自举创业打造2亿美元企业的10条经验 | Patrick Campbell(ProfitWell)
10 lessons on bootstrapping a $200m business | Patrick Campbell (ProfitWell)
Delivery Rhythm and Team Alignment
Patrick Campbell: The bratty thing here is that real professional ship. At the end of the day, real… I don’t care if you’re a marketer or a product person, engineer, ops person, people ops, real professional ship, and they ship at a pretty high frequency for whatever they’re doing. In my opinion, your tempo framework is more important than your org design. And so if you’ve ever had a team that seems really, really smart, but they’re always planning or they don’t really ship a lot, or you’ve had trouble where everyone kind of gets it at the leadership level, but then the team below them and below them seems to be kind of going in a different direction, you probably don’t have enough alignment and you don’t have enough alignment on what good looks like in terms of tempo.
Audio: Welcome to Lenny’s Podcast where I interview world-class product leaders and growth experts to learn from their hard-won experiences building and growing today’s most successful products. Today my guest is Patrick Campbell. Patrick is the founder and CEO of ProfitWell, which he bootstrapped and sold without any funding for over $200 million. I’ve been a big fan of ProfitWell and of Patrick for many years. He’s one of the most insightful and smartest people that I know, constantly sharing wisdom on Twitter and in his newsletter, primarily on pricing and retention and team building and all of the elements of building a successful SaaS business.
I’ve been excited to get Patrick on the podcast since I launched it, and I think this may be the most action-packed signal-to-noise episode yet. We cover 10 topics in an hour, including hot takes on team building, bootstrapping, shipping, competitive analysis, user research, and of course, pricing and retention. Do not miss this episode, it is one of my new favorites. With that, I bring you Patrick Campbell, after a short word from our wonderful sponsors.
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Welcome and Introductions
Lenny: Patrick, welcome to the podcast.
Building the Team
Patrick Campbell: Thanks for having me, man. Good to finally… we’ve been texting, chatting for years now and I just realized we’ve never had an actual conversation, so this is where the relationship and the friendship ends because we realize how awkward we are together, I guess.
Lenny: I highly doubt it. I hope that doesn’t happen. I’ve wanted to get you on this podcast ever since I started this podcast. It’s always been on my list. You’re just generally one of the smartest humans and most amazing humans I know, and so thank you for joining me on this podcast.
Practical Team Building Challenges
Patrick Campbell: We’ve got to introduce you to more people, but I appreciate that. I appreciate that.
Lenny: You’re a humble, humble man. So usually what I do with these podcasts is I have this one main topic that I focus on, but I feel like you’re such a renaissance man of a brain that I thought would be more fun to go through 10 different topics and power through them and see your perspective. I feel like you have all these contrarian takes on things and these interesting insights. And so what I want to do is just go through 10 topics and just get a sense of what’s a big mistake founders companies make in this area, what’s maybe a big opportunity they miss, or just like what’s a hot take on this topic. How’s that sound?
Assuming Positive Intent
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, 100%. Let’s do it. I’m going to change my Twitter bio to that, renaissance of a brain. That’s [inaudible 00:04:50] for me. Yeah, I appreciate that.
Values Define Who Doesn’t Fit
Lenny: Yeah, just renaissance [inaudible 00:04:55] that quote. That’d be hilarious. People will be like, “What the hell’s he…” Anyway, let’s just jump right in. First topic is building your team as a founder or just a leader of any kind. So here’s the question, just what are the biggest mistakes people make building their team? What are the biggest opportunities people miss when they’re building their team? Or just generally what’s like your take on how to best approach building your team as a founder or just a leader of people?
Patrick Campbell: You always have to start answers with cliches, and I think the biggest cliche with building a team is, team is everything, right? If you’re listening, you’ve heard that, you’ve probably said that to somebody or gotten mentored on that. And I was told that in the early days of building, and I actually thought it was terrible advice. I thought it was going to be the product or marketing or something that was going to hold us back. But I think that although team is everything, and I truly believe that, if you look at most data or most behaviors that most companies make, this isn’t actually how we think or what we do.
Let me give you two fundamental issues. I think the first one is we confuse team by being everything to all people to accommodating to every single person, and especially in tech the last couple of years, maybe that’s going to change a little bit now, but it was always like, “Oh, everyone needs to be happy.” And I think that’s a really, really big misconception because you’re not there to make everyone happy. You’re there for some sort of mission and some sort of goal and you want to set up the culture and the team in a way that gets to that particular goal.
And I think the little bit more actionable way to look at this is, I don’t think we actually focus on our team. The average tenure of a manager in tech right now is about 15.7 months. I actually went and looked into this mainly because we got into hyperdrive about team a couple of years ago. The average time a report has the same manager in corporate tech is only about 10.8 months, so just under 11 months. And there’s no way that team is everything, or at least we actually believe that when the purveyors of your team, your management only lasts that long, it’s just impossible.
And I think for the most part, people ops is an afterthought. And even if you get into the history of HR, which we should not do because that’s an entire podcast, it’s all about reacting. It came out of the labor movement in the mid 1900s, and it was all about, “Hey, how do we CYA?” rather than, “How do we push our team forward?” And I think in tech we had the opportunity to do that, but we haven’t really focused on our team as much. So I don’t know if I answered your question, but that’s the scope of that problem I think, is we don’t actually focus on our team, we don’t actually focus on our team in the context of the mission. We just hire people, hope they’re really happy. And obviously I’m generalizing, but if you look at the stats and you look at what’s happening, that’s how it shakes out.
Bootstrapping Lessons and Reflections
Lenny: Is there something you’ve done in building your company that has been counter to that, something you’ve learned about? Because I totally agree, people always talk about team, team, team and then that’s often really sucky to work at a lot of companies and clearly they don’t care that much about your experience.
Fundraising Timing and Reflections
Patrick Campbell: So super actionable things that we’ve done. I think, one, it comes back to the baseline feedback or advice you’ve probably received, or if you’re listening to this before, which is you can’t be everything to all people, so who are you for? Who are you for and who are you not for? I think really defining that in your values, and values aren’t values unless there’s an actual trade-off. And so we had things like optimize for the long-term. There’s a clear trade-off when we optimize for the long-term, you probably give up short-term revenue.
You also have different types of people that do better at the particular company than not. One of the more controversial things we did is we talked a lot about behaviors and the one thing that we had is this concept known as the most charitable interpretation. It’s not something we made up, but there’s this idea that basically when there’s conflict or when there’s some sort of confrontation, the way that you handle that confrontation was really, really important to us. And the way that we wanted our teams or the people that we wanted to hire for basically would take the most charitable interpretation of that confrontation.
So Lenny, if you were like, “Hey, Patrick, I like your shirt,” and I just didn’t like when people commented on my shirt, instead of getting pissed off, going to HR, or getting mad at you, what we would do is we’d say, “Hey, the right way at ProfitWell wall to handle that was be like, ‘He didn’t know, so I’m not going to bring it up,’ or ‘Hey, Lenny. You probably didn’t know, but I don’t really like when people comment on my shirt.’”
It seems super trivial, but when you have over 20 people, all of a sudden these things start to come up. And I think most of the time we infantilize our teams where we let them run to HR, we have different policies or all of these different things, when at the end of the day you’re paying an exorbitant amount of money for very smart human beings to basically do stuff and you want them basically working together and not having to go in this runaround with policies and people to push things forward.
Businesses That Shouldn’t Raise Funding
Lenny: I love that. It reminds me of something at Airbnb where our head of product was always encouraging us to assume good intent from the other person that just like, “What is the good version of what they’re trying to achieve? It’s unlikely they’re trying to cause harm.”
The Value of Staying Small
Patrick Campbell: But the important part is, and this is where you really care about your team, is if you believe that, and it’s okay to have a culture that doesn’t believe that, it’s not a culture for me, and that’s okay, that’s the entire point, but if you believe that, then people who have trouble assuming positive intent or who have trouble taking the most charitable interpretation, they can’t be at your company, and they have to go and you have to find… And we would have people, and we didn’t always defend this and when we started defending it, everything got better. But all of a sudden we would say, “Hey, it seems like this is really tough. This is how we think about things. This is how we handle this type of behavior here. If that’s hard for you, let’s find you another job.” And thankfully we’re not digging ditches here, we’re all working in tech. And so it’s “easy”, quote-unquote, enough to find another gig even in economies like now.
Setting Your Pricing Strategy
Lenny: That reminds me of there’s this guy Douglas Atkin, who I worked with for a while who helped us craft the core values at Airbnb, and he made this point that your values need to be clear, exactly like you said, who doesn’t fit, who doesn’t belong. Because if it’s everybody, it’s worthless. Integrity, trust, everyone wants that and it fits into that, but it’s only valuable if it’s clear who’s not a fit, exactly how you’re saying it.
Patrick Campbell: Well, we get this fear of that accommodation culture, again, where it starts even in the interview process, we’re like, “Oh my god, we need these hires, we need these salespeople, we need these engineers.” So we don’t end up being upfront with these values and these trade-offs in the interview process. And then all of a sudden you spend a lot of time and a lot of money hiring someone who just doesn’t fit. And I think that’s really, really bad for them, it’s really bad for you. And so that was the other thing is we would pull all of this forward into the interview process and talk about it and basically say like, “Hey, if this is not how you think, that’s okay. We’re not better than you, you’re not better than us, it’s just this is how we do things here.”
And I think a lot of times we’re scared to do that because we have that founder, that exact fear of, “Hey, we have to get this thing done and the only way to do that is to do X, Y or Z Z when in reality that’s actually going to make your deadline go out further than actually focusing on alignment as much as humanly possible.
Strategies for Raising Prices
Lenny: Next topic, bootstrapping. I feel like you’re probably in the bootstrap hall of fame. You built a company-
Customer Retention Strategies
Patrick Campbell: Here we go. That’s all I’ve ever wanted.
Lenny: I think you’re in there. So you tell me if I’m missing anything, but basically you bootstrapped a company, sold it for 200 million. I don’t know if I’ve heard of anything like that. So what’s your hot take? What are mistakes people make around bootstrapping?
Strategic vs Tactical Retention
Patrick Campbell: The basic idea is bootstrapping is for lifestyle businesses that want to cash flow. Funding is for companies trying to create a billion dollars in annual revenue. And that answer offends everybody. That answer offends the indie friends I have, they’re going to be like, “Oh, what about Basecamp [inaudible 00:12:43], ProfitWell?” And I’ll tell you, ProfitWell, this was a big mistake. Yes, it was a great exit, we sold for over $200 million, et cetera, but we probably, if we had taken money, we could have had a billion-dollar exit or we could have kept going.
And we should have taken money earlier in our life cycle. This was actually a big mistake because we got hooked on the efficiency and that was great, but we could have moved even quicker than we were. And hindsight is 20/20, and I’m obviously not crying over this, but it’s one of those things that I think that you have to know who you are and you have to know what your goals are for a company. And our biggest thing was we wanted to build a big company and we were going after that, but we weren’t doing the things in order to actually make that happen, which is i.e. getting funded. So yeah, that’s my hot take and hopefully I offend everyone. But it’s also just the end of the Twitter argument where it’s like, “Yeah, it depends,” but that’s the thing to think about.
Why Analytics Products Are Hard
Lenny: It’s interesting because usually you hear from the other end, someone that raised VC money is like, “I shouldn’t have raised money, I should have bootstrapped this thing longer.” It’s cool to hear from the other side someone that did that like, “No, we maybe should have raised the VC money along the way.”
Patrick Campbell: Well, I think there’s a lot of ideas that should not raise money. There’s a lot of ideas that should just be great cash flowing and they can be large businesses. There’s large businesses cash flowing tens of millions of dollars without funding. And I think it’s just one of those things that you need your goals, your model, and ultimately your funding situation all to match. And I think a lot of folks, they go in the opposite direction where they’re just like, “Oh, everything on TechCrunch, everything on Twitter is like, “Hey, I need to raise money, raise money, raise money.” And they don’t take a step back and go like, well that idea, it’s just not a very good business to get money. And money is so plentiful even now still that it is, quote-unquote, “relatively easy” to raise money on, just not a great idea, and so that’s obviously problematic.
Topic Five: Delivery
Lenny: I’ve been thinking about writing a post on that exact topic, something like, “Your startup probably is not venture scale,” because a lot of people think they could raise money and build a huge business. What’s a heuristic that maybe tells a founder that they shouldn’t raise money, it’s never going to be a billion-dollar company?
Applying the Rhythm Framework
Patrick Campbell: I used to look at it 10 years ago you’d say, “Is this a company that can get to 100 million in annual revenue?” And now those numbers are all changed because IPOs are happening closer to 200, 250 million and the markets are all over the place depending on the day. I look at this as if you are going to be that large company, you need to get to a billion in revenue per year. It doesn’t have to be overnight, it can be over 20 years, it’s not something that has to happen quickly, but that’s how I think about it. And if I don’t feel like there’s a clear path to that, it doesn’t mean I don’t raise money. It just means that I take a step back and really think about that particular idea because when you get on that treadmill, there’s plenty of ideas that will sell for 400 million, 500 million.
But then if you’re on the funding treadmill and you look at how much money that founder that exec team ends up getting at the end of it’s like you might have been better just building a 50 million cash flowing business that you’re getting more money from that and you still have the choice to sell it.
So that’s how I think about it. It’s a spectrum and it’s on the margins there. It’s not a fixed rule. But the other thing I also think about when I think about building my next company, we’re going to be bootstrapped for, I don’t know what… It’s not a timeline, but I had imagined probably the first 18 to 24 months because I don’t want to give up that equity for that funding on figuring out the idea. Obviously, I had an exit so I’m able to afford that and I’m in a position where I don’t have to worry about my own livelihood.
But I think it’s one of those things if you can bootstrap, even if you’re going after a funded idea, if you can bootstrap for the initial ideation and maybe even through product market fit, which is not an easy thing to do, but that’s the ideal time then to raise because then you’re just going and you’re going for the fences at that point.
Lenny: I really like that very concrete stat you shared and that’s exactly how we think about it, that if you don’t think you can get to a billion dollars in revenue a year eventually that it probably is not a venture-scale business. And I think that just boils down to how large is the market. If there’s not enough people that are going to pay enough money to make this a billion dollar a year in revenue business, you probably shouldn’t go down the VC treadmill.
The Cost of Unclear Standards
Patrick Campbell: And I think when you think about that, it opens up this world of options for you as someone listening to this. And so think of it this way, you don’t have to have the pressure to create a billion dollars in revenue If you can take a step back and be like, “Okay, I can create a 10-million business. It might not happen overnight, it might take 10 years, all these other things. But that’s amazing. That’s insane.
Think of 20, 30, 40, 50 years ago, you’d have to have a corner store and you’d have to work 18 hours a day to build that type of ability or that wealth to then hopefully retire when you’re 65 and sell the business for 1X. Now you can build a software company that’s doing a million a year, have an amazing life, reduce the number of hours if you want, or go all in, make it into a 10 or $100-million company over time. And I think that’s amazing and we should celebrate that rather than if it’s not a billion, you’re failing. But we should just know our limits. I think that’s the thing a lot of people fail out with funding.
First Principles Thinking
Lenny: Next topic, pricing. You are probably the most… okay, you’re in the top 1% smartest, most experienced people on pricing. We could have done a whole podcast on pricing, maybe we will in the future, but as maybe one of 10 topics, what comes to mind as maybe the biggest mistake people make in pricing, biggest opportunity they miss, biggest hot take?
Patrick Campbell: It’s super boring, but the biggest hot take is you just have to do something once a quarter. That’s it. I’ve been trying to teach about pricing for a decade now. I’ve done a lot of different approaches on this, and I think the easiest thing is, listen, you have three growth levers. You have acquiring customers, monetizing them, and retaining them. You’re spending a lot of time and money on acquisition. You’re spending some time and money on retention. You’re probably do nothing on pricing and monetization and it’s because you think it’s this nebulous thing and there are some nebulous aspects to it.
But to make it super concrete, it is the revenue per customer. Look at that number, that one KPI, and you want that number going up and to the right, it’s obviously going to go to the right over time, but you want it to going up over time every single quarter, not as high as your sales volume or your lead volume or your revenue maybe. But you want that number gradually going up and just do one thing per quarter. The least sexy thing when it comes to pricing is have a pricing committee. If it’s a two-person company, it’s you and your co-founder. If it’s a 100,000-person company, it might be 30 people, but really it’s only eight people central to that particular product.
And then just realize there’s a lot of things that influence that revenue per customer. There’s the actual price, your packaging, your add-on strategy, your discount strategy, your price localization, freemium. There’s a whole host of different things there, but just find one thing you’re going to do every three months, put a calendar invite, let it renew every three months. You’re going to snooze it a couple of times, I get it, I’ve seen this many, many times before. But just do something, even if it’s super small. I guarantee you it’s just like any other thing you measure, as soon as you start measuring and caring about it, you’re going to start to do some stuff, some of it is going to go poorly, some of it is going to go great. Then you’re going to do more stuff, and then just over time, all of a sudden that number’s going to go up into the right. But just do something. That’s the basic idea.
Conducting Customer Research
Lenny: I love the simplicity of that. If I think about the pie chart of the things you will do and may change, you mentioned a few. One is raise prices. One may be lower prices. One’s probably change your pricing model. There’s a couple more. I guess, in your experience, where have you found the biggest opportunities end up being maybe early in the early phase of a startup in that pie chart?
The Importance of Competitive Intelligence
Patrick Campbell: The number one thing to figure out when you’re thinking about the different pricing pieces, pound for pound, it’s the pricing metric or the value metric. That’s how you charge per user, per thousand visits, per thousand what’s its, whatever it is. Consumer companies, it’s a little bit harder. Physical good products, it’s really hard obviously because you have that physical good, the physics you can’t get over. But the reason this is so powerful is because if you get everything else in your pricing wrong or not great, but you get that right, you tend to be okay when it comes to monetization.
And the reason is because, first, from an acquisition standpoint like acquiring customers, you end up making sure that you get Disney coming into your product, they’re paying Disney prices, and then you get Johnny or Jane’s startup coming in and they’re paying Johnny and Jane prices. You don’t want them paying the same thing because obviously the value’s different, even if they’re consuming almost the same amount. So this allows you to figure that line out.
And then what’s really beautiful about it is churn tends to be about 20 to 25% lower because people will downgrade, but they’re using… you don’t get this like, “I’m paying for so much and end up not using a lot of it.” It’s like, “Oh, I’m using eight seats this month, I’m going to downgrade,” or it’s just automatic. And then your expansion revenue’s typically double when you’re using a particular value metric because instead of me having to resell you and being like, “Hey, Lenny, there’s this really cool feature in this upper tier, do you want this?” And you’re like, “I already use the product, I don’t really want this.” Instead, I just go, “Hey, Lenny, congratulations. You now have 100 videos in your account. That’s awesome. You guys must be growing. I’m just going to bump you up to the 100-video plan. Let me know if you have any questions.” It’s just a very, very implicit way to get expansion revenue. So that’s the thing pound for pound that’s the best.
And then I would say if you have a lot of politics internally, which everyone does with pricing because it sits in the center of so many different teams, I would actually start with a price increase. You should be increasing your overall price once per year if you’re building. If you’re not building and your support sucks and your NPS is low, then don’t worry about it. But if your NPS is over 20, which is not a very high NPS, you should raise your prices once per year. The reason I suggest that is because it gets all of the BS and all the politics on the mat. You’re going to have to collect some data, you’re going to have to prove it to sales, you’re going to have to make sure you have the enablement, you’re going to have to make sure your messaging is…
But it’s a tight enough non-nebulous thing that you’re doing versus a value metric where you can have a bunch of debates about this metric or that metric, and should you give 10 away versus 100 away. It’s a good way to rip the bandaid off. And most companies don’t change their actual number that they’re charging once per every three years. So if you haven’t done it for three years, you’re overdue for it. So it’s a good one to kind of rip the bandaid off.
Practical Competitive Intelligence Tactics
Lenny: So this episode already pound for pound I think is up there. This is amazing. I’m excited to get to the next topic, but first I’ll plug. You wrote a guest post in my newsletter about pricing and we’ll link to that in the show notes, and that goes deeper into this value metric and how to think about pricing. So check that out.
Next topic, retention. So when I think Patrick Campbell, I think pricing and retention. So again, this could be its own podcast episode, but let’s just pick one thing to talk about. What are the biggest mistakes people make, retention opportunities, or just hot take?
Lessons from the Intelligence Community
Patrick Campbell: The reason I started writing about retention and publishing data on it is because I didn’t want to be the pricing guy. I was trying to basically differentiate myself and then I was trying to be the SaaS guy, but that’s too broad. But anyway, so retention, the hottest of hottest takes, and this is the one to offend 90% of the list… no, it’s not going to offend, but this is a product podcast, that’s how I think about it. Product homies. You fail at realizing most of the time that there are two types of retention. There is strategic retention and then there’s tactical retention.
Strategic retention is all the stuff that you as a great product leader, a great product team are doing. Your ICPs, your time to value, road mapping, the right features, figuring out your mission metric, agonizing over every little thing, all the paper cuts of being a great product leader. But because you’re so focused and so biased towards that, you miss out typically on this thing we call tactical retention, and these are things like payment failures, term optimization, cancellation flows, offboarding, et cetera. And if you’re past product market fit this area, this tactical retention, it’s typically about 25 to 40% of your churn problem, which is a significant amount, but you don’t really look at it because again, you’re like, “I’ve got to go focus on features, I’ve got to do this, and I’m going to go be this great product leader.”
And so because product is so entrenched in that thinking that that problem can be solved with two months of work, it’s not that much work putting in, basically, a marketing funnel when people’s credit cards fail. Not that hard, not rocket science. Doing offboarding, being really smart with offboarding. And one little tidbit. I looked at two million cancellation flows. We built some products for this, that’s why I have this data, just to be clear. But looked at two million cancellation flows and we found you have about 18 to 30 seconds when someone hits that cancel button, we found you should ask two questions. One, “Why are you leaving?” Multiple choice. Don’t do the free response. You get one out of 100 great responses, and the 99 are not great.
And then the other question we found works really, really well is, “What did you like about the product?” And the reason that works so effectively is because that person’s on a freight train to basically cancel. They’re like, “I’m already done. Oh yeah, this is why I’m leaving.” The minute you ask them what they like, you’re basically tapping into this nostalgia effect and you’re stopping that freight train. And then when I have that information, it’s great for a product team, it’s great to figure out, “What’s working, what’s not? What should we do more of? Was this a good customer?”
But then based on their engagement data, their plan, whatever, all their firmographics about them plus their answers, then I can offer up a salvage offer or a pause plan or a maintenance plan or these types of things. But all this type of stuff, this is really, really powerful. And I always suggest finance teams should just take this on because product teams are always going to be thinking so much more on the future rather than fixing this right now. But that’s the hottest take I’ve got for retention.
Lenny: That’s a great, awesome take. And I want to plug ProfitWell right here, actually. I know you guys offer a product that does this and I’ve used it. So I don’t know if that’s still true, I know after an acquisition, things change. So I use ProfitWell for my newsletters. I just plug it into my Stripe account and it’s the most amazing free product because it just tells me everything I want to know. And then it’s got this cool feature, you just turn it on and it does these things for you like it tells people, “Your credit card is about to expire.” Hey, this card failed, you should try putting in a new card.” So that’s a cool reason to check out ProfitWell.
Effective Localization Strategies
Patrick Campbell: Thanks, man. I appreciate that. And it’s actually cool because I think for us, because the fact that product teams don’t really think about this stuff, we stumbled into this whole thesis that could be a whole episode, which is all the product features are done for you. So what I mean by that is, you noticed this, but when you log in and set this up, you’re not writing emails, you’re not setting up the flows. And the reason is because we have all this data from $30 billion in ARR flowing through our metrics product that we can study and understand what works and what doesn’t.
And that kind of stumbling that is useful for folks is what we discovered is this anti-active usage type product, it retains itself at a really, really high rate because people are just getting the value and they don’t have to use it. And so what we found is a little bonus thing on retention. When we look at churn rates across different types of products, those products that are workflow products you use every single day or mostly every single day, or those products you don’t have to log into but you still get the value, that’s where the lowest churn rates are, the highest retention. Anything in the middle, it’s like death. And this is why ProfitWell metrics ended up being free because we were just like, “It’s terrible to build a metrics and analytics product. It’s so hard because people just don’t appreciate how much work goes into it, therefore they don’t retain at a high rate, they’re not willing to pay that much,” et cetera.
The Mid-Funnel Is the Biggest Opportunity
Lenny: I think that alone is a really interesting story, and I don’t know if we should get too deep, but just to highlight what you just said, so many startups build an analytics product that it’s just a better way to measure and track all the stuff that’s going on. And what you’ve found is you won’t make money doing that, people don’t want to pay for a SaaS analytics tool.
Two Ways to Optimize Mid-Funnel
Patrick Campbell: You have two options. You go up market and you pretty much become a data product with a UI or you go super niche. And even super niche, it’s super hard and it’s just because, I don’t know, everyone’s trying to kill a spreadsheet, and it’s like, “You’re not going to kill a spreadsheet.” All real analysts will do everything in a spreadsheet. So for us it was we want to give you a clean UI and then we want to help you get this data into spreadsheets or email or whatever you’re using for your databases, things like that.
Rapid Fire Questions
Lenny: Yeah. I don’t want to make this an ad for ProfitWell, but it’s like founders come to me with pitches of, “Hey, we’ve built this sweet analytics.” So I’m like, “Just look up what ProfitWell is giving away for free, that’s going to be a high bar to exceed.”
Favorite Interview Question
Patrick Campbell: Yeah. Yeah. We were going to try to sell it. We were trying to sell it in the beginning, but what ended up happening is we ran into all this, that’s why we didn’t.
Favorite SaaS Product
Lenny: All right, back on track. Topic number five, shipping. What have you learned about shipping? What are mistakes people make when trying to ship faster, ship more efficiently?
The Most Important NSA Lesson
Patrick Campbell: Yeah. The bratty thing here is that real professional ship. At the end of the day, real… I don’t care what if you’re a marketer or product person, engineer, ops person, people ops, real professional ship, and they ship it a pretty high frequency for whatever they’re doing. And so the thing that we thought a lot about is, in my opinion, your tempo framework, and I’ll explain a little bit more of what that means in a second, is more important than your org design. And so if you’ve ever had a team that seems really, really smart, but they’re always planning or they don’t really ship a lot, or you’ve had trouble where everyone gets it at the leadership level, but then the team below them and below them seems to be kind of going in a different direction, you probably don’t have enough alignment and you don’t have enough alignment on what good looks like in terms of tempo.
And so the way we looked at this was we have to establish mission metric and guiding principles at the top so, what do we do? How are we measuring it? And how we’re going to get there? So for us was we automate subscription growth. Our mission metric was the amount of revenue that was on ProfitWell because that was good from acquisition, but it also meant we were doing our jobs. Then how we’re going to get there. We want to be the most helpful brand in SaaS. And then we also we’re going to do it for you, this whole thing that I just talked about.
Then what we did is we established that at the leadership level, every org leader, so marketing, sales, et cetera, they need a framework that fits into that overall. So marketing at ProfitWell was this whole inbound media, so lots of podcast, video series, et cetera. And the most important part of that was they needed to determine what good looked like in terms of shipping. So if we’re like, “Hey, we’re doing sales,” blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, or marketing in this case, “this many episodes per month, it’s this many product launches per month, this many big product launches per quarter,” whatever it is.
And then your leadership is basically a conversation of, “Great, that’s what good looks like, we agree. How do we close that gap?” And then all of those conversations are like, “Okay, you only shipped one thing per quarter, we want to do one per month. Why?”
“Well, I don’t have enough resources.”
We solve that problem or we figure out how to get the more resources, then they’re not doing it again. “Okay, why?”
“Well, there’s this problem.”
And then all of a sudden you start to create this very high output team across the board, and you also have this alignment so you don’t wake up nine months into someone being at your company and being like, “Well, I think Tim sucks.”
And it’s like, “Well, why did you just all of a sudden wake up and think Tim sucks.”
“Well, he’s not shipping blah, blah, blah, blah.”
“Well, it’s probably an org problem rather than a Tim problem,” because again, you vetted Tim. Tim was at this other company and apparently was a really great rockstar. So what’s the difference here? You screwed up the hiring? Well, maybe because that is really, really hard, but most of the time you just haven’t set an expectation of what good looks like in terms of tempo, and then you haven’t had that constant conversation to make sure that Tim has what he needs in order to ship.
Lenny: What was a big learning, I guess, in doing that? Is that just something you built up over time of we need to create this tempo at ProfitWell?
Patrick Campbell: Yeah. Complete misalignment if you don’t call it out on what good looks like, just complete misalignment. Like so-and-so is going and building, they think one product launch per quarter. Or I’m sitting there and I’m like, “Well, we should have a medium one per month and then we should have a big one per quarter.” Complete misalignment. And if you don’t have a way to talk about that, some sort of nexus to have that conversation, you end up not having it, and then you end up creating this friction and resentment on both sides because everyone thinks, again, “Tim isn’t doing well.” And it’s like, “That’s not what’s happening. It’s just the expectations aren’t set.”
And then what was really cool is that you start to find out that the why they aren’t hitting what good looks like is all solvable, and most of the time it’s this team isn’t talking to this team. “Oh, great. Well, marketing wants to do these launches, product isn’t providing them stuff. All right, let’s get these two people together, have this conversation because we didn’t have product marketing or official product marketing.” They have this conversation and then all of a sudden it’s like, “All right, Neil, you need to provide one thing a month. There’s so much stuff we’ve built, a lot of it we haven’t announced, you just need to provide one thing a month. Marketing will worry about how to position it in a way that isn’t too far, isn’t overselling it, but also gets us something per month, and you can approve that positioning.” And then all of a sudden you start getting this tempo going, which obviously is the goal.
Lenny: Reminds me, David Sacks has this awesome post called The Cadence around how marketing and product and sales should operate and create this kind of cadence. So being aligned but also offset schedule, which will link to them in the show notes if you haven’t seen it.
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, that’s great.
Lenny: Next topic. First principles thinking. As a renaissance man of a brain, I feel like you’ve spent a lot of time thinking about from first principles and in our conversations you always have really interesting approaches to things. What have you learned about actually implementing first principle thinking, which people are always talking about. How do I [inaudible 00:35:00] first principle?
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, people always talk about it. And there are no good courses that I have found on first principles thinking. There are good blog posts, but the good blog posts kind of explain what it is, and then that’s it. It’s like, “This is what it is, and here’s an example.” And most of them quote Elon Musk about rockets and breaking down the different parts. So what I kind of found is there’s the five whys, which I think someone’s talked before or at least I’ve read it in the newsletter before, which is just you keep asking why. Kind of, “Well, this is this way.”
“Well, why is that?”
“Well, this is this way.”
“Why is that?”
I found the model that people who aren’t great at first principal thinking or aren’t great at talking about it that kind of helps them unlock is this thing called problem, cause, solution. So I learned this in debate in college and high school, and it basically is you have a problem that you’re trying to solve. Well, you can’t actually solve a problem. So if we talk about world hunger, you can’t just solve world hunger because it’s kind of the symptom, it’s this problem that exists.
Well then I want to break down what are all the causes of world hunger? And it’s a little more brainstormy when you have these conversations with folks, especially again when they struggle with this. And all of a sudden I could list out all the causes, irrigation crisis, aid not getting to where it needs to be, famines, drought, et cetera. And then what I can do is I can rank those causes in terms of magnitude. So if we’re trying to solve world hunger, and for some reason we discovered irrigation was the biggest problem, if we solved irrigation, everything would be great, well then I’m going to align my solutions to all of those different causes. And you get this nice alignment between, well, I can solve a cause, and if I solve the cause that’s big enough and proper enough, I’m going to eventually solve the actual problem or mitigate the problem, I should say.
So that’s the framework that I found really, really useful. And also, it’s great for using for presentations, it’s great for a mission, it’s great for all of these different things because it’s a little bit more actionable than just the five whys, which is more of a way to have a conversation.
Lenny: So the way you operationalize this, say problem, cause, solution. You’re saying on strategy templates, you write out, “Here’s the problem we’re trying to solve, here’s the source of the issue, and then here’s how we’re approaching it.” Can you talk a bit more about how you implement this at your company and the people you work with?
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, totally. So I’ll say big, medium and small things, and I’ll try to be really quick. So big things it’s like, “What are we facing?”
“Oh, we’re going to try to charge for this metrics product. Now there’s a bunch of competitors. The customers don’t really care about it.”
So we have this problem and the problem is growth. How do we grow a product like this? How do we grow our company? And what’s really interesting about a big problem or a nebulous problem like that is you end up having a lot of conversations about the problem, which I think is more useful sometimes about, “Well, what are we actually trying to do? Let’s get alignment as much as possible.” And then it’s like, “Okay. Well, what are the causes of our growth problem?”
“Well, people aren’t willing to pay for metrics. Getting accuracy is really, really hard. Actually, the market stance,” all these other things.
“Well, what are some of the solutions?”
“Well, we could do this, could do this, could do this.”
And normally what ends up happening is the solution ends up being kind of an approach. So our approach that mitigated or solved for some of these causes and mitigate the problem was freemium, and then these paid products that were all pay-for-performance because with pay-for-performance, you could charge a significant amount more in a market that only has 100,000 logos, which is a really small market. And so that kind of an example there.
Medium and small, let’s talk about a support ticket. This person’s pissed off. They’re coming in, they’re pissed off. What are the causes? Well, there’s a lot of different causes that were probably like, “Oh, we didn’t get back to them in time, and then we gave a crappy solution, we gave this…” It just kind of allows us to look at the problem. And so it’s more of a way of thinking on that level. And it’s not happening. We’re not going to have an hour-long conversation about a support ticket. But the support folks that I’ve talked to about this, they go, “Okay, cool. Why is he upset?”
“Well, we didn’t get the answer in time.”
Okay, my first line is going to be, “I understand we didn’t get you an answer quick enough. Apologies for that.” It just allows them to have a little bit of an extra second to think through things and move forward with that.
Lenny: I love that. I love that big example and a small example.
Audio:
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Lenny: All right. Next topic, customer research. I feel like you have a pretty interesting perspective on custom research, so let’s go into it.
Patrick Campbell: I think I have the 85-year-old curmudgeonly man perspective on customer research. So here’s the thing. Everything in your business, it does not matter what type of business you have, everything is used to drive someone to a point of conversion or justify the product or the price that you’re offering up. That customer is a human being you’re driving to that point of conversion and it’s your job to understand how they perceive you, how they perceive their problem, how they perceive the world around them, around your products.
We all know this on a philosophical level, but here are some fun facts. So one, only one in five companies have buyer personas or ICPs, only one in five. So we talk about this all the time, we retweet the articles, we give the advice, so many of us give the advice. But then we look at our own companies, only one in five have some sort of segmentation ICPs. And then only one out of 10 companies actually do customer research or development on a quarterly basis. This should be a continuous thing, it should be a monthly, weekly type thing. Not saying you’re sending up surveys or having all these conversations on a weekly basis, but only one out of 10 are doing quarterly. So that means the number they’re doing monthly is even smaller than that. And I just think that’s insane.
And when we look at all data, and we have a lot of data on this, and this is something where I’ve been talking about customer development for a long time. Everything is better. Everything is better. NPS is higher for organizations that have customer development functions or even just ICPs or buyer personas, depending on what framework you’re using. Willingness to pay is typically higher. The funnel is more efficient. LTV to CAC is normally much, much higher. All those growth numbers, you’re typically growing in a much higher rate, like a 15, 20%, not a small delta, 15-20% higher rate. Retention’s better. All these things are better.
And the thing that, I think, 20 years ago or 10 years ago you didn’t have to do customer development because, and this is where Keith [inaudible 00:42:30] is just like customer research is dumb or whatever his famous quote is, but you didn’t have to do it because there just wasn’t a lot of stuff out there and we all were riding the wave of the internet. But now the market’s harder and harder. So what are you going to do? Are you just going to keep throwing stuff up against the wall or are you going to actually do the stuff that all of us talk about doing and actually do the research? And the research is hard. It’s never going to be 100% accurate because you’re going to have to use your judgment, but that’s your job.
And so that’s more of a rant, I guess, than a hot take. But I also think this is one of those things that AI starts solving, especially all this generative AI because now you can just throw all that stuff into a workload and then all of a sudden you’ll get back a lot of the sentiment or all that kind stuff so you don’t even to do the hard part anymore. Yeah, that’s my rant.
Lenny: Love the rant. Maybe one follow-up question. Why do you think it is that companies don’t do this? I love the point you made of the retweeting, “Yeah, research is great.” Writing blogs that research is use useful, “We’ve got to do research.” Why do you think companies don’t do it? And then what’s one thing that maybe they could do tomorrow that’ll bring them closer down that path?
Patrick Campbell: The one thing you can do, put a number on a whiteboard. You’re going to have 10 customer conversations a month, just 10 non-sales conversations. You’re just going to talk to 10 people. Or you’re going to send one survey. And people are terrible at sending surveys. Surveys are actually great. You just have to be good at sending them. And good, it’s not a high bar, it just means that you have 30 to 45 seconds of someone’s time unless you’re compensating them. And don’t send 45-question surveys by email where the first question is, “What’s your email?” Don’t do that. But just put a number on the board.
I think the reason we don’t do it is because it was, quote-unquote, “easy” to get away with not doing it. If you really think about a funded environment… and some products are so paradigm-shifting that the biggest misconception about customer research is I have to listen to them. You don’t have to listen to them at all, you just have to understand where they are, and then you’re filtering all of that with all this other data and then you’re making a decision and you’re earning your paycheck as a product person. Typically, it’s the product person, but also in marketing.
So I think it’s just one of those things where you could get away with not doing it. Now though, the way the market’s going, you’re just starting to see this more and more, you’re starting to see more tooling. The reason you’re seeing more tooling is because they’re starting to connect it to actually being useful rather than you having to set up your own customer development program. I think the other reason typically people haven’t had to do this is because there’s a lot of brute forcing that’s done in startup land and it only lasts so long.
So all of these companies that raise a bunch of money, get the 100 million, 200 million exit with bootstrapping, or builds the billion-dollar annual revenue company because I know my market, I know my customer so well.
Lenny: Talking to customers is good, you should do it. Great reminder. People are going to listen to this like, “Yes, we should do this,” and then we’ll just move on. And then-
Patrick Campbell: My joke when I give talks is, “Only 20% of you are going to do this when I give a talk on it, and so I’m not even going to talk deeply on it. You 20%, come talk to me, I’ve got a whole framework for you,” that type of a thing because I think people just nod their heads and they tweet it, and they just don’t end up doing it.
Lenny: Status quo is hard to overcome sometimes. We’re onto our eighth topic, we’ve got three to go, and it’s on competitive intelligence. And this touches on a really interesting part of your background that I don’t know a lot of people know.
Patrick Campbell: Yeah. So my background, I started my career… I worked in US Intelligence, I worked for NSA. And I was just a entry level intel analyst, basically, I was only there for just over a year. And what was interesting is you get taught first principles thinking in so many different ways because you’re solving essentially puzzles every day. Now those puzzles are finding a bad guy or a gal or finding this piece of information. Those are all the puzzles, but you have to think through how to figure this out. And a lot of those puzzles involve, “You have these number of entities, how are they going to react?” And you’re trying to predict how they’re going to react, and you’re also trying to help figure out how you’re going to react or act in the context of them, so like node analysis, basically.
And what’s interesting from a startup or a business perspective is I think that don’t focus on your competitors is terrible advice. It’s amazing advice for product teams. When you have a competitive intelligence program or you have competitive intel, I try never to share that with product ever because products should just focus on the customer, they should not give two craps what’s going on with competitor A or competitor B. But as an overall missive, don’t focus on your competitors is terrible advice. And if I’m being charitable, it’s just outdated because some fun facts, and I alluded to some of them before, over the past decade, if you’re building in tech, particularly in SaaS or subscriptions, you now have 16 times the number of competitors if you started a business today, than if you did 10 years ago, and this is because everyone and their mother can spin up a website, a server, they can drive traffic to that site.
So there’s just a bunch of stuff in the market. And then because of all that stuff, all these marketing channels are getting denser and denser. CAC and B2B is up about 110% over the past 10 years. Consumer, it’s up 145%. If you’re selling sales and marketing software, it’s up 220% because there’s just so much sales and marketing software doing sales and marketing things in the market. And so the other reason for this is we haven’t had a brand new marketing channel since 2015, and that was Snapchat. We have TikTok, but TBD, depending on how you think about it. But we’re going from brand new marketing and advertising innovation every quarter to basically every five years.
My point is, if you are not in a Blue Ocean, you’re not in the Peter Teal, go to a market of one, you’re not in those types of things, which is most of us, and even some of us who think we’re in those things, we’re actually not, you do have to focus on your competitors on some level. And the levels I particularly think are a bare minimum, just knowing who they are, having a strategy. So for ProfitWell we never had comparison pages because we very quickly went from a challenger in this very competitive market to the leader in the market. So all of a sudden we were going to be above the fray, that was the idea, that was the strategy that we had, which is, “We’re going to have a lot of intel on what’s going on with them, why people care about this product.” We had white label NPS surveys and customer development surveys going to our competitors’ customers. That’s the level. And it was just automated. It wasn’t like it was taking a lot of time, but we just wanted that intel.
Lenny: When you say white labeled, that means you’re emailing your competitor’s customers to see what they think of your competitors, right?
Patrick Campbell: Exactly. So we’re basically, and we did it as a third party basically, which was, I think one of them was analyticssoftware.com, stuff like that. So it wasn’t like we were spoofing as our competitor because I think that crosses a little bit of a line. But basically we would have this intel. There’s a whole program here. Basically, I’d have sources… Basically, these customers I knew were always going to stay because they liked the founder or something like that. I would get on the phone with them every quarter or two just to be like, “Hey, what are you liking? Why haven’t you switched yet?” these types of things, or I’d see them at conferences.
So there’s a whole program there. And again, it’s not like it’s distracting anything, it’s just I want the intel so I can predict what’s going on, I can predict who to care about, who not to care about. But even then, if you’re a challenger, competitor marketing pages are really powerful. And the thing is, your customers, especially in a denser market, they know your competitors exist or they’re looking at them. Don’t infantilize your customers, help them, “Hey, this is how we compare to X, Y, Z competitor,” and be honest as much as possible. Well, we should always be honest, but be as upfront as possible, I should say, with where you’re bad at and where you’re great at, those types of things.
But long story short, having something awareness and then choosing a particular strategy, and then depending on your strategy, you might ramp up how much you actually do with the actual intelligence program.
Lenny: This is amazing. Two questions. Should every startup have a former spy on their team to help them operationalize these ideas? And then two, is there anything else that you found super valuable that you did based on your training there?
Patrick Campbell: We didn’t have a formal program, but I love hiring veterans, either veterans of intelligence, so they’re citizens, so they’re not veterans from a military perspective, but people who had worked in Intel or people who were actual veterans of different military branches. There’s a lot of reasons for this, but I think that the intelligence folks, it’s a way of thinking. Now you ought to be careful, and this is just purely my opinion, because depending on how long they were in… the reason I left is because it’s the government, it’s super bureaucratic. It was one of the most fulfilling jobs I will ever have, and I was only there for a short amount of time. But it’s just one of those things where it’s just so bureaucratic.
So the 15-year person there is not thriving, they’re not trying to change the world necessarily. They have a job. So you’ve got to be careful with that. But yeah, I think there’s these really smart people that just think in a different way. And a broader point is I think it’s just really, really good to go to different industries. All this customer development stuff, you go to any major retailer or any major e-commerce company, they have entire teams just dedicated to this stuff. Hallmark was one of our first pricing customers back in the day before we went subscription focused. They had 119 people in customer insights and research. And this was one of the reason we were like, “Well, you guys don’t need our help, you’ve got enough people.” But those are great people to hire, even though they don’t necessarily have the actual industry knowledge, they have a lot of domain expertise.
In terms of things I learned, I’ll put it this way, not to get political, if I was in charge of budget, I would give so much more money into the intel community. I saw conflicts or heard about conflicts being stopped just because of intelligence that didn’t go hot in terms of war fighting. I think it’s one of those things where I would put so much more money there than the actual other side of the defense budget.
And also everyone asks me about Snowden. So again, not to get political, it’s a lot more complicated, I think, than a lot of people think. It’s one of those things that the issues that were brought up, obviously they got really sensationalized, but they’re really important conversations to have, but it’s not as simple as, “Oh, stop doing this, start doing that.”
You don’t have to worry about the NSA, the NSA’s all outward-looking. You should worry about the FBI. The FBI are the ones who get a little testy with certain things, and you’re seeing that in the court cases and stuff like that. But just know there’s a lot of really hardworking, very well-intentioned people who you might disagree in terms of trade-offs, in terms of safety and things like that. They’re also some of the most privacy orientated people on the planet, so that’s worth a whole conversation. So hopefully I didn’t throw too many grenades in this part.
Lenny: No, we need more grenades. That’s the first time Snowden was brought up on this podcast, so that’s cool. There you go. And this is actually a good segue to the next topic, which is around local strategies like FBI versus NSA. I think you have a strong perspective that local strategies are much more likely to [inaudible 00:54:19] so we’ll just get into that one.
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, yeah. Just to give you a tease, I’ll tell you what I think of Snowden after the podcast. So the world doesn’t get to know except that I’ll tell you what my opinion is afterwards.
Lenny: What a tease.
Patrick Campbell: Local strategies. Local strategies, very basic. People like to buy from people, but we as operators get so excited about the scale of the internet that we forget the basics of humanity. Here’s some fun data points, we did a bunch of studies on this. So prospects who meet you in person, and this is not just for profit, all the data I’ve shared, it’s all global-level data or segmented depending on how we did it. It’s not just our findings, it’s like we looked at probably a minimum of 2,000 companies per factoid and most of the time much more. But prospects who meet you in person have 10 to 30% higher willingness to pay than those who didn’t. Churn for those folks who you meet in person is typically 20% lower than those folks who have never met you. Expansion revenue is typically 15 to 20% higher.
And this is not only in hand-to-hand kind of sales, coffee meetings, lunches, lunch and learns this type of thing, but it’s also in scaled products, so products that cost 20, 50 bucks per month. And so my suggestion is to you, especially in a post-COVID, I don’t know if that’s the right term, but in a world that hopefully does not see another pandemic in our lifetimes, knock on wood, do meetups, do lunches, go to conferences, unless you’re Lenny who is not a big fan of conferences. But get out of the office. Make sure you get out of the office. And the budget doesn’t have to be as big as you think. Breakfast and lunches are super cheap. We would push all of our P2 and P3s to a meetup, and all of our P1s, we would have one-on-one coffee dates. It’s super cheap.
Lenny: What do the Ps mean? Is that priority?
Patrick Campbell: Priority 1, we want these people to convert, they’re very good fits, all this other stuff. P2s are like, they’re probably good fits, but they’re just not as big. And then P3s are with a content play, they just love our content and stuff, but they’re not necessarily good fits for us. And so people make the mistake, they push everyone to dinners and it’s like, I don’t want to spend all of my money on P2s and P3s.
And so breakfast and lunches are cheaper than dinners. Meetups can be extremely inexpensive, get creative. We like to do barbecue type stuff for, not dive bars, but the unique dive bar, I guess is the best way to put it. So it’s not fancy. People just want to meet people, they want to talk to you, especially if you’re doing content and things like that. The Lenny Newsletter, Lenny Empire Meetups, I see the pictures of those all the time. There’s just an urge to learn from one another and hang out. So yeah, that’s the biggest thing, get out of the office or get out of your desk at home.
Lenny: Yeah, that’s right. You’re on Zoom. And you’re saying it’s not just the founders, it could be anyone on the team, salespeople, that all works.
Patrick Campbell: Anyone. I led marketing as part of my role as CEO, and so I do a lot of this and I’m also the one doing a lot of the content and stuff like that, or the face of a lot of our content, so I did a lot of it. But your head of sales… and you just have to position this a little differently. If they’re going to meet with a salesperson, it’s the same thing as if they get a email from a BDR, they’re like, “I’m not going to figure it out. I don’t want to deal with this.” But if it’s like, “Hey, we’re hosting…” We’re doing these lunch and learns right now. I was in Paris, New York, and London last week, it’s probably why I’m so sick this week, and all of a sudden we did these lunch and learns. People just want to hang out.
So we had 10 people, we had 20 people at one, 10 people, all priority 1 leads. And then we did these meetups with 100-plus people at each. Just think of that brand equity. And you just hang out. It wasn’t just me at all of these things. I ran the content, but then all of our sales folks were hanging out and doing their thing. But it doesn’t have to be super complicated. It’s just those touchpoints that people want. And it’s so high leverage because there are a lot of people who will not answer your email but will come to an event to meet you or meet someone from your team because it’s something to do, especially if you’re buying them breakfast or coffee or something like that. It doesn’t have to be something that’s extravagant.
Lenny: I love this advice. Basically, it’s like if your sales aren’t where you want it to be, find a way to meet your potential leads or someone in your team meeting your leads. That’s a very actionable thing you could do like, “We’re not hitting our numbers, let’s just go meet some people, find opportunities to hang out in real life.”
Patrick Campbell: Well, in the early days, pre-product market fit, this is all we would do too. I would stay at the worst hotels, I would stay at hostels, but just to get to, “Okay, I want to sell to these people.” The best information I’m going to get isn’t in a Zoom or I’m asking them questions, it’s going to be like, “Hey.” I gave a talk on pricing because that was a high leverage thing I could do because no one knows anything about pricing, but they know it’s important, so a lot of people want to listen. But then afterwards it’s like, “Oh yeah, how do you think about this? What are you doing for this? What are you doing for…” all of those fun producty questions. It’s just really, really high leverage. And I think it’s one of those things that… It depends on your role, it depends on your stage, but everyone can use something there.
Lenny: Great segue to our final topic. A lot of people spend time on top of funnel driving visitors, driving traffic, getting the word out. A lot of people spend time at the end of the funnel, closing customers, increasing within an organization. You have this perspective that the middle of the funnel is maybe the biggest opportunity these days. Can you talk about that?
Patrick Campbell: Pound for pound biggest opportunity. So take a quick step back. Demand generation exists for more than just supporting the sales team. We forget that. So sales and marketing, the past decade, it’s all been the funnel, we’re top of the funnel, middle of funnel, bottom of the funnel. HubSpot’s trying to make it a flywheel, but marketers are still talking about funnels. And when you look at the data, it depends a little bit on the price point and a little bit on the vertical, but 80% of sales and marketing budgets tend to go to the top of the funnel and the bottom of the funnel. So sales folks and ad-type spend, field events, whatever it is, that’s where it goes.
And the whole point is you’re trying to move someone from a lack of awareness at the top of the funnel to being aware about you and then to a sales combo or a conversion point, if you’re not doing sales. The problem is bottom of the funnel efficiency and top of the funnel efficiency has plummeted the past decade, just plummeted. And it’s not only because of the factoids I was saying before about CAC and all these other things and so many competitors being in the market, it’s just one of those things that the days of just hiring a bunch of BDRs, not training them, not having them in account-based marketing, not doing all these other things, those days are not here anymore. Those days are gone. Maybe in some specific verticals, in specific parts of the market.
But here’s the other problem. Sales today is so much more about timing than it once was. Because there’s so much stuff out there, it’s one of those things where people are waiting until it’s the right time. They’re aware of you, but they’re waiting. So the question we have to ask ourselves to not bury the lead any further is do we need to make this river of demand generation, basically what demand generation works? But that’s table space.
If we want to be even increasingly more successful, that middle of the funnel needs to get bigger. That pool of users who is aware of you, interacting with you on a regular basis. What if you had leads basically hanging out there in the middle of the funnel, interacting with you on a regular basis before all of a sudden their timing was right and then all of a sudden they go to the bottom of the funnel, and even better they opt into them. You don’t have to keep going after them and doing sales processes that are very kind of churn and burn. So that pool of leads.
And so the best way to create pools of leads, freemium. I’m a huge fan of freemium. I used to write articles about how freemium is terrible, so I’m a big convert. I wrote a book on freemium as well. The thing with freemium is CAC is still up over the past decade, but it’s up a lot less than overall CAC. Customers who convert from freemium and become paid customers, their retention is typically about 10 to 20% higher than those who converted from a free trial or converted from a traditional sales process. And then on top of that, NPS or CSAT, we measured it through NPS, is typically about double because they’re converting on their own timeline, not on some artificial timeline of a free trial or artificial timeline of sales.
You should still have those things, but I want this pool of people who are aware of me and are using something of my product because at the end of the day, what better content do you have than your actual product? Even if you’re a big enterprise solution, give them something to interact with. And then the other way to fill that middle of the funnel is, I think inbound marketing is just becoming SEO and eBooks. Kieran from HubSpot gets offended when I say that, but I love you, buddy. It’s okay. I’m still a huge fan. And this is just because CAC and inbound marketing has gone up and it’s all about a lot of SEO and we’ll see what AI does to that.
But this whole thing of inbound media, we got on this train about five years ago, and inbound media is just podcast video series. When we sold the company, we had eight different podcasts and video series, all very niche like Pricing Page Tear Down, which was a show about we collected data and tore down pricing pages, the good and the bad. We had Boxed Out, which was a retention focused show for the subscription e-commerce industry.
So all of that was to build this pool so that people were aware of us. And then over time, all of a sudden they’re like, “Oh, we have a pricing problem, we should go talk to these guys. Oh, we have this content or this retention thing, we should go talk to these guys.” But I think the pool is kind of the future and a lot of people are still treating it as just this gateway between the top and the bottom of the funnel.
Lenny: Middle of the funnel is the new top of funnel. We need a bumper sticker.
Patrick Campbell: There you go. I don’t know if that’s going to sell well, but I will buy one, so.
Lenny: The most nerdiest of all bumper stickers. Patrick, we’ve gone through 10 topics. Is there anything else you want to touch on before we get to our very exciting lightning rounds?
Patrick Campbell: I think what I will say is this is all still hard. So I’m giving some heuristics, I’m giving some benchmarks, but your mileage is going to vary. But again, that’s your job, whether you’re a founder, a product person, an exec, whatever you are, your job is to take in information, your job is to analyze the problem, and then ultimately come up with the best solution. And so I think it’s one of those things that there’s some hard truths I think we talked about, but then there’s a lot of this that you have to evaluate it for yourself. So just a general, I may come off like a know-it-all, but I understand that mileage varies I guess is the best way…
Lenny: Well, with that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. I’ve got six questions for you. Are you ready?
Patrick Campbell: I’m ready.
Lenny: Okay.
Patrick Campbell: I feel like I need a buzzer.
Lenny: I’m going to add a buzzer someday. Anyway, here we go. What are two or three books that you recommend most to other people?
Patrick Campbell: I have read High Output Management probably 20 times in the past 10 years. I read it at least once a year now. I commissioned a bronze bust of Andy Grove, so that’s being done. I’m a big Andy Grove fan.
Lenny: Oh, it’s in progress?
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, yeah, yeah. It’s in progress. It’s not done. I’ll send you a mockup after this. But yeah, High Output Management. Thinking in Bets, going to that first principles thinking. I find that a good book to share with people so that they can think about things and get on board with that.
And then Powerful by Patty McCord. Anything around HR to kind of break your brain a little bit about what you think about HR and people ops. That’s the gateway drug. That was the one where I was like, “Oh, we can choose how to design our people ops teams.”
Lenny: Okay, next question. Favorite recent movie or TV show?
Patrick Campbell: I don’t have one that’s recent, but I watch The West Wing at least once per week, so I’ve done that for a long time. I love Sorkin, I think the writing’s just so good, so I’ll just throw that out.
Lenny: Great one. Someone was telling me there’s a podcast to analyze each episode, which [inaudible 01:06:14].
Patrick Campbell: It is a great podcast and I’ve listened to most of them, so yeah.
Lenny: Okay, great. You’re all over it. Favorite interview question that you like to ask because you’re interviewing.
Patrick Campbell: I have a controversial one. I’m not going to be able to go through the entire question in a lightning round. But what I do is I do a mini… I did all the final interviews at ProfitWell, and we did a very hard culture check in the final interview. There’s a mini case study, it only lasts about a couple of minutes, I’m not going to go through it, but I asked them if someone in Slack responded to someone sharing something benign, like some report they found on the internet from McKinsey, they shared it in Slack, and then someone responded to that with something indirectly offensive.
So it’s changed over the years, sometimes I say, “Oh, they called it the R word, they said it was stupid,” something indirectly offensive. And I say, “What would you do, and what do you think the company should do?” And no matter what they say, I challenge them, and I always tell them, “I’ve never seen that at ProfitWell,” which is always good just to make sure they don’t have a bunch of fear in this position.
But it gave me a really, really good opportunity to talk through our culture, particularly the most charitable interpretation piece. And I would say there were about 10% of people who had a zero tolerance policy for whatever the situation was. And I would tell them, I would say, “Hey, listen. We have zero tolerance for the obvious things, we probably all agree on those.” But for this type of situation, we would ask some questions, we’d want to figure it out, we want to see, there’s probably some judgment around what happened, how long if they’d been doing this for a while, that type of thing. And then we would make a decision on what would happen. And a lot of times nothing would happen except, “Hey, don’t be an idiot, you’re smarter than that, use better words,” or something like that. And so that was a good culture check to opt them in or out.
Lenny: That is very cool. It circles back to the value of culture and values and being aligned within your company on culture and values. And it’s interesting that that’s the question you ask, and not something technical or skill-based.
Patrick Campbell: Yeah. Well, I do all the final interviews. So they’ve already gone through a skill-based and they’ve done culture screen already and stuff like that. So this is more of the, here’s why you should not work here, that type of conversation basically.
Lenny: I love that. Next question, what are five SaaS products that you or your company uses that you love? And bonus points for ones maybe people haven’t heard,
Patrick Campbell: That’s hard to answer too because at the end of the day, we’d all say Zoom, Google Workspace or whatever they’re calling it these days because those are the things that are so central. I’ve got to give a shout-out to Notion, we use Notion for all of our documentation. I use Notion for my personal… all these things. I know Code is a sponsor, so I apologize but-
Lenny: They’re both sponsors, and so we’re friends with everyone over here. Both are great-
Patrick Campbell: Amazing. Lenny’s Podcast, friends of all products. Descript. I use Descript quite a bit. I use Descript not only for… it’s like a video recording and editing tool, or you can bring in video to edit. But it’s got some cool features that… I use it more than Loom a lot of times because it just works in my workflow, not only for creating, but also for those quick conversations.
K-Tool. Here’s a fun one. This is an indie product, K-Tool. There’s probably other products that exist like this, but I actually really like the interface of it, it’s super simple. Basically if I’m online or someone sends me a PDF or something like that, I can basically choose to send that to my Kindle. So if someone sends me something I could just choose to send and then I can batch all of those things into a weekly newsletter that I can curate. So my Sundays and my Monday morning are just spent reading. So I have this weekly newsletter of someone wants me to review this thing or someone wants me to read this article or something like that. So I batch that into a little newsletter and it’s just a Chrome extension that works really well.
Tweet Hunter, I’m trying to be more on Twitter. I went through lulls, so now I’m trying to be consistent. So Tweet Hunter’s pretty good. It’s got some AI fun stuff into it to make discovery better. And then it’s not a SaaS application, but the last one is this Apple Watch Ultra. So I don’t carry my phone anymore. I just don’t… I found myself being on a computer, walking away with my phone, going, doing stuff and then just never being off-screen. So I have this for when I’m not in front of my computer and I’m this close to also doing it when I travel to when I’ve been traveling, my phone will stay in my suitcase, but it connects if I need to make a phone call. It connects via Bluetooth, all that kind of stuff. But just trying to take my attention away from my phone basically, so that’s, that’s been the unlock.
Lenny: Damn. What a list. That was incredible. I’m going to ask just one more question. What’s favorite lesson from your NSA experience that helps you in life day to day?
Patrick Campbell: I shouldn’t say everything, but most things are more complicated than it seems. And that’s not like a sinister thing, it just means when that person’s coming at you and super angry about something, whether it’s your fault or not, something’s there, they’re having a bad day, on top of it, you really messed up, you tapped into a particular emotion that you didn’t realize you did. Or hey, there’s even the story in the news about this politician’s bad or something like that. Everything’s a lot more complicated, and not in a it’s too hard to understand way, it’s just you should always caution yourself on believing the first reaction that you have.
And I developed that there because there’s so many things where… And it was also my first job, so a lot of this stuff happens because it’s your first job, many people may have this experience at a different place, but it was like, “Oh, this geopolitical thing that’s happened. Oh, here’s my first instinct, that means this is bad.” They’re like, “Well, actually, there’s this other thing going on over here and this other thing going over there, and those are actually connected. That’s why this is caused.” So that’s helped me, one, not get so pissed off at the news. That’s also helped me, I think just as a human, along with most charitable interpretation, to just be like, “Okay, let me not overreact here. Let me seek to understand and then react or respond, versus react.”
Lenny: What a beautiful way to end it. Patrick Campbell, renaissance man of a brain. This may be the most action-packed episode we’ve had, and I’m not surprised. Two final questions where can folks find you online if they want to ask you questions, reach out, learn more about what you’re up to? And how can listeners be useful to you?
Patrick Campbell: Yeah, so I am on Twitter @patticus, childhood nickname, P-A-T-T-I-C-U-S. LinkedIn, Patrick Campbell. I don’t check my LinkedIn messages, I’m going to get around to it, it’s just there’s so much spam in there. But yeah, you could find me there or just pc@patticus.com, that’s my personal email. So yeah, if I can be helpful or you want to see more of the data or you have this question or that question, we’ve probably written or recorded something on some of the things we talked about today, so I’m happy to send it over and just obviously want to be helpful, so yeah, feel free to hit me up.
Lenny: Amazing. Patrick, thank you again for being here.
Patrick Campbell: Thanks for having me, man.
Lenny: Bye, everyone.
Audio: Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcast, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| accommodation culture | 迁就文化 |
| Andy Grove | Andy Grove(英特尔联合创始人、前 CEO) |
| ARR | ARR(年度经常性收入,Annual Recurring Revenue) |
| BDR | BDR(商务拓展代表,Business Development Representative) |
| Blue Ocean | 蓝海 |
| bootstrapping | 自举创业(指不依赖外部融资、依靠自身营收发展企业的模式) |
| brand equity | 品牌价值 |
| CAC | CAC(客户获取成本,Customer Acquisition Cost) |
| cadence | 节奏(此处指 David Sacks 文章标题《The Cadence》) |
| cancellation flow | 取消流程 |
| challenger | 挑战者 |
| comparison pages | 竞品对比页面 |
| competitive intelligence | 竞争情报 |
| customer development | 客户开发 |
| Douglas Atkin | Douglas Atkin |
| expansion revenue | 扩张收入 |
| firmographics | 企业属性(描述企业客户的特征数据,如规模、行业等) |
| first principles thinking | 第一性原理思维 |
| flywheel | 飞轮(此处指 HubSpot 提出的营销飞轮模型) |
| freemium | 免费增值(模式) |
| High Output Management | 《High Output Management》(Andy Grove 的管理学经典著作) |
| ICP | ICP(理想客户画像,Ideal Customer Profile) |
| inbound | inbound(指通过内容营销吸引用户的获客方式) |
| inbound media | inbound 媒体(通过自主制作播客、视频等内容吸引潜在客户的策略) |
| Kieran | Kieran(HubSpot 高管 Kieran Flanagan) |
| lifestyle business | 生活方式型生意 |
| maintenance plan | 维护计划 |
| manager | 管理者 |
| mission metric | 使命指标 |
| most charitable interpretation | 最善意的解读 |
| node analysis | 节点分析 |
| NPS | NPS(净推荐值,Net Promoter Score) |
| offboarding | 卸载引导 |
| org design | 组织架构 |
| pause plan | 暂停计划 |
| pay-for-performance | 按效果付费 |
| people ops | 人事运营 |
| Powerful | 《Powerful》(Patty McCord 著,关于人力资源的书籍) |
| pricing metric | 定价指标 |
| problem, cause, solution | 问题、原因、解决方案 |
| product marketing | 产品营销 |
| product-market fit | product-market fit(产品市场匹配,首次出现保留原文) |
| ProfitWell | ProfitWell(保持原文,SaaS 订阅数据分析和营收管理平台) |
| report | 下属(指直接汇报对象) |
| salvage offer | 挽留方案 |
| sensationalize | 煽情化渲染(原文直接使用了该词,译文中保留动词含义”大肆渲染”) |
| SOC 2 | SOC 2(安全合规认证标准) |
| Sorkin | Sorkin(编剧 Aaron Sorkin) |
| strategic retention | 战略性留存 |
| tactical retention | 战术性留存 |
| tempo framework | 节奏框架 |
| tenure | 任期 |
| The West Wing | 《The West Wing》(白宫风云) |
| Thinking in Bets | 《Thinking in Bets》(Annie Duke 著,关于决策思维的书籍) |
| time to value | 价值实现时间 |
| value metric | 价值指标 |
| white label | 白标 |
| workflow product | 工作流产品 |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
自举创业打造2亿美元企业的10条经验 | Patrick Campbell(ProfitWell)
自举创业打造2亿美元企业的10条经验 | Patrick Campbell(ProfitWell)
开场:交付节奏与团队对齐
Patrick Campbell: 真正的专业人员会交付成果。说到底,真正的……不管你是做营销的、做产品的、工程师、运营还是人事,真正的专业人员会交付,而且不管在做什么,他们的交付频率都相当高。在我看来,你的节奏框架比组织架构更重要。所以,如果你曾经带过一个看起来非常聪明的团队,但他们总是在做计划、不太真正交付东西,或者你遇到过这种麻烦——领导层大家都理解了,但下面的团队、再下面的团队似乎朝着不同的方向走——那你很可能缺乏足够的对齐,而且在”什么样的节奏才算合格”这个问题上没有达成共识。
Lenny: 欢迎收听 Lenny’s Podcast,在这里我采访世界级的产品负责人和增长专家,从他们打造和增长当今最成功产品的宝贵经验中学习。今天的嘉宾是 Patrick Campbell。Patrick 是 ProfitWell 的创始人兼 CEO,他在没有任何外部融资的情况下自举创业,并以超过2亿美元的价格出售了公司。多年来我一直很欣赏 ProfitWell 和 Patrick。他是我认识的最有洞察力、最聪明的人之一,不断在 Twitter 和他的 newsletter 上分享智慧,主要涉及定价、留存、团队建设以及打造成功 SaaS 业务的方方面面。
我一直想在播客上线后就请 Patrick 来做客,这始终在我的愿望清单上。我认为这可能是迄今为止信息密度最高的一期。我们在一小时内覆盖了10个话题,包括团队建设、自举创业、交付节奏、竞争分析、用户研究方面的犀利观点,当然还有定价和留存。千万别错过这期,这是我最喜欢的新一期。接下来,请我的嘉宾 Patrick Campbell。
欢迎与寒暄
Lenny: Patrick,欢迎来到播客。
Patrick Campbell: 谢谢邀请,兄弟。很高兴终于……我们发消息、聊天已经好几年了,我才意识到我们居然从来没有真正面对面聊过,所以这段关系和友谊大概到此为止了,因为我们可能会发现彼此在一起有多尴尬。
Lenny: 我严重怀疑会这样,我希望不会。自从我开始做这个播客,就一直想请你来,这一直在我的计划中。你确实是我认识的最聪明、最了不起的人之一,所以谢谢你来参加我的播客。
Patrick Campbell: 你得多认识点人了,不过我还是很感激,很感激。
Lenny: 你真是太谦虚了。通常我做播客会有一个主要话题来聚焦,但我觉得你这样一个博学多才的大脑,逐一过10个不同的话题、快速推进、听听你的视角会更有意思。我觉得你对很多事情都有反直觉的观点和独到的见解。所以我想做的是过10个话题,了解一下在这个领域创始人和公司犯的最大错误是什么,可能错过的最大机会是什么,或者就是对某个话题的犀利看法。怎么样?
Patrick Campbell: 完全没问题,来吧。我要把我的 Twitter 简介改成”博学的大脑”,这对我来说是全新高度。是的,谢谢夸奖。
Lenny: 对,就写”博学”加上那句引用,太搞笑了。人们会想,“这家伙到底在搞什么……”不管了,我们直接开始吧。
团队建设
第一个话题是:作为创始人或任何类型的领导者,如何搭建你的团队。问题是,人们在搭建团队时犯的最大错误是什么?搭建团队时错过的最大机会是什么?或者总的来说,作为创始人或团队领导者,你认为搭建团队的最佳方式是什么?
Patrick Campbell: 回答问题总得以老生常谈开头,而关于团队建设最大的老生常谈就是:团队就是一切,对吧?如果你在听这个节目,你听过这句话,你大概也对别人说过,或者被导师这样指导过。我在创业早期也被告知了这一点,但我当时觉得这是一条糟糕的建议。我以为是产品或者营销会拖我们的后腿。不过,虽然团队确实就是一切,我也真心这么认为,但如果你去看大多数公司的实际数据和实际行为,我们的思维方式和实际做法并非如此。
让我给你讲两个根本性的问题。第一个是,我们混淆了”团队就是一切”和”对所有人有求必应”——迁就每一个人,尤其是在过去几年的科技行业里,可能接下来会有些变化,但过去一直是”哦,每个人都得开心”。我认为这是一个非常大的误解,因为你存在的目的不是让每个人都开心。你有某种使命和某种目标,你需要以能够达成那个特定目标的方式来建立文化和团队。
第二个问题,我觉得更有操作性一些:我认为我们其实并没有真正关注团队。目前科技行业中一位管理者的平均任期大约是15.7个月。我专门去研究过这个数据,主要是因为几年前我们对团队建设进入了高度关注状态。在企业科技领域,一个下属由同一位管理者管理的平均时间只有10.8个月,也就是不到11个月。当你的团队的承载者——你的管理层——只能维持这么短的时间时,“团队就是一切”这句话是不可能成立的,至少我们不可能真正相信它,这根本不可能。
团队建设中的实际问题
Patrick Campbell:
我觉得在很大程度上,人事运营(people ops)只是事后的补救。即使你回顾人力资源的历史——我们不必深究,因为那够做一整期播客了——它本质上都是在被动应对。它起源于20世纪中叶的劳工运动,核心关注的是”嘿,怎么给自己免责”而不是”怎样推动团队前进”。我觉得在科技行业我们本有机会做出改变,但我们并没有真正把团队放在核心位置。所以我不知道是否回答了你的问题,但这就是我所看到的问题的全貌——我们实际上并没有关注团队,也没有在使命的语境下关注团队。我们只是招人,然后希望他们开心。显然我是在泛化,但如果你看统计数据和实际发生的事情,结果就是如此。
Lenny: 在你创建公司的过程中,有没有做过一些与这种趋势相反的事情?有没有什么经验教训?因为我完全同意,大家嘴上总是团队团队团队,但实际上很多公司的工作体验非常糟糕,显然他们并不真正在乎你的感受。
Patrick Campbell:
说一些我们做过的具体可行的事情。我觉得,第一点,还是要回到一个基本的反馈或者说你可能已经听过的建议——如果你之前听过这个播客的话——那就是你不可能取悦所有人,所以你要明确:你是为谁而存在的?你为谁服务,又不为谁服务?我认为这一点要在价值观中真正定义清楚,而价值观之所以是价值观,前提是必须有真正的取舍。比如我们有”着眼长期”这一条,当你着眼长期的时候,就存在一个明确的取舍——你可能会放弃短期收入。
最善意的解读
不同类型的人在特定的公司环境下表现也不同。我们做的比较有争议的一件事是,我们大量讨论行为准则,其中一个核心概念叫做”最善意的解读”(most charitable interpretation)。这不是我们发明的,但其核心理念是:当出现冲突或对抗时,你处理对抗的方式对我们来说非常重要。我们希望团队成员——也是我们想招聘的人——在面对对抗时,会采取最善意的解读。
举个例子,Lenny,如果你说”嘿,Patrick,我喜欢你的衬衫”,而我不喜欢别人评论我的衬衫,我不会生气、不会跑去HR那里告状、也不会对你发火。我们的做法是说——“在 ProfitWell 正确的处理方式是:‘他不知道,所以我不提这件事’,或者’嘿 Lenny,你可能不知道,但我不太喜欢别人评论我的衬衫。’”
这看起来很琐碎,但当你超过20个人时,这类事情就会不断冒出来。我觉得大多数时候我们在把团队幼稚化——让他们跑去HR,制定各种政策,搞一堆条条框框。而说到底,你花了大价钱请来非常聪明的人来做事,你应该让他们协同工作,而不是在政策规章和人事流程中绕圈子才能推进事情。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个。这让我想起在 Airbnb 的一件事,我们的产品负责人总是鼓励我们假设对方是出于善意的——“他们试图达成的好的目的是什么?他们不太可能是想造成伤害。”
Patrick Campbell:
但关键在于——这也是你真正关心团队的体现——如果你信奉这一点(当然你可以有不信奉这一点的文化,那样的文化不适合我,但这没关系,这正是重点所在),那么对于那些很难假设正面意图、很难做出最善意解读的人,他们就不能留在你的公司,必须离开,你需要找到合适的人。我们确实遇到过这样的人,我们之前并不总是捍卫这条原则,但当我们开始捍卫它之后,一切都变好了。我们会说:“嘿,看起来这个对你来说确实很难受。我们是这样思考问题的,这是我们这里处理这类行为的方式。如果这对你来说确实很难接受,我们来帮你另找一份工作。“幸好我们不是在挖沟修渠,我们都在科技行业工作。所以找另一份工作是相对”容易”的——加了引号——即使在当前这样的经济环境下。
价值观的真正价值在于界定谁不适合
Lenny: 这让我想起一个叫 Douglas Atkin 的人,我跟他在 Airbnb 共事过一段时间,他帮我们制定了核心价值观。他有一个观点跟你说的一模一样:你的价值观必须清晰明确地界定谁不适合、谁不属于这里。因为如果适合所有人,那它就没有价值。诚信、信任,每个人都想要这些,每个人都能符合,但只有当你能清楚界定谁不匹配时,它才有真正的价值,跟你说的完全一样。
Patrick Campbell:
没错,但我们害怕这种明确的界限,又回到了那种迁就文化——这种恐惧甚至从面试阶段就开始了。我们心想”天哪,我们需要招到这些人,我们需要这些销售,需要这些工程师”,所以在面试中就没有坦诚地讲明我们的价值观和取舍。结果你花了大量时间和金钱招来一个根本不匹配的人。我觉得这对他们很不好,对你也很不好。所以我们做的另一件事就是把所有这些内容前移到面试过程中,直接谈,基本上就是说:“嘿,如果你不是这样思考问题的,那也没关系。我们不比你强,你也不比我们强,只是我们这里就是这么做事的。”
我觉得很多时候我们不敢这么做,是因为作为创始人有一种恐惧——“我们必须完成这件事,唯一的办法就是怎样怎样”。但实际上,这种做法反而会让你的截止日期推得更远,而不是像你尽可能专注对齐所做到的那样。
自举创业的经验与反思
Lenny: 下一个话题,自举创业。我觉得你大概可以进自举创业名人堂了。你创建了一家公司——
Patrick Campbell: 来了,这就是我一直想要的。
Lenny: 我觉得你绝对在名人堂里。如果我有遗漏你补充,但基本上就是——你自举创业做了一家公司,然后以两亿美金卖掉了。我觉得我没听说过类似的事。所以你的犀利观点是什么?人们在自举创业方面会犯什么错误?
Patrick Campbell:
基本观点是:自举创业适合那些想要现金流的生活方式型生意,而融资适合那些试图创造十亿美元年营收的公司。这个答案得罪所有人。我的独立开发者朋友们会不高兴,他们会说”那 Basecamp 呢?ProfitWell 呢?“我告诉你,对 ProfitWell 来说,这是一个很大的失误。是的,退出很成功,我们以超过两亿美金出售,等等,但如果当时我们拿了融资,可能已经有十亿级别的退出,或者我们可以继续做下去。
融资的时机与反思
Patrick Campbell:
我们应该在生命周期的更早阶段拿钱。这其实是一个很大的失误,因为我们迷上了效率,这确实很好,但我们本可以比当时跑得更快。事后诸葛亮谁都会做,我显然也不是在为此懊悔,但我觉得关键在于你得清楚自己是谁,清楚公司的目标是什么。我们最大的目标是想建一家大公司,也在朝那个方向努力,但我们没有做那些真正能实现这个目标的事情——也就是拿融资。所以这就是我的犀利观点,希望得罪了所有人。不过这也基本上是推特上争论的终点——“看情况”,但这正是你需要思考的问题。
Lenny: 有意思的是,通常你听到的是另一端的声音——融了资的人会说”我不该融资的,应该自举创业更久”。能听到另一边的声音很棒——真正自举创业过的人说”不,我们也许应该中途拿 VC 的钱”。
Patrick Campbell: 嗯,我觉得有很多想法根本不应该融资。有很多想法就应该做一个现金流很好的生意,它们同样可以成为大企业。有不少企业不靠融资,照样每年产生数千万美元的现金流。我觉得关键在于,你的目标、你的商业模式、以及你的资金状况,这三者必须匹配。而很多人恰恰反着来——“TechCrunch 上说的、推特上说的都是’要融资、融资、融资’“,他们没有退后一步想一想:这个想法本身就不是个适合拿钱的好生意。而且资金如此充裕,即便现在也是如此,以至于在一一恕我直言——“相对容易”地就能为一个不太好的想法融到钱,这显然是有问题的。
什么样的生意不该融资
Lenny: 我一直在想写一篇关于这个话题的文章,标题大概类似”你的创业项目大概率达不到 VC 规模”,因为很多人觉得自己可以融资然后建一个巨大的企业。有没有什么经验法则可以帮助创始人判断自己不该融资、永远成不了十亿美元级别的公司?
Patrick Campbell: 十年前我会看的标准是:“这家公司能不能做到年营收一亿美金?“现在这些数字都变了,因为 IPO 发生在接近两亿到两亿五千万的阶段,而且市场每天行情都不一样。我的看法是,如果你要做一家大公司,你最终需要做到年营收十亿美金。不需要一蹴而就,可以花二十年,不一定要很快实现,但这是我的思考方式。如果我看不出一条通往十亿美金的清晰路径,并不意味着我不融资,而是我会退后一步认真思考这个具体的想法——因为一旦你上了融资那台跑步机,有很多想法可以卖到四亿、五亿美金。但如果你在融资跑步机上,看看创始人和管理团队最终拿到手的钱——你可能还不如去做一个五千万美金的现金流生意,拿到的钱更多,而且你仍然有选择卖掉的自由。
所以我就是这么想的。它是一个光谱,边界上是模糊的,不是一条固定规则。但另外一件事我也在思考——关于建下一家公司的时候,我们会自举创业,我不知道多久……这不是一个时间表,但我设想大概前十八到二十四个月,因为我不想在摸索想法的阶段就出让那些股权。显然,我有过一次退出,经济上能够承担,也不用担心自己的生计。但我觉得,如果你能自举创业——即使你最终要做的是一个需要融资的想法——如果你能在最初的创意阶段,甚至走过产品市场匹配阶段都自举创业——这不是件容易的事——但那才是最理想的融资时机,因为那时候你只需全力冲刺。
Lenny: 我特别喜欢刚才那个非常具体的数字,这也是我们的思考方式——如果你不认为公司最终能达到年营收十亿美金,那它大概率不是一个 VC 规模的生意。我觉得归根结底就是市场有多大。如果没有足够多的人愿意付足够的钱,让它成为年营收十亿美金的生意,你大概率不该踏上 VC 的跑步机。
小而美同样值得追求
Patrick Campbell: 我觉得当你这样想的时候,作为听众,你会发现自己面前其实打开了一个充满可能性的世界。换个角度想——你不一定要背负创造十亿美金营收的压力。如果你能退后一步说”好,我可以做一个一千万美金的生意”,你现在听到这话可能在想”我不确定自己行”。但如果你在某个企业里做到了总监级别,或者在某处负责产品,你完全可以去做一个一千万美金的生意。可能不会一夜之间实现,可能需要十年,还有其他各种因素。但这太棒了,这太疯狂了。
想想二三十年前,你得开一家街角小店,每天工作十八个小时,才能积累那样的能力或财富,然后希望六十五岁时以一倍的估值卖掉生意。现在你可以建一个年收入一百万美金的软件公司,过上极好的生活,想少干点也行,或者全力投入,逐步做到一千万甚至一亿美金的公司。我觉得这太了不起了,我们应该为此喝彩,而不是觉得不到十亿就是失败。但我们也要清楚自己的边界,我觉得很多人在融资这件事上就是栽在这一点上。
定价
Lenny: 下一个话题,定价。你大概是最……好吧,你在定价领域属于最聪明、最有经验的前 1%。我们完全可以做一整期关于定价的播客,也许以后会做,但作为十个话题之一,你脑海中冒出来的是什么?人们定价时犯的最大错误是什么?最大的机会是什么?最犀利的观点是什么?
Patrick Campbell: 这个说法特别无聊,但最犀利的观点就是——你每个季度必须做一件事,仅此而已。我教定价已经十年了,尝试过很多不同的方法,我觉得最简单的道理就是:听好了,你有三个增长杠杆——获取客户、变现、留存。你在获客上花了大量时间和金钱,在留存上也投入了一些时间和金钱,但定价和变现上你大概什么都没做。原因是你觉得它是个虚无缥缈的东西,它确实有一些虚无缥缈的方面。但要让它变得非常具体——它就是每客户收入。盯住那个数字,那一个关键指标,你要让这个数字持续向右上方走。它随着时间自然会向右走,但你要让它每个季度都向上走——不需要像你的销售额、线索量或营收增长得那么高,但你要让这个数字稳步上升,每个季度做一件事就行。定价方面最不性感的事情就是建立一个定价委员会。如果是两个人的公司,就是你和你的联合创始人;如果是十万人的公司,可能有三十人参与,但核心其实只有八个人与那个具体的产品紧密相关。
Patrick Campbell: 然后要意识到,影响每客户收入的因素有很多。实际价格、套餐设计、增值附加策略、折扣策略、价格本地化、免费增值模式,有一大堆不同的东西,但只要每三个月挑一件事去做,放一个日历邀请,让它每三个月循环提醒。你会忍不住推迟几次,我理解,我见过太多次了。但一定要做点什么,哪怕是非常小的事。我向你保证,这就像任何你开始衡量的东西一样——一旦你开始衡量并重视它,你就会开始做一些事情,有些会搞砸,有些会效果很好。然后你会做更多,随着时间推移,那个数字就会自然而然地向右上方走。总之就是——做点什么。这就是基本思路。
Lenny: 我喜欢这种简洁性。如果我想象一个饼图,列出你可能做和可能改变的事情,你刚才提到了几个。一个是涨价,一个是降价,还有一个可能是改变定价模型,还有一些其他的。根据你的经验,在饼图中,尤其是在创业早期阶段,你觉得最大的机会通常在哪里?
Patrick Campbell: 在考虑定价各个组成部分时,最需要搞清楚的一件事,性价比最高的是定价指标,或者说价值指标(value metric)。也就是你按什么来收费——按用户数、按千次访问、按千次什么什么,随便什么。面向消费者的公司,这个稍微难一点。实体产品就更难了,因为你有物理实体的成本,物理规律摆在那儿,绕不过去。但这个东西之所以如此强大,是因为哪怕你定价的其他方面都做错了或者做得不够好,只要这个对了,你在变现方面通常都没问题。
首先,从获客的角度来说,它保证了迪士尼进入你的产品时付的是迪士尼的价格,而 Johnny 或 Jane 的创业公司进来时付的是 Johnny 和 Jane 的价格。你不应该让他们付同样的钱,因为价值显然不同,哪怕他们的使用量几乎一样。价值指标让你把这条线画对了。
然后它最美妙的地方在于,流失率通常会降低 20% 到 25%,因为人们会降级,但他们用的就是……你不会遇到那种”我付了很多钱但最终没怎么用”的抱怨。而是”哦,我这个月用了八个席位,我要降级”,或者系统自动调整。然后你的扩张收入通常会翻倍,因为当你使用一个合适的价值指标时,你不需要再去重新推销——“嘿,Lenny,我们高级套餐里有这个很酷的功能,你要不要?“你说,“我已经在用这个产品了,不太需要。“取而代之的是,我直接说,“嘿,Lenny,恭喜你!你的账户里现在有 100 个视频了。太棒了,你们一定在增长。我直接把你升级到 100 个视频的套餐了。有什么问题随时找我。“这是一种非常隐性的、获取扩张收入的方式。所以性价比最高的就是这件事。
涨价策略
然后我想说,如果你公司内部政治很复杂——定价方面人人都有政治问题,因为它处于这么多不同团队的交叉点——我建议你从涨价开始。如果你在持续建设产品,你应该每年整体涨价一次。如果你的产品没有在持续改进、客服很差、NPS 很低,那就别涨。但如果你的 NPS 超过 20——这个门槛并不高——你应该每年涨一次价。我建议从涨价开始的原因是,它能把所有的扯皮和政治问题都摆到桌面上。你不得不收集数据,不得不向销售团队证明,不得不确保培训到位,不得不确保 messaging 到位……
但涨价是一个足够具体、不那么虚无缥缈的事情。相比之下,价值指标的选择可以引发一堆争论——这个指标还是那个指标,送 10 个还是送 100 个。涨价是一个很好的撕掉创可贴的方式。大多数公司每三年才会变一次实际收费数字。所以如果你已经三年没涨过了,你早就该涨了。这是个撕掉创可贴的好办法。
Lenny: 这一集到目前为止性价比已经非常高了,真的太精彩了。我很期待进入下一个话题,但先插一句——你在我 newsletter 上写过一篇关于定价的客座文章,我们会在 show notes 里放链接,那篇文章更深入地探讨了价值指标和如何思考定价。大家可以去看看。
留存
下一个话题,留存。我一想到 Patrick Campbell,就想到定价和留存。这同样可以单独做一期播客,但我们还是挑一件事来说。人们在留存上犯的最大错误是什么?最大的机会是什么?最犀利的观点是什么?
Patrick Campbell: 我之所以开始写留存方面的内容、发布相关数据,其实是因为我不想只当”定价那哥们儿”。我当时试图做一些差异化,然后想当”SaaS 那哥们儿”,但那个范围又太宽了。不管怎样,说到留存,最犀利的观点——这个观点会让 90% 的人……不,不会得罪人,但这是一个产品播客,我就按这个思路来。产品圈的朋友们,你们大多数时候忽略了一个事实:留存有两种类型——战略性留存和战术性留存(tactical retention)。
战略性留存与战术性留存
战略性留存是你作为优秀的产品领导者、优秀的产品团队所做的那些事情:找准 ICP、缩短价值实现时间、路线图规划、开发正确的功能、找到你的使命指标、对每一个细节精益求精——这些都是做好产品领导者的所有日常打磨。但正因为你如此专注、如此偏向这一面,你通常会忽略一种我们称之为战术性留存的东西——比如支付失败处理、账期优化、取消流程、卸载引导等等。如果你已经过了产品市场契合阶段,这个战术性留存在你的流失问题中大约占 25% 到 40%,这是一个相当大的比例,但你往往不会关注它,因为你的心态是”我要去做功能、我要去做这个、我要成为一个出色的产品领导者”。
而产品团队如此根深蒂固地陷入这种思维,以至于他们没意识到这个问题其实只需要两个月的工作量就能解决。投入的工作量并不大——比如在信用卡支付失败时搭建一个基本的营销漏斗,这并不难,不是火箭科学。做好卸载引导,用聪明的方式处理卸载。分享一个小数据:我分析了两百万个取消流程——我们为此开发了一些产品,所以我有这些数据,先说明一下——分析了两百万个取消流程后,我们发现,当用户按下那个取消按钮时,你大约有 18 到 30 秒的时间,我们发现你应该问两个问题。第一个是”你为什么离开?“用多选题。不要用自由文本框,一百条回复里只有一条有价值的,其余九十九条都不怎么样。
另一个我们发现效果非常好的问题是,“你喜欢这个产品的哪些方面?“这个问题之所以如此有效,是因为那个人已经坐上了一列开往取消的货运列车。他们心里想的是,“我已经决定了。对,这就是我要离开的原因。“但当你问他们喜欢什么的时候,你实际上是在触发一种怀旧效应,让那列货运列车停了下来。而当我拿到这些信息后,对产品团队来说非常有价值——可以用来判断”哪些功能在起作用,哪些不行?我们应该多做哪些?这个客户好不好?”
Patrick Campbell: 但接下来,根据他们的参与度数据、订阅方案,以及他们所有的企业属性信息再加上回答,我就可以提供一个挽留方案、暂停计划、维护计划之类的选项。所有这些东西,真的是非常、非常强大。而且我一直建议,财务团队应该直接把这件事接管过来,因为产品团队的思维永远更多地放在未来,而不是去修复眼前的问题。不过这就是我关于留存最激进的观点了。
Lenny: 这个观点非常棒。我其实想在这里提一下 ProfitWell。我知道你们有一款产品就是做这个的,我也用过。所以我不确定被收购之后是否还是这样,因为收购之后事情总会变。但我给我的 Newsletter 用了 ProfitWell,直接接入我的 Stripe 账户,它是一个不可思议的免费产品,因为它能告诉我所有我想知道的信息。而且它有一个很酷的功能,你只要打开开关,它就会自动帮你做这些事情——比如告诉用户”你的信用卡即将过期”,“这张卡支付失败了,请试试换一张新卡”。所以这是一个值得去看看 ProfitWell 的好理由。
Patrick Campbell: 谢谢,兄弟,我很感激。其实这也挺有意思的,因为我觉得对我们来说,正是因为产品团队确实不太会去想这些东西,我们无意中发现了这个一整套理论,甚至可以单独做一期节目来讲——就是所有的产品功能都是”开箱即用”的。我的意思是,你注意到了,当你登录设置好之后,你不需要写邮件,不需要设置流程。原因在于我们有来自价值 300 亿美元 ARR 流经我们指标产品的所有数据,我们可以研究什么有效、什么无效。
这种让用户受益的”偶然发现”,让我们认识到这是一种”反主动使用”型产品——它的留存率极其高,因为人们直接就能获得价值,根本不需要去使用它。所以我们发现了一个关于留存的额外洞察:当我们审视不同类型产品的流失率时,那些你每天都在用的工作流产品,以及那些你不需要登录但仍然能获得价值的产品,这两类产品的流失率最低、留存率最高。而处于中间地带的产品,简直就是死亡地带。这也正是 ProfitWell 指标产品最终免费的原因——我们当时就觉得,“做一个指标和分析产品太痛苦了。太难了,因为人们根本不欣赏背后投入了多少工作量,所以留存率不高,也不愿意付多少钱,“等等。
分析产品很难做
Lenny: 我觉得单单这件事本身就是一个非常有趣的故事,我不知道我们是不是该深入展开,但只想强调你刚才说的——有那么多创业公司做了一个分析产品,无非是想用更好的方式来测量和追踪所有正在发生的事情。而你发现的是,这样做赚不到钱,人们不想为一个 SaaS 分析工具付费。
Patrick Campbell: 你只有两个选择。要么往高端走,基本上变成一个带 UI 的数据产品;要么走极度细分路线。而即使走极度细分,也超级难,因为——我不知道——每个人都在试图消灭电子表格,但”你消灭不了电子表格。“所有真正的分析师都会在电子表格里做一切事情。所以对我们来说,我们的思路是给你一个干净的 UI,然后帮你把这些数据导入电子表格、邮件,或者你用于数据库的任何工具里面。
Lenny: 对。我不想把这变成 ProfitWell 的广告,但确实经常有创始人来找我做路演,说”嘿,我们做了这个超棒的分析工具。“我的反应是,“你去看看 ProfitWell 免费提供的东西,那是一个很高的门槛。”
Patrick Campbell: 是的,是的。我们本来是想卖的。一开始我们确实在尝试卖,但后来遇到了各种问题,这就是为什么我们没继续卖。
话题五:交付
Lenny: 好,回到正轨。第五个话题,交付。关于交付你学到了什么?人们在尝试更快交付、更高效交付时常犯的错误是什么?
Patrick Campbell: 这个话题可能有点刺耳,但事实是——真正的专业人士都交付。不管你是市场人员、产品人员、工程师、运营人员还是人事运营——真正的专业人士都交付,而且以相当高的频率交付他们手头的工作。所以我们深入思考了一件事情:在我看来,你的节奏框架——我一会儿再详细解释这意味着什么——比你的组织架构更重要。如果你曾经遇到过这样的情况——一个团队看起来真的很聪明,但他们总是在规划、不怎么交付东西;或者领导层都理解了方向,但下面的团队、再下面的团队似乎在往不同的方向走——那你大概率是缺乏足够的对齐,而且在交付节奏上,对”什么样算好的”缺乏足够的共识。
节奏框架的具体实践
我们的做法是这样的:首先在顶层确立使命指标和指导原则——我们做什么?怎么衡量?怎么达成?对我们来说,使命是自动化订阅增长。我们的使命指标是 ProfitWell 上的收入金额,因为这对获客有利,同时也意味着我们在做自己的本职工作。然后是达成路径:我们要成为 SaaS 领域最有帮助的品牌。再加上我们”替你做好”的思路,就是我刚才讲的那些。
接下来,我们在领导层面把这个确立下来,每个组织负责人——市场、销售等等——都需要一个能融入整体目标的框架。比如 ProfitWell 的市场团队就是做全面的内容 inbound,大量播客、视频系列等等。而其中最重要的部分是,他们需要确定在交付方面”好的标准”是什么样子的。比如我们会说,“好的,我们在做市场——这个月多少期播客,每个月多少次产品发布,每季度多少次重大产品发布,“之类的。
然后,领导层的对话基本就是:“好的,这就是好的标准,我们达成共识了。怎么缩小差距?“所有的对话都围绕这个展开:“好的,你一个季度只交付了一个东西,我们想做到每个月一个。为什么?""我没有足够的资源。“——那我们就解决这个问题,或者想办法争取更多资源,然后如果他们又没做到——“好的,为什么?""有这个问题。“——这样一来,你就开始在整个组织层面打造出一个高产出的团队,同时也建立了对齐机制。你不会在某人入职九个月之后突然醒来觉得”嗯,我觉得 Tim 很差劲”。然后”为什么你突然觉得 Tim 很差劲?""他没有交付什么什么东西。"
"好的标准”未明确的后果
Patrick Campbell:“那这大概率是组织的问题,不是 Tim 个人的问题。“因为话说回来,你当初招 Tim 的时候是经过筛选的。Tim 在前公司表现非常出色,是公认的明星员工。那这里的差别是什么?是你招聘搞砸了?嗯,也有可能,因为招人确实非常非常难。但大多数时候,只是你没有设定好”好的标准”在节奏上应该是什么样子的,然后也没有持续进行那种对话,确保 Tim 拥有交付所需的一切资源。
**Lenny:**在这个过程中有什么重要的心得吗?这个节奏机制是你们在 ProfitWell 逐步摸索建立起来的吗?
**Patrick Campbell:**是的。如果你不把”好的标准”明确说出来,就会出现完全的脱节——彻彻底底的脱节。比如某个人在埋头做产品,他认为是每季度一次产品发布。而我在那边想着:“嗯,我们应该每个月有一次中等规模的发布,然后每季度一次大发布。“完全脱节。如果你没有一个方式来讨论这件事,没有某种抓手来进行这种对话,结果就是你们根本不会去谈,然后双方都会产生摩擦和怨气,因为每个人都觉得”Tim 表现不好”。而实际情况是,“并不是这样,只是期望没有设定清楚。”
然后真正有意思的是,你会发现他们没达到”好的标准”的原因都是可以解决的,而且大多数时候就是——这个团队没有和那个团队沟通。“哦,好的,市场想做这些发布,但产品没有给他们素材。行,让这两个人坐下来聊聊吧,因为我们当时没有产品营销,至少没有正式的产品营销。“他们聊了之后,突然就变成了:“好的,Neil,你每个月需要提供一个东西。我们已经做了那么多功能,很多都没发布过,你每个月只需要提供一个就行。市场那边会去操心怎么包装定位——既不过度宣传,也不低估,但确保我们每个月都有东西出来。你来审批那个定位。“然后突然之间,节奏就转起来了,这显然就是我们的目标。
**Lenny:**这让我想到,David Sacks 有一篇很棒的文章叫《The Cadence》,讲的就是市场、产品和销售应该怎么运作,怎么建立这种节奏。也就是要对齐,但日程上要有错位。如果你没看过的话,我会在节目备注里放上链接。
**Patrick Campbell:**那篇确实很好。
第一性原理思维
**Lenny:**下一个话题。第一性原理思维。你可以说是个文艺复兴式的大脑,我感觉你花了很多时间从第一性原理出发思考问题,而且在我们的对话中,你对各种事情总有很有趣的切入方式。关于真正落地实施第一性原理思维,你学到了什么?大家一直在谈论第一性原理,但具体怎么做呢?
**Patrick Campbell:**是的,大家一直在谈论它。但我没找到过关于第一性原理思维的好的课程。有一些不错的博客文章,但这些文章基本上只是解释了它是什么,然后就没了。就是”这就是它是什么,然后给你一个例子”。而且大多数文章都引用 Elon Musk 关于火箭的例子,把火箭拆解成不同零部件。所以我发现的一个东西是”五个为什么”——我觉得之前有人提过,或者至少我在之前的 newsletter 里读过,就是不断地追问为什么。“嗯,事情是这样的。""为什么是这样?""嗯,事情是那样的。""为什么是那样?”
我还发现,对于那些不太擅长第一性原理思维,或者不太擅长讨论它的人,有一个能帮他们打开思路的模型,叫做”问题、原因、解决方案”(problem, cause, solution)。这是我在大学和高中的辩论队学到的。它的基本逻辑是:你有一个要解决的问题。但你实际上没法直接解决一个”问题”。比如我们谈世界饥饿,你不能直接”解决”世界饥饿,因为它更像是一种症状,是一个客观存在的困境。
然后我要拆解:世界饥饿的所有原因是什么?当你和同事们进行这种对话时,尤其是那些在这方面有困难的人,这个过程会更偏向头脑风暴。突然间我可以列出所有原因:灌溉危机、援助物资无法到达需要的地方、饥荒、干旱等等。然后我要做的就是把这些原因按影响程度排序。所以如果我们试图解决世界饥饿,而且由于某种原因发现灌溉是最大的问题——如果解决了灌溉,一切都会好起来——那么我就把我的解决方案对齐到各个不同的原因上。这样就形成了一个很好的对齐关系:我可以解决一个原因,如果我解决的那个原因足够大、足够恰当,那我最终就能解决或者至少缓解那个真正的问题。
所以这就是我发现非常有用的框架。而且它也适合用在演示汇报中,适合用来定义使命,适合各种不同的场景。因为它比”五个为什么”更可操作一些——“五个为什么”更多是一种引导对话的方式。
**Lenny:**所以你落地实操的方式,就是说”问题、原因、解决方案”。你的意思是在战略模板上写出来:“这是我们要解决的问题,这是问题的根源,然后这是我们的应对方式。“你能再讲讲你在公司里和一起工作的人是怎么具体实施这个框架的吗?
**Patrick Campbell:**好的,完全可以。我从大、中、小三种场景来说,尽量简短。大的层面,比如:“我们面临什么问题?""哦,我们要尝试对这个指标产品收费。现在竞争对手一堆,客户也不是很在意它。”
所以我们的问题是增长。我们怎么让这样的产品增长?我们怎么让公司增长?像这样的大问题或者模糊问题,有意思的地方在于,你会围绕问题本身展开大量对话,我觉得这有时候更有价值——“我们到底要做什么?尽可能先对齐。“然后就是:“好的,我们增长问题的原因是什么?""嗯,用户不愿意为指标付费。要实现准确性非常非常难。实际上市场站位也有问题……”等等这些。“那有哪些可能的解决方案?""嗯,我们可以这样做,可以那样做,可以这样……”
通常最终的情况是,解决方案会变成一种具体的打法。我们当时采用的打法,缓解或解决了其中一些原因、从而缓解了增长问题的,就是免费增值(freemium)模式,加上一系列按效果付费的付费产品。因为按效果付费的话,在一个只有十万个客户的极小市场里,你可以收取高得多的费用。这就是那方面的一个例子。
中等和小的层面,我们来看一个客服工单。这个客户很生气,找过来了,非常愤怒。原因是什么?可能有很多不同的原因——“哦,我们没有及时回复他,然后给了一个很糟糕的方案,又给了这个……”它就是让我们能够更系统地看待这个问题。所以在这个层面上,它更多是一种思维方式。我们不会为一个客服工单开一个小时的会。但和我聊过这个框架的客服人员会说:“好的,他为什么生气?""因为我们没有及时给出答复。”
Patrick Campbell: 我的第一句话就会是:“我理解我们没有及时给您答复,为此深表歉意。“这不过是让他们能多一秒钟去梳理思路,然后继续推进对话。
Lenny: 我喜欢这个。大例子和小例子都很好。
(跳过广告段落)
客户研究
Lenny: 好,下一个话题——客户研究。我觉得你对客户研究有一个挺有意思的视角,我们来聊聊。
Patrick Campbell: 我觉得自己对客户研究的看法,大概是一个八十五岁倔老头式的视角。事情是这样的——你业务里的一切,不管你做的是什么类型的业务,所有东西都是为了推动某人到达一个转化节点,或者为你提供的产品和价格提供合理性支撑。那个客户是一个活生生的人,你在把他推向那个转化节点,而你的职责就是理解他如何看待你、如何看待自己的问题、如何看待你产品周围的世界。
我们在哲学层面都明白这一点,但来看一些有趣的数据。第一,只有五分之一的公司有买家画像或 ICP,只有五分之一。我们成天谈论这个,转发文章,给别人提建议,我们中有那么多人都在给建议。但回头看自己的公司,只有五分之一做了某种形式的细分或 ICP。然后,只有十分之一的公司实际上每季度做一次客户研究或客户开发。这应该是持续性的工作,应该是按月、按周来做的。我不是说你要每周都发调查问卷或者跟客户聊很多天,但只有十分之一能做到按季度来。这意味着按月做的比例就更低了。我觉得这太荒谬了。
我们看了所有数据,在这方面我们拥有大量数据——我在客户开发这个话题上已经讲了很多年了。结论是:一切都会变好。有客户开发职能的组织,甚至只是有 ICP 或买家画像(取决于你用什么框架),NPS 都更高。支付意愿通常也更高。漏斗效率更好。LTV 与 CAC 的比值通常也要高得多。所有增长指标,你的增速通常会高出一截——不是一个小差距,是高出百分之十五到二十。留存也更好。所有这些指标都会更好。
我认为,二十年前或者十年前,你确实不必做客户开发,因为——这也是为什么 Keith 会说什么客户研究很蠢之类的话(他有一句名言就是这个意思)——你当时不做也没关系,因为市场上的东西本来就不多,我们都在搭互联网的顺风车。但现在市场越来越难了。你打算怎么办?是继续把东西往墙上扔碰运气,还是真正去做我们都在嘴上说要做的事情,切实去做研究?研究确实很难。它永远不会百分之百准确,因为你需要运用自己的判断力——但这正是你的工作。
所以这与其说是一个犀利观点,不如说更像是一通抱怨。但我也认为这是 AI 开始解决的领域之一,尤其是生成式 AI,因为现在你可以把所有那些内容丢进一个工作流里,然后突然间就能拿回大量情感分析之类的东西,你甚至不用再做那些最难的部分了。嗯,这就是我的抱怨。
Lenny: 很好的抱怨。追问一个问题——你觉得为什么公司不做这件事?我很喜欢你刚才说的那个点:大家转发推文说”研究很重要”,写博客说”研究很有用”,“我们必须做研究”——但为什么公司就是不去做?然后,有没有什么是他们明天就能做的一件事,让自己朝这个方向迈进一步?
Patrick Campbell: 你能做的一件事:在白板上写一个数字。你每个月要跟十个客户对话,就是十次非销售性质的对话。你只是去跟十个人聊聊天。或者你每个月发一次调查问卷。大家发问卷的能力非常糟糕。调查问卷其实很好用,你只需要学会怎么发。“学会”的门槛并不高——它的意思是,除非你给受访者补偿,否则你只有他们三十到四十五秒的时间。不要通过邮件发四十五道题的问卷,第一道题还是”你的邮箱是什么?“别那样做。就是在白板上写一个数字就好。
我觉得我们不去做的原因是,不做这件事——引用一下——过去”很容易”蒙混过关。如果你认真想一想融资环境的话……而且有些产品确实具有范式颠覆性,关于客户研究最大的一个误解就是:我必须听客户的。你完全不必听他们的,你只需要理解他们所处的位置,然后把你收集到的所有信息与其他数据一起过滤,再做出决策——这就是你作为产品人挣这份薪水所要做的事。通常这个角色是产品人员,但营销也一样。
所以我觉得这就是那种过去不做也能蒙混过关的事情。但现在,随着市场的走向,你会越来越明显地看到这个趋势,看到越来越多的工具出现。你之所以看到更多工具,是因为它们开始把研究和实际的业务效用挂钩,而不是让你自己去搭建一整套客户开发体系。我认为人们过去不必做的另一个原因是,创业圈里存在大量的暴力强推,而这种方式只能持续那么久。
那些融了一大笔钱的公司,拿了一亿美元退出,所有人都在鼓掌,因为那是个大数字。但股权结构表一塌糊涂,所有东西都糟透了。它算是一次胜利,因为它确实是一次胜利——但所有那些公司都是靠暴力强推达到某个水平的,它们从来没有学会真正理解自己的市场或客户。我认为只要市场上还有大量资本流动,这类故事就会继续上演。但我不想成为那样的公司。我更想成为那种靠自举创业拿下一亿、两亿退出的公司,或者打造一个年营收十亿美元的公司——因为我了解我的市场、了解我的客户,深入骨髓地了解。
Lenny: 跟客户聊天是好事,你应该去做。很好的提醒。人们听了这段会说:“对,我们应该做这件事”,然后就过去了。然后——
Patrick Campbell: 我演讲时经常开玩笑说:“我今天讲这个话题,你们当中只有 20% 的人会真正去做,所以我甚至不会深入讲。你们这 20%,来找我聊,我有一整套框架给你们。“因为我觉得人们就是点点头,发条推文,然后就不了了之了。
Lenny: 维持现状有时候确实很难克服。我们进入第八个话题,还剩三个,这次聊的是竞争情报。这部分涉及你背景中一个很有意思的方面,我觉得很多人并不了解。
Patrick Campbell: 对。说说我的背景吧,我的职业生涯起步于……我在美国情报界工作过,在 NSA 待过。我当时只是一个初级情报分析师,在那儿待了一年多一点。有意思的是,你会在很多不同的场景下被教授第一性原理思维,因为你本质上每天都在解谜。那些谜题是找到一个坏人、找到某条信息,这些就是你要解的谜,但你必须思考如何把它们解出来。其中很多谜题涉及”你有这些数量的实体,它们会怎么反应?“你需要预测它们的反应,同时还要弄清楚你自己在它们的语境下该如何反应或行动,基本上就是节点分析。
竞争情报的重要性
从创业或商业的角度来看,我认为”不要关注竞争对手”是一条糟糕的建议。对于产品团队来说,这是一条极好的建议。当你有一个竞争情报项目或竞争情报时,我尽量永远不把它分享给产品团队,因为产品团队应该只关注客户,他们不应该在乎竞争对手 A 或竞争对手 B 在做什么。但作为整体的战略指导,“不要关注竞争对手”是糟糕的建议。说得客气一点,它只是过时了。一些有趣的数据——我之前也提到过一些——过去十年里,如果你在科技领域创业,尤其是在 SaaS 或订阅领域,你今天创业面临的竞争对手数量是十年前的 16 倍。这是因为现在任何人都能轻松搭建一个网站、一个服务器,然后往那个网站导流量。
所以市场上充斥着各种东西。而正因为这些东西的存在,所有营销渠道都变得越来越拥挤。过去十年里,B2B 领域的 CAC 上涨了约 110%,消费领域上涨了 145%。如果你卖的是销售和营销软件,CAC 上涨了 220%,因为市场上实在有太多销售和营销软件在做销售和营销的事情。造成这种情况的另一个原因是,自 2015 年以来我们就没有出现过全新的营销渠道,那年出现的是 Snapchat。我们有 TikTok,但这要看你怎么看它。我们正在从每个季度都有全新的营销和广告创新,变成大约每五年才有一次。
我的观点是,如果你不是在蓝海中,不是在 Peter Thiel 所说的”走向一个只有你一人的市场”,不是那种情况——而我们大多数人都不是,甚至有些自以为属于那种情况的人其实也不是——你就必须在某种程度上关注竞争对手。我认为最低限度是,了解他们是谁,有一个策略。以 ProfitWell 为例,我们从来没有做过竞品对比页面,因为我们很快从这个竞争激烈的市场中的挑战者变成了市场领导者。所以我们突然之间就置身事上了,这是我们的想法,也是我们的策略——“我们会收集大量关于竞争对手的情报,了解人们为什么在意那个产品。“我们做了白标 NPS 调查和客户开发调查,发给竞争对手的客户。就是这个程度。而且是自动化的,不需要花很多时间,但我们就是要那些情报。
Lenny: 你说白标,意思是你给竞争对手的客户发邮件,了解他们对自己使用的竞争对手产品的看法,对吧?
Patrick Campbell: 没错。我们基本上是以第三方身份做的,比如其中一个网站是 analyticssoftware.com 之类的。所以我们并不是在冒充竞争对手,因为我觉得那有点越界了。但基本上我们会有这些情报。这里有一整套体系。基本上,我会有一些信息源……有些客户我确定永远不会流失,因为他们喜欢创始人之类的。我会每季度或每两个月跟他们通一次电话,问问”你喜欢什么?为什么还没切换?“这些事情,或者在行业会议上碰到他们。
所以这里有一整套体系。而且再说一次,这并不会分散什么精力,我只是想要那些情报,这样我就能预测正在发生什么,能判断哪些该在意,哪些不该在意。但即便如此,如果你是挑战者,竞品营销页面是非常有效的。关键在于,你的客户——尤其是在更拥挤的市场中——他们知道你的竞争对手存在,或者他们正在看竞品。不要把你的客户当小孩子,去帮助他们——“这是我们与 X、Y、Z 竞争对手的对比”,并且尽可能诚实。嗯,我们应该始终诚实,但我的意思是,要尽可能坦诚地展示你在哪里做得不好,在哪里做得好,这些事情。
竞争情报的实际操作
长话短说,要有基本的认知,然后选择一个特定的策略,再根据你的策略来决定你实际在情报项目上投入多少精力。
Lenny: 这些太精彩了。两个问题。第一,每个创业公司是不是都应该有个前间谍来帮他们把这些想法落地?第二,基于你在那里的训练,你还有什么觉得特别有价值的东西吗?
Patrick Campbell: 我们没有正式的项目,但我很喜欢招退伍军人,要么是情报界的退伍人员——他们是公民身份,不是军事意义上的退伍军人——要么是各个军事分支的真正退伍军人。原因有很多,但我觉得情报界的人,他们有一种独特的思维方式。不过你需要小心——这纯粹是我个人观点——因为取决于他们在那里待了多久……我离开的原因就是因为那是政府机构,超级官僚。那是我做过的最有成就感的工作之一,虽然我只待了很短一段时间。但就是那种超级官僚的环境。
所以一个在那儿待了 15 年的人,他不会在蓬勃发展,也不一定在试图改变世界。他们只是在做一份工作。所以你在这方面要谨慎。但确实,有这些非常聪明的人,他们以一种不同的方式思考。更广泛的一点是,我觉得去不同行业取经是非常非常好的。所有这些客户开发的东西,你去任何一家大型零售商或大型电商公司,他们都有整个团队专门做这些事。Hallmark 是我们早期的定价客户之一,那时我们还没有专注于订阅领域。他们有 119 个人在客户洞察和研究部门。这也是为什么我们当时说:“你们不需要我们的帮助,你们人够了。“但这些人都是很好的招聘对象,虽然他们不一定有本行业的实际知识,但他们拥有大量的领域专业经验。
情报界的启示
Patrick Campbell: 至于我学到的东西,这么说吧——不涉及政治——如果由我掌管预算,我会给情报界拨多得多的资金。我亲眼看到或听说了一些冲突,仅仅因为情报工作就被阻止了,根本没有演变成热战。我觉得情报方面的投入应该远比国防预算中其他部分大得多。
大家也总问我关于 Snowden 的事。再说一次,不涉及政治——这件事比我很多人想的要复杂得多。那些被提出的问题,显然被 sensationalize 了,但确实是需要认真讨论的重要议题。不过这不是简单的”停止做这个、开始做那个”就能解决的。你不需要担心 NSA,NSA 是对外监控的。你该担心的是 FBI。FBI 才是在某些事情上比较敏感的一方,你可以从各种法院案件中看到这一点。但要知道,那里有大量非常努力、出发点非常好的人。你也许在安全与隐私的权衡上与他们有分歧。同时他们也是这个星球上最注重隐私的人群之一,这值得专门展开聊一聊。希望我这段没有扔太多炸弹。
Lenny: 不,我们需要更多炸弹。这是这个播客第一次提到 Snowden,太酷了。而且这恰好引出下一个话题——关于本地化策略,就像 FBI 和 NSA 的区别。我印象中你有一个很鲜明的观点,认为本地化策略远比其他方式更容易奏效,我们就来聊聊这个。
Patrick Campbell: 对对。先给你个悬念,播客结束后我再告诉你我对 Snowden 的看法。这样全世界都不会知道——除非我之后告诉你我的观点。
Lenny: 真是吊人胃口。
本地化策略
Patrick Campbell: 本地化策略。本地化策略,非常基础。人喜欢从人那里买东西,但我们作为运营者,被互联网的规模效应冲昏了头,忘记了人性的基本常识。这里有一些有趣的数据点,我们对此做了一系列研究。那些与你当面见过的潜在客户,其付费意愿比没见过面的高出 10% 到 30%。与你当面见过的客户,流失率通常比从未见过面的低 20%。扩张收入通常高出 15% 到 20%。
这不仅仅适用于面对面销售、咖啡会面、午餐、午餐学习会这类形式,对规模化产品也同样适用——就是那些每月二三十块钱的产品。所以我的建议是,特别是在后 COVID 时代——我不知道这是不是准确的表述——总之在我们有生之年希望不会再有一次疫情,knock on wood——要做聚会、做午餐、去参加大会,除非你像 Lenny 一样不太喜欢大会。但一定要走出办公室。确保你走出办公室。预算不需要你想象的那么多。早餐和午餐非常便宜。我们会把所有 P2 和 P3 客户推到聚会上,P1 则安排一对一的咖啡约会。超级便宜。
Lenny: P 是什么意思?是优先级吗?
Patrick Campbell: Priority 1,我们希望这些人转化,他们是非常好的匹配客户,等等。P2 是,他们可能也不错,只是规模没那么大。P3 则是配合内容策略的,他们喜欢我们的内容之类,但不一定是我们的目标客户。很多人犯的错误是把所有人都推到晚宴上去,但我不想把钱全花在 P2 和 P3 上。
早餐和午餐比晚餐便宜。聚会的成本可以极低,发挥创意。我们喜欢搞烧烤之类的,不是那种简陋酒吧——应该说是那种有特色的简陋酒吧。所以不是什么高档场所。人们只是想认识人、想跟你聊聊天,尤其是如果你在做内容之类的。Lenny Newsletter、Lenny 帝国的聚会,我经常看到那些照片。人们就是有一种互相学习、互相交流的渴望。所以这是最重要的一点——走出办公室,或者从家里的书桌旁走出去。
Lenny: 对,没错。你说的不只是创始人,可以是团队里的任何人,销售人员,都管用。
Patrick Campbell: 任何人都可以。我作为 CEO 的一部分职责是带领 marketing,所以我做了很多这类事情,我也是我们很多内容的代言人,所以我参与了很多。但你的销售负责人也行……只是需要稍微换个定位。如果他们要见的是销售人员,那就跟收到 BDR 的邮件一样,他们的反应是”我懒得理,我不想处理这个。“但如果是,“嘿,我们在主办……”我们现在就在做这些午餐学习会。上周我在巴黎、纽约和伦敦,这可能就是我这周生病的原因,我们办了这些午餐学习会,人们就是想来参加。
我们一场来了 10 个人,另一场来了 20 个,还有一场 10 个,全部是 Priority 1 的线索。然后我们办了 100 多人的聚会。想想那品牌价值。你就是在跟大家聊天。也不全是我一个人出现在这些场合。我负责内容,但我们所有的销售人员也都在现场做他们的事。不需要搞得太复杂。就是人们想要的那些接触点。而且杠杆率极高,因为很多人不会回你的邮件,但会来参加活动见你或你团队的成员——因为有事可做,尤其是你还请他们吃早餐或喝咖啡之类的。不需要多铺张。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个建议。基本上就是,如果你的销售没有达到预期,就想办法去见你的潜在客户,或者让你团队里的人去见他们。这是一个非常可操作的做法——“我们没完成业绩目标,那就出去见见人,找机会在线下交流。”
Patrick Campbell: 没错,在早期、product-market fit 之前,我们也基本上只做这件事。我会住最差的酒店,住青年旅舍,就是为了——“好,我想把这些东西卖给这些人。“我能获得的最好的信息不会来自 Zoom 通话或我问他们问题,而是——“嘿,“我会做一个关于定价的演讲,因为这是我能做的高杠杆事情——没人懂定价,但他们知道它重要,所以很多人愿意来听。然后演讲结束后就是:“哦对了,你怎么看这个?你这个怎么做?你那个怎么做?“——所有那些有趣的产品问题。真的是杠杆率非常非常高。我觉得这属于那种……取决于你的角色、你的阶段,但每个人都能从中受益。
漏斗中段才是最大机会
Lenny: 很好的过渡,刚好接到我们的最后一个话题。很多人花大量时间在漏斗顶部——引流访客、推动流量、扩大知名度。也有很多人花时间在漏斗底部——促成成交、在组织内部扩大使用。但你有一个观点:漏斗的中段可能是当下最大的机会。能聊聊这个吗?
Patrick Campbell: 毫无疑问是最大的机会。我们先退一步看。需求侧运营的存在目的不仅仅是支持销售团队,但我们常常忘了这一点。过去十年,销售和营销一直在讲漏斗——漏斗顶部、漏斗中段、漏斗底部。HubSpot 试图把它变成飞轮,但营销人仍在讨论漏斗。从数据来看,虽然具体取决于价格区间和行业,但大约 80% 的销售和营销预算都投向了漏斗顶部和底部——销售人员、广告投放、线下活动等等,钱都花在了那里。
漏斗的目的是把一个人从”完全不知道你”带到”知道你”,再推到销售对话或转化点(如果你不做销售的话)。问题在于,漏斗底部和顶部的效率在过去十年里急剧下降,真的是暴跌。原因不仅仅是我之前提到的 CAC 上升、竞争对手涌入那些问题,还有一个现实:那种招一堆 BDR、不做培训、不做基于客户的营销、什么配套措施都没有的日子已经过去了。那些日子一去不复返了,也许在极少数特定行业、特定细分市场里还有残存。
但还有另一个问题。今天的销售比过去更取决于时机。市面上的东西太多了,人们都在等”对的时间”。他们知道你,但在等。所以我们必须问自己——别再绕弯子了——我们是否需要把这条需求侧运营的河流做得更大?需求侧运营当然有用,但那只是基本盘。
如果我们想要更加成功,漏斗中段需要变得更大。那群知道你、定期与你互动的用户群——想象一下,你的线索就聚集在漏斗中段,定期和你互动,直到某一天时机成熟了,他们突然滑向漏斗底部,更妙的是他们主动选择这样做。你不需要一直追着他们跑,搞那种效率极低的销售流程。就是这么一个线索池。
打造漏斗中段的两个方法
打造线索池最好的方式,就是免费增值模式。我是免费增值模式的超级粉丝。我以前还写过文章说免费增值模式很糟糕,所以我是一个彻底的 converts。我还写了一本关于免费增值的书。免费增值模式的好处是,CAC 在过去十年确实也在涨,但涨幅远低于整体 CAC。从免费增值转为付费的客户,留存率通常比从免费试用或传统销售流程转化的客户高出大约 10% 到 20%。而且 NPS 或 CSAT——我们通过 NPS 来衡量——通常是后者的两倍,因为他们是按照自己的时间线转化的,而不是免费试用那种人为设定的时间线,或者销售流程人为设定的时间线。
这些传统方式你仍然应该保留,但我想要一个群体——他们知道我,在使用我产品的某部分功能,因为说到底,还有什么内容比你的产品本身更好呢?即使你是一个大型企业级解决方案,也给他们一些可以交互的东西。另一个填充漏斗中段的方式是——我觉得 inbound 营销正在变成 SEO 和电子书。HubSpot 的 Kieran 每次听到我这么说都不高兴,但我爱你兄弟,没关系,我仍然是 HubSpot 的超级粉丝。这其实就是因为 inbound 营销的 CAC 一直在涨,而且主要就是围绕 SEO,我们再看看 AI 会对此产生什么影响。
但是 inbound 媒体这趟车,我们大约五年前就上了。inbound 媒体就是播客和视频系列。我们卖掉公司的时候,有八个不同的播客和视频系列,都非常垂直,比如《Pricing Page Tear Down》,就是一个收集数据然后拆解定价页面的节目,好的坏的都拆。还有《Boxed Out》,一个面向订阅电商行业的留存主题节目。
这一切都是为了建立那个池子,让人们知道我们。然后随着时间推移,他们会突然觉得:“哦,我们有定价问题,应该去找这些聊聊。""哦,我们有这个留存问题,应该去找这些人。“我认为这个池子才是未来,但很多人仍然只是把它当作漏斗顶部和底部之间的一个过道。
Lenny: 漏斗中段就是新的漏斗顶部。这得印在车贴上。
Patrick Campbell: 没错。不知道这车贴好不好卖,但我会买一张。
Lenny: 最极客的车贴了。Patrick,我们已经聊了十个话题。在进入激动人心的快问快答之前,你还有什么想补充的吗?
Patrick Campbell: 我想说的是,这一切仍然很难。我给出了一些启发式方法和基准数据,但你的实际情况会有所不同。不过话说回来,这就是你的工作——不管你是创始人、产品人还是高管,你的工作就是接收信息、分析问题,最终找到最优解。所以我们今天谈到了一些残酷的真相,但也有很多需要你自己去评估的东西。我可能表现得像个什么都知道的人,但我理解每个人的情况不同……大概这就是最好的说法了。
快问快答
Lenny: 好了,我们到了激动人心的快问快答环节。我准备了六个问题。准备好了吗?
Patrick Campbell: 准备好了。
Lenny: 出发。
Patrick Campbell: 我觉得我需要一个抢答器。
Lenny: 改天我加一个抢答器。好了,第一个问题:你最常推荐给别人的两三本书是什么?
Patrick Campbell: 过去十年我大概把《High Output Management》读了 20 遍。现在至少每年读一遍。我还委托制作了一个 Andy Grove 的铜半身像,正在做。我是 Andy Grove 的超级粉丝。
Lenny: 哦,正在进行中?
Patrick Campbell: 对对对,正在进行中,还没完成。回头我发你一个模型照片。总之,《High Output Management》。然后是《Thinking in Bets》,回到第一性原理思维那个话题。我觉得这是一本很适合分享给别人的书,帮助他们建立那种思维方式。
还有 Patty McCord 的《Powerful》。任何关于 HR 的内容,都能打破你对 HR 和人事运营的那些固有认知。那本书就是入门的关键。读完之后我就想,“原来我们可以自己选择如何设计人事运营团队。”
Lenny: 好,下一个问题。最喜欢的近期电影或电视剧?
Patrick Campbell: 没有什么特别近期的,但我每周至少看一次《The West Wing》,已经持续很久了。我喜欢 Sorkin,他的剧本写得真好,就推荐这个。
Lenny: 好选择。有人告诉我有一个播客专门逐集分析这部剧,这个……
最喜欢的面试问题
Patrick Campbell: 那确实是个很棒的播客,大部分集我都听过了。
Lenny: 好的,你追得很全嘛。你最喜欢的面试问题是什么?因为你经常面试别人。
Patrick Campbell: 我有一个颇具争议的问题。闪电问答里没法把整个问题讲完。我的做法是做一个小型……我在 ProfitWell 做所有终面面试,而我们在终面中会做一个非常严格的文化考察。其中有一个小型案例研究,只持续大约几分钟,我就不展开了。但我问的场景是:有人在 Slack 里分享了一个无关紧要的东西,比如从网上找到的麦肯锡的某份报告,分享到了 Slack 里,然后有人对此回复了一些带有间接冒犯性的内容。
随着年份不同,措辞会有变化,有时候我会说”哦,他们用了那个 R 词,说它很蠢”,就是某种间接冒犯。然后我问”你会怎么做,你认为公司应该怎么做?“不管他们怎么回答,我都会提出挑战。我还会告诉他们”我在 ProfitWell 从未见过这种情况”,这总是好的,可以确保他们不会对加入这家公司产生恐惧。
但这给了我一个非常好的机会,去深入讨论我们的文化,特别是最善意的解读这一点。我大概会说,大约 10% 的人对这种情形持有零容忍态度。我会对他们说:“听着,对于那些显而易见的事情,我们也是零容忍的,大家对此应该都有共识。但对于这类情况,我们会先问一些问题,想弄清楚来龙去脉,看一看,可能需要根据具体发生了什么、这种行为持续了多久等做出判断。“然后我们再决定该怎么处理。很多时候结果就是什么事也没有,就是一句”嘿,别犯蠢,你比这更聪明,换个更好的措辞”之类的话。所以这是一个很好的文化筛选,让他们选择加入或退出。
Lenny: 非常好。这又回到了文化价值观的意义——在公司内部就文化和价值观达成一致。有意思的是你问的是这个问题,而不是什么技术性的或考察能力的问题。
Patrick Campbell: 对。不过我做的是所有终面。所以他们之前已经经过了技能考核,也做了文化筛选之类的。所以这更多是一种”以下是你不应该来这里工作的原因”之类的对话。
最喜欢的 SaaS 产品
Lenny: 我喜欢这个。下一个问题,你和你的公司使用的、你最喜欢的五款 SaaS 产品是什么?如果是不太为人所知的产品,额外加分。
Patrick Campbell: 这也很难回答,因为说到底大家都会提到 Zoom、Google Workspace 或者不管它现在叫什么——因为这些是最核心的工具。我得提一下 Notion,我们用 Notion 做所有文档。我个人也用 Notion 记所有的东西。我知道 Code 也是赞助商,所以抱歉——
Lenny: 两家都是赞助商,所以我们跟所有人都是朋友。两家都很棒——
Patrick Campbell: 太好了。Lenny 的播客,所有产品的朋友。Descript。我经常用 Descript。Descript 不仅仅是一个视频录制和编辑工具,你也可以导入视频来编辑。它有一些很酷的功能……我很多时候用它比用 Loom 还多,因为它很好地融入了我的工作流,不仅能用来创作,也适合那些简短的沟通。
K-Tool。这个挺有意思,是一个独立开发者的产品。可能也有类似的产品存在,但我真的很喜欢它的界面,超级简洁。基本上,如果我在网上看到什么或者有人发给我一个 PDF 之类的,我可以选择把它发送到我的 Kindle 上。所以如果有人发给我东西,我可以直接选择发送,然后把所有这些东西整合成一份每周通讯供我自己筛选。所以我的周日和周一上午就是在阅读中度过。我有一份自己整理的每周通讯——有人希望我审阅某个东西,或者有人希望我读某篇文章之类的。我把这些汇总成一份小通讯,它就是一个 Chrome 扩展,非常好用。
Tweet Hunter,我在努力多用 Twitter。我之前有过一段低潮期,现在在尝试保持稳定更新。Tweet Hunter 挺不错的,里面有一些 AI 相关的有趣功能,让内容发现更高效。
最后一个不是 SaaS 应用,是 Apple Watch Ultra。我现在不再随身带手机了。我就是……不带了。我发现自己从电脑前离开时带着手机,出去做事情,然后就一直没有离开屏幕。所以我在不在电脑前的时候就戴这个。而且我差一点旅行时也这么做——旅行时手机就留在行李箱里,但如果需要打电话,它可以通过蓝牙连接。总之就是试图把注意力从手机上移开,这算是我的一个突破。
Lenny: 哇。这份清单太强了。我再问最后一个问题。你在 NSA 的经历中学到的、对日常生活最有帮助的一课是什么?
NSA 带来的最重要一课
Patrick Campbell: 虽然不该说什么都是如此,但大多数事情都比表面上看起来要复杂。这不是什么阴谋论式的说法,它的意思是——当有人冲你发火,不管是不是你的错,背后总有原因:他们这一天过得很糟糕,再加上你确实搞砸了,触碰到了某个你没有意识到的情绪;或者,新闻里在报道某个政客有多坏之类的。一切都是更复杂的,不是那种”太难搞懂了”的复杂,而是你应该总是警惕自己不要轻信第一反应。
我在那里养成了这种思维方式,因为有太多这样的情况……而且那是我的第一份工作,所以很多东西可能是因为是第一份工作才体会到的,其他人可能在不同的地方也有类似的经历。但就是那种:“哦,这个地缘政治事件发生了。哦,我的第一反应是,这意味着这是件坏事。“然后他们会说:“实际上,那边还有这个事,那边还有那个事,这些其实都是关联的。这才是导致这件事的原因。“所以这帮我,第一,不那么为新闻生气了。我觉得也让我作为一个人,配合最善意的解读,就是告诉自己:“好,让我先别过度反应。让我先去理解,然后再反应或回应,而不是直接反应。”
Lenny: 用这个来收尾真是太好了。Patrick Campbell,一个拥有文艺复兴式大脑的人。这可能是我做过的信息密度最高的一期,我并不意外。最后两个问题:如果大家想向你提问、联系你、了解你正在做的事情,在网上哪里可以找到你?以及听众怎样能帮到你?
Patrick Campbell: 好的,我在 Twitter 上是 @patticus,童年昵称,P-A-T-T-I-C-U-S。LinkedIn 上是 Patrick Campbell。我不怎么看 LinkedIn 的私信,我打算开始看的,只是里面垃圾信息太多了。你也可以在那找到我,或者直接发邮件到 pc@patticus.com,这是我的个人邮箱。所以如果我能帮上忙,或者你想看更多数据,或者你有这样那样的问题——我们今天聊到的很多东西,我们可能都已经写过文章或录过内容,我很乐意分享给你。显然就是想帮上忙,所以随时联系我。
Lenny: 太棒了。Patrick,再次感谢你来参加节目。
Patrick Campbell: 谢谢邀请我,兄弟。
Lenny: 大家再见。
感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcast、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| accommodation culture | 迁就文化 |
| Andy Grove | Andy Grove(英特尔联合创始人、前 CEO) |
| ARR | ARR(年度经常性收入,Annual Recurring Revenue) |
| BDR | BDR(商务拓展代表,Business Development Representative) |
| Blue Ocean | 蓝海 |
| bootstrapping | 自举创业(指不依赖外部融资、依靠自身营收发展企业的模式) |
| brand equity | 品牌价值 |
| CAC | CAC(客户获取成本,Customer Acquisition Cost) |
| cadence | 节奏(此处指 David Sacks 文章标题《The Cadence》) |
| cancellation flow | 取消流程 |
| challenger | 挑战者 |
| comparison pages | 竞品对比页面 |
| competitive intelligence | 竞争情报 |
| customer development | 客户开发 |
| Douglas Atkin | Douglas Atkin |
| expansion revenue | 扩张收入 |
| firmographics | 企业属性(描述企业客户的特征数据,如规模、行业等) |
| first principles thinking | 第一性原理思维 |
| flywheel | 飞轮(此处指 HubSpot 提出的营销飞轮模型) |
| freemium | 免费增值(模式) |
| High Output Management | 《High Output Management》(Andy Grove 的管理学经典著作) |
| ICP | ICP(理想客户画像,Ideal Customer Profile) |
| inbound | inbound(指通过内容营销吸引用户的获客方式) |
| inbound media | inbound 媒体(通过自主制作播客、视频等内容吸引潜在客户的策略) |
| Kieran | Kieran(HubSpot 高管 Kieran Flanagan) |
| lifestyle business | 生活方式型生意 |
| maintenance plan | 维护计划 |
| manager | 管理者 |
| mission metric | 使命指标 |
| most charitable interpretation | 最善意的解读 |
| node analysis | 节点分析 |
| NPS | NPS(净推荐值,Net Promoter Score) |
| offboarding | 卸载引导 |
| org design | 组织架构 |
| pause plan | 暂停计划 |
| pay-for-performance | 按效果付费 |
| people ops | 人事运营 |
| Powerful | 《Powerful》(Patty McCord 著,关于人力资源的书籍) |
| pricing metric | 定价指标 |
| problem, cause, solution | 问题、原因、解决方案 |
| product marketing | 产品营销 |
| product-market fit | product-market fit(产品市场匹配,首次出现保留原文) |
| ProfitWell | ProfitWell(保持原文,SaaS 订阅数据分析和营收管理平台) |
| report | 下属(指直接汇报对象) |
| salvage offer | 挽留方案 |
| sensationalize | 煽情化渲染(原文直接使用了该词,译文中保留动词含义”大肆渲染”) |
| SOC 2 | SOC 2(安全合规认证标准) |
| Sorkin | Sorkin(编剧 Aaron Sorkin) |
| strategic retention | 战略性留存 |
| tactical retention | 战术性留存 |
| tempo framework | 节奏框架 |
| tenure | 任期 |
| The West Wing | 《The West Wing》(白宫风云) |
| Thinking in Bets | 《Thinking in Bets》(Annie Duke 著,关于决策思维的书籍) |
| time to value | 价值实现时间 |
| value metric | 价值指标 |
| white label | 白标 |
| workflow product | 工作流产品 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)