如果你的问题是”我最大的困扰是商业数据与洞察”,比如说,“我只需要先把数据弄到手,这样我才能做战略层面的事,然后再来思考和规划我想要的产品运营是什么样的”,那也许你就先招一个数据分析师。如果他们在数据分析方面很有信心,这其实挺容易的——虽然我自己没做过——就是教他们作为产品人员需要看到哪些类型的信息。他们在开始阶段会需要更多的手把手指导,因为他们不会知道数据所有不同的切分维度,但并不需要投入过多的时间就能获得有价值的产出。
这不像每周培训 40 个小时然后等六个月才看到成果。更多的是:“我需要你去拉这些类型的数据切分,原因如下。让我给你解释一下,这样你就能学会,下次就能自己思考。“这也能帮到你。所以我觉得这真的取决于具体情况——你需要产品运营多快全面铺开,你有多少时间来培训人,你的起点在哪里,以及你从一开始就有多大的支持和资源来推动这件事。
案例研究:Athenahealth
Lenny: 太好了。也许作为最后一个问题,我想快速走一个你合作过的公司的案例研究,分享一下你是如何推行的、遇到了什么、需要克服哪些挑战,以及增加这个角色带来的好处和影响。
Melissa Perri: 我在 Athenahealth 的时候,我们当时在做……Athenahealth 一直是一家软件公司,我先说明这一点,但他们没有正式的产品管理角色,在我加入之前刚刚设立了这一岗位。首席产品官把我招了进去。他没有深厚的产品背景,所以他说:“我需要培训所有这些产品人员,搞清楚这个组织该怎么搭建。“于是我进去帮他做这件事。我们有超过 360 个产品经理,5000 个软件开发人员,平台规模庞大,市值约 80 亿美元,做的是电子健康档案系统。
这就是我开始意识到我们需要产品运营的地方。这是我自己的发现。我来告诉你我们是怎么推行的,以及下次我们会怎么做 differently,但首先我们把所有产品经理都培训了一遍,大家开始用我们教的很多东西,我们看到组织的成熟度有了很大提升,这非常好。但随后我们开始碰到一些问题,而这些光靠培训产品经理是解决不了的,产品运营的概念就是从这里诞生的。
Athenahealth 的产品运营实践
Melissa Perri: 我们还意识到产品经理实在太多了,真的太多了。一个人汇报给一个人,一层层往下叠,我们觉得”这没什么帮助”。所以我们最终对所有人进行了培训,让大家了解这个角色是什么,然后在遇到其他问题时思考:“除了产品经理,我们还需要什么?“产品运营就是其中之一。我们还让一些人从产品管理岗位转到了其他角色。有人成了数据分析师,有人成了用户研究人员,有人去了组织的其他部门。但在培训之后,很多人实际上自己选择了离开产品管理,有些人也来找我们问:“还有什么别的可以做?”
当我们审视产品运营这个角色时,我们问自己:“好,我们有哪些必须扑灭的大火,而且这些火不是技能缺失导致的?“这是产品运营很重要的一点——它不是用来替代产品经理或产品领导者缺乏产品管理技能的问题,而是帮助有技能的产品经理和产品领导者更好地完成工作。所以它永远不可能替代人们不具备完成工作所需技能这个事实。
高层透明度与信息鸿沟
我们遇到的问题之一,是把团队实际在做什么的洞察反馈给高管。CEO 和我一起制定战略,描绘公司愿景,我帮他把它落到书面,帮他部署,一起思考公司的发展方向。而他居然跑到 Jira 里去翻找大家在做什么的信息,我就跟他说:“你在 Jira 里找不到这些东西的,尤其是我们有成千上万的工单,5000 多人在用,你不可能在里面找到的。”
这让我意识到,“嘿,他在找这些东西。他到底想看到什么?“他想要的是一张组合路线图(portfolio roadmap),看到每个人在做什么,想看到我们在功能层面有哪些大的推进,以及这些如何与我们整体的战略和目标关联起来。什么能帮助我们提高留存率?什么能帮我们获取新客户?什么能帮我们打入企业市场——这是我们当时正在做的一件大事,向医院等高端市场迈进。我们在研发资源分配和路线图方面完全没有透明度。
所以在产品运营方面,我们要做的事情之一就是构建这个视图,想办法让大家在 Jira 中以正确的颗粒度填入正确的信息。我们实际上还得培训大家怎么写……当时我们只有 Jira,所以要教大家写 Jira 里的 epic(史诗),不能只是”做一个按钮”这种级别,而是要有实质内容,背后要有实际的支撑,这样我们才能进行审视。然后我们还得出去寻找合适的软件,把这些信息聚合到组合视图里,让高管们能获取他们需要的洞察。
OKR 看板与首位产品运营负责人
我们还需要建立一套追踪已部署 OKR 的机制,并实时了解其进展。所以我们为此搭建了仪表盘。我们从这里开始,这件事变得非常重要,因为高管可见性是一个大问题——如何让各团队之间的路线图保持一致,如何让大家看到正在发生的事情。随着我们识别出越来越多的需求,我们说:“我们是一个庞大的团队,确实需要有人来统筹这件事。”
数据与洞察在整个公司层面也是一个很大的问题,我们知道需要更好地做数据埋点。当时他们引入了 Amplitude,开始在整个组织中铺开,但还没有完全推广到位。所以我们有这些人四处奔走,帮助各个产品团队从 Amplitude 中获取信息,我们说:“这需要变成一个更一致的、体系化的东西。”
这就催生了对第一位产品运营负责人的需求。我们最终设立了一个产品运营副总裁(VP)的职位,有人从产品管理角色转了过来。她是一个更偏流程型的人,非常想帮助团队获得好的数据输出,同时她对产品管理理解得足够透彻,知道这些东西是怎么运作的,她想在公司内部建立这些系统。
产品运营团队的组织架构
向她汇报的有一个商业数据与洞察团队,负责 Amplitude 的推广。他们还在总监层级配置了人员,通常覆盖五到八个 Scrum 团队,有时更少,取决于具体产品。我们在那个层级嵌入了一名商业数据与洞察人员,帮助获取临时报告,因为我们的数据埋点还不够完善。我们说:“我们还在搭建顶层的体系和共享服务,但这些人今天就需要做决策,怎么让他们做到?“所以她负责管理这个团队,下面有人直接汇报。
然后我们还有负责组合视图、治理和推广的人员,把这些也纳入其中。这就帮我们启动了这方面的工作。另一边,这当时不归产品运营管辖,但正如我所说,Jen Cardello 在那里做研究运营,带领一个围绕用户洞察的团队。她搭建了参与者数据库,非常出色。她推出了一系列用户研究工具,他们还做了一个设计系统数据库,帮助我们更快地进行原型设计,并拥有一致的设计流程,非常了不起。
UX 负责人向首席产品官汇报,所以它仍然在 CPO 的管辖范围内,只是具体汇报给 UX 负责人。这完全没问题,因为我们几乎一直在和他们协作。这就是我们开始推行和运作的方式,这也是当时的需求所在,获取我们需要的洞察变得好多了。
产品运营角色的存续与验证
后来发生的事情是——当时 Athenahealth 经历了很大的动荡,公司私有化了。这是我离开的时候,很多领导者也同时离开了。但他们重组之后,实际上保留了产品运营团队。现在 Tim Davenport 负责产品运营团队,他当时是首席产品官的幕僚长(chief of staff),他一直在建设这个团队,保留那些有效的做法,然后在此基础上继续扩展。他们实际上也是我们书中的核心案例之一,讲述 Tim 现在在做什么,以及他如何协调解决运营支出(opex)和资本支出(capex)以及财务相关的问题。
Lenny: 太厉害了。这对产品运营价值是多么有力的证明——经历所有这些变动,这个角色百分之百地保留了下来。你提到一个很有意思的点,就是这位产品运营 VP 下面管理了好几个不同的人和团队,这非常有趣,因为我一直想象产品运营 VP 管理的是产品运营人员。他们带领比如数据团队和其他团队,这种情况常见吗?
Melissa Perri: 是的,在这个案例中,她确实管理着商业数据与洞察团队的人,他们都是数据分析师。我不会说他们是数据工程师之类的,但他们非常擅长写 SQL,能够从产品的角度分析数据。我还要说一点,我们把很多不想做产品经理但擅长这些工作的人从产品经理岗位上转到了这个角色。他们有一些产品背景,接受过产品方面的培训,在数据方面也很擅长,但他们更适合做数据工作而不是产品管理。就像我说的,很多人主动退出了,他们说”让我离开这个岗位,我不想做这个。“他们想要更多事务性的角色,或者深入数据的工作。我觉得很大程度上是因为人们低估了自己需要跟利益相关者打交道的程度,一旦真的要做这些,他们就会觉得”天哪,我不想做这个”,我在产品管理领域一遍又一遍地看到这种情况。
所以她管理这个团队,但他们确实跟 CTO 那边的数据团队密切合作。CTO 那边有一整个数据团队,负责更多的是数据库管理和数据埋点之类的工作。他们也在帮助部署 Amplitude,正确地做数据埋点,构建合适的视图,以及 Amplitude 或其他产品分析工具的相关工作。我们当时没有 Tableau,那是后来才加的,但他们负责利用数据,努力构建那些洞察。
闪电问答环节
Lenny: 太厉害了。接下来,我们进入了非常令人兴奋的闪电问答环节。我之前从来没有跟两个人一起做过这个环节,我们来看看效果如何。你们可以选择自己想回答的问题,也可以两个都回答。开始吧。
推荐书籍
Lenny: 你推荐最多的两三本书是什么?
Denise Tilles: 我来回答这个。当然,首先是《Escaping the Build Trap》,这是真心话。
Melissa Perri: 我就知道你会说这本。
Denise Tilles: 另一本我推荐的书叫《Traffic》,今年出版的,作者是 Ben Smith,讲的是 HuffPo 和 Gawker 等媒体的创立与发展。我那时在 Condé Nast 做媒体工作,所以也算是间接参与其中。这是一段令人兴奋的历程,虽然结局我们都知道,但故事很精彩。
Melissa Perri: 我认为《The Art of Action》是一本关于战略的出色著作,我一直向大家推荐。它超出了产品管理的范畴——市面上有很多优秀的产品管理书籍,但我喜欢这本,因为我认为它是产品管理社区里的一匹黑马。它精彩地描述了如何部署战略,以及如何判断组织中的战略是否得到了良好部署,或者是否存在需要填补的差距。所以当人们读完这本书后,他们会说”天哪,我们所有这些问题都有”,我就说”没错,这就是战略部署和战略制定的问题,非常明显。“这就是我最喜欢推荐给别人的书。我也很喜欢 Theresa Torres 的《Continuous Discovery Habits》,也是一本很棒的书,在产品领域里也顺便推荐一下。
最近喜欢的影视作品
Lenny: 下一个问题:最近最喜欢的电影或电视剧是什么?
Denise Tilles: 《Deutschland 82, 86, 89》,在 Hulu 上可以看到。强烈推荐,讲的是关于东德的故事。
Lenny: 像 Pedal 一样。
Denise Tilles: 对,非常好看。
Melissa Perri: 我想说……我刚看了 Netflix 上的《House of Usher》。我喜欢……现在正是万圣节。嗯,万圣节刚过。
Denise Tilles: 太应景了。
Melissa Perri: 所以我看了很多恐怖片,我特别喜欢 Netflix 上从《Haunting of Hill House》开始的那个系列,都非常棒。
Lenny: 太棒了。我开始看了但很快就放弃了,我应该再给它一次机会。我和我妻子最近一直在追《Love is Blind》,很经典的节目。
Denise Tilles: 我们也是。
Melissa Perri: 不错的选择。
Lenny: 真是一个糟糕又精彩的节目。
Denise Tilles: 确实。就是那种既上头又低俗的感觉。
最喜欢的面试问题
Lenny: 下一个问题:你招聘时最喜欢问的面试问题是什么?
Denise Tilles: 你最近一次在某个重要的事情上改变想法是什么时候,为什么?通过这个问题可以了解他们是否有学习心态,是否有自我认知,能否承认自己过去的状态以及如何演变的。这通常是一个很有洞察力的问题。
Melissa Perri: 我的大概是”跟我说说你失败的一次经历,发生了什么”。这个问题也很有意思,因为如果有人举不出失败的例子,这本身就是一个值得关注的信号。第二,我觉得每个人都会试图把它变成一个正面的故事。他们真的会试图美化它,我就说”我甚至不希望你美化它,我只是想让你告诉我你学到了什么。“最后说一下你学到了什么当然没问题,我觉得这是可以的。但他们会说”哦,但后来发生了这件事,所有这些事情后来都变得很好”,我就说”我不是在寻找一个完美的结局,我只是想知道你是否失败了,以及你是否从中学到了什么。“
最近发现的好产品
Lenny: 你最近有没有发现特别喜欢的产品?
Melissa Perri: 嗯,有一个我必须要提一下。不是说我最近才发现它,但我之前讲了我们在 Athenahealth 遇到的所有组合管理系统的问题,之后我发现了 Dragon Boat,我现在是他们的顾问委员会成员。它确实帮我解决了那个问题——能把 Jira 里的所有内容汇总起来,在上面以很好的视图展示出来。这真的太好了。
另一个我没有参与但我真的很喜欢的是 Dovetail,因为我觉得他们在产品运营领域做了很好的事情。他们是一个研究知识库,而且还在上面加了 AI 来帮助从所有已完成的研究中生成洞察。我跟 Dovetail 没有任何关联,但我真的很喜欢他们做的事情,因为我之前一直遇到反复自建研究知识库的问题,现在终于有一个专门的工具来做了。
Denise Tilles: 我想提的一个是 Vistali,我目前正在合作的一些产品负责人正在试用它。它是一个有趣的工具,提供了一个单一的工作空间,可以把你的战略、发现和交付可视化地连接起来,还能引导人们沿着这些路径前进。所以我想更多地试用一下,它确实引起了我的兴趣。
人生座右铭
Lenny: 你有没有最喜欢的人生座右铭,经常对自己重复、跟别人分享,或者在工作和生活中经常想起的?
Denise Tilles: 我的座右铭在两方面都适用,尤其是跟我合作的团队或跨职能利益相关者:如果你试图服务所有人,你就谁也服务不好。也就是说要聚焦于你到底在为谁构建产品,你的用户画像是谁。然后对我的孩子们来说,就是想要成为所有人的朋友,但这可能做不到。所以这句话两方面都适用。
Melissa Perri: 我做的大部分事情,最坏能怎样?每当我面对某件事感到害怕,或者需要去做什么,甚至是人际关系上的——比如”天哪,我得跟这个人进行一场艰难的对话”——我就会在脑海里告诉自己:“最坏能怎样?“通常当你坐下来认真想想,结果并没有你预想的那么糟。所以这句话一直帮助我管理面对困难处境或大胆尝试时的焦虑。我觉得年轻时,我多少被过度思虑和焦虑所困扰,没能迈出大的步伐。所以我一直坚持这个原则,不断问自己”最坏能怎样?“——答案通常没有你想的那么可怕。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这句。最后一个问题,既然你们两位都在,我们用一个很温馨的方式收尾。你们最欣赏对方的一点是什么?
Denise Tilles: Melissa 是一位传奇人物,但在传奇背后,她是一个非常乐于合作的人。我们当然是因为一起写这本书才真正深入了解彼此的。在那之前我们也共事过,但这真的是一种很好的方式,让你与曾经的同事、行业内的人保持联系。尤其是在新冠疫情期间,这让我们能共同朝着一件比我们两个人都更大的目标去努力。我最欣赏她的是,她被这么多人敬仰,却非常平易近人,真心实意地想要帮助别人。
Melissa Perri: 谢谢你,Denise。我最欣赏 Denise 的是,她总能带来一种让人安心的、耐心的气场。她处理任何事情都极具职业素养,同时又能直击问题的要害,帮助平息那些已经升级的紧张局面,扭转局势。她做每件事都带着这种耐心和沉稳,帮助你集中注意力、聚焦于关键问题,能真正把人引导到正确的方向上。所以对我来说,我一直很欣赏她辅导和带领团队的方式。她在 Produx Labs 也带领过她的分析师团队。当事情有点偏离轨道或局面失控时,Denise 总是说”没事,我们解决它”,然后直接介入把事情处理好。我一直非常感激这一点。
Denise Tilles: 哎呀,我们可能经历过不少”最坏能怎样”的时刻吧?
Melissa Perri: 一直都有。
去哪里找到这本书
Lenny: 太棒了。你们俩太棒了。听众朋友们,一定要去买她们的书《Product Operations》。应该在亚马逊上就能找到。请分享一下还有什么其他渠道可以买到,最后两个问题:想联系你们的人在网上哪里能找到你们?听众怎样能帮到你们?
Denise Tilles: Productoperations.com,我们上面有一些可供下载的资料,也有联系方式供大家提问。他们怎么能帮到我们?让我想想。
Melissa Perri: 告诉我们你们关于产品运营的故事。我们想听听大家是怎么落地的,哪些有效,哪些无效。我们也一直在学习这些。我觉得我们在这本书里也说了,产品运营正在兴起,但远远没有标准化。所以我们想了解大家的情况——你的公司在产品运营上成功了吗?你看到什么有效、什么无效?所以请务必联系我们,告诉我们你的经历。另外,如果你读了这本书,买书并在亚马逊上留一条评论也能帮到我们,因为这确实对作者有帮助,而且这次我们是自出版的,所以这个支持对我们尤其重要。
你们也可以在 LinkedIn 上找到我们俩。我在上面是 Melissa Jean Perri,不过如果你搜 Melissa Perri 通常就能找到我。Denise 是 Denise Tilles。如果你想联系我们,productoperations.com 上有表单可以留言。
Lenny: Productoperations.com。这是找到购书渠道最好的方式吗,还是有其他推荐的网站?
Melissa Perri: 我们也有其他渠道。我们刚搞定。自出版挺有意思的,但我们刚刚实现了向 Barnes & Noble 和其他书店的分销。所以基本上各大平台都能找到。不过如果你去网站,上面会有最新的购书信息。另外,如果你去实体书店——有些人不喜欢亚马逊——你去书店问一下,他们也能帮你订购。
Lenny: 太棒了。谢谢你们两位来做客。
Melissa Perri: 谢谢邀请我们。
Denise Tilles: 谢谢邀请我们。
Lenny: 我的荣幸。大家再见。
感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅。也请考虑给我们评分或留一条评论,这对其他听众发现这个播客很有帮助。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到往期所有节目或了解更多关于这个播客的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| agile coach | 敏捷教练 |
| Amplitude | Amplitude |
| ARR | ARR(年度经常性收入) |
| Athenahealth | Athenahealth(医疗科技公司) |
| Blake Samic | Blake Samic |
| Brian Bhuta | Brian Bhuta |
| business data and insights | 商业数据与洞察 |
| Candy Land | Candy Land(棋盘游戏) |
| capex | 资本支出 |
| Casey Winters | Casey Winters |
| chief of staff | 幕僚长 |
| chief product officer | 首席产品官 |
| dashboard | 仪表盘 |
| data instrumentation | 数据埋点 |
| Deal | Deal(公司名) |
| Deloitte | 德勤 |
| Doodle | Doodle |
| Dovetail | Dovetail(用户研究工具) |
| Dragon Boat | Dragon Boat(产品组合管理工具) |
| epic | epic(Jira 中的史诗级需求) |
| Fidelity | Fidelity(金融服务公司) |
| Forsta | Forsta |
| Jen Cardello | Jen Cardello |
| Jira | Jira |
| listening tour | 倾听之旅 |
| Looker | Looker(BI 工具) |
| McKinsey | 麦肯锡 |
| MongoDB | MongoDB |
| net retention | 净留存率 |
| opex | 运营支出 |
| persona | 用户画像 |
| portfolio roadmap | 组合路线图 |
| product operating model | 产品运营模型 |
| Product Operations | 产品运营 |
| Produx Labs | Produx Labs |
| program management | 项目群管理 |
| program manager | 项目群经理 |
| quick wins | 快速胜利 |
| Ramp | Ramp(公司名) |
| research ops | 研究运营 |
| research repository | 研究知识库 |
| Salesforce | Salesforce |
| Sam’s Club | Sam’s Club |
| Scrum | Scrum |
| Shintaro Matsui | Shintaro Matsui |
| Tableau | Tableau(数据可视化工具) |
| Tim Davenport | Tim Davenport |
| toolkit | 工具包 |
| user research | 用户研究 |
| Vistali | Vistali(产品管理工作空间) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)