好战略,坏战略 | Richard Rumelt
Good Strategy, Bad Strategy | Richard Rumelt
The Essence of Strategy
Richard Rumelt: Don’t call it strategy, call it an action agenda. It’s huge numbers of people out there willing to sell you advice on mission and your vision and your values, all these things that have to be in place before you can have strategy. That’s not true. Begin to try to identify the one or two key challenges that can actually be addressed and what are we going to do about it? What are the coherent actions we’re going to do to take these on? Okay, we’re going to go after this and here’s the action steps we’re going to take to do that. That’s the essence of what you’re doing when you’re thinking strategically.
About the Guest
Lenny: Today my guest is Richard Rumelt. Richard is an absolute legend in the world of strategy. It was such an honor to have him come on the podcast. He’s the author of Good Strategy Bad Strategy, which I’ve gifted to countless people who wanted to become more strategic. He’s been mentioned so many times on this podcast. He’s also the author of The Crux, his most recent book, which some consider his best book, which delves even further into his advice on how to craft a winning strategy.
Richard was a longtime professor at UCLA Anderson School of Management, was on the faculty of Harvard Business School, and he’s consulted on strategy with companies like Microsoft, Apple and Intel, and also with government organizations like the US Army Special Ops Command, and folks like Donald Rumsfeld. In our conversation, Richard shares the concrete elements that make a good strategy, why we’d be better off calling them action agendas rather than strategies, why every great strategy starts with a clear diagnosis of the biggest challenge that you face. Also, how to actually lay out a strategy, why organizational dynamics are often the biggest hindrance to winning strategies and so much more. I could keep going, but let me just say we cover a lot of ground in this episode and Richard shares incredibly thoughtful and deep answers to each question. I’m excited to bring you Richard Rumelt, after a short word from our sponsors.
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Richard, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast.
Richard Rumelt: Thank you for having me, Lenny.
Rethinking What Strategy Means
Lenny: It is such an honor to have you on this podcast. So many guests on the podcast have mentioned you and mentioned the book. I probably bought your book for, I don’t know, dozens of people over the years, and it is just so cool to have you on and to get to delve into the stuff that you teach. So thank you again for being here.
Richard Rumelt: Thank you.
The Core of Good Strategy
Lenny: I thought we’d start at the beginning and then work our way up and kind of see where the conversation goes. What is the simplest way to understand a strategy? What is a strategy, and then what are the essential components of a good strategy?
The Standard Form of Bad Strategy
Richard Rumelt: Well, a strategy is a design for overcoming a high-stakes challenge. It’s a mixture of policy and action designed to deal with a challenge. The challenge could have an upside. It could be, “Oh geez, we were fooling around in the back 40 and we discovered oil, what we do?” Or it could be negative, could be that new innovation is driving us out of the market. But a challenge is the hardest strategy. The work comes from Strategos, which is Greek. The Greeks elected 10 Strategoi to serve as strategic leaders at Athens. And they were elected and they dealt with issues of the day, the Persians are invading, there’s a plague in town, we need money for a new temple. And that’s where the word comes to us from. It isn’t just military, it wasn’t in Athens. So strategy is always about dealing with an issue, a challenge, a problem. What are we going to do about global warring? What are we going to do about China wants to reunify with Taiwan?
The Strategy of 17 Intelligence Agencies
Lenny: You obviously have these very infamous famous elements of a good strategy, something you call the colonel. Can you just talk through those pieces?
”Not Growing Fast Enough” Is Not a Diagnosis
Richard Rumelt: Right, sure. So when I used to teach strategy for many years at Harvard and then at UCLA and other places, there’s lots of ways of looking at strategy. And so years and years ago, we used to look at the [inaudible 00:06:51] and the matrix and the five forces and all of those kinds of analytical tools. And it began to dawn on me at some point that this is a strategy. These are analytical tools for analyzing the problem, for thinking about things, for looking at competition. But they’re not strategy. Strategy is, one, and I started to write a book and the first chapter of the book was… the first part I wrote was the David and Goliath strategy story. And my point in writing about David and Goliath was that the surprise that David is able to beat this giant warrior, and that’s a strategy story. Strategy story is about discovered strength.
It’s about, oh wow, look at how they did that. Look at how he got made in five moves. That’s a strategy story. Look at how Steve Jobs changed the world when people couldn’t expect it. That’s emotionally what a strategy story is. So I want to write about strategy. And my wife Kate asked me, “Well, do you define strategy?” I said, “Oh, it’s really hard. I can’t define it.” And she said, “Well, you can’t write a book about it if you can’t define it.” Because I said I had this other conceptual scheme in my head that all teachers and writers had, which is that there’s a bunch of analytical tools. And this is back in 2005, 2004.
And I gradually came to the realization all strategy is problem solving. It’s a form of dealing with challenges, and that was a basic idea going in the book. So if that’s the core of it, what’s the basic activity? What are you doing when you create a strategy? Well, you’re diagnosing the situation. You’re trying to figure out what’s going on here. What’s the nature of reality that you’re dealing with? Now, humans can’t understand all of reality. No one can. So part of what a diagnosis is, is a decision about what you’re going to pay attention to and the hypothesis for several hypotheses about what’s going on, how do things connect together. And that’s beginning of the diagnosis. And so diagnosis is an understanding of the situation that you’re in. Well, that’s not novel. And you can use any of those tools that are famous for that and you can try to find forces. You can do any one of a number of things to try to comprehend the situation. The world is more complicated than 2x2s, unfortunately. I was educated as an electrical engineer and my early years were spent designing spacecraft for NASA. And when I got into looking at business and business strategy stuff, I was always amazed at how unintellectual it was, that I was struggling to master Z-transforms and multiple, and yet these people are looking at 2x2s and little diagrams [inaudible 00:10:19], oh, that’s what the company’s about. So a rich diagnosis of the situation, but then a guiding policy.
The guiding policy is what are we going to do? Now, it’s a simple thing to say, a guiding policy, and the guiding policy is sort of the strategy. It’s the core of it. It’s here’s how we’re dealing with the situation. And yet, when I say that, it flies in the face of, as I was writing that, I had a client who had 17 priorities. This is what we’re doing. We have 17 priorities. And that’s the opposite of policy. That’s a laundry list of all the things we wish would happen over the next year. We’re going to gain market share in China, we’re going to cut our emissions, we’re going to save energy, we’re going to become safer, we’re going to cut costs, all these different things that we’re going to do. And they’re all priorities. Now, lots of people need misuse the word priority when they’re trying to do all that. You wouldn’t want to be in a commercial airplane and hear the tower say to the pilot, “I’m giving priority to the following three planes on runway five.” Right away, you know there’s something wrong.
Well, that’s the word priority, it means the first. It doesn’t mean the grab back everything that you can think of that might matter. It means what’s first. And so the guiding policy is sort at that level of what do we really have to do here and what are we doing and what are we not doing to deal with the diagnosis that we created?
And then the most important part of a strategy, the part that it’s so easy to leave out because people like to think of strategy as this high level conceptual thing, is the coherent action. You have to do something. And what you do has to be coherent in several ways. The first way is it has to deal with the problem or the diagnosis and the guiding policy, it has to implement. It has to be coherent in that you shouldn’t do things that fight each other.
You shouldn’t say, “Oh, we are going to burn less oil and at the same time we’re going to import more oil.” It doesn’t make any sense to do things that are self-contradictory. And yet, people do it. Most companies have strategic goals of increasing growth and increasing profit. Magically, that can happen in some cases. Growth and profit, they battle each other. Let’s say we define profit as return on equity. If you’re going to increase growth and increase return on equity, how do you do that? Because you’re basically trying to invest less to get your return on equity up. Or you’re going to grow and get your profit margin up. Well, how are you going to do that? You get your profit margin up and grow faster.
This is baby talk, but CEO after CEO will stand up and say, “Well, we’re going to grow and we’re going to make a profit.” And so having coherent actions, actions that dump milk on one another is an important part of strategy. All three elements have to be there. There has to be an understanding of the situation. There has to be a guiding policy, how are we going to deal with it? And that could be a long-term sense of how we could change. You don’t have to change your strategy every five minutes or every five years. If you’re making Almond Joy candy bars or something, you don’t really change your strategy constantly. If you’re in the tech business, of course you have a shorter time horizon. And then the coherence and action is critical. And so these are the three, what I call basic elements, the kernel that if anyone in three is missing, something’s wrong. It’s not really a strategy, it’s something else.
Lenny: Awesome. Okay. Is there an example that you could give that makes these even more concrete of just, I don’t know, something that comes to mind that’s a quick example of a strategy that illustrates these three components?
Policies Lacking a Diagnosis
Richard Rumelt: If you’re Microsoft right now and you’re trying to adapt to AI, you have a diagnosis. Well, what’s going on? You see the challenge of how do we adapt to it? You create a guiding policy that you’re going to invest in one of the major leaders and that you’re going to begin to incorporate that into your search engine. And then you have coherent actions. You actually do some of these things. It’s not rocket science. The difficulty is that companies don’t do that.
There are companies that say, “Well, our future is”… let’s say something that’s not in a software business. That’s industry 4.0 for 5.0 that we’re going to have… we’re investing in the future of robotics and AI and even computer vision and all that. That’s going to be our future. And then you see what they’re doing. They’ve bought this company, they’ve bought this company, they’ve bought this company, and that’s it. It’s strategic assembly without any synthesis. So strategy’s not mysterious. What’s mysterious to me, what was mysterious to me and what remains mysterious to me is how so many organizational leaders don’t do it. They create bad strategy. They do something that they say is strategy and then it’s not.
Summary: Signs of Bad Strategy
Lenny: You have a whole chapter on this, on what is a bad strategy. Can we just touch on a few of the things you see as signs that your strategy is bad or maybe it doesn’t even exist?
The Power of Focus
Richard Rumelt: Sure. When I wrote Good Strategy Bad Strategy, a lot of people resonated with the bad strategy. Part of the book, they wrote emails and saying, “Oh my God, thank goodness someone just finally said that these long and terminal meetings I sit through are not actually strategy.” Or these documents that the company produces are not actually strategy. And they’re not. Bad strategy, the standard bad strategy for a corporation is a set of profit goals or performance goals. A set of goals. Goals are the engineering of how companies work to some extent. But abstract, high-level goals, they’re not strategy, they’re something else. They’re ambitions. And ambitions are not a strategy. A list of all the different things you wish would happen is not strategy.
I was asked to help part of the U.S. Department of Defense create a strategy for what’s 17 different intelligence agencies.
Lenny: Wow, how cool.
The Nature of Power and Asymmetry
Richard Rumelt: Yeah. There’s 17 different intelligence agencies. And the strategy basically that these people had written said the 17 agencies should work together more effectively. Now, you don’t have to be a Russian spy to see that what they’re really saying is these guys aren’t working together effectively and it’s a problem. But they didn’t say that. They said the strategy is they’re going to work together more effectively. Just like the RV always comes out with our strategy is join us, meaning we’re having trouble with coordinating.
But then there’s nothing there about that other than this is what should happen, there should be more effective coordination. And oh, we’ll have an office of coordination, put a person in charge of coordination. But there’s no sensible… why is it hard to coordinate? What are the barriers to this? This has been going on for 34 years now. What’s holding it back? What is a problem we have to solve? It’s not there.
So I was hired to do a foundry for a company and they said, “Well, our diagnosis is not growing fast enough.” Okay, let’s get into that because that’s not a diagnosis, that’s a statement. It’s a statement of value, you would like to grow faster than you are. I’d like to be taller than I am. I’d like to have more hair. You want to grow faster. Okay, so what’s holding you back? And from [inaudible 00:20:19]. But saying, okay, we’re going to grow, that’s not a strategy.
Bad strategy also is fluff. People will use fancy words to describe their situation. Since I wrote that, the term word salad has become common. And there’s a lot of word salad writing that people try to use to describe their situation. It sounds more abstract perhaps more abstract. Therefore, it’s more strategic, incoherent stuff where we’re going to do A, and we’re going to B and those two things obviously fight one another. All those things are part of bad strategy. Bad strategy is a document or a set of intentions or a set of verbalizations where it’s not a strategy. There’s no diagnosis. Of course, I don’t doubt that. Started out saying where United States is falling behind in education. And he’s looking at the piece of the PISA test scores of 15 year olds around the world. And it’s true, the United States is down, number of 30 countries in terms of the scores of our 15-year-old, in math and in general knowledge. Okay, correct statement, we’re falling behind. A real diagnosis would say, because. We jumped immediately to therefore, we’re going to have more people go to college than any other country. Well, having more people go to college doesn’t solve the problem of 15 year olds not being able to do elementary math. Hopefully it doesn’t screw up colleges everywhere. So that kind of gap, it’s there, where you don’t do the diagnosis. Why do we have this? We argue over diagnosis as part of politics and part of organizational politics. That’s what we do, and that’s important. To do a strategy, you have to resolve the argument. Why do we have a homeless explosion in Portland or Seattle or Los Angeles? And people argue about that. Some people say, “Oh, strokes.” Some people say, “Oh no, housing is too expensive.” There are different diagnosis. But to deal with the issue, you have to decide on the diagnosis. The politicians right now sort of decided for a few years that the problem is housing’s too expensive, we’re going to build housing at $700,000 a unit and give it to the all people. Okay. If you build it, they will come.
But then the next problem is, well, can’t seem to build a housing. And so again, you need a new diagnosis. Why can’t you build a housing? You’re a rich, powerful country. Why can’t you build some housing? So diagnosis is critical to understanding it. And in public policy, we argue over the diagnosis. And in organizations we argue. And unless you resolve it, you can’t act. So lacking diagnosis is one of the key reasons for bad strategy. The other, the fluff and the incoherent actions are fun to describe, but they’re less common. The second major source of bad strategy is mistaking goals for strategy, saying these goals are our strategy. And that leaves out so many of the important aspects.
How to Discover Your Power
Lenny: Amazing. So just to summarize somewhat, if you’re missing a diagnosis, trying to explain what exactly is wrong, it’s a sign your strategy is incomplete or bad. If you’re missing concrete actions, it’s a sign that your strategy is incomplete or bad. There’s also I think an element of coherence. The actions have to connect and there have to be a few, very few of them. I always like to think of three as a good number. Is that something you think about, the rule of thirds for actions you want to take or even the guiding policy, or is there a number that you think about just like no more than this?
Understanding Network Effects
Richard Rumelt: A few. A few. Not too many. Not 17. It’s hard. Numbers. We work best when we concentrate. We’re more effective when we concentrate on a few things, a few people, a few… focus, it’s the fundamental source of power and strategy. Trying to do too many different things is defocusing.
Lenny: I think there’s this quote in your book that I think is, and this may be paraphrasing, each time you say yes, you risk turning a nascent good strategy into a bad strategy.
Amazon and the Power of Network Effects
Richard Rumelt: Yes. Focus is… when I was nine years old, I was at summer camp and I had my parents sent me a magnifying glass and I was out there using the sun to try to cook a piece of wood. I think I had a piece of cloth that I was trying to burn, wasn’t having much luck. The magnifying glass focuses the sun’s rays on the spot. Counselor came over and he said, “Try this,” and he pulled out a black thread from his T-shirt, put it down. And I focused the sun’s rays hard, popped out. So stupid little story. But to burn that black thread, there has to be a source of power, the sun. There has to be a focus, that’s the magnifying that to the power. And it has to be a target that can be affected. It has to be a black thread, not white thread. And that sequence is part of strategic action. You need a source of power. I say power, I don’t say advantage or efficiency.
I say power because there are different ways in which power is exhibited and you have to focus the power on a target that can actually be affected or achieved. And this is real simple logic, but it’s a discipline to focus power on a target that you can affect. Take American power and say we’re going to change China’s trajectory and Russia’s trajectory and our own and to name all the 30 countries around the world that we’re trying… we’re diffusing our efforts because they’re not the same. They’re going in different directions. Obvious when you say it, not so obvious as you live it, because like any organization, like any big organization, US government has different interests. They’re pursuing different interests funded for different purposes with different clientele. And so there’s gradually a diffusion-
Generative AI and Data Scale
Richard Rumelt: And so there’s gradually a diffusion of effort. One of the big issues in strategy is simply the organization, complex organizations particularly. You have a hard time focusing energy because of all the different interests.
Twitter: The Ultimate Network Effects Case
Lenny: Yeah. Actually I want to talk about both those things, so I’m glad that you teed them up. Let’s talk about power. What is this idea of power and how does that play into strategy? Why is it so important? And then what are some examples of power that people can think about when they’re trying to think about implementing and adding a power to their strategy?
Richard Rumelt: Well, in a competitive situation, the fundamental aspect of power is something that’s going to give you some sort of advantage. Usually it’s in asymmetry of some kind. If two fighters are equally balanced or two horses are equally fetched or two armies are equally… And they meet in competition, it’s 50/50. Who knows what will happen. For a strategy you need to exploit in asymmetry of some kind. You hear a little faster. Or they’re a little… Something has to be different between now and between things. So that’s the beginning of power, is asymmetry. We can think of it as leverage, but sometimes think first is a source of power.
Being first to recognize something can be a source of power. Having a reputation of a certain kind gives you some power that someone doesn’t have that reputation doesn’t have. On the other hand, having a well-established reputation of a certain type can be the opposite of power because people don’t expect you to be able to do something new. They expect you to be able to do this, but not that. Having relationships can be a source of power. When Gerstner took over IBM as it was failing in the face of the microprocessor revolution, he recognized that their primary asset, their source of power, was that they were respected and they had [inaudible 00:30:38] into every large corporation on the planet. Nobody else had that as an actual producing company. And so he said, we’re going to embrace our customers. Bear hug our customers. We’re going to serve our customers.
That’s our source of our power. That’s our leverage. That’s the synergy. Now the world begins to change and computing begins to move to the cloud. And IBM’s customers, the largest companies in the world, are the most hesitant to do that, because they’ve got the big IT departments that don’t want move to cloud. And so small companies move to the cloud and the big companies are, well, it’s insecure in the cloud. We’d have to lay off people. We have these big machines we like to run.
And so IBM then becomes disadvantaged in the new world because it inherits this big company orientation and that lagging behind. So the opposite side of power is what you inherit. From [inaudible 00:32:01] can be the wrong thing. But a source of power is that. A source of power can be an invention, a source of power can be a particular customer base that you have identified. It doesn’t last forever, power, but all the different sources of advantage that are sometimes transitory and sometimes permanent are sources of power that a company has to use to compete and survive.
The Relationship Between Power and Strategy Frameworks
Lenny: I imagine people listening are just like, oh man, I got to figure out the power, the advantage that I have with my business. Is there any advice you could share about helping people figure out where their power might lie?
Finding Asymmetric Advantages
Richard Rumelt: That’s a good question, Lenny. So how do you figure it out? So I start, as I said earlier, with the symmetries. In what way is my company different than other companies? In what way is my team different? What do we know that other people don’t know? What do we possess that other people don’t possess? So there has to be some asymmetry to create competitive power, there has to be something different.
Sometimes you have to redefine your space down small amount. Then you can actually see it, particularly a smaller company that doesn’t have worldwide power, has power in a certain marketplace or a certain set of customers or sometimes it’s not customers. Sometimes the power isn’t who you can bring in and hire. So if you invented ChatGPT, you can bring in the smartest AI people for a year or two because all the smart AI people want to work at the cutting edge with the current winner.
Then they’ll start to arguing with each other and in fight and there’ll be all sorts of embarrassing personnel things going on and someone else can grab that position, if it’s not well managed. Business is exciting in that sense that it’s not stable. It’s not just as it was when I was first studying it. It’s not just IBM and Sears and AT&T forever. There’s a constant changing of the guard.
Lenny: For better or worse.
Afghanistan: A Strategic Failure Without Focus
Richard Rumelt: For better. Because if you look at government, there is no changing of the guard and they get stultified.
Lenny: Makes sense. So in your book, you have this whole list of types of power. I’ll just read them real quick. Leverage, proximate, objectives, chain link systems, design, focus, growth, advantages, dynamics, inertia, entropy. There’s also the book, obviously The Seven Powers, that a lot of people are aware of. I guess how do you think about just the spectrum of types of power you can have? Is this it? Are there others?
History as a Source of Strategic Thinking
Richard Rumelt: I started to make a list there in the book and I wrote up a bit about chain link systems and today, I mean the power that new business models are exploiting is the power of the user base. What we called years ago, network effects, where the more users you have, the more useful a product is. So I think the idea of network effects first arose with the telehealth system, which the idea was that you don’t want to be connected to a telephone system that only connects to two other people. It’s not all that useful. It’s got to connect to the world to be useful.
And my colleague Marvin Lieberman was taking the economics course at Harvard University at the same time that Bill Gates was a student in that classroom. Professor’s going on about network effects and of course that’s what catapulted him, had his software, MS DOS at the time. Not MS DOS, he had something called basic that… The network effect was huge. He got angry about the network effect because people wouldn’t pay him. They kept stealing it and using it and pretty soon everybody in the microcomputer industry had M Basic.
Then we get the network effects from not just software, but user base is now with the internet and so you get network effects with big social media. No one wants to be on a social media if only three other people are on. So having a large network…
Amazon. Get big fast because the economics are amazing. So we used to say, well, in a department store, economics are that you’re saving people the cost of going out of the store and walking down the street to another store. So now it’s all in one place. Supermarkets, the same thing. But look at a thing like Amazon where there the ease of shopping on Amazon keeps people from leaving it and going to another website. Now other websites have gotten better and better and some of that is less strong than it used to be and this is a constant struggle with it. Nevertheless, the size of the user bench there is an important source of a symmetry and power for the people that have come out ahead and won that battle for this round, this five years to 10 years. How long does it last before some other thing begins to take precedent. And now we have two-sided markets, whether it’s credit cards or places where both buyers and sellers get together.
And so here these big forces that companies are playing with right now are these network effects.
And when the new generative AI, we have the possibility of stronger effects than we’ve ever seen before, but we don’t know yet. But the suspicion is that size is what matters, that the size of the data that you could put into the learning algorithm is going to make your AI better. And so again, a big… It’s going to matter.
Just think of Google and their ability to improve search based upon all the searches that go on on their base every day. It’s very hard for Bing to catch up because Bing doesn’t have as much data to train on. And so unless there’s some new innovation there that isn’t just the amount of data, the leader again has this asymmetry working for it. Now, the way you get around all that is by being specialized, by owning a particular approach that isn’t the market leader’s approach. And it’s always been that way in business, but our attention is often attracted by these giants.
So yeah, sources of power today where we look at the new business models that are part of the fabric are these network effects and things like that that are very, very strong. And people are trying to get those in startups and in small firms within a certain market space and build it as fast as possible to get ahead of others. There’s been venture capital available to try those experiments and some of them work and some of them don’t, but that’s this new age we’re in now, where the speed of building a market position with network effects is a dominant game in the tech space.
Lenny: I feel like Twitter is the ultimate example of the power of network effects, especially recently where if you think about it, everything about Twitter has changed and it still continues to run. You laid off 80% of people at the company, they changed the name, they changed the domain basically, the algorithms changed. I don’t know what is still the same.
A Diagnostic Exercise on the Great Depression
Richard Rumelt: How can you lay off 80% of the people and it still runs? I mean you got to wonder.
Strategy Writing Advice for Product Managers
Lenny: I love Twitter. I’m on there all the time. I feel like it’s never been better, which is kind of wild.
Action Agendas Are Not Strategies
Richard Rumelt: Twitter’s fascinating. I mean I tune into it every couple of days and see what’s going on and it is just an amazing rumble of opinions and statements. It’s much more interesting than it was five years ago.
The Rock Climbing Metaphor in The Crux
Lenny: There’s a lot of diagnosing and not a lot of concrete actions. But anyway, I wanted to come back to the element about power. I think when people are thinking about power, it may not be clear where that plugs into the diagnosis, the guiding policy and the coherent actions. Where should you be thinking and implementing this idea of where my power is when you’re laying out your strategy?
Richard Rumelt: To undertake a strategy that you think will work, you’ve got to have a reason that it makes sense and that reason is derived from some source of power, some source of advantage. Ultimately, your power or your advantage is something based in history that has the feel of reputation, or institutional skill, or it’s some kind of symmetry or knowledge that you have that others don’t have. So it’s a resource that you can use that your competitors or others don’t have equal access to because you’ve either have mastered it or you own it or you inherited from the past.
All those things are sources of the power that you use to make it not an even bet. So when you walk into a casino, well maybe if you play poker with skill, you can expect to make some money, but the general casino games, you’re going to expect to lose. And in business, statistically, if you come to me and you say, I’m going to open a new restaurant. What should my strategy be? My answer would be don’t open a restaurant. Invest in the S&P 500 because the statistics are that new restaurants fail. So what makes you think that you can succeed? Oh, I really want to succeed. Not good enough. I trained under a chef who’s been very successful. Oh, that’s interesting. Tell me more.
So there, where’s the asymmetry here? Where’s the source of power where you go from the odds… The standard odds in this game are against people where you think the odds are in your favor.
That’s the source of power we’re looking for. We’re looking for this information, this skill, this thing in the field, the way the resources are arranged, that’s going to give you this edge. And some of that is sort of part of the situation and some of it’s how you shape and focus your actions. Strategy tends to be surprising when we see it, when we see it work, and surprising because we don’t expect it. We expect people to bumble around. We expect Arby’s to bumble around. We expect nation states to bumble around. We don’t expect them to execute coherent strategies.
The United States went to Afghanistan and it wanted to catch Osama bin Laden, but at the same time they didn’t want to put an army in the shield to actually catch him because it would the embarrassing to have that many Americans in the field. That’s what happened in Tora Bora. The Secretary of Defense said, no, we don’t want to make it look like we’re taking over the country, so they didn’t try to catch him as hard as they could.
And we want to have the education of women and we want to have a democracy and we want to have a long list that we would have no opium production, but at the same time, our allies are the opiate producers. It was the Taliban that got rid of opiate. Americans didn’t do it.
So we had all these different objectives. It doesn’t work. You need to have a focus on something achievable. What’s achievable? [inaudible 00:46:03] Nation-building is hard stuff. It takes a century. Afghanistan, I’m off on a tangent here with Afghanistan, but it’s a really interesting subject. Afghanistan was a warlord society, a bunch of different warlords running the place. Well, what’s a warlord society? Where else do we look for an analogies? Well, we look at [inaudible 00:46:32] in 1650. You look at France in 1300. You can look at Japan before the modern era. These are warlord societies. Well, how did they go from that to being a coherent government that maybe wasn’t democratic at first, but still, there was a government instead of just as much war. It took some [inaudible 00:46:59] to conquer all the rest.
And then it took a long time for them to put in the structure itself of government and then maybe became a democracy. Maybe not, but that’s the process. It’s not like you just go in there and say, you’re now no longer a warlord with society because we’ve decreed it.
I don’t know. You’re going to ask me more questions about what it is people should know and how do you get these sources of power? How do you get these insights? I’m a big fan of history. I’m a big fan of knowing things about what happened. Business history, biographies, war history.
If you don’t have access to other times and other places and other things that have happened, it’s very hard to think strategically about the situation you’re in because there isn’t a science of strategy. It’s not like physics. It’s not like engineering where we can write down the equations of stress on a beam and say, how thick does the beam have to be? It’s not like that. A lot of it is based on analogy to previous human experience.
Insights: Not Mysterious, But Crucial
Lenny: That is an amazing insight. Is there anything you find most rich and valuable in terms of history periods, empires, stories that you find most connects as an analogy? Is there anything you find consistently is useful or is it just read as much as you can and you’ll often find something in there?
Richard Rumelt: Yeah, the further back we go in history, the leaner. It’s less rich. The best histories are written by the people at the moment it’s happening or very soon after. History books and things like that are someone’s opinion. But our own history here in the United States, we have pretty good documentation about what went on in the Indian War, why we had these big cycles of economic growth and then depression. We had depressions in 1840 and after the Civil War and there was another huge panic depression in the 1890s. [inaudible 00:49:26]. A lot of people don’t even know that these things happen. How did they happen? And of course everybody knows about the Great Depression of 1929, 30’s, but go back and how did that happen? When did that happen? And you’ll hear professors opine about why it happened, but there’s no agreement. The biggest economic fact of the last 150 years, you don’t know why it happened.
Go back and you can go online and look at the Wall Street Journal of the New York Times from that era and start in September of 1928 and just look at the front page every day, which I’ve done, and you can see it unfold and it’s a surprise to everyone. There goes, well, Ford just laid off the people, but it’s temporary. They’ll hire them back. This economist says, well, it’s a temporary this. It’ll come back. And it gradually gets worse and worse and worse and there’s no understanding of it. There’s not a lot of analysis. And so you got Milton Friedman saying, oh, it’s monetary. They didn’t loosen up the money supply. You got other people saying things. But put yourself back at that moment in time and see what people saw and realize that no one understood what was happening and to form their own opinions.
That’s the diagnosis skill or that’s the feeling. Now, let’s suppose you fall off a boat. You’re on a cruise ship and you fall and you’re now in the ocean. It’s terrifying and it’s confusing and there’s waves and there’s water and I don’t want to drown. And you look around and you see, oh, here’s a floating piece of wood. Let me grab it. Wow, that feels a lot better. That’s how it feels when you look at a confusing situation and the first idea of how to understand it comes to mind. Oh, yeah, I’ve got this piece of wood. Now I’m not drowning. But is it right?
The most important intellectual tool we have is to think again, to say, okay, I came up with this diagnosis because I thought this and I thought this. Is there another way to look at this situation? Is there a bigger piece of wood over there than I can grab onto? That’s the hard thing. When I looked at the Great Depression what I saw is the [inaudible 00:52:35]. So if you look at capital goods, most capital goods that the public buys, the adoption curve goes up like this, it peaks, and it declines and then it comes back up again. Because there comes a point where everybody who can afford one has got one, and then the new sales drop off. And in my mind, that’s what I saw. 1929, everybody could afford a car, had a car, and the auto industry began… First signs of the Great Depression were in the auto industry.
So that was my play that I read. Now I don’t see anybody else writing about that, but that’s the exercise and to exercise your mind about trying to understand complex situations. It’s best to go back. You don’t have to [inaudible 00:53:34] to the great Depression, but you can go and try and find situations that other people have to deal with and look at as much data as you can and to practice that. That’s what education should be in a business school. It’s not. They teach theories now because it’s so much easier to teach a theory than intellectual structure.
Organizational Dynamics and Strategy Formulation
Lenny: It’s also a lot more work, reading a lot of books and history and studying and thinking.
Who Should Formulate the Strategy
Richard Rumelt: Oh, [inaudible 00:54:05]. I had a colleague at UCLA who assigned a book to MBA students and they went to the dean and had him kicked out of the course because of a book. He wants us to read a book.
Strategy for Startups
Lenny: Oh man. It sounds like you have another book in you writing about the Great Depression and what really happened there.
Richard Rumelt: Maybe.
World War I and the Unpredictable Future
Lenny: Oh, man. Exciting.
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I wanted to zoom back in on something very tactical. So say you’re a product manager listening to this that has to write a strategy for their team. Say it’s like they’re working on the onboarding experience of their product and they’re about to sit down and start to write out the strategy for their team. And say they have a general idea of what they want to do. Do you have any advice for just how to lay out a strategy? As you talk I think of there’s a section. Diagnosis, a section. Guiding principles, a section. Actions, and then there’s power in there and the guiding policy. Is that how you lay it out? Do you have any advice for how to write this out?
Value Denial and the Perfect Window
Richard Rumelt: I wrote the crutch because I felt that.
The Crux because I felt that that kernel was not sufficiently sharp enough for peak. And even in The Crux, if I could rewrite The Crux book, I would, maybe, write it a little differently today, a whole couple of things I would change. First, it’s really important to understand the challenge, the problem. Diagnosis is not merely understanding the world, it’s understanding the challenge you face. What makes it hard? So the question I ask client is exactly that. What makes it hard? Client will tell me, “Oh, we want to open up business in Australia. It’s a market we haven’t tapped.” And I’ll say, “Okay, so why are you and I talking about that? You’re the CEO. Just tell somebody to do it. What makes it hard?” “Oh, well, we don’t know anybody in Australia and they kicked us out.” If you push, he’ll tell you why it’s hard.
But that understanding hasn’t been percolated into a strategy. Part of the problem is that the concept of strategy has been so beaten up by thousands, hundreds of books, and thousands of more websites that people have a hard time trying to figure out how to create a strategy, because they’re drawn up, down, left, right. So my two pieces of advice, anybody that’s actually trying to do this is, A, state the problem, and, B, don’t call it a strategy, call it an action agenda, that you’re not creating a strategy, you’re creating an action agenda. What are we going to do about this problem? That’s essence of what you’re doing. When you’re thinking strategically, you’re recognizing the problem and you have an action agenda to deal with it. It’s not five years out and 10 years out. It’s not your general mission to build a better world, it’s none of that.
All of that is a different literature form. There’s huge numbers of people out there willing to sell you advice on how your mission, and your vision, and your values, and all these things that have to be in place before you can have a strategy. And that’s not true. It’s a different model. I start now with ambitions because people want to put ambitions in place. They get angry with me. I don’t allow them to talk about their ambitions. So we start with ambitions, and okay, you have all these ambitions. I write in The Crux that when I was 25, I wanted to be a top business school professor. I wanted to be on Fortune directors. I wanted to drive a Morgan Drophead Plus 4. I wanted to climb the great mountains of the world. I wanted to learn to fly an aircraft. I wanted to marry a beautiful woman and have successful children. I wanted to have a townhouse on the [inaudible 01:00:00] of Paris. All and all, I had a lot of ambitions.
That’s not strategy. We all have ambitions, and every company should have ambitions. If we look at all those ambitions, and let’s say I’m 25 years old, well, what’s keeping me from reaching them all? “Well, I’m not ready to join Fortune directors. I’m not experienced enough.” Okay, so I put that over here. “I can’t afford the pen.” Okay, put it over here. “How about the ambitions that you have any chance of making progress?” So now, well, beautiful woman. “Yeah, I don’t know any, maybe I ought to meet a few.” “Well, you can do something about that.”
So which of your ambitions can you begin to make progress towards reaching, and what’s holding you back? What are the barriers? What are the problems? So I approach the question of the problem now through the filter of the ambition, that these ambitions, fine, let’s accept them all, and which one can you actually make some progress on today? And what’s making that hard? What are the challenges? So you’re choosing a challenge. You’re choosing, of the possible challenges you could face up to, you can’t do them all. So there’s a focus thing. You’re choosing which challenge to focus on, and that challenge has to be, A, important, and, B, it has to be achievable.
It has to be something that you can address. It has to be an addressable challenge. And so the search for an action agenda, I’m not calling it a strategy, is this balance between problems that are important because they’re close to your ambition and problems that you can actually address and do something about. And that overlap then becomes the choice you make. “Okay, we’re going to go after this and here’s the action steps we’re going to take to do that.” And if it’s a big company, the action steps may extend over two or three years. Smaller company, took [inaudible 01:02:32] year, six months to a year. These are things we’re going to do, not goals we’re going to achieve. These are things we’re going to do, action steps. That’s sort of the way I put it together today, which is slightly different than the way it’s put together in The Crux.
Lenny: Yeah, I love this advice. That’s such a simpler way of thinking about strategy. It’s an action agenda. “Here’s the things we’re actually going to do.” And then it starts with the challenge. And just to talk about The Crux briefly, The Crux is named after this concept in mountain climbing of the hardest point of the mountain climb where people, if they get past that, it’s all downhill. And I think basically the point there is focus on the most challenging, like the biggest challenge that you need to overcome to achieve these ambitions you’re describing. Is that roughly the way to think about it?
Strategy Is Not a Mystery
Richard Rumelt: Yeah, yeah, and the idea comes from a design, and it comes from climbing, because I used to be a climber, a rock climber, and a snow climber, and a crux in a climb is the hardest part, the hardest pitch or a pitch, the hardest move is the crux of that piece. And then the basic advice to a climber is if you can’t do the crux, don’t do the climb, because you’re going to fall off there. Now that’s not exactly true, because you can try it over and over again until you get it. But in general, particularly if you’re looking at an alpine climb, you better not take it on a climb where you can’t handle the crux. That’s why people go bouldering. The [inaudible 01:04:06] still up to him [inaudible 01:04:08] crux.
And so that’s what the concept of the crux comes from. Now in business, the crux is the hardest part of the problem. And from the design point of view, the skilled designers, whether they’re an engineer or an architect, what else? There’s usually a challenge. I. M. Pei was hired to take a look at the Louvre in Paris, and they had a dusty parking lot in the center of this giant palace that had become a museum, and they wanted an entrance to Louvre there. And the problem is he didn’t want it, they didn’t want a new building that would obscure the Louvre itself. The building itself is part of the story, it’s part of the scene. And yet at the same time, they needed to have an entrance, because the entrance at that time was off on the side wall.
And you looked at the situation, and the competing needs, and the [inaudible 01:05:31]. And he had an insight into, “Well, build a transparent building, build a building out of glass, so that you see through to the Louvre, it doesn’t obscure.” And of course, if you can build a rectangular building out of glass, the top will get dirty. So [inaudible 01:05:55] out of glass. Now, that design insight is something that software engineers, hardware engineers, mechanical engineers, base science engineers like I was, experienced, when we look at a dilemma and we try to focus on what makes this hard. And then by focusing on the difficulty, we see a way around it. Elon Musk focused on, “Well, why is it so hard to reuse a rocket?” And it’s so hard because as it comes back into the planet at 18,000 miles an hour, it burns up in the atmosphere, or we have to spend a lot of money on heat shields. And at some instant, he said to himself, “Well, why not, like science fiction, just turn it around and have it land on its rocket?” “Well, there’s not enough fuel.” “Well, why aren’t we carrying more fuel?” So SpaceX, when I was designing, I was a conceptual designer, but machine that became Voyager and went out past the planets into interstellar space where it’s floating around right now. Well, one of the problems is how do you know where Jupiter is? ” It’s right there.” “Okay, but how do you know where it is, plus or minus 100 miles? How do you know exactly where it is? When we set a mission to Mars, we were off by 500 miles. So Jupiter, how do we know exactly where it is?” Because we can look at it through our telescopes so we can look at it from the right side of our orbit and the left side of our orbit. But still, there was a couple thousand miles error in that. That’s too much. And then studying that problem, the simple solution suddenly flashed, and I wish I could claim it was mine, and it wasn’t, which is, “Oh, take a picture of it once we’re halfway there. We’ll send that picture back and we’ll see it against the distant stars. And now we’ll have a triangulation, know where it is.” So designers experience this sense of focusing on the crux of the problem, the hard part, and then seeing a way through. And that’s strategy. Strategy isn’t picking a strategy out of a list of common strategies. It’s looking at the problem, what makes that problem hard, and seeing a way to solve it.
Now it’s called insight, and insight is scary. It’s scary because it’s not guaranteed to happen. We want to innovate, but we’re scared of insight. We want to be the first, but we’d like to pick our strategy out of a list of common strategies for being first. We want to beat the market, but we don’t want to study enough to have an insight. So insight is critical. Insight is not magical. It comes from immersing yourself in the nature of the problem. And you will have, at some point, an insight about how to deal with it. It doesn’t always come when we want it to. It can come while you’re driving the car, it can come the next day. It can come in the shower. Charles Darwin reports that his insight into the nature of revolution came as he stepped off a carriage into the village green somewhere. Boom, suddenly, he said, “Oh, yeah, it’s obvious.” It’s like how we raise animals, we breed the strongest. “Sure, why was that so hard for me to see?”
The Story of “Don’t Do That”
Lenny: So I think one of the big takeaways here is that if you want to get better at strategy or be more successful with how you think about strategy, spend a lot more time on diagnosing the problem and finding the biggest challenge that is keeping you from what you’re trying to achieve. And your insight might come the more you immerse [inaudible 01:10:30].
Richard Rumelt: Yeah, and call it an action agenda, “Here’s what we’re going to do.” Not, “Here’s all the things we wish would happen.”
Products I Have Liked Recently
Lenny: I love it. You mentioned this point that some of the biggest challenges to executing a strategy is organizational dynamics, and politics is a part of that. Is there anything you could share for folks to help them through that? You talked about one of the biggest challenges, people just want to keep adding more priorities. There’s all these needs. Everyone wants to include their thing in the strategy. Is there anything people can do to improve how this works?
Richard Rumelt: Typically, I’ll say typically, we need hierarchy of power, because there has to be some mechanism for deciding what we’re going to do. And there’s people with different interests and different private interests and public interests. And somehow, there has to be a choice about putting some of these aside and doing this, that you can’t say, “Our strategy is to do everything that everybody wants to do.” That’s what happens when you form a committee in a city and you say, “What’s our city strategy?” They say, “Oh, we’re going to paint the park benches. We’re going to clean up the grass, we’re going to build a new this, we’re going to…”
They have a [inaudible 01:11:49] that stuff, everything they’re going to do with that. And anybody who raised their hand and says, “Well, what about the birds? Can we…” “Oh, yeah, let’s put that in, too,” that doesn’t go anywhere. So we, inside organizations, people have different opinions. So that’s part, they have interests that they may not state clearly.
I interviewed Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, while we were invading Iraq, second time, and I was actually interviewing about budget matters, but he asked me, “Well, what do you do, professor?” And I said, “Well, I do strategy.” And he said, “Well, strategy, that’s a hard subject.” He said, “I’ve got people here in the Defense Department who have an expert on anything. You want to know the clan structure in Iraq, we’ve got people who know. We want to know the weather, we’ve got people to know. You want to know how many [inaudible 01:13:05] we can fly in 24 hours, people who know. I got anything you want to know, we’ve got someone who knows about it, but they all disagree. And each have their own private agenda. They have a contract they want to get, they have a company they want to support, they have a conceptual idea they want to push.”
So every little bit of information comes with an agenda, sometimes obvious, sometimes hidden. And how do you put all this stuff together to come up with a strategy? He says, “Do you academics have a solution to this?” And I said, “No, we don’t. We don’t know much more than, what, 2,000, 3,000 years ago, which is you put five to eight smart people in a room and you tell them to come up with something.” But his question is at the heart of what I call a foundry, which is how do you get a group of people to coalesce around an action agenda?
And what process would you use and how do you do that? It’s a different question than, “What should our strategy be?” The question is, “Well, how should you go about creating a strategy? Should you ask the product manager to write an account, or should you ask the CEO to come up with it? Should you hire a consultant? How do you do this?” In my experience, working with companies, is that the senior executives have to do this. And my experience is that the senior executives know pretty much everything you need to know to do this, that you don’t need consulting firms to come in and analyze everything that you do. Yes, you’ll gain some insight if they come in and do a competitive analysis, and a customer analysis, and all of that. But the basic issues, the challenges you’re facing, they know that. It’s not mysterious. They know all that stuff, but they disagree about the importance of different things. And more importantly, they occupy positions of power that, if we go this way, this is going to be hurt. And if we go this way, they’re [inaudible 01:15:34] more money for that.
And so their interests are not aligned, which is part of what Phil was referring to. And so the problem of strategy inside an organization is diversity of interest and fear of action. Because action, when you do something in an organization of any size, it involves people changing what they do. It involves changing power relationships among humans in some way, that someone who’s been the alpha maybe is not the alpha anymore, someone else is the alpha. This is heavy stuff. And this is why we have a hierarchy, because someone in the end has to say, “It’s going to be this way.” And people are hesitant to do that, CEOs are hesitant to do that. More so today than when I was a young man. It’s become hard for people to do this. If you go to the bookstore and look at the management section in bookstore, most of it’s about leadership.
And the leadership is mostly about perfecting yourself. It’s not about beating anybody, but the theory is that if you perfect yourself and somehow rays come out of your head and people will follow you, because you’re so magnetic, and you’re so perfect, and you’re so wonderful, and you’re so insightful, and that people will follow you, you won’t ever have to say, “[inaudible 01:17:19], do that.” It’s so embarrassing to tell somebody what to do.
And so this is the world we live in today, where one of the problems in doing strategy is that it’s somehow been displaced by this literary form about mission, and management is being displaced by leadership, which is the idea that the leader has a vision and people… It happened in the ’80s. There’s a whole literature there about transformational leadership that is percolated through the system, and those, I’m not against leadership, but you have to tell people at some point, “We’re going to do this, and we’re going to do it this way, and Bob’s going to be in charge of this aspect, and Joan’s going to be in charge of that aspect.” And there’s a hesitancy to make those choices, because that’s part of the action agenda.
Personal Life Mottos
Lenny: So the takeaway there is essentially have a decider. It makes me think of, actually, of George Bush. You talked about Rumsfeld, but George Bush’s famous quote, ” I’m the decider.” I don’t know if you remember that?
Writing Lessons from Cassandra
Richard Rumelt: Yeah, that’s true. One of the things we see in government particularly is presidents have a hard time getting advice, because they surround themselves with people who want to please them. Number one, we rarely.,, It used to be, I remember during Woodrow Wilson’s administration, when he decided to take some hard action, the [inaudible 01:18:58], and he had to do something, [inaudible 01:19:00], and the Secretary of State disagreed and quit. “Right, that’s it. Quit. I disagree.” Wow, don’t see that so much anymore. All the people, organizations get frozen because of the difficulty of changing positions of interest and power in [inaudible 01:19:29].
Wrapping Up the Conversation
Lenny: Humans are complicated.
Richard Rumelt: Well, if you look at Nokia, one of the big examples of strategic errors, Nokia was the leading phone maker in the world world, and then somehow it lost its ability to compete. And interesting question, there’s been a fair amount of research on this, is how did that happen? One way it happened was they replaced the engineers who used to run the company with lawyers and accountants. Nothing wrong with lawyers and accountants, but they didn’t have a feel for this hardware, software set of issues. And another was they put in a matrix organization that so diffused power inside the organization that nobody was actually in charge of anything in particular. I’m exaggerating, but the CEO kept pounding the desk and saying, “Apple’s coming out with a smartphone and you have a touchscreen, and somebody here should make one of those.” So there was no one in authority to do such a thing.
Effectiveness and Limits of the Crucible
Lenny: Maybe a final question on the other end of the spectrum, from an Nokia, from a startup founder’s perspective, what is a strategy and what should a strategy look like if you’re just a founder, pre-product market fit, just trying to figure out where you want to go? What should a strategy look like there? Do you even need a strategy?
Richard Rumelt: Well, you’re dealing with a lot of uncertainty When you’re a founder in a startup, you’re making a bet. You’re making a bet like an oil well [inaudible 01:21:09] say, “I bet there’s oil under this ground. We’re going to drill, we’re going to find it.” There’s a certain amount of bet that’s going on, and you should be clear about the nature of the bet. The reality is going to be revealed to you in bits and pieces as time passes, whether a certain approach is going to work or not. What we find doing research on startups, Silicon Valley startups, is they start out typically aiming at a particular product market solution. And the idea that you have in your head is, “There’s a set of customers who want A, would like to have A, are being denied A, but we have a way of giving them A,” something, a product or a service.
Now, some people, they aren’t that even advanced. They basically say, “I know how to make something and I’m going to try to sell it.” You know, [inaudible 01:22:10] approach. Well, if you have any chance of succeeding, you have [inaudible 01:22:17], you have target market, and you have a solution to the target market’s problem in mind, and now you’re going to go after it. And the research that we have done on the startups is that generally it doesn’t work.
But the ones that survive and prosper switch. They say, “Well, it isn’t that customer, it’s a different customer. You should walk from that customer. Oh, and that customer wants a slightly different product,” and they switch over a period of a year or two period, bang, bang, until something begins to click, and they begin to grow, and begin to add functions and assets. So there’s a search, there’s a search like a truffle hound searching for the truffle that’s going on.
And you’ve got to be able to think, you’ve got to be of two minds. Like so many things in business, when you’re doing this, you’ve got to be of two minds. You’ve got to be convinced of the certainty that you’re going to win, and you’ve got to be willing to shift when things aren’t working, and that’s a double-jointed exercise that some people can do and some people can’t. It’s almost a human skill to both commit and to be willing to move. But it’s a bet. You should be clear in your own mind about the nature of the situation, the technology that you’re betting on. Now, sometimes it’s evolving so fast, like generative AI is right now, that you can’t be sure.
… That you’re going to take a position, where do you think things are going to be in a year? And that’s very, very entrepreneurial, very edgy stuff, but it’s not… Go back and read about the beginnings of the electrical industry or the beginnings of aviation or the beginnings of motorize this and beginnings of cars. People had to bet about what this industry would look like. The first cars were electric cars. The first car sold in quantity in the United States were electric delivery vehicles used downtown in cities, delivery [inaudible 01:24:49] produce. They were electric, ran on batteries. That was the bet.
All that changed with the First World War. The United States built thousands and thousands of gasoline powered trucks to go to Europe, wrestled through the mud, and people came back knowing how to fix those engines, and those trucks got sold off as wholesale to farmers, who used them on their fields, and we had the gasoline to take off like a rocket. So, you cannot predict the future. There’s an Arab saying that I like that says, “He who forecasts the future lies, even if he tells the truth.” We’re making bets. That’s what business is, we’re making a bet. And if we’re a rich company, we can make a bet and afford to be wrong. But if we’re a startup, we have to be fast, we have to adapt as the information comes in, and that’s the nature of the story. The action agenda has to be quick adaptation to changing conditions.
Lenny: I feel like you have another book here where you could adapt a lot of this wisdom to startups. I’m looking at my notes from what we were talking about earlier, and you have this point of when you’re trying to write out a… You call it an action agenda, not a strategy, you’re basically on the hunt for a big problem and an important problem and an achievable problem. And essentially you can boil that down to that is the job of a founder to find an important problem and achievable problem and then solve it for a lot of people.
Richard Rumelt: I like that. The other exercise I used to take my students through was what I called value denial. Now, what is it that you should be able to buy but you can’t? And at the time I taught this stuff, I was upset because I would lose my baggage on a nonstop flight from Los Angeles to Paris, so I’d like to buy baggage… Sure, so I’d like to buy… How do you get your baggage not to be lost? Now, with security systems in place, it’s less, let’s call it. Can I find someone to help me remodel my home that’s going to be on time and I’ll bet you not available. Can’t buy it at any price. If I live in Hong Kong and I’m going to the airport, I can drop my luggage off downtown and it arrives at the airport checked in. I don’t have to lug it. Why can’t I do that in the US? Value denial.
And then engineering, thinking about how something ought to be, a channel, salesforce.com got started was, “Well, how should this be? It shouldn’t be a computer, it should be a webpage. It should be like Amazon where it has books.” And so, that was the beginning of salesforce.com. I asked a group of students once to think about the perfect window because it’s physical, something we could think about in the classroom without doing a lot of research. Well, what’s the perfect window? A perfect window should be transparent, should let the sun in. All right, so it’s let in the light, but not all the time. Sometimes you want to watch the television. So, it should also darken, drapes for shades. It should let in the air, good, but not the bugs, a screen. It should let in the air, but not the noise. That’s a little harder.
So, you go down a list of things that a window should do. It should let in light, but not light. It should let in air, but not the noise. It should not let in air when we don’t want it. It should not let in the bugs. It should maybe have shutters or not shutters. And so I said, “How could you design the perfect window? What would it look like?” And there’s some kids at MIT that had developed this thing that lets in air, but keeps out the noise, these little auditory filters keep out noises in certain frequencies. Well, we don’t have a perfect window, but think about it, windows could be better than they are.
And that’s a real simple device that we’re all familiar with, and look around you, look at everything you’ve got and say, well, “How shouldn’t it be?” And there’s opportunities there. Now, a lot of the times, the opportunities are blocked by the lack of certain materials or regulation. Regulators have decided that you can’t sell a car in the United States unless it goes through a dealer. So, that holds back innovation in that business. And so plumbing, how should plumbing actually work?
Well, there’s a whole surge of rules about how plumbing works and electrical things work. You can’t innovate there very easily because of the underwriter’s labs and the unions, and a lot of the stuff that’s done in home construction is there to create jobs, not to reduce costs. So, how do you get around that? So, you have to look at places where it’s possible to innovate first of all, but the idea of how do you make something better? How do you make it perfect? What would the perfect light switch look like, and so on? These are real simple, silly questions, but they lead to new businesses and new firms if you pursue them.
Lenny: I love how full of startup ideas you are. I also think we came up with at least two new books that you can write. I think you’re going to have a lot of work to do after this conversation. Final question, is there anything you want to leave listeners with or take away? Is there a final nugget you just want to share for folks?
Richard Rumelt: I want to share with you that strategy’s not mysterious, that I’ve spent my life studying strategy, pursuing it, consulting on it, writing about it. It’s not mysterious. It’s about solving problems. It’s about solving the most important problem you’re facing that you actually do something about. You don’t have to be Sun Tzu to come up with a strategy, but you need to be focused on something doable and be consistent about it. I have a long list of things not to do. There’s a fourth book that I’m thinking about writing called Don’t Do That.
Lenny: I would read that. I love that title.
Richard Rumelt: Can I tell you a story?
Lenny: Absolutely.
Richard Rumelt: My wife Kate took up skiing when we got married 24, 25 years ago, and she had this stance that she couldn’t get rid of. When you make a turn, you don’t turn like that, you put the ski out the step. I made her ski on one ski, I did all sorts of things to her back, she couldn’t fix it. And finally we signed up with an illustrious ski teacher in Aspen, a three-day intense program, guaranteed that she would lose her stance, exceeded them all.
And so we went there… On the second day, I followed behind the instructor and her to see what was going on, and they had been through some exercises on day one, but in day two they were focusing on this and she would put out her ski like that and he’d yell at her. He’d say, “Don’t do that,” and after a day of being yelled at, “Don’t do that,” she didn’t do it anymore, she was fixed. So, the secret technique that they had in this program for curing your stance was to yell at you telling you, “Don’t do that.” And so I’m thinking about a book called Don’t Do That about business things where I’m not sure it makes sense, but you have to noodle these things for a while before they begin to gel.
Lenny: I love this idea. It reminds me, one of my friends is a therapist, and there’s this video by Bob Newhart where he’s a therapist and someone comes to him and they’ve got all these problems like, “I get really sad when I think about my mom and I have this chronic pain,” and his advice, “Just stop it, just stop.”
Richard Rumelt: Don’t do that, just stop thinking about your mom.
Lenny: “Just stop it,” that’s the advice. And so, I feel like there’s a lot of synergy there. All right, well, with that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. Are you ready?
Richard Rumelt: I guess so.
Lenny: First question, what are two or three books you’ve recommended most to other people? I feel like this is going to be a challenging question, but what comes to mind?
Richard Rumelt: It sort of is. The books that I’m… Clayton Christensen’s stuff about The Innovator’s Dilemma is always solid. Books on strategy that I recommend to other people on… There aren’t that many. So, I like Playing to Win by Roger Martin. I really recommend other kinds of books, strategy books. It’s easy to get a list of strategy books, but I think you should read biographies and histories. I think the book about Steve Jobs is brilliant. I like books about business leaders. I’d recommend Andy Grove’s book Only the Paranoid Survive, and a few others, but I recommend that people read more broadly about people, Rockefeller’s histories, it’s fantastic.
The stuff about Rockefeller and how he put together… Rockefeller was a robber baron and he built an empire and all that, you learn that in school, but what you don’t learn in school is he dropped the cost of a gallon of kerosene from $1 to 10 cents. That’s the robber baron, and he made kerosene so inexpensive that he drove all the little mom and pop proprietors out of business, which is why they hated him. So, he was a vicious competitor, but he dropped the price of something by an order of magnitude, fascinating. So, it’s important to understand stories, not just theories, but stories.
Lenny: I love how this always comes back to just being steeped in history and this specific point about biographies is really interesting, and we’ll link to all these books that you’re mentioning in the show notes. Is there a favorite recent movie or TV show that you’ve really enjoyed?
Richard Rumelt: Oh yeah, sure. Well, I like Yellowstone, like everybody else. I’m fascinated by it. Recent movies other than Yellowstone? I’m not sure. We don’t have a TV in the house right now, so I’m not connected.
Lenny: That’s amazing, that’s the dream. I wish I could do that.
Richard Rumelt: There will be a TV, but that room is being remodeled.
Lenny: I see, just a matter of time. Is there a favorite interview question you’d like to ask people you interview, maybe specifically around helping you get a sense of are they good at strategic thinking?
Richard Rumelt: I like to ask people about, what have you done that was hard that you’re proud of? What have you done that was difficult? And what was it and why was it difficult and how did you get it done? I like to ask people about what they think was an interesting strategy from any time in the past they want to call out. Depending on the person’s background, I might ask them about a particular company or situation, let’s say, why do you think this worked or why didn’t it work? So, I don’t tend to ask questions about theory, I tend to ask questions about things that happened and part of me, I’m looking, does this person have any knowledge about the world or are they just know what the professor said last year. So, that kind of thing.
Lenny: Is there a favorite product you’ve recently discovered that you really like, whether it’s an app, some you bought, some in the house, some on the road?
Richard Rumelt: Well, we’ve got this new memory foam bed that we like, it’s a pretty amazing innovation. I didn’t think we’d like that, but we do. I really am fascinated by… I’m about to pull the trigger on buying one of these new smart telescopes.
Lenny: Smart telescopes? I haven’t heard of that. What makes them so smart?
Richard Rumelt: It’s a 12-inch reflected telescope, and it’s too heavy to look around, it’s too difficult to set up, but there are sort of new smart telescopes that run on a battery and you can put them outside. And the way they work is, first of all, they know where everything is in the sky, which has been around for a long time, but the new thing is, it’s like astrophotography. They’ll look at something for a minute, two minutes, 10 minutes, an hour, and form an image. You don’t look through the telescope, you look at it on your phone or your computer, but you can see now the nebula that maybe the web telescope can see and you can see it now and you can see stuff out there that you couldn’t before. And these are new things for 2,000 set that are remarkable in what they can do.
Lenny: Excellent choice. Next question, do you have a favorite life motto that you often find yourself coming back to, sharing with friends, either in your work or in your life?
Richard Rumelt: I used to have a final lecture I’d give to my MBA students about little pieces of wisdom, things not to do, things that offend people in other cultures. Don’t do this if you’re in Turkey, it means something else there. But I’d also say at some point your spouse or your partner will ask you, “Do you still love me?” And there’s only one correct answer to that question, which is more than ever. And my wedding ring says that inside it, more than ever. So, I don’t know if that’s what you’re looking for, but that’s-
Lenny: Absolutely.
Richard Rumelt: … Getting a [inaudible 01:40:58] sense piece of wisdom.
Lenny: That is really good advice, gave me tingles. I’m going to use that, 100%. Thank you for some marriage advice. Final question, your daughter Cassandra is a writer as well in fiction. She writes fiction. Is there anything that she taught you about writing that’s helped you become a better writer?
Richard Rumelt: Yeah, Cassandra is the… Oh my God, she’s got like 25 books on the New York Times Bestseller list for teen fiction now. She started writing when she was 12 or 13. She had a talent for it. She’s told me about the tension that you have to create and she writes novels and that it’s not interesting unless there’s… Well, we started talking about this when she was young, she was 14, and she asked me about, what is romance? I said, “Well, romance is a barrier. Romance is where there’s a difficulty back to a couple, and there’s some kind of…”
She said, “Oh, like he’s rich and she’s poor?” I said, “Yeah, like that.” “Or he comes from the north side of town and she comes from the south.” And I said, “Like that, yes.” And she said, “Oh, like he’s a vampire and she’s not?” Okay, so she has alerted me and taught me about ways of creating that kind of tension in writing. It doesn’t work as much in business writing as I’d like, but I try to create this sense of it’s good strategy, bad strategy. It’s a sense of there’s a tension between the right way and a wrong way, or if not a right and wrong way, at least there’s a tension between, should we go left or should we go right? It makes it interesting, otherwise it doesn’t catch people’s emotional court.
Lenny: Amazing. Richard, thank you so much for being here. I think we’re going to help a lot more people face bigger challenges and face them head-on and put together their action agendas and overcome this crux. Thank you so much for being here. Two final questions, where can folks find you if they ever want to try to reach out or learn more about the work you’re doing these days? And then how can listeners be useful to you?
Richard Rumelt: I have a little website called thecruxbook.com that has information about me and about the books, so there. Don’t write to me at UCLA. I don’t pay attention to the UCLA website anymore, but if you go to thecruxbook.com, there’s some email addresses where I can be reached. My little company’s called General Imagination. It’s like General Motors, but a lot smaller. It’s just me, and you can reach me at richard@generalimagination.com. You can help me out… Oh, tell me stories. Tell me stories about your experiences, trying to create strategies, particularly inside organizations. How’s it worked for you trying to get something done inside organizations? I’m happy to add more stories to my repertoire. Oh, and hire me.
Lenny: Wait, say more on that. What is it that people would hire you for?
Richard Rumelt: At this point in my life, I do public speaking. I speak on strategy and growth, and just got back from Korea doing it, I taught there. I do a little bit of teaching, not much. Maybe for the military people, if they want me to come in and do a day on strategy and I do foundries. A foundry is where you commit to a problem-oriented approach to strategy where the organizational leader, the CEO, usually plus another seven or eight people take two to three or four days off and we meet and we try to come up with, in the end, an action agenda and it’s an interpersonal exercise.
I’m the facilitator. I don’t tell them what to do, but I urge them to look more deeply and to understand what these problems actually are. It’s interesting to do a foundry. You get quite focused on problems, as I do at the beginning. I’ll often get 25, 50 problems up on the board or Post-It notes around, and when people look at that, they’ll say, “I haven’t ever done this before.” When they see the 25 different problems or challenges, they realize you can’t do them all. And so, they begin to get this sense of, “Oh geez, we better focus. We better focus on something. We better do something about some of these.” And so, then we begin to go through this thing, “Well, which ones are really important and which ones are really addressable?” Well, sometimes we don’t know if they’re addressable or not. Oh, well, is there anybody in the organization who does know? Is there someone we could fly in here or have some perspective on this? So, we begin to try to identify the one or two key challenges that can actually be addressed and what are we going to do about it? What are the coherent actions we’re going to do to take these on? That’s the exercise.
From time to time, after the foundries, they all say to me, “Well, where’s the strategy? Where’s the document with the mission, vision, all that?” No, that’s not what we do. We’re doing an action agenda and the foundry is time-consuming and a bit expensive to some extent, and most of the times we’ve had foundries, they really help the company gather its wits and its resources and do something, which I’m very pleased with how the foundries work. It’s not so easy to figure out how to take the foundry concept and expand it. I’ve talked to a couple consulting firms about, “Well, the guys like learn how to do boundaries,” and they say, “How does it work? It’s one guy for three days? That’s not what we do. We do 10 guys for three years.” It’s not a business model, but that’s a nice symmetry for me because they’re not going to compete with me.
Lenny: I love that. I feel like you’re about to get a flood of interest and requests. For everyone else, make sure to buy Richard’s books, I got them right here, The Crux, Good Strategy Bad Strategy. Richard, again, thank you so much for being here.
Richard Rumelt: Lenny, thank you for a really pleasant time chatting.
Lenny: It was 1000% my pleasure. Bye, everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| action agenda | 行动议程(已在术语表中) |
| Andy Grove | Andy Grove |
| Apple | Apple(苹果公司) |
| Arby’s | Arby’s(美国快餐连锁品牌) |
| Aspen | Aspen(阿斯彭,美国科罗拉多州滑雪胜地) |
| Bill Gates | 比尔·盖茨 |
| Bob Newhart | Bob Newhart(美国喜剧演员) |
| bouldering | 抱石 |
| capital goods | 资本品 |
| Cassandra | Cassandra(Richard Rumelt 的女儿) |
| chain link systems | 链环系统 |
| Charles Darwin | 查尔斯·达尔文 |
| Clayton Christensen | Clayton Christensen(哈佛商学院教授,《创新者的窘境》作者) |
| coherent action | 一致性动作 |
| crux | 关键难点(攀岩术语,指路线最难的部分) |
| diagnosis | 诊断 |
| Donald Rumsfeld | 唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德 |
| Elon Musk | 马斯克 |
| entropy | 熵 |
| Fortune directors | 《财富》董事名录 |
| founder | 创始人 |
| foundry | 熔炉(foundry) |
| General Imagination | General Imagination |
| generative AI | 生成式 AI |
| George Bush | 乔治·布什 |
| Gerstner | 郭士纳(IBM 前 CEO) |
| Good Strategy, Bad Strategy | 好战略,坏战略 |
| guiding policy | 指导方针 |
| I. M. Pei | 贝聿铭 |
| Indian War | 印第安战争 |
| inertia | 惯性 |
| insight | 洞察 |
| Kate | Kate(Richard Rumelt 的妻子) |
| kernel | 内核 |
| Lenny | Lenny(播客主持人) |
| leverage | 杠杆作用 |
| lightning round | 快问快答 |
| Louvre | 卢浮宫 |
| Marvin Lieberman | Marvin Lieberman |
| matrix organization | 矩阵式组织结构 |
| Milton Friedman | Milton Friedman(美国经济学家) |
| Morgan Drophead Plus 4 | 摩根 Drophead Plus 4(汽车型号) |
| network effects | 网络效应 |
| Nokia | 诺基亚 |
| Only the Paranoid Survive | 《只有偏执狂才能生存》 |
| Osama bin Laden | 本·拉登 |
| Phil | Phil(前文提及的人物) |
| PISA test | PISA 测试 |
| Playing to Win | 《Playing to Win》 |
| product market fit | 产品市场契合 |
| proximate objectives | 临近目标 |
| return on equity | 净资产收益率 |
| robber baron | 强盗大亨 |
| Rockefeller | 洛克菲勒 |
| Roger Martin | Roger Martin |
| S&P 500 | 标普 500 |
| Sears | 西尔斯 |
| startup | 初创公司 |
| Steve Jobs | 史蒂夫·乔布斯 |
| Strategoi | 城邦将军(复数形式) |
| Strategos | 城邦将军(古希腊战略领袖) |
| Sun Tzu | 孙子 |
| Taliban | 塔利班 |
| The Crux | 关键点 |
| The Innovator’s Dilemma | 《创新者的窘境》 |
| The Seven Powers | The Seven Powers(《七种力量》) |
| Tora Bora | 托拉博拉 |
| transformational leadership | 变革型领导力 |
| truffle hound | 松露猎犬 |
| UCLA | UCLA(加州大学洛杉矶分校) |
| Underwriter’s Labs | Underwriter’s Labs(保险商实验室,即 UL) |
| user base | 用户基数 |
| value denial | 价值否认 |
| Voyager | 旅行者号 |
| Woodrow Wilson | Woodrow Wilson(美国第 28 任总统) |
| word salad | 词语沙拉 |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
好战略,坏战略 | Richard Rumelt
好战略,坏战略 | Richard Rumelt
战略的本质
Richard Rumelt: 不要叫它战略,叫它行动议程。外面有大批人愿意向你兜售关于使命、愿景、价值观的建议,说这些东西都必须先到位,你才能谈战略。这并不对。先试着识别一两个真正可以应对的关键挑战,然后思考——我们打算怎么办?我们要采取哪些连贯的行动来应对这些挑战?好,我们要攻克这个,以下是我们为此要采取的行动步骤。这就是你进行战略性思考时所做的本质工作。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny: 今天的嘉宾是 Richard Rumelt。Richard 在战略领域堪称传奇。能请到他来做客播客,真是莫大的荣幸。他是《好战略,坏战略》的作者,这本书我已经送给过无数想要提升战略思维的人。他在这个播客中被提及过太多次了。他还是《关键点》(The Crux)的作者,这是他最新的一本书,有人认为这是他最好的一本,进一步深入探讨了他关于如何制定制胜战略的建议。
Richard 曾长期担任 UCLA Anderson 管理学院的教授,也在哈佛商学院任教过。他为微软、苹果、英特尔等公司提供过战略咨询,也为美国政府机构如陆军特种作战司令部,以及 Donald Rumsfeld 等人物提供过咨询。在这次对话中,Richard 分享了好战略的具体要素,为什么我们最好把它们称为行动议程而非战略,为什么每一个伟大的战略都始于对你所面临的最大挑战的清晰诊断,以及如何真正制定一份战略,为什么组织动态往往是制胜战略的最大阻碍,还有更多内容。我可以继续说下去,但我只想说,我们在这一期中涵盖了很多内容,Richard 对每一个问题都给出了极其深思熟虑和深刻的回答。我很高兴为大家带来 Richard Rumelt。
重新认识战略
Lenny: Richard,非常感谢你来做客,欢迎来到播客。
Richard Rumelt: 谢谢你的邀请,Lenny。
Lenny: 能请到你来这个播客真是太荣幸了。播客上的很多嘉宾都提到过你和你的书。这些年我大概买了你的书送给几十个人了,能请到你来深入探讨你教授的东西,真的太棒了。再次感谢你。
Richard Rumelt: 谢谢。
Lenny: 我想我们从最基本的问题开始,然后逐步展开,看看对话会往哪里走。理解战略最简单的方式是什么?什么是战略?好战略的基本要素又是什么?
Richard Rumelt: 战略是一种应对高风险挑战的设计。它是政策与行动的混合体,旨在应对某一挑战。挑战可能是有利的——比如”天哪,我们在自家后院瞎转悠的时候发现了石油,我们该怎么办?“也可能是不利的——比如新的创新正在把我们逐出市场。但挑战本身才是战略最核心的部分。战略这个词来自 Strategos,是希腊语。雅典人曾选举出十位 Strategoi 担任战略领袖。他们是选举产生的,处理当时的各种事务——波斯人入侵了,城里发生了瘟疫,我们需要资金修建新神庙。这个词就是这样传到我们这里的。它不仅仅用于军事领域,在雅典就不是。所以战略始终是关于应对一个议题、一个挑战、一个问题。我们要怎么应对全球变暖?我们要怎么应对中国想要与台湾统一的局势?
好战略的”内核”
Lenny: 你显然提出了好战略中那些非常著名的核心要素,你称之为”内核”(kernel)。能不能谈谈这几个组成部分?
Richard Rumelt: 好的,当然。我在哈佛、UCLA 和其他地方教了很多年战略。看待战略有很多种方式。很多年前,我们曾经研究各种矩阵、五力模型,以及所有这类分析工具。到了某个时候,我逐渐意识到——这些不是战略。这些是分析问题的工具,用于思考、用于审视竞争格局。但它们不是战略。战略是另一回事。我开始写一本书,书的第一章……我最早写的部分是大卫与歌利亚的战略故事。我写大卫与歌利亚的用意在于,大卫能够击败那个巨人战士所带来的震撼——那是一个战略故事。战略故事讲的是发现的力量。
它是关于——哇,看看他们是怎么做到的。看看他怎么五步就赢了。这就是一个战略故事。看看 Steve Jobs 如何出人意料地改变了世界。这就是战略故事在情感上的冲击力。所以我想写一本关于战略的书。我太太 Kate 问我:“那你定义了什么是战略吗?“我说:“哦,这很难。我没法定义它。“她说:“如果你没法定义它,你就不能写一本关于它的书。“因为我脑子里原本有另一套概念框架,那是所有教师和作者都有的,也就是一堆分析工具。那还是 2004、2005 年的事。
我逐渐认识到,所有的战略都是解决问题。它是一种应对挑战的方式,这是写这本书时的一个基本想法。既然这是核心,那么基本活动是什么?当你制定战略时,你在做什么?你在对局面进行诊断。你在试图弄清楚到底发生了什么。你所面对的现实本质是什么?人类无法理解全部的现实,没有人能做到。所以诊断的一部分,就是决定你要关注什么,以及提出一个或几个关于事情真相的假设——事物之间如何联系在一起。这就是诊断的起点。所以诊断是对你所处局面的理解。这一点并不新颖。你可以用任何那些著名的工具来做这件事,你可以去寻找各种力量,你可以尝试各种方法来理解局面。遗憾的是,世界比 2×2 矩阵复杂得多。我受过电气工程师的训练,早年曾在 NASA 设计航天器。当我开始研究商业和商业战略这些东西时,我总是惊讶于它缺乏智识深度——我当年苦心钻研 Z 变换和各种复杂数学,而这些人却在看 2×2 矩阵和几张小图,然后说,哦,这就是公司的战略。所以,首先是对局面做出丰富的诊断,然后是指导方针。
指导方针就是——我们要怎么做?指导方针说起来简单,它某种程度上就是战略本身,是战略的核心。它说的是:这是我们应对局面的方式。然而,当我这么说的时候,它与现实是相悖的。我写到这里的时候,有一个客户有 17 项”优先事项”。这就是我们要做的事——我们有 17 项优先事项。而这恰恰是方针的对立面。那不过是一张愿望清单,列出了我们希望来年发生的所有事情:我们要在中国扩大市场份额,我们要减少排放,我们要节约能源,我们要变得更安全,我们要降低成本——所有这些不同的事情我们要做,它们全是”优先事项”。很多人在做这些的时候滥用了”优先”这个词。你不会想在一架商业航班上听到塔台对飞行员说:“我正在为五号跑道上的以下三架飞机给予优先权。“你立刻就知道有什么不对劲。
“优先”这个词的本义就是”第一”。它不是把你想到的所有可能重要的事情都抓回来。它的意思是——什么是第一位的。所以指导方针是在这个层面上:我们真正必须在这里做什么?我们做什么,不做什么,来应对我们做出的诊断?
然后,战略中最重要的部分——也是最容易遗漏的部分,因为人们喜欢把战略想成某种高层次的概念性的东西——就是一致性动作。你必须做点什么。而你所做的事必须在几个方面保持一致。首先,它必须针对问题或诊断和指导方针来落实。其次,你做的事情不应该互相打架。
你不应该说:“哦,我们要减少石油消耗,同时又要进口更多石油。“做自相矛盾的事毫无意义。然而,人们就是这么做的。大多数公司都有这样的战略目标:同时增加增长和增加利润。在某些情况下,这两者确实可以奇迹般地同时实现。但增长和利润是互相冲突的。假设我们把利润定义为净资产收益率。如果你想同时提高增长率和净资产收益率,你怎么做?因为你基本上需要减少投资才能提高净资产收益率。或者你要增长的同时提高利润率。那你怎么做到?你提高了利润率,同时还能增长得更快。
这简直就是幼儿级别的逻辑,但一个又一个 CEO 会站起来说:“嗯,我们要增长,也要盈利。“所以拥有一致性的动作——那些相互配合而非相互矛盾的动作——是战略的重要组成部分。三个要素都必须存在:必须有对局面的理解,必须有指导方针——我们如何应对?这可以是关于我们如何变革的一种长期方向感。你不必每五分钟或每五年改变一次战略。如果你在生产 Almond Joy 糖果棒之类的东西,你不需要不断改变战略。如果你在科技行业,当然你的时间窗口更短。然后是一致性的行动,这一点至关重要。这就是我所说的三个基本要素,即”内核”(kernel)——如果其中任何一个缺失,就出了问题。它不是真正的战略,而是别的什么东西。
Lenny: 太好了。你能不能给一个例子,让这些要素更加具体?随便一个你想到的、能快速说明这三个组成部分的战略案例?
Richard Rumelt: 如果你现在是 Microsoft,正在努力适应 AI,你首先有一个诊断:发生了什么?你看到了挑战——我们如何适应它?你制定一个指导方针:投资一家主要的领导者,并开始将其整合到你的搜索引擎中。然后你有一致性动作:你实际去做这些事情。这不是火箭科学,难的是公司不这么做。
有些公司会说:“我们的未来是”——举个非软件行业的例子——“工业 4.0 或者 5.0,我们将投资机器人、AI,甚至计算机视觉等等的未来。那就是我们的未来。“然后你看他们实际在做什么——买了这家公司,买了那家公司,然后就没了。这是战略性的拼凑,没有任何整合。所以战略并不神秘。对我来说神秘的——过去神秘、现在依然神秘的是——为什么这么多组织领导者不做战略。他们制定的是坏战略。他们做一些自己称之为战略的东西,但实际上不是。
Lenny: 你有一整章专门讲这个——什么是坏战略。我们能不能聊聊你认为的几个坏战略的迹象,或者它可能根本不存在的信号?
坏战略的标准形态
Richard Rumelt: 当然。我写《好战略,坏战略》的时候,很多人对坏战略那部分产生了共鸣。他们写信给我说:“天哪,谢天谢地,终于有人说了——我坐着的那些冗长无休的会议,根本就不是战略。“或者公司出的那些文件,其实也不是战略。确实不是。
坏战略——企业的标准坏战略——是一组利润目标或绩效目标。一组目标。目标在某种程度上是公司运作的工程手段。但抽象的、高层的目标不是战略,它们是别的东西——是雄心。雄心不是战略。一串你希望发生的事情的清单不是战略。
17 个情报机构的”战略”
有人请我帮助美国国防部的一部分机构,为 17 个不同的情报机构制定战略。
Lenny: 哇,真酷。
Richard Rumelt: 是的,有 17 个不同的情报机构。那些人写出来的战略基本就是说,这 17 个机构应该更有效地协同工作。你不需要是俄罗斯间谍也能看出来,他们真正在说的是——这些机构之间没有有效地协同工作,这是个问题。但他们没有这么说。他们说战略就是要更有效地协同工作。就像 RV 总是抛出”我们的战略是联合起来”的说法,意思是我们在协调上遇到了麻烦。
但除此之外什么都没有——只是说应该怎样,应该有更有效的协调。哦,我们设一个协调办公室,派一个人负责协调。但没有合理的分析——为什么协调很困难?障碍是什么?这个问题已经持续 34 年了。是什么在阻碍它?我们需要解决什么问题?这些都没有。
“增长不够快”不是诊断
有人请我去给一家公司做工作坊,他们说:“嗯,我们的诊断是增长不够快。“好,我们来深入看看,因为那不是一个诊断,那是一个陈述。它是一个价值判断——你希望比现在增长得更快。我希望自己更高一点,希望头发多一点。你想增长得更快。好吧,那是什么在阻碍你?总之,说”好吧,我们要增长”——那不是战略。
坏战略还是空洞的套话。人们会用华丽的辞藻来描述自己的处境。自从我写了那本书之后,“词语沙拉”(word salad)这个说法变得很常见。很多人试图用词语沙拉来描述自己的处境,听起来更抽象,也许更抽象,因此就更”战略性”。还有互相矛盾的东西——我们要做 A,又要做 B,而这两件事明显是冲突的。所有这些都是坏战略的一部分。坏战略是一份文件,或一组意图,或一组口头表述,但它不是战略。里面没有诊断。
缺乏诊断的政策
当然,我不怀疑这一点。一开始就说美国在教育上落后了。他看的是 PISA 测试中全球 15 岁学生的成绩。确实如此,美国在 15 岁学生的数学和综合知识方面,在 30 个国家中排名靠后。好吧,这个判断是对的——我们在落后。但一个真正的诊断会说”因为”。而我们直接跳到了”因此”——我们要让更多人上大学,比任何其他国家都多。然而,让更多人上大学并不能解决 15 岁孩子不会做基础数学的问题。希望它别把各地的大学也搞砸了。所以这种断裂就在这里——你没有做诊断。
我们为什么会有这个问题?我们为诊断而争论,这是政治的一部分,也是组织政治的一部分。这就是我们做的事,而且这很重要。要做战略,你必须解决这个争论。为什么 Portland、Seattle 或 Los Angeles 出现了无家可归者激增?人们对此争论不休。有人说”哦,是因为毒品”,有人说”不,是住房太贵了”。有不同的诊断。但要应对这个问题,你必须确定一个诊断。政客们前几年算是决定了——问题是住房太贵,我们要以每套 70 万美元的价格建住房,然后分发给所有人。好吧。你建了,他们就会来。
但下一个问题是,嗯,好像建不了住房。于是你又需要一个新的诊断。为什么建不了住房?你是一个富有、强大的国家。为什么建不了住房?所以诊断对于理解问题至关重要。在公共政策中,我们为诊断争论。在组织中我们也争论。除非你解决了这个问题,否则你无法行动。所以缺乏诊断是坏战略的关键原因之一。另一个——空话和不一致的动作——描述起来挺有趣的,但没那么常见。坏战略的第二个主要来源是把目标误认为战略,说这些目标就是我们的战略。而这遗漏了太多重要的方面。
总结:坏战略的信号
Lenny: 精彩。所以稍微总结一下,如果你缺少一个诊断——试图解释到底哪里出了问题——这是你的战略不完整或糟糕的信号。如果你缺少具体的行动,也是你的战略不完整或糟糕的信号。还有一个我觉得是一致性的要素。行动之间必须相互关联,而且数量要少,非常少。我一直觉得三个是个好数字。你会不会考虑这种”三分之一法则”——关于你想采取的行动,甚至指导方针——或者你心里有没有一个数字,比如不超过多少?
Richard Rumelt: 少数几个。少数几个。不要太多。不是 17 个。这很难。数字。我们集中精力时表现最好。当我们集中在少数几件事、几个人上时更有效——专注,这是战略中力量的根本来源。试图同时做太多不同的事情会分散注意力。
Lenny: 我想你书里有一句话,我可能是在转述——每一次你说”好”,你就有风险把一个初露端倪的好战略变成坏战略。
专注的力量
Richard Rumelt: 是的。专注是……我九岁的时候参加夏令营,我父母给我寄了一个放大镜,我在外面用太阳光试着烤一块木头。我想我有一块布,想把它点着,但不太成功。放大镜把太阳光聚焦在一个点上。辅导员走过来,说:“试试这个。“他从 T 恤上抽出一根黑线,放在地上。我把太阳光使劲聚焦上去,啪地一下就着了。一个愚蠢的小故事。但要烧断那根黑线,需要有一个力量的来源——太阳。需要有一个聚焦——那就是通过放大镜把力量集中。还需要有一个能被影响的目标——必须是黑线,不能是白线。而这个序列就是战略行动的一部分。你需要一个力量的来源。我说的是力量,我不说的是优势或效率。
Richard Rumelt: 我说力量,是因为力量有不同的表现形式,你必须把力量聚焦在一个真正能被影响或达成的目标上。这是很简单的逻辑,但把力量聚焦在你能够影响的目标上,是一种自律。拿美国的力量来说,我们说要改变中国的走向、俄罗斯的走向,还有我们自己的走向,再列出全世界30个我们要试图……我们在分散自己的努力,因为它们不是同一回事。它们朝着不同的方向。说出来很明显,但身在其中时并不那么明显,因为像任何组织、任何大型组织一样,美国政府有不同的利益。他们在追逐不同的利益,为不同的目的获得资金,服务于不同的客户群体。
Richard Rumelt: 于是努力逐渐被分散。战略中的一个重大问题,简而言之就是组织——尤其是复杂的组织。你很难集中力量,因为有太多不同的利益。
Lenny: 对。其实这两件事我都想聊,很高兴你把话题引到了这里。我们先来谈谈力量。力量这个概念是什么,它在战略中如何发挥作用?为什么这么重要?有哪些力量的例子,可以帮助人们在思考和实施战略时,找到并加入自己的力量?
力量的本质与不对称性
Richard Rumelt: 在竞争情境中,力量的根本特征是能给你带来某种优势的东西。通常它体现为某种不对称性。如果两个拳手实力相当,或两匹马速度相同,或两支军队势均力敌……他们相遇竞争,结果是五五开。谁知道会发生什么。要制定战略,你需要利用某种不对称性。你跑得稍快一点,或者他们稍弱一些——现在和之后之间必须有某种差异。所以力量的起点就是不对称性。我们可以把它理解为杠杆作用,但有时先发优势也是一种力量来源。
率先认识到某件事可以是一种力量的来源。拥有某种声誉会赋予你某种力量,而缺乏这种声誉的人就没有。但另一方面,拥有某种既定类型的声誉也可能是力量的反面,因为人们不期望你能做新的东西。他们期望你能做这个,但不是那个。拥有关系网络可以是一种力量的来源。当 Gerstner 在微处理器革命的冲击下接手正在衰退的 IBM 时,他认识到他们最主要的资产、他们的力量来源,是他们受到尊重,并且进入了地球上每一家大型公司。没有其他哪家实际从事生产的公司拥有这一点。于是他说,我们要拥抱客户。紧紧拥抱我们的客户。我们要服务我们的客户。
那就是我们的力量来源。那就是我们的杠杆。那就是协同效应。后来世界开始变化,计算开始向云端迁移。而 IBM 的客户——世界上最大的那些公司——是最犹豫迁移的,因为他们拥有庞大的 IT 部门,不想迁移到云端。于是小公司纷纷迁向云端,大公司则说,云端不安全,我们得裁员,我们还有这些喜欢运行的大型机器。
于是 IBM 在新世界中反而处于劣势,因为它继承了这种面向大公司的定位,因而落后了。所以力量的另一面是你所继承的东西,可能恰恰是错误的。但力量的来源就在于此。力量的来源可以是一项发明,可以是你所识别出的特定客户群。力量不会永远持续,但所有那些有时短暂、有时持久的各种优势来源,都是一家公司在竞争中必须利用的力量。
如何发现自己的力量
Lenny: 我想听众们现在大概在想,天哪,我得找出我的企业所拥有的力量和优势。你有什么建议可以帮助人们发现自己的力量可能在哪里吗?
Richard Rumelt: 好问题,Lenny。那怎么找出来呢?就像我之前说的,我从对称性开始。我的公司在哪些方面与其他公司不同?我的团队在哪些方面不同?我们知道哪些别人不知道的东西?我们拥有什么别人没有的东西?必须存在某种不对称性才能创造竞争力量,必须有某种不同之处。
有时候你需要把你的领域重新界定得更小一些。这样你才能真正看到它,尤其是对于没有全球性力量的较小公司而言,它在特定的市场或特定的客户群体中拥有力量。有时候力量不在客户身上,而在于你能招募到的人才。如果你发明了 ChatGPT,你就能在一两年内吸引到最聪明的 AI 人才,因为所有聪明的 AI 人才都想去最前沿的地方,跟着当前的赢家一起工作。
然后他们会开始互相争斗、内耗,各种令人尴尬的人事问题会层出不穷,如果管理不善,别人就会抢走那个位置。商业的激动人心之处就在于此——它不是稳定的。不像我刚入行研究它时那样,不是永远只有 IBM、西尔斯和 AT&T。守卫者的更替是持续不断的。
Lenny: 无论好坏。
Richard Rumelt: 是好的。因为如果你看看政府,那里没有守卫者的更替,他们变得僵化了。
Lenny: 有道理。你在书里列举了一整套力量的类型。我快速念一下:杠杆作用、临近目标、链环系统、设计、专注、增长、优势、动态、惯性、熵。当然还有很多人知道的 The Seven Powers 那本书。你怎么看这个力量类型的光谱?就这些了吗?还有其他的吗?
网络效应
Richard Rumelt: 我在书里开始列了一个清单,写了些关于链环系统的内容。而今天,新商业模式正在利用的力量是用户基数的网络效应。就是多年前我们所说的网络效应——用户越多,产品就越有用。我觉得网络效应这个概念最早出现在电话系统中,其理念是,你不会想接入一个只能连接另外两个人的电话系统,那不太有用。它必须能连接全世界才有用。
我的同事 Marvin Lieberman 当时在哈佛大学上经济学课,Bill Gates 也是那个课堂上的学生。教授在讲网络效应,当然那正是后来推动他成功的东西——他当时的软件,MS-DOS……不对,不是 MS-DOS,他有一个叫 BASIC 的东西……网络效应是巨大的。他对网络效应很恼火,因为人们不肯付钱给他,总是偷着拿来用,很快微型计算机行业里人人都有了 M-Basic。
后来网络效应不仅来自软件,用户基数在互联网时代更是如此——大型社交媒体也产生了网络效应。如果一个社交媒体上只有另外三个人,没人愿意加入。所以拥有一个庞大的网络……
Amazon 与网络效应的力量
Richard Rumelt: 再看 Amazon。“快速做大”,因为经济逻辑惊人。我们过去常说,百货商店的经济逻辑在于为顾客节省了走出店门、沿街走到另一家店的成本——现在一切都在同一个地方了。超市也是同样的道理。但看看 Amazon 这样的平台,在上面购物的便捷性让人们懒得离开去访问另一个网站。当然,其他网站现在做得越来越好,这种效应比以前有所减弱,这是一场持续的博弈。尽管如此,领先者所拥有的庞大用户基数,仍然是这些在过去五到十年间赢得这场争夺战的企业的重要力量来源与不对称优势。这种优势能持续多久,在别的什么东西开始占据主导之前?而我们现在还有双边市场,无论是信用卡还是买卖双方汇聚的平台。
这些正是当今企业正在运作的巨大力量——网络效应。
生成式 AI 与数据规模
而在新的生成式 AI 领域,我们有可能看到比以往任何时候都更强大的效应,但目前还无法确定。一种推测是:规模才是关键——你能够投入学习算法的数据规模将决定你的 AI 有多好。所以,再一次,大……规模将会起决定性作用。
想想 Google,它能够基于每天在其平台上发生的所有搜索来改进搜索体验。Bing 很难追上,因为 Bing 没有那么多的训练数据。所以除非出现某种不只是数据量层面的新创新,否则领先者再一次拥有这种不对称优势为其所用。当然,突破这一切局限的方法是走专业化路线——掌握一种不属于市场领导者路线的独特方法。商业领域历来如此,只是我们的注意力常常被那些巨头所吸引。
所以,当今力量的来源——当我们审视构成这个时代肌理的新商业模式时——就是这些网络效应及其类似的机制,非常非常强大。人们试图在创业公司中、在小型企业所占据的特定市场空间里获取这些效应,并以最快速度建立起自己的地位,以便抢在他人之前。风险投资为这些实验提供了资金,有些成功了,有些失败了,但这正是我们所处的全新时代——在这个时代,以网络效应快速建立市场地位,已成为科技领域的主导博弈。
Twitter:网络效应的极致案例
Lenny: 我觉得 Twitter 是网络效应力量的终极范例,尤其是最近——你想想看,Twitter 的一切都变了,但它仍然在运转。你裁掉了公司 80% 的人,改了名字,基本上也换了域名,算法也变了。我不知道还有什么东西是保持不变的。
Richard Rumelt: 你怎么能裁掉 80% 的人,它还能运转?这确实值得深思。
Lenny: 我很喜欢 Twitter,我一直泡在上面。我觉得它前所未有地好,这挺疯狂的。
Richard Rumelt: Twitter 确实令人着迷。我每隔几天就会上去看看发生了什么,那真是一片各种观点和声明的喧嚣之地。比五年前有意思多了。
力量与战略框架的关系
Lenny: 人们做了很多诊断,但缺乏具体的行动。不过,我想回到关于”力量”这个要素。我觉得当人们思考”力量”的时候,可能不太清楚它该嵌合在诊断、指导方针和一致性动作中的哪个位置。在制定战略时,应该在何处思考和落实”我的力量在哪里”这个概念?
Richard Rumelt: 要执行一项你认为会奏效的战略,你必须有一个它之所以合理的理由,而这个理由来源于某种力量的来源,某种优势的来源。归根结底,你的力量或优势是植根于历史的东西——它可以是声誉,可以是组织技能,也可以是某种你所拥有的、他人不具备的不对称优势或知识。它是一种你可以动用的资源,而你的竞争对手或其他人无法同等获取——因为你已经掌握了它,或者你拥有它,或者你从过去继承了下来。
所有这些都是力量的来源,你用它来让这件事不再是一场对等博弈。当你走进一家赌场——好吧,如果你打扑克有技巧,也许你能指望赚点钱,但就一般赌场游戏而言,你会预期输钱。而在商业中,从统计角度看,如果你来跟我说:“我要开一家新餐厅,我的战略应该是什么?“我的回答会是:别开餐厅。投资标普 500 吧,因为统计数据表明新餐厅会失败。那你凭什么认为自己能成功?“哦,我真的很想成功。“这还不够好。“我在一位非常成功的厨师手下学过艺。“哦,这倒有意思,多说说。
寻找不对称优势
那么,这里的不对称优势在哪里?力量的来源在哪里——你从什么样的胜算中……这个游戏的标准赔率是对人不利的,而你又从哪里判断赔率对你有利?
这正是我们在寻找的力量来源。我们在寻找这种信息、这种技能、这个领域中的某种东西,以及资源配置的方式——正是这些将赋予你优势。其中一部分是情境本身所固有的,另一部分则取决于你如何塑造和聚焦你的行动。当我们看到战略奏效时,它往往是令人惊讶的——令人惊讶是因为我们不预期它会奏效。我们预期人们到处瞎折腾。我们预期 Arby’s 到处瞎折腾。我们预期民族国家到处瞎折腾。我们不预期它们能执行一致性的战略。
阿富汗:缺乏聚焦的战略失败
美国出兵阿富汗,想要抓到 Osama bin Laden,但同时又不想投入足够兵力去真正抓住他,因为在战场上部署那么多美国人会很尴尬。这正是 Tora Bora 发生的情况。国防部长说,不,我们不想让人觉得我们在接管这个国家,所以他们没有全力以赴地去抓他。
我们希望推进女性教育,我们希望建立民主制度,我们希望实现一长串目标——我们要求没有鸦片生产,但与此同时,我们的盟友恰恰是鸦片生产者。真正铲除鸦片的是 Taliban,不是美国人。
所以我们有这么多不同的目标。这不奏效。你需要聚焦于某个可以实现的目标。什么是可以实现的?[听不清] 国家建设是艰难的事情,需要一个世纪。关于阿富汗我扯远了,但这确实是一个非常有趣的话题。阿富汗是一个军阀社会,由一群不同的军阀在统治。那么,什么是军阀社会?我们去哪里寻找类比?你可以看看 1650 年的 [听不清]。你可以看看 1300 年的法国。你可以看看现代之前的日本。这些都是军阀社会。那么,它们是如何从那种状态过渡到一个至少初期可能并不民主、但毕竟存在一个政府、而非无休止战乱的统一政权的?这需要某人 [听不清] 征服所有其余势力。
然后又花了很长时间才建立起政府自身的结构,之后或许才成为了一个民主国家。或许没有,但这就是那个过程。不是说你直接走进去宣布”你们现在不再是军阀社会了,因为我们已经下达了命令”就行了。
历史是战略思维的源泉
Richard Rumelt: 我不知道。你还会问我更多关于人们应该了解什么、如何获得这些力量源泉的问题。如何获得这些洞察?我是个历史迷。我非常热衷于了解发生过的事情。商业史、传记、战争史。
如果你无法接触其他时代、其他地方、其他已经发生过的事情,就很难对你所处的局面进行战略性的思考,因为战略不是一门科学。它不像物理学,不像工程学——在工程学里我们可以写出梁的应力方程,然后计算梁需要多厚。战略不是那样的。它在很大程度上依赖于与过往人类经验的类比。
Lenny: 这个洞见太精彩了。在历史时期、帝国、故事中,您是否发现某些内容特别丰富、特别有价值,最能作为类比来建立联系?有没有什么是您觉得一贯有用的,还是说就是尽可能多读,总能在里面找到些什么?
Richard Rumelt: 是的,历史追溯得越远,内容就越单薄,信息量越少。最好的历史记录是由当事者——事件发生时或发生后不久的人——写下的。历史书之类的东西不过是某人的观点。但我们美国自己的历史,关于印第安战争期间发生了什么、为什么我们会有这些经济增长的大周期然后又是萧条,我们有相当好的文献记录。我们在 1840 年经历过萧条,内战之后也有萧条,1890 年代又有一场巨大的恐慌性萧条。[听不清]。很多人甚至不知道这些事情发生过。它们是怎么发生的?当然,每个人都知道 1929 年、30 年代的大萧条,但回过头去看看,它是怎么发生的?什么时候发生的?你会听到教授们就它为什么发生发表意见,但并没有共识。过去 150 年中最大的经济事件,你竟然不知道它为什么发生。
大萧条的诊断练习
Richard Rumelt: 回到那个时代,你可以上网查看那个年代的《华尔街日报》或《纽约时报》,从 1928 年 9 月开始,每天只看头版——我就这么做过——你可以看到事情一步步展开,所有人都始料未及。你看,福特刚裁了人,但这是暂时的,他们会重新雇佣的。这位经济学家说,嗯,这是暂时的,会恢复的。然后情况逐渐恶化、恶化、再恶化,而没有人理解这一切。也没有太多分析。于是你看到 Milton Friedman 说,哦,是货币问题,他们没有放松货币供应。你又看到其他人说别的。但把自己放回那个时刻,看看人们看到了什么,意识到没有人理解正在发生的事情,然后形成自己的判断。
这就是诊断的技能,或者说那种感觉。现在,假设你从船上掉下来了。你在一艘游轮上,掉了下去,现在你在大海里。非常恐怖,一片混乱,有海浪,有海水,我不想淹死。你环顾四周,看到,哦,这里有一块漂浮的木板。让我抓住它。哇,感觉好多了。这就好比当你面对一个混乱的局面,关于如何理解它的第一个念头浮现出来的感觉。哦,对了,我拿到了这块木板,现在我不会淹死了。但它是对的吗?
我们拥有的最重要的思维工具是重新思考——对自己说,好吧,我得出了这个诊断,因为我想到了这个、想到了这个。有没有另一种方式来看待这个局面?那边有没有一块更大的木板可以让我抓住?这才是困难的部分。当我审视大萧条时,我看到的是 [听不清]。所以如果你看资本品,公众购买的大部分资本品,采用曲线是这样上升的,达到峰值,然后下降,之后又重新上升。因为会有一个时点,所有买得起的人都已经有了一个,然后新销量就下降了。在我看来,这就是我所看到的。1929 年,买得起车的人都有车了,于是汽车工业开始……大萧条最初的征兆就出现在汽车工业中。
所以那是我读出的解读。我没有看到其他任何人写过这个观点,但这就是那个练习——通过它来锻炼你的头脑,试图理解复杂局面。最好的方法是回溯历史。你不必 [听不清] 去研究大萧条,但你可以去找一些其他人不得不面对的局面,尽可能多地查看数据,然后进行练习。这才是商学院教育应该做的。但实际并非如此。他们现在教的是理论,因为教理论比教思维结构要容易得多。
Lenny: 而且那也辛苦得多——读大量的书和历史,研究和思考。
Richard Rumelt: 哦,[听不清]。我在 UCLA 有一个同事,他给 MBA 学生布置了一本书的阅读任务,学生们跑到院长那里,把他从课程中赶了出去,就因为一本书。他居然要我们读一本书。
Lenny: 天哪。听起来您肚子里还有一本书,写写大萧条到底发生了什么。
Richard Rumelt: 也许吧。
Lenny: 天哪,期待。
给产品经理的战略写作建议
Lenny: 我想回到一个非常实操的话题。假设你是一位正在听这个播客的产品经理,需要为自己的团队撰写一份战略。比如说他们正在负责产品的引导体验,正准备坐下来开始为团队写战略。假设他们对想做的事情已经有了大致的想法。关于如何呈现一份战略,您有什么建议吗?听您讲的时候我在想,是不是应该有一个部分——诊断,一个部分——指导原则,一个部分——动作,然后其中还有力量、指导方针之类的。是那样的布局吗?您对如何把它写出来有什么建议吗?
Richard Rumelt: 我写《关键点》是因为我觉得——
我写 The Crux 是因为我觉得那个内核还不够锐利,不够尖锐。即使在 The Crux 中,如果我能重写那本书,也许,我今天会写得稍微不同,有几处我会改。首先,真正重要的是理解挑战、理解问题。诊断不仅仅是理解世界,而是理解你面临的挑战。是什么让它变得困难?所以我会问客户的问题恰恰就是这个:是什么让它变得困难?客户会告诉我,“哦,我们想在澳大利亚开展业务,那是一个我们还没有开拓的市场。“我会说,“好吧,那为什么你和我还要讨论这件事?你是 CEO,直接告诉某个人去做就行了。是什么让它变得困难?""哦,嗯,我们在澳大利亚谁都不认识,而且他们把我们赶出来了。“如果你继续追问,他会告诉你它为什么难。
行动议程而非战略
Richard Rumelt: 但这种理解还没有被沉淀为一份战略。部分问题在于,战略这个概念已经被成百上千本书和成千上万个网站搞得面目全非,以至于人们很难搞清楚该怎么制定战略,因为他们被四面八方拉扯。所以我对真正想做这件事的人有两条建议:第一,陈述问题;第二,别叫它战略,叫它行动议程(action agenda)——你不是在制定战略,你是在制定行动议程。我们要对这个难题做些什么?这就是你所做的事情的本质。当你进行战略思考时,你在识别问题,并拥有一个应对它的行动议程。它不是五年后、十年后的规划,也不是你建设更美好世界的宏大使命,都不是这些。
那些完全是另一种文体。外面有大量的人愿意向你兜售建议,告诉你使命、愿景、价值观以及所有这些在拥有战略之前必须先到位的东西该怎么写。这不是真的。那是另一种模式。我现在从雄心开始,因为人们想要把雄心摆出来。他们会因为我而生气——我不允许他们谈论自己的雄心。所以我们就从雄心开始,好吧,你有这么多雄心。我在《关键点》中写道,当我25岁时,我想成为顶级商学院教授。我想进入《财富》杂志的董事名录。我想开一辆摩根 Drophead Plus 4。我想攀登世界上的伟大山峰。我想学开飞机。我想娶一位美丽的女人,养育有出息的孩子。我想在巴黎的某某地方拥有一栋联排别墅。总之,我有很多雄心。
那不是战略。我们都有雄心,每家公司也都应该有雄心。如果我们审视所有这些雄心,假设我25岁,那么,是什么阻止了我实现它们?“嗯,我还不够格进《财富》董事名录,我的经验还不够。“好吧,把这个放一边。“我买不起那支笔。“好吧,放一边。“那些你有可能取得进展的雄心呢?“那么,美丽的女人。“对,我一个都不认识,也许我该去认识几个。""嗯,这件事你可以有所行动。”
那么,你的哪些雄心你可以开始朝着实现的方向迈进,又是什么在阻碍你?障碍是什么?难题是什么?所以我现在通过雄心的滤镜来切入问题——这些雄心,很好,我们全部接受,但你今天实际上能在哪些上面取得一些进展?又是什么让这件事变得困难?挑战是什么?所以你是在选择一个挑战。在你可能面对的所有挑战中,你无法全部应对。所以这里有一个聚焦的问题。你在选择聚焦于哪个挑战,而这个挑战必须:第一,重要;第二,可以实现。
它必须是你能够着手应对的东西,必须是一个可应对的挑战。所以寻找行动议程的过程——我不叫它战略——就是在这些难题之间寻找平衡:一方面是重要的难题,因为它们接近你的雄心;另一方面是你确实能够着手应对、有所作为的难题。两者的交集就是你做出的选择。“好的,我们要攻克这个,以下是我们要采取的行动步骤。“如果是一家大公司,行动步骤可能延续两三年。较小的公司,大概六个月到一年。这些是我们要做的事情,不是我们要达成的目标。这些是我们要做的事情,行动步骤。这就是我今天整合它的方式,跟《关键点》中整合的方式略有不同。
《关键点》的攀岩隐喻
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个建议。这是思考战略的一种简单得多的方式。它就是一个行动议程。“这些是我们真正要做的事情。“然后从挑战开始。简要谈谈《关键点》这本书——它的书名来自攀岩中的一个概念,指的是登山路线中最难的那个点,攀爬者一旦通过那里,后面就一路下坡了。我想基本上它的核心意思就是专注于你需要克服的最大挑战、最困难的那个障碍,才能实现你所描述的这些雄心。大致可以这样理解吗?
Richard Rumelt: 是的,是的,这个想法来自设计,也来自攀岩,因为我以前是个攀岩者——攀岩和攀雪山——而一条攀岩路线上的 crux 就是最难的部分,最难的一段绳距或者其中一个绳距,最难的那个动作就是那段路线的 crux。给攀岩者的基本建议是:如果你做不了 crux,就别爬这条路线,因为你会在那里掉下来。当然这不完全准确,因为你可以一次又一次地尝试直到成功。但总的来说,尤其是如果你面对的是一条高山攀登路线,你最好不要贸然挑战一条你应对不了 crux 的路线。这就是为什么人们去抱石。在抱石上反复练习 crux 的动作。
所以这就是 crux 这个概念的来源。在商业中,crux 就是问题中最难的部分。从设计的角度来看,那些有技巧的设计师——不管是工程师还是建筑师——还有什么?通常会面临一个挑战。贝聿铭(I. M. Pei)被请去考察巴黎的卢浮宫,那座巨大宫殿已经变成了一座博物馆,中心有一个满是灰尘的停车场,他们想在那里设一个卢浮宫的入口。问题是他们不想要——他们不想要一栋新建筑遮挡卢浮宫本身。建筑本身就是叙事的一部分,是场景的一部分。但同时,他们又需要一个入口,因为当时的入口在侧墙上。
Richard Rumelt: 他审视了整个局面,以及相互竞争的需求,然后他有了一个洞察:“那就建一栋透明的建筑,用玻璃来建,这样你可以透过它看到卢浮宫,不会遮挡视线。“当然,如果你建一个长方体的玻璃建筑,顶部会积灰。所以[听不清]用玻璃来建。这种设计洞察,是软件工程师、硬件工程师、机械工程师、像我这样的基础科学工程师都经历过的——当我们面对一个两难困境时,试图聚焦于”是什么让这个问题变得困难”。然后通过聚焦于困难之处,我们看到一条绕过去的路。马斯克(Elon Musk)聚焦于”为什么重复使用火箭这么难?“难就难在,当火箭以每小时 18,000 英里的速度返回地球时,会在大气层中烧毁,否则就得在隔热盾上花一大笔钱。在某个瞬间,他对自己说:“那为什么不像科幻小说里那样,直接掉转方向,用火箭着陆呢?""燃料不够啊。""那为什么不多带点燃料?”
SpaceX 就是这样。我当初做设计的时候是一名概念设计师,负责的那台机器后来成了旅行者号(Voyager),飞越了各大行星,进入星际空间,现在还在那里漂浮。当时的一个问题是:你怎么知道木星在哪里?“就在那儿啊。""好,但你怎么知道它的位置,误差不超过 100 英里?你怎么精确知道它在哪里?我们执行火星任务时偏差了 500 英里。那木星呢,怎么精确知道它在哪里?“我们可以通过望远镜观测它,从轨道的右侧和左侧去看。但即便如此,误差仍然有两千英里左右。太大了。然后深入研究那个问题,一个简单的方案突然闪现出来——我真希望这是我的功劳,但并不是——“哦,等我们飞到一半的时候拍一张照片,把照片传回来,我们就能看到它相对于远处恒星的位置。这样就有了三角测量,就知道它在哪里了。“所以设计师都会经历这种体验:聚焦于问题的关键难点(crux),最难的部分,然后看到一条穿越过去的路。这就是战略。战略不是从一份常见战略清单里挑一个出来。而是审视问题,找出是什么让这个问题变得困难,然后看到一条解决它的路。
洞察:不神秘,但至关重要
现在这被称为洞察(insight),而洞察是令人害怕的。令人害怕,因为它没有保证会出现。我们想要创新,但又害怕洞察。我们想成为第一,但又想从一份”如何成为第一”的常见战略清单里挑选战略。我们想击败市场,但又不愿意下足够的功夫去获得洞察。所以洞察至关重要。洞察并非魔法。它来自于让自己沉浸于问题的本质之中。在某个时刻,你会获得一个关于如何应对它的洞察。它不总是出现在我们希望它出现的时候——可能在你开车时出现,可能第二天才出现,可能在洗澡时出现。查尔斯·达尔文(Charles Darwin)记载,他关于进化本质的洞察是在他走下马车、踏上某个村庄草坪的那一刻降临的。轰的一下,突然间他说:“哦,对,很明显嘛。“就像我们饲养动物一样,培育最强壮的个体。“当然了,为什么这对我来说曾经那么难看到?”
Lenny: 所以我认为这里的一个重大收获是,如果你想在战略上做得更好,或者在战略思维上更成功,就要花多得多的时间去诊断问题,找到阻碍你实现目标的那个最大挑战。你沉浸得越深,洞察可能就越容易出现。
Richard Rumelt: 是的,把它叫作一个行动议程——“这是我们要做的事情。“而不是”这是所有我们希望发生的事情。“
组织动态与战略的制定
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个说法。你提到过执行战略时一些最大的挑战来自组织动态,而政治是其中的一部分。关于这方面你有什么可以分享的,帮助人们度过这些困难吗?你谈到过其中一个最大的挑战——人们总想不断增加更多的优先事项,有各种各样的需求,每个人都想把自己的事项纳入战略。人们能做些什么来改善这种状况吗?
Richard Rumelt: 通常情况下——我说通常——我们需要一个权力等级体系,因为必须要有某种机制来决定我们到底要做什么。人们有不同的利益,不同的私人利益和公共利益。总得有人做出抉择,把一些利益搁置一旁而去做另一些事情。你不能说”我们的战略就是去做所有人想做的所有事情。“这就是当你组织一个城市委员会并问”我们城市的战略是什么?“时会发生的情况。他们会说:“哦,我们要粉刷公园长椅,我们要清理草坪,我们要建一个新的这个,我们要……”他们列出一大堆[听不清]的事情,所有他们打算做的。任何举手发言的人说”那鸟呢?我们能不能……""哦好,把这个也加进去”——这样的战略不会有什么结果。
所以在我们组织内部,人们会有不同意见。这是一方面。另一方面,他们还有可能不会清楚表述的利益。
我曾采访过国防部长唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德(Donald Rumsfeld),那是在我们第二次入侵伊拉克期间。我其实是在就预算问题进行采访,但他问我:“教授,你是做什么的?“我说:“我做战略研究。“他说:“战略,那可是一门很难的学问。“他说:“我这里国防部里有各种问题的专家。你想了解伊拉克的部族结构,我们有懂的人。你想了解天气,我们有懂的人。你想知道我们 24 小时内能飞多少架次[听不清],我们有懂的人。你想知道什么,我们都有人懂。但他们全都意见不一。而且每个人都有自己的私人议程——有人想拿到一份合同,有人想支持某家公司,有人想推销某个概念。“
谁来制定战略
所以每一条信息都附带着一个议程,有时是明显的,有时是隐藏的。你怎么把所有这些东西整合起来,形成一套战略?他问:“你们学术界有解决方案吗?“我说:“没有。我们并不比两三千年前知道的多多少——就是把五到八个聪明人放进一个房间里,让他们想出点什么来。“但他的问题触及了我所说的”熔炉”(foundry)的核心——你怎么让一群人围绕一个行动议程凝聚起来?你用什么流程?你怎么做到这件事?
这个问题不同于”我们的战略应该是什么?“问题是”你应该怎样着手制定战略?应该让产品经理来写一份报告吗?应该让 CEO 来想出来吗?应该雇一家咨询公司吗?你怎么做这件事?“根据我与公司合作的经验,高级管理层必须亲自来做这件事。而我的经验是,高级管理层基本上已经知道制定战略所需的一切信息,你不需要咨询公司进来分析你所做的每一件事。当然,如果他们来做竞争分析、客户分析等等,你会获得一些洞察。但那些基本问题,你面临的挑战,他们自己知道。这不是什么神秘的事。他们全都知道这些,但他们对不同事项的重要性持不同意见。更重要的是,他们占据着权力位置——如果我们走这条路,某一方的利益会受损;如果我们走那条路,他们[听不清]会得到更多经费。
因此他们的利益并不一致,这也是 Phil 所指的问题之一。所以组织内部战略问题的本质,是利益的分歧和对行动的恐惧。因为行动——当你在任何规模的组织中做某件事时,意味着人们必须改变自己正在做的事。这意味着要以某种方式改变人与人之间的权力关系——某个一直是”老大”的人可能不再是老大了,另一个人变成了老大。这是很沉重的事情。这就是为什么我们需要层级制度,因为最终必须有人说:“就这么定了。“而人们对此犹豫不决,CEO 们对此犹豫不决。如今比我年轻时更加如此。人们做这件事变得越来越难了。如果你去书店看看管理类书架,大部分书都是关于领导力的。
而这些关于领导力的书,大多是关于完善自我的。不是关于打败谁,而是理论认为,如果你完善了自己,不知怎的你的脑袋就会发出光芒,人们就会追随你,因为你如此有魅力、如此完美、如此出色、如此有洞察力,人们自然会追随你,你永远不需要说”[听不清],去做那个。“告诉别人该做什么真是太令人尴尬了。
所以这就是我们今天所处的世界,做战略面临的问题之一是它被关于”使命”的这套文学形式所取代了,管理正在被领导力所取代——即领导者有一个愿景,人们就会……这种情况发生在八十年代。关于变革型领导力的大量文献渗透到了整个体系中。我不是反对领导力,但你终究要在某个时刻告诉人们:“我们要做这件事,而且要这样做,Bob 负责这一块,Joan 负责那一块。“而人们不愿做出这些选择,因为这就是行动议程的一部分。
Lenny: 所以这里的要点基本上就是——要有一个决策者。这让我想到,其实,乔治·布什。你谈到了拉姆斯菲尔德,但乔治·布什有句名言:“我是决策者。“不知道你还记不记得?
Richard Rumelt: 是的,没错。我们在政府中特别能看到的一个问题是,总统很难获得真诚的建议,因为他们周围都是想讨好他们的人。首先,我们很少……过去——我记得在 Woodrow Wilson 政府时期,当他决定采取某项强硬行动时,[听不清],他必须做点什么,[听不清],而国务卿表示反对并辞职了。“好,就这样。我辞职。我不同意。“哇,现在不太能看到这种情况了。所有的人、组织都变得僵化了,因为改变组织内部的利益和权力格局非常困难,[听不清]。
Lenny: 人是很复杂的。
Richard Rumelt: 如果你看看诺基亚,这是战略失误的典型案例之一。诺基亚曾经是世界领先的手机制造商,然后不知怎的就失去了竞争力。一个有趣的问题是——这方面已经有相当多的研究——这是怎么发生的?原因之一是,他们用律师和会计师取代了曾经管理公司的工程师。律师和会计师没什么不好,但他们没有对硬件、软件这套问题的感觉。另一个原因是他们引入了矩阵式组织结构,将组织内部的权力如此分散,以至于没有人真正负责任何具体的事情。我有些夸张,但 CEO 不断拍着桌子说:“Apple 要推出智能手机了,有触摸屏,你们这里应该有人做出类似的东西来。“但没有任何一个有权责的人去做这件事。
初创公司的战略
Lenny: 也许最后一个问题,在光谱的另一端——从诺基亚、从初创公司创始人的角度来看,如果你只是一个创始人,还没有达到产品市场契合,正在试图弄清楚自己想要走向何方,战略是什么?战略应该是什么样的?你甚至需要战略吗?
Richard Rumelt: 嗯,你面对的是大量的不确定性。作为初创公司的创始人,你是在下一个赌注。你就像石油钻井者[听不清]那样下注——“我赌这块地下有石油。我们要钻下去,找到它。“这其中有一定的赌博成分,你应该清楚地认识到这个赌注的本质。现实会随着时间的推移一点一点地向你揭示——某种方法是否会奏效。我们对硅谷初创公司的研究发现,它们通常一开始瞄准的是某个特定的产品市场解决方案。你脑海中的想法是:“有一群客户想要 A,希望得到 A,但一直被拒绝给予 A,而我们有一种方法可以把 A 提供给他们”——某种产品或服务。
当然,有些人甚至连这一步都没达到。他们基本上是说:“我知道怎么做一样东西,我去试着卖掉它。“你知道的,[听不清]那种方式。但如果你有任何成功的可能,你必须[听不清],你必须有目标市场,并且对目标市场的问题有解决方案,然后你才会去追求它。而我们对初创公司的研究表明,通常这条路是走不通的。
但那些存活下来并发展壮大的公司会转型。他们说:“不,不是那个客户,是另一个客户。你应该离开那个客户。哦,而且那个客户想要一个略有不同的产品。“他们在一年或两年的时间里不断转型,一次又一次,直到某件事开始奏效,他们开始增长,开始增加功能和资产。所以这是一个搜索的过程,就像松露猎犬搜索松露一样。
你必须能够思考,你必须同时具备两种心态。就像商业中的许多事情一样,当你做这件事时,你必须同时具备两种心态。你必须坚信自己一定会赢,同时又必须在事情不奏效时愿意转向。这是一种双关节式的练习——有些人能做到,有些人做不到。这几乎是一种人类技能——既能全情投入,又愿意改变方向。但这终究是一个赌注。你应该在脑海中清楚地认识局势的本质、你所押注的技术。当然,有时候技术演进得太快,就像现在的生成式 AI 一样,你无法确定。
你必须选择一个立场——你认为一年后事情会变成什么样?这是非常具有企业家精神的、非常前沿的东西,但这并不……回去读读电力行业的起源,或者航空业的起源,或者机动化的起源,或者汽车业的起源。人们不得不对行业会变成什么样子下注。第一批汽车是电动车。美国第一批大批量销售的汽车,是城市市中心使用的电动送货车辆,用来送货[听不清]农产品的。它们是电动的,靠电池驱动。那就是当时的赌注。
第一次世界大战与不可预测的未来
这一切在第一次世界大战中发生了改变。美国制造了成千上万辆汽油动力卡车运往欧洲,在泥泞中挣扎前行。人们回来后学会了修理那些发动机,那些卡车以批发价卖给了农民,农民把它们用在田地里。于是,汽油就像火箭一样起飞了。所以,你无法预测未来。有一句我喜欢的阿拉伯谚语说:“预言未来的人是在撒谎,即使他说的是真话。“我们是在下注。商业就是这样,我们在下注。如果我们是一家资金充裕的公司,我们可以下注,也承担得起犯错。但如果我们是一家初创公司,我们必须快速行动,必须随着信息的涌入不断调整,这就是事情的本质。行动议程必须是快速适应不断变化的条件。
Lenny: 我感觉你可以在这里再写一本书,把很多这样的智慧适配到初创公司上。我正在看之前我们讨论时记的笔记,你有一个观点:当你试图写出一个……你称之为行动议程,而不是战略——你本质上是在寻找一个重大的问题、一个重要的问题、一个可解决的问题。归根结底,这就是创始人的工作——找到一个重要的问题、一个可解决的问题,然后为大量的人解决它。
Richard Rumelt: 我喜欢这个说法。我以前还带学生做过另一个练习,我叫它”价值否认”(value denial)。什么是价值否认?就是那些你应该能买到但却买不到的东西。当时我教这些东西的时候很恼火,因为我从洛杉矶直飞巴黎的航班上行李会丢失,所以我想买行李保障……当然,所以我想买……怎么才能让行李不被丢?现在有了安全系统,这种情况少了些。我能找到一个人帮我翻新房子,而且能按时完工吗?我敢打赌,找不到。花多少钱都买不到。如果我住在香港,去机场的时候,我可以在市区 downtown 把行李交出去,它就会到达机场并完成值机。我不必自己拖着行李。为什么我在美国做不到?这就是价值否认。
价值否认与完美窗口
然后是工程设计,思考某样东西本应该是什么样子。salesforce.com 的起点就是:“这件事应该是什么样子?它不应该是一台电脑上的软件,它应该是一个网页。它应该像 Amazon 有书那样。“这就是 salesforce.com 的开端。我曾经让一组学生思考完美窗户,因为它是实物,我们可以在课堂上讨论,不需要做大量研究。那么,完美的窗户是什么?完美窗户应该是透明的,应该让阳光进来。好的,所以它要让光进来,但不是所有时候。有时候你想看电视。所以,它也应该能够变暗,像窗帘或遮光帘那样。它应该让空气进来,好的,但不要虫子进来,需要纱窗。它应该让空气进来,但不要噪音进来。这个就难一点了。
所以,你可以列一张窗户应该做的事情的清单。它应该让光进来,但不总是让光进来。它应该让空气进来,但不要噪音。它应该在我们不想的时候不让空气进来。它不应该让虫子进来。它也许需要百叶窗,也许不需要。所以我说,“你怎么设计完美窗户?它会是什么样子?“MIT 有一些学生开发了一种东西,能让空气进来但挡住噪音,那些小小的声学过滤器可以挡住特定频率的噪音。当然,我们没有完美的窗户,但你想想,窗户可以比现在更好。
这是一个我们都熟悉的非常简单的装置。看看你周围,看看你拥有的每一样东西,然后问自己:“它不该是这个样子吧?“那里就有机会。当然,很多时候机会被某些材料的缺乏或监管所阻挡。监管机构已经决定了,你不能在美国卖车,除非通过经销商。这就阻碍了那个行业的创新。再说管道,管道实际上应该怎么工作?
关于管道怎么工作、电气设施怎么工作,有一大堆规定。你很难在那里创新,因为有 Underwriter’s Labs(保险商实验室)和工会。住宅建设中很多东西的存在是为了创造就业,而不是为了降低成本。那你怎么办?所以你首先要看那些有可能创新的地方,但核心思想是:你怎么让某样东西变得更好?怎么让它变得完美?完美的电灯开关会是什么样子?等等。这些都是非常简单、甚至有点傻的问题,但如果你去追求它们,它们会带来新的生意和新的公司。
Lenny: 我太喜欢你的初创公司创意了。我也觉得我们在这次对话中至少想出了两本你可以写的新书。我想这次对话之后你会有很多工作要做。最后一个问题,你有什么想留给听众的吗?有没有最后一个你想分享的心得?
战略并不神秘
Richard Rumelt: 我想跟大家分享的是,战略并不神秘。我一生都在研究战略、追求战略、咨询战略、写关于战略的东西。它并不神秘。它是关于解决问题的。它是关于解决你所面临的最重要的问题——那个你真正能采取行动的问题。你不需要是孙子才能制定战略,但你需要聚焦在一个可行的事情上,并保持一致性。我有一个长长的”不要做的事情”清单。我在考虑写第四本书,叫《别那么做》(Don’t Do That)。
Lenny: 我会读的。我喜欢这个书名。
Richard Rumelt: 我可以讲个故事吗?
Lenny: 当然。
Richard Rumelt: 我妻子 Kate 在我们结婚 24、25 年前开始学滑雪,她有一个改不掉的姿势问题。当你转弯的时候,你不能那样转,你要把滑雪板迈出去。我让她只用一只滑雪板滑,我对她做了各种训练,她都改不了。最后我们在 Aspen 报了一个著名滑雪教练的三天强化项目,保证能消除她的错误姿势,号称超越了所有其他课程。
于是我们去了那里……第二天,我跟在教练和她后面看怎么回事。第一天他们做了一些练习,第二天集中攻克这个问题。她会把滑雪板那样伸出去,教练就冲她喊。他说,“别那么做。“被喊了一整天”别那么做”之后,她不再那么做了,问题解决了。所以,他们这个项目用来纠正姿势的秘密技术就是冲你喊,告诉你”别那么做”。所以我正在考虑写一本叫《别那么做》的书,关于商业中那些我不确定是否合理但你就是要叫停的事情。不过你得反复琢磨这些事情,它们才会逐渐成型。
“别那么做”的故事
Lenny: 我喜欢这个想法。这让我想起我的一个朋友是心理治疗师,有一段 Bob Newhart 的视频,他扮演一个治疗师,有人来找他,带着一堆问题——“我一想到我妈妈就特别难过,我还有慢性疼痛”,他的建议就是,“别这样了,停下来。”
Richard Rumelt: 别那么做,别再想你妈了。
Lenny: “停下来”,这就是建议。所以我觉得两者之间有很多共通之处。好了,到这里,我们进入了非常令人兴奋的快问快答环节。准备好了吗?
Richard Rumelt: 应该算准备好了吧。
Lenny: 第一个问题,你最常推荐给别人的两三本书是什么?我觉得这个问题对你来说可能很有挑战性,但脑海中浮现的是什么?
Richard Rumelt: 确实有点难。我经常推荐的……Clayton Christensen 关于《创新者的窘境》的那本书一直很扎实。关于战略的书我会推荐给别人的……其实不多。我比较喜欢 Roger Martin 的《Playing to Win》。我真正推荐的是其他类型的书,而不是战略书。找一份战略书单很容易,但我认为你应该读传记和历史。我觉得那本关于史蒂夫·乔布斯的书非常精彩。我喜欢读商业领袖的传记。我会推荐 Andy Grove 的《只有偏执狂才能生存》,还有其他几本。但我更建议人们更广泛地阅读人物故事,比如洛克菲勒的传记,非常棒。
关于洛克菲勒,以及他是如何整合起来的……洛克菲勒是个强盗大亨,他建立了一个帝国,这些你在学校里都学过。但你在学校学不到的是,他把一加仑煤油的价格从 1 美元降到了 10 美分。这就是那位强盗大亨。他让煤油变得如此便宜,以至于把所有小商小铺都挤出了市场,这就是他们恨他的原因。所以,他是一个凶猛的竞争者,但他把一种东西的价格降了一个数量级,非常迷人。所以,理解故事很重要,不仅仅是理论,还有故事。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这种始终回到深入了解历史的风格,关于传记的这个具体观点也非常有意思。你提到的这些书我们都会在节目备注里附上链接。最近有没有特别喜欢的一部电影或电视剧?
Richard Rumelt: 哦,当然有。跟其他人一样,我喜欢《黄石》。我对它很着迷。除了《黄石》之外的近期电影?我不太确定。我们家里现在没有电视,所以我不太接得上。
Lenny: 这太棒了,这是理想状态。我也希望能做到。
Richard Rumelt: 以后会有的,只是那个房间正在装修。
Lenny: 明白了,只是时间问题。你有没有一个最喜欢的面试问题,用来问你要面试的人?也许特别针对判断他们是否擅长战略思维?
Richard Rumelt: 我喜欢问人们:你做过什么困难的事情让你感到自豪?你做过什么有难度的事?具体是什么,为什么困难,你是怎么完成的?我也喜欢问人们,他们认为过去任何时候有什么有趣的战略,随便举例。根据对方的背景,我可能会问他们关于某个特定公司或情境的问题,比如说,你觉得这为什么奏效或者为什么失败了?所以我一般不太问理论方面的问题,我倾向于问实际发生的事情。某种程度上,我在观察——这个人对世界有没有任何了解,还是他们只知道教授去年说了什么。就是这类问题。
最近喜欢的产品
Lenny: 最近有没有发现特别喜欢的产品?可以是 App,买的什么东西,家里用的,或者出行用的?
Richard Rumelt: 嗯,我们有一张新的记忆棉床垫,我们很喜欢,算是一个相当了不起的创新。我本来没想到我们会喜欢,但确实喜欢。我还真的对……我准备下手买一台新的智能望远镜。
Lenny: 智能望远镜?我没听说过。它们智能在哪里?
Richard Rumelt: 传统的那种 12 英寸反射式望远镜,太重了不好转动,设置起来也很麻烦。但现在有一种新的智能望远镜,用电池供电,你可以把它放到外面。它们的工作方式是,首先,它们知道天空中所有东西的位置,这已经不是什么新技术了。但新的是,它像天体摄影一样。它会对准某个东西看一分钟、两分钟、十分钟、一个小时,然后生成一张图像。你不是透过望远镜看,而是在手机或电脑上看。但你现在可以看到那些也许韦伯望远镜才能看到的星云,而且能实时看到,你能看到以前看不到的东西。这些新设备 1000 到 2000 美元一套,能力非常惊人。
人生格言
Lenny: 好选择。下一个问题,你有没有一个最喜欢的人生格言,经常回到它、分享给朋友,无论是在工作中还是生活中?
Richard Rumelt: 我以前会给 MBA 学生上最后一堂课,讲一些小智慧,什么事不要做,什么事在其他文化中会冒犯别人。比如在土耳其不要做这个手势,因为那里有别的意思。但我还会说,总有一天你的配偶或伴侣会问你:“你还爱我吗?“这个问题只有一个正确答案,就是”比以往任何时候都更爱”。我的婚戒内侧就刻着这句话——比以往任何时候都更爱。所以我不知道这是不是你要找的,但这就是……
Lenny: 绝对是。
Richard Rumelt: ……一点小小的智慧。
Lenny: 这个建议真的很好,我听了都起鸡皮疙瘩。我一定会用上,百分之百。谢谢你的婚姻建议。最后一个问题,你的女儿 Cassandra 也是一位作家,她写虚构小说。她有没有教你什么关于写作的东西,帮助你成为更好的写作者?
Cassandra 的写作启示
Richard Rumelt: 有。Cassandra 是那个……天哪,她现在已经在《纽约时报》青少年虚构小说畅销榜上有大约 25 本书了。她 12、13 岁就开始写作了,她有这方面的天赋。她告诉过我关于写作中需要创造的张力。她写小说,除非有……嗯,我们很早就开始讨论这个问题。她 14 岁那年,问我什么是浪漫。我说,浪漫就是一种障碍。浪漫就是一对伴侣之间有某种困难,有某种……
她说:“哦,比如他富有而她贫穷?“我说:“对,就像那样。""或者他来自城的北边,她来自南边?“我说:“对,就像那样。“然后她说:“哦,比如他是吸血鬼而她不是?“好吧。所以她让我意识到并教会了我如何在写作中创造那种张力。这种手法在商业写作中不如我希望的那样管用,但我尽量营造这种感觉——好战略,坏战略,一种正确方式和错误方式之间的张力;或者不是对错之分,至少是一种”我们应该向左还是向右”的张力。这样才有趣,否则它不会抓住人们的情感共鸣点。
结语
Lenny: 太精彩了。Richard,非常感谢你的到来。我想我们会帮助更多的人去面对更大的挑战,直面它们,制定他们的行动议程,并克服关键难点。非常感谢你的到来。最后两个问题,人们在哪里可以找到你,如果想联系你或了解你目前的工作?另外,听众怎样才能帮到你?
Richard Rumelt: 我有一个小网站叫 thecruxbook.com,上面有关于我和我的书的信息,可以去那里看看。不要往 UCLA 给我写信,我已经不再关注 UCLA 的网站了。但如果你去 thecruxbook.com,那里有一些可以联系到我的邮箱地址。我的小公司叫 General Imagination。就像通用汽车一样,但小得多。就我一个人。你可以通过 richard@generalimagination.com 联系我。你能帮我的……哦,给我讲故事。讲讲你的经历,关于尝试制定战略的故事,尤其是在组织内部的。你在组织内部试图推动某件事的效果如何?我很乐意把更多故事加入我的素材库。哦,还有,雇佣我。
Lenny: 等等,再多说两句。人们会雇佣你做什么?
Richard Rumelt: 在我人生的这个阶段,我做公开演讲。我讲战略和增长,刚从韩国回来做演讲,也在那里教了课。我做少量的教学,不多。可能面向军方人士,如果他们想请我去讲一天战略的话。还有就是做熔炉(foundry)。所谓熔炉,是一种以问题为导向的战略制定方法——组织领导者,通常是 CEO,再加上另外七八个人,抽出两三天或四天时间聚在一起,我们开会讨论,最终试图产出一个行动议程。这本质上是一个人际互动的过程。
我来做引导者。我不告诉他们该做什么,而是敦促他们更深入地审视,去理解这些问题到底是什么。做一场熔炉很有意思。你会像我一开始做的那样,非常聚焦于问题。我经常会在白板上列出 25 个、50 个问题,或者在四周贴满便利贴。当人们看到这些时,他们会说,“我以前从来没这么做过。“当他们看到 25 个不同的问题或挑战时,他们意识到不可能全部解决。于是,他们开始产生这种意识:“天哪,我们得聚焦。我们得聚焦在某些事情上。我们得对其中一些问题采取行动。“然后我们开始逐一筛选:“哪些是真正重要的?哪些是真正可以解决的?“有时我们不知道它们是否可以解决。那么,组织里有没有人知道呢?有没有谁可以请过来,或者能提供一些视角?于是我们开始尝试识别那一两个真正可以应对的关键挑战,以及我们要怎么做——我们要采取哪些一致性动作来应对它们?这就是整个过程。
熔炉的成效与局限
有时候,熔炉结束后,他们都会对我说:“那战略呢?那个写满使命、愿景之类的文件在哪里?“不,那不是我们做的事。我们做的是行动议程。熔炉很耗时,在某种程度上也有点贵。大多数时候,做过熔炉之后,它们确实帮助公司理清了思路、整合了资源并付诸行动,这让我对熔炉的效果非常满意。不过,要把熔炉的概念推广扩大并不容易。我跟几家咨询公司聊过,说”让你们的人学学怎么做熔炉”,他们说:“怎么运作?一个人做三天?我们不是这样做的。我们是十个人做三年。“这不是一个可行的商业模式,但对我来说倒是挺好的一种对称性——因为他们不会跟我竞争。
Lenny: 我太喜欢这个了。我感觉你马上会收到大量的兴趣和请求。对其他所有人,务必购买 Richard 的书,我这儿就有,《关键点》和《好战略,坏战略》。Richard,再次非常感谢你的到来。
Richard Rumelt: Lenny,谢谢你,这次聊天非常愉快。
Lenny: 百分之千是我的荣幸。大家再见。非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助其他听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| action agenda | 行动议程(已在术语表中) |
| Andy Grove | Andy Grove |
| Apple | Apple(苹果公司) |
| Arby’s | Arby’s(美国快餐连锁品牌) |
| Aspen | Aspen(阿斯彭,美国科罗拉多州滑雪胜地) |
| Bill Gates | 比尔·盖茨 |
| Bob Newhart | Bob Newhart(美国喜剧演员) |
| bouldering | 抱石 |
| capital goods | 资本品 |
| Cassandra | Cassandra(Richard Rumelt 的女儿) |
| chain link systems | 链环系统 |
| Charles Darwin | 查尔斯·达尔文 |
| Clayton Christensen | Clayton Christensen(哈佛商学院教授,《创新者的窘境》作者) |
| coherent action | 一致性动作 |
| crux | 关键难点(攀岩术语,指路线最难的部分) |
| diagnosis | 诊断 |
| Donald Rumsfeld | 唐纳德·拉姆斯菲尔德 |
| Elon Musk | 马斯克 |
| entropy | 熵 |
| Fortune directors | 《财富》董事名录 |
| founder | 创始人 |
| foundry | 熔炉(foundry) |
| General Imagination | General Imagination |
| generative AI | 生成式 AI |
| George Bush | 乔治·布什 |
| Gerstner | 郭士纳(IBM 前 CEO) |
| Good Strategy, Bad Strategy | 好战略,坏战略 |
| guiding policy | 指导方针 |
| I. M. Pei | 贝聿铭 |
| Indian War | 印第安战争 |
| inertia | 惯性 |
| insight | 洞察 |
| Kate | Kate(Richard Rumelt 的妻子) |
| kernel | 内核 |
| Lenny | Lenny(播客主持人) |
| leverage | 杠杆作用 |
| lightning round | 快问快答 |
| Louvre | 卢浮宫 |
| Marvin Lieberman | Marvin Lieberman |
| matrix organization | 矩阵式组织结构 |
| Milton Friedman | Milton Friedman(美国经济学家) |
| Morgan Drophead Plus 4 | 摩根 Drophead Plus 4(汽车型号) |
| network effects | 网络效应 |
| Nokia | 诺基亚 |
| Only the Paranoid Survive | 《只有偏执狂才能生存》 |
| Osama bin Laden | 本·拉登 |
| Phil | Phil(前文提及的人物) |
| PISA test | PISA 测试 |
| Playing to Win | 《Playing to Win》 |
| product market fit | 产品市场契合 |
| proximate objectives | 临近目标 |
| return on equity | 净资产收益率 |
| robber baron | 强盗大亨 |
| Rockefeller | 洛克菲勒 |
| Roger Martin | Roger Martin |
| S&P 500 | 标普 500 |
| Sears | 西尔斯 |
| startup | 初创公司 |
| Steve Jobs | 史蒂夫·乔布斯 |
| Strategoi | 城邦将军(复数形式) |
| Strategos | 城邦将军(古希腊战略领袖) |
| Sun Tzu | 孙子 |
| Taliban | 塔利班 |
| The Crux | 关键点 |
| The Innovator’s Dilemma | 《创新者的窘境》 |
| The Seven Powers | The Seven Powers(《七种力量》) |
| Tora Bora | 托拉博拉 |
| transformational leadership | 变革型领导力 |
| truffle hound | 松露猎犬 |
| UCLA | UCLA(加州大学洛杉矶分校) |
| Underwriter’s Labs | Underwriter’s Labs(保险商实验室,即 UL) |
| user base | 用户基数 |
| value denial | 价值否认 |
| Voyager | 旅行者号 |
| Woodrow Wilson | Woodrow Wilson(美国第 28 任总统) |
| word salad | 词语沙拉 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)