如何持续走红:Nikita Bier 的消费者应用制胜手册
How to consistently go viral: Nikita Bier’s playbook for winning at consumer apps
Full Podcast Transcript
Nikita Bier: … Honored to be on a product management podcast for a person who doesn’t believe product management is real.
Lenny Rachitsky: We’re already getting into the hot takes. You launched tbh, went viral, you end up selling it to Facebook. What was the insight that helped you come up with this is a big idea that we should try?
Top Opening Moments
Nikita Bier: I looked on the App Store and the number one app in the United States was an app called Surah, but the entire app was in Arabic, like the strongest signal that you could ever have that people want something.
Introducing Our Guest
Lenny Rachitsky: This is insane. I did not know this full story.
Nikita Bier: We launched this app, it immediately took off, servers started crashing. I looked at our numbers and I’m like, “We will be number one in the United States in six days.”
The “Unreal” Side of Product Management
Lenny Rachitsky: A tip that you’re sharing here is look for latent demand
Nikita Bier: Where people are trying to obtain a particular value and going through a very distortive process. If you can actually crystallize what their motivation is, you can have this kind of intense adoption.
Politify: Political to Consumer App
Lenny Rachitsky: I didn’t know you’re actually a product manager at Facebook.
Transitioning from Web to Mobile
Nikita Bier: The thing I didn’t realize as a product manager in a large tech company is there is very little product management that you do. They’re mainly just writing documents and then being the team secretary and running around getting approvals, but products live and die in the pixels. You should be designing the hierarchy, the pixels, the flows, everything. That’s on you.
Five Years: Testing 15 Apps
Lenny Rachitsky: At some point you started tweeting like, “Hey, I’m working on new app. Everyone was going nuts.” I saw a stat that you made $11 million in sales, 10 million downloads.
Social Graphs and Age Curves
Nikita Bier: The thing that is hard to really understand is it is absolute chaos to keep the thing online. I was sleeping three hours a day for three months. Our team was also relentless though. They would come over to my house, 9:00 AM, stay until midnight and just do that seven days a week.
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there anything else that’s just like this is something that is probably going to help you with your app?
A Replicable Testing Process
Nikita Bier: With certainty, if you’re good at your job, you can make an app grow and go viral. Over the years of building all these apps, I’ve accrued all these growth hacks that still nobody knows about.
Lenny Rachitsky: Today, my guest is Nikita Bier. Nikita has built, launched and helped get more apps to the top of the app store than any human I’ve ever come across. He sold his first big hit tbh to Facebook for over $30 million. He sold his second big app Gas to Discord for many millions more. He did this all with a tiny team and very little funding. He’s also helped dozens of founders and apps, and as an advisor or investor to companies like Flow, Citizen, BeReal, LOCKit and Wealthsimple and many more. Today, he spends his time advising companies on viral growth strategies, design feedback, structuring their product development process and a lot more.
What I love about Nikita is that he has very strong opinions about how to build successful products that are rooted in him actually doing the work over the past decade to see for himself what works and what doesn’t. Nikita has been the single most requested guests on this podcast, and you’ll soon see why. This episode is packed with tactics and stories and lessons that I am sure will leave you wanting more. If you want to work with Nikita on your app, you can actually book his time at intro.co/nikitabier. If you enjoy this podcast, don’t forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app or YouTube. It’s the best way to avoid missing feature episodes and helps the podcast tremendously. With that, I bring you Nikita Bier. Nikita, thank you so much for being here. Welcome to the podcast.
The Birth of tbh
Nikita Bier: Thanks for having me. I’m excited to dive in. I feel honored to be on a product management podcast for a person who doesn’t believe product management is real.
Topping the App Store Charts
Lenny Rachitsky: We’re already getting into the hot takes. We’re definitely going to chat about… Wait, and you said not real. Okay, I thought you were going to say not useful. This is good. Let’s put a pin in that. I think we think this, I think everyone already feels this. I think this is going to be a very special conversation. I’ve been looking forward to chatting you for a long time and there’s so much that I want to ask you. The way that I’m thinking we frame this conversation is we go through the story behind the apps that you’ve built or helped build that have hit the top of the app store, and basically here, the inside story of what it took to build those apps and to make them successful. Then through that, try to extract as many lessons as we can about what it takes to build a successful viral consumer app these days. How does that sound to you?
Nikita Bier: Sounds amazing, and a lot of it was luck, but a lot of it was very, very tactical work that went into it all.
Insights on Spotting Big Opportunities
Lenny Rachitsky:
Nikita Bier: When I was in college, I was really interested in this kind of thing that American voters do, which is they vote against their own financial self-interest, like people in New York and San Francisco vote for Democrats for higher taxes. People in Kansas vote for Republicans for low taxes and they make less money, and so fewer government benefits. I wanted to build this tool that would help communicate the financial impacts of these policy proposals of presidents. I built it in my last year of college and it was just a web app that we put out and it would calculate their tax proposals, the government benefits that they were proposing, and you would enter in your basic personal information, how many kids you have, your age. Then it would just tell you in dollars what the impact would be. It’d also tell you, we simulated those policies also against the tax returns of every zip code so you could see how it impacts your community.
We went super viral. I think very few people thought of politics that way and I think we got 4 million users on it during that season, during that election. It was just like a project that we raised some grant money for, but it ended up feeding into this company that we spun up and that was called Outline. Because we had a bunch of governments reach out to us asking, “Can you build this for our budget?” The governor of Massachusetts actually reached out and I flew out there to meet with them and that was going to be our first customer. We raised some money, we won a government contract and we joined Techstars, the accelerator. We got a contract in the pipeline with the Obama administration and then we got this contract and we started building it and the government shutdown happened in the middle of like, as we were building it and we had one of our contracts canceled.
I realized I actually really don’t like selling software to governments and my core competency all along was making things that go viral on the internet. That was what we had built, not this policy simulation tool. We went to our investors and we said, “Look, this isn’t actually what we’re excited about doing anymore.” We offered to give the money back and said, “We’re going to be building consumer apps and here’s a few ideas that we have.” None of them took the money back. Then we spent the next four or five years building a variety of different kind of consumer apps. We had a few mild successes during the course of those four to five years. One of them was an app called Five Labs that ingested your Facebook posts and determine your personality based on the language you use. It used this exact same model that Cambridge Analytica used, and that was super viral. I think we had tens of millions of profiles in it and it went viral in like three days.
We raised some more money based off the success of that and we started focusing a lot more on mobile after that first app, Five Labs. We launched basically every type of app you can imagine. We launched mapping apps, chat apps, event meetup apps. Basically, every consumer app on mobile that you could think of. That actually helped us build a muscle to understand what people want and how to actually make things grow and how to test them. Over time, we started focusing more on teens. A lot of people ask why Silicon Valley is so fixated on building apps for teens.
One of the reasons is their habits are pretty malleable. As we get older, we get fixed into our habits of using certain communication products and we don’t really adopt new things. Then the other thing that we discovered was that adults don’t really invite people to new apps. We found that as a user got older from age 13 to 18, the number of people that they invite to an app just declines almost exponentially. Finally, and the most important thing is they see each other every day, and that is so critical. Consumer app developers sometimes say smokers are great for targeting an audience because they actually hang out serendipitously a lot outside of buildings. Not to say social apps are cigarettes, I don’t really like that metaphor.
Spreading Fast Within a School
Lenny Rachitsky: Just on the note of you talking about why teens are important, I have this quote actually from you that I love where building on the point you made that for every social app I’ve ever built and the number of invitations sent per user drops 20% for every additional year of age from 13 to 18. If you build for adults, expect to acquire every user with ads, and I love that you have a very clear heuristic of per year, the amount of people they invite to the app is 20% lower.
Wrapping Up the tbh Chapter
Nikita Bier: If your users aren’t inviting people to your app, you’re going to have to find another way to acquire them, and that most likely means ads. If you’re targeting older cohorts like adults, you’re going to have to raise a huge amount of venture capital to finance that user acquisition pipeline and it’s going to be extraordinarily expensive. As a seed stage up, it’s going to be basically impossible to grow that user base, especially to get density if you need actual network effects among users.
Selling tbh and Joining Facebook
Lenny Rachitsky: Basically, you’re building this help me decide who to vote for app that turned into a real business with government contracts coming to you trying to help you, pushing you to build something that you end up realizing I don’t want to be doing this. Why am I building this app selling government contracts. What you did is you, and this is a really interesting lesson to take away, is you just realized, I don’t want to be doing this. Investors don’t force me to be working on this. I’m going to stop this. I’m going to go work on some other stuff that I’m actually excited about that I think has a bigger chance of success. That’s where you transition to this startup studio where you’re just trying a bunch of apps and I think it was called Midnight Labs, you said, something like that, right?
Nikita Bier: Yeah.
The Struggle of Innovating in Big Tech
Lenny Rachitsky: Awesome. Basically, I think that’s a really interesting insight of just like if you’re working on something you don’t enjoy, you can change that, you can pivot, you can tell your investors I want to work on something else. Is there anything there that you want to add along those lines?
What Product Managers Actually Do
Nikita Bier: It was really hard for us to pivot to mobile. I think that was one of the most challenging things for me personally because it was a completely different paradigm. I actually have been building web apps since I was 12 years old. I built a full e-commerce business selling pirated games on the web, and I knew everything about growing a website. As we pivoted to mobile, I had to recalibrate my whole brain on how to do that. Mobile apps have such a low margin for error when it comes to designing them. Because I have this dogmatic view that every tap on a mobile app is a miracle for you as a product developer because users will turn and bounce to their next app very quickly.
If you actually sit behind someone and watch them use their phone, they actually switch between apps at a pretty high frequency. Every tap that you get, every single one is so scarce that you should be optimizing everything. I had to change my whole brain when we started pivoting to mobile and building these mobile apps, and it took a lot of failures. 14 of the apps that we launched were basically duds, and then we started fixating on teens and building apps for them. Eventually, we figured out an interesting heuristic for identifying consumer product opportunities that ultimately led us to tbh.
Lenny Rachitsky: You spent four or five years trying a bunch of different ideas. I think people see this headline and we’ll get into tbh of just like nine weeks after launch sells for $30 million to Facebook and everyone’s like, “Oh, okay, that’s amazing. I want that for my life.” Nobody knows there’s this four or five years of trying, you said 15 different apps before you got there, learning the things that actually work and don’t work.
What Product Managers Actually Do (Part 2)
Nikita Bier: We built 15 apps over the course of that pivot to consumer, and we built apps for every single app, map apps, chat apps, to-do lists. We just built every type of consumer app you could possibly think of. Also, we built for every audience too. We built for college students, we built for post-college. It was always very difficult to get the flywheel spinning for anyone after like 22 years old. That was the cutoff of when people just give up on adopting new products. It took us a few years to really internalize that, a lot of failures to realize no one needs another app after that age.
Lenny Rachitsky: The thing that you found there, which is really interesting because most people are building for people older than 22, that’s a profound insight you had there. Every consumer app I see is trying to build for adults, and your lesson there is basically if you’re trying to do that, you’re probably going to need to raise money and spend a lot of money on paid ads.
A Portrait of Tim Cook
Nikita Bier: Most likely, you’ll never get network effects. There’s actually an interesting study many years ago that some academics in Spain did, I think it was in Spain, and they looked at how many people you text per year of your life, and it goes up very quickly from 14 to 18. It peaks around 21, so it’s growing. The number of people you text is growing up until about 21, and then it just falls, it collapses, and then it comes back up at end of life. There’s a few reasons all this happens, but basically, once you exit college, you reduce the number of contacts, your daily contacts.
Once you get married, it’s even fewer. Then as you get older and your kids start having kids and you become a grandparent, you start texting again more or you join a retirement home. If you’re building a product with network effects that’s a communication tool, you want to be on that upward curve of adding connections to your social graph because then the urgency to connect is higher. If you really want to actually innovate at the edges of communication products, you really have to target that cohort that has the highest urgency to communicate, and that’s teens.
Leaving Facebook to Start Fresh
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that you found these things out, not through just research and not through just thinking, it was through actual trying things over and over and over and trying different audiences, trying different experiences. A lot of people see your advice and they’re like, “How does he know?” It’s just you’ve done all these things yourself. You’ve seen them, you’re sitting there watching teens use these apps. I think very few people actually do that, and they just come up with these theories that aren’t based in empirical evidence.
Rebuilding the Growth System for Gas
Nikita Bier: We got pretty good at building these apps. I think our first mobile app took us about a year, and then our last one took us about two weeks. We also got very good at testing apps. The most important thing that I often instruct teams to do is to develop a reproducible testing process, and that will actually influence the probability of your success more than anything. It’s so unpredictable whether a consumer product idea will work. If you actually focus more on your process for taking many shots at bat, that’s what actually reduces the risk more than anything. We figured out ways to seed apps into schools. We also, during the course of that company, we figured out how to seed it into affinity groups, hobbyists, things like that. We were on app number 15, a lot of failures during the course of this company, and I remember a lot of our team members were like, “I kind of want to leave. I think this is it for me.”
One of our key team members actually put in their two weeks’ notice. The day before we launched our final app, we were getting kind of low on money. I was tired. I called our lawyer to ask, how do you dissolve a company? I messaged a few mentors saying like, one people that have been through it, and I said, “What are the steps to do this?” Then I had a conversation on the way out with that team member that wanted to leave, and I said, “I understand, but what if the app actually starts charting on the App Store?” He said, “What are the chances of that? You know that’s not going to happen.” I said, “Sure, okay.” We launched this app and it was a polling app, tbh, and it immediately took off in the school that we seeded it into, in Georgia. We picked the one school that had the earliest start date in the United States because we needed to launch as soon as possible, given the state of the company.
I think it spread to 40% of the school downloaded it in the first 24 hours and it rapidly spread to the neighboring schools. Suddenly, I was like, “Oh, we might have something here.” Servers started crashing and watching it climb the charts. I looked at our numbers and I’m like, “We will be number one in the United States in six days.” Then I looked at our Amazon bill and it was like 120,000. I looked at our bank account, it said 150,000. I’m like, “Okay, these two numbers don’t really…” I quickly had to put together a funding round and I told my team, “Can you guys just pause for two months and just really focus on this? I think I could probably sell this thing.” It turned into a pretty competitive bidding process, actually. There was a really, really great moment where there was one of the acquirers, or one of the bidders was based in LA, had told me to fly down, and they told me to fly down that day.
I got on a plane, went to the airport without a ticket, showed up. When we were rolling out this app, we were doing a state-by-state rollout strategy where every state was geo-fenced. We hadn’t launched California until that morning. I arrived at this company, this founders in LA’s house, and he said, “Show me the metrics. You guys are like, what? Number four or something?” Since we just launched California, it’s a big state. I said, “No, we’re actually number one. We’re the number one app in the United States.” He said, “Show me the metrics.” Our CTO, Erik Hazzard, is a published author in mapping. He created an amazing dashboard that could show real-time installs on a map. It was around 4:00 PM and school had just gotten out, so I zoomed in on the block that we were having that meeting, and the entire block was lit up with installs all around us. Then that’s what got the ball rolling on a… It was a really, really like, cinematic moment of showing something that you created that literally just took over the entire neighborhood around you.
The Internet’s Self-Defense Mechanism
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s insane. That’s going to be in the movie of Nikita Bier in the future. A couple of questions here. One, you predicted the chart, you would hit number one. What does it take to hit number one? What is the number you’re looking at? Is it some number downloads to get to number one in the App Store?
The Positive Impact of Gas on Teens
Nikita Bier: It fluctuates. It used to be like 80 to 100,000 installs, but now you have these companies that are just spending extraordinary amounts on ads and or injecting it into one of their other apps. Between Threads, Temu and all these other apps that are spending on acquisition and all that, some days it’s up to 300,000.
The Human Trafficking Rumor Crisis
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s per day?
Public Statements and Pushback (Part 2)
Nikita Bier: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh, man. Amazing.
Gas’s Commercial Performance and Sale
Nikita Bier: At the peak of tbh, we were getting 360,000 per day.
Lenny Rachitsky: The other two things I want to spend a little time on here before we move on to the next app is, what was the insight that helped you come up with this is a big idea that we should try? Then what was the insight into how to spread this so virally? I know that one is really close.
… to how to spread this so virally, and I know that one is really clever.
Zero to One Product Development Methodology
Nikita Bier: After building all these apps, we had these kind of lingering users that stuck around and would share feedback with us on our next app. And so there were a couple, like there’s a senior in high school that I would send screenshots of our products. He told me about this trend called TBH that kids were playing on Snapchat, where they would post an image of a bunch of emojis and it would say like, “I like you. Your smart. Your style is great.” And you would just reply to the story with the emoji of what you felt. And I was like, “This is kind of weird. You post this on your story and then people send you feedback.” And I’m like, “So teens are looking for this vehicle for disclosure essentially.” And I’m like, “That’s kind of cool. I wonder if you could make that into an app.” We had sketched some things out. As we were sketching things out, I looked on the app store, and the number one app in the United States was an app called Sarahah. It was for sending anonymous messages by adding a link to your Snapchat story.
But the thing that was most interesting was the entire app was in Arabic. The number one app in the United States was in Arabic. And that was one of the most strongest signal that you could ever have that people want something. And so when I meet with founders, I often tell them like, “The way you should be searching for product ideas is this concept of latent demand where people are trying to obtain a particular value and going through a very distortive process to obtain that value.” And if you can actually crystallize what their motivation is and build a product around and clear up what they’re trying to actually do, you can have this kind of intense adoption.
When we saw what people were doing with Sarahah, I also looked at some of the tweets and comments on it. A lot of people were receiving negative messages. And so what I saw with the game that kids were playing on Snapchat TBH and then Sarahah, I realized just people want to know good things about themselves and that they don’t want these bullying messages that they’re getting on these anonymous apps, and I was like, “Well, what if instead of actually typing what you wanted to say about somebody, you just answered polls and we authored those polls so that we ensured everything would always be positive?”
I mean, in the back of my head, I always knew anonymous apps go viral, but they always lead to these awful news stories of kids committing suicide, self-harm and all that. And so I was like, “I’ll never build anything like that.” But when we came up with this new mechanic where you could only say positive things through polls, who has the best smile, who’s most likely to be president, and then you receive it as anonymous, but your name is selected, what we discovered a couple of things is it made users feel a lot better. It actually solved what they were trying to do and they also sent a much higher volume of messages. And so it was literally explosive adoption.
One school I was looking at, they sent 450,000 messages in the first seven days of adopting it. And when you look at day one volume of messages sent on a messaging app, you’re lucky if people send three or four or something, but we were sending 60 and we couldn’t even handle it, so we had to geofence the app because we needed to scale our servers, which is actually a pretty controversial decision inside of our company, because why would you turn off something that’s working? But at my core, I knew if it’s working at this many individual schools, we could just relaunch it any time and it’ll go viral. So let’s regroup and figure out what’s happening here and then relaunch.
The Origins of the Rumor
Lenny Rachitsky: So you keep talking about how went viral and crazy, grew like crazy. I know that there’s a little trick that you came up with to help it spread. Can you just briefly talk about what you did there and to help it spread so quickly within a school?
Nikita Bier: I think you’re referring to, there’s a memo that was leaked to BuzzFeed while I was at Facebook. The main thing we found was like, to be convinced to download an app, you need to see it. You need to see the marketing message three times or so. So you basically need to saturate an area with every kind of marketing you can. So we ran ads targeted at a particular school to when we were seeding and testing these apps. And we also followed people creating a dedicated Instagram account that went to that school, because we learned that high schoolers identify their school in their bio, so it says RHS on their bio. And so that was how we tried to get the entire school to adopt synchronously. We’d follow them and then accept the followbacks.
Big misunderstanding though, and I get this DM a lot of people are like, “I’m trying to replicate your strategy. We’ve just done it at 15 schools and it’s not working anymore.” This is not the way we grew the app. This is how we tested apps. Really, it’s a little bit nuanced there. That’s an important nuance because you need to get enough intensity of adoption and density for a social network to start to get the flywheel spinning, but the app should grow by itself after that. And people think we just went from school to school following every kid on it. You can’t, that’s totally unrealistic. But for the first 100 users, yes, that’s how we got them. And that allowed us to know whether the product was working or not. We could get enough people on it and then we could, with conviction, say that whether the app had legs and we wouldn’t have this kind of uncertainty like, “Oh, did they add enough friends? Did we get enough people on it? Did they reach the aha moment because you need friends to get on?”
So we wanted to eliminate that confounding variable, and so we figured out a way to just get a bunch of people to adopt at once. And that’s one thing I encourage a lot of founders to do, is figure out a way to eliminate all those potentially confounding variables so you can know immediately whether something’s working or not. You never want to walk away from an experiment or test and say, “Well, maybe the execution was bad because it takes a lot of energy to mobilize a team to test something,” and you really want to make sure your tests actually provide signal.
The Inside Story of the App Rename
Lenny Rachitsky: So your advice here is when you’re testing something, test the best possible version of what that could be, whether it takes manual work or something that is never going to scale, test the ideal. Because that’ll tell you, ” Even if this could be the best possible version, do people actually care?”
Nikita Bier: Yeah, we would try to get an entire school to adopt, just to know if everyone had 10 friends, would they actually derive value from this app? We also did other things, and I recommend all companies do this, is put live chat customer support in your app 24 hours a day. It sounds insane. It’s like the whole point of tech is you don’t need to do that. That’s the whole point of a software. But then users get this white glove experience, and that eliminates another confounding variable, like did they think their problems were solved or they were treated well? But most of all, one of the reasons I actually recommend people put live chat in their app is it’s the best vehicle for getting feedback and doing user research because users will literally tell you the problem they’re having. So we had our person that was running this. He’s name is Michael Gutierrez. He’s done it for all my companies actually. He’s the community and customer support rep. He would paste any interesting feedback into Slack and then we would be like, “Oh, this user has a great idea. We should consider turning that into a feature.” So you really want your finger on the pulse as you roll these things out so you can get a sense for what’s working, what isn’t, and also make users feel great and make sure at the end they promote your app positively to their peers.
Can You Build Enduring Consumer Apps?
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that piece of advice.
Okay, so to close out the TBH chapter, is there anything else that you think is important for people to know or any other lasting lessons from that part of your journey that you bring with you to new apps that you’re building today?
The Future of Contact Syncing
Nikita Bier: I think the thing that is hard to really understand for first-time founders that hit breakout success with a consumer product is how draining and how spread thin you get, because everything breaks. Everything that you built needs to be substituted almost every three days.
I can just give you an example. We were just talking about this customer support system that we had. The first system broke after three days. The next one broke seven days later, we had to replace it with a different one that could scale even better. And if you think about that on every dimension of the company, it is absolute chaos to keep the thing online as it scales up. And so you have to be ruthless with prioritization as something scales up and put out the largest fires first, because that was something that I didn’t really fully understand, is how many things go wrong. And if we didn’t geofence the app, there would be no way we would’ve been able to keep that thing online because that gave us some slack to control growth.
Dupe and Time to Aha Moment
Lenny Rachitsky: This is a good example of when people ask like, “Hey, does my app have product-market fit?” I think this is an example of this is what it looks like when things are breaking every three days when you have to geofence it to keep it from crashing.
Nikita Bier: A lot of people ask me like, “What’s the benchmark for product-market fit?” And this founder that I’m friends with, his name’s Roger Dickey, he told me this one time, “If your product’s working, you’ll know. And if there’s any uncertainty, it’s not working.” And it really is a binary when it comes to consumer products. People are going to be fighting to get into it and you’ll find new measures that you’ve never heard of like, “Our metric was hourly actives per day.” Not daily active users, hourly active users. So you’ll start seeing that and it’ll be abundantly obvious what product-market fit is. You’ll know it when you see it is the bottom line.
Common Advice for Founders
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, so you launch TBH, it goes viral, start getting offers from companies. Nine weeks later after launch, you end up selling it to Facebook. What was it like selling your company and then what was it like working at Facebook? Which you worked at for four years. I was not expecting that when I was looking at your LinkedIn. So yeah, what was it like selling? What was it like working at Facebook?
Nikita Bier: Selling your company is one of the most draining processes you could ever go through as a founder. When we met with Facebook, they told me they have 80 people assigned to this deal. And I’m like, I have one person, it’s just me. They were like the SWAT team of M&A.
The funniest part was they wanted to meet the team as well. And so they came out to our office in Oakland, which is a dingy old office that I got for $1,800 a month. That was our rent for the office. They arrive and they walk in. There’s two engineers and one designer and me, and they’re just like, “This is the whole company? This is the number one app in the United States?” I’m like, “Yeah, this is it.” And when we went there, when we arrived, we joined the youth team, which was about, I don’t know, 150 people just for this one division of Facebook. It was my first job effectively that I’ve ever had.
When they told me my title, they said I would be a product manager, I was like, “Okay, I don’t know exactly what that is, but yeah, I guess that’s what I do.” I arrive and then I get access to a workplace system where people post all the things they’re working on, and I realized it’s kind of like this almost academic environment for social networks, like social network development. It’s like the Harvard of social networks. I was reading all these studies that people were doing on like, “Oh, if we change that, this is the impact to retention and DAU.” I was so impressed, like, “There’s a whole science here.”
A lot of the stuff that we did was learned from first principles, but then we saw it actually turn into systems and processes here. But the thing I didn’t realize as a product manager in a large tech company is there is very little product management that you do. You’re actually not as involved in the product as I had assumed. I thought, “Oh, you’re the person who gets in the pixels and designs the flows.” Absolutely not. You’re completely detached from the design process. There’s a design vertical org that does all that and they don’t really want you working on that. So that was very difficult for me because when people ask me like, “What do you think you’re good at?” At the core, I’m a designer. I don’t consider myself a product manager. I’m great at growing things, looking at mixed panel and then designing the things that make it grow. But there’s a rift between those two things inside of a large tech company.
And so I loved the academic approach to growing, but it was really hard for me personally as I became disconnected from the design process. I think that a lot of my skills atrophied over those four years. But I did stick around. I went through multiple orgs. Favorite one at the end was new product experimentation where I worked with other founders, a bunch of legends in Silicon Valley, building zero to one products, standalone apps. I mean, I was building standalone apps my entire time at Facebook. I think I built probably eight apps while I was at Facebook.
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Lenny Rachitsky: Wow.
Nikita Bier: But it is much, much more difficult to build apps at a large company. A lot of the insights that you have are not things that you can necessarily present or put in writing in a VP meeting, like, ” We’re building an app for teens to flirt.” That probably is not what you would present to a bunch of McKinsey consultants at. So I think that makes it really difficult to be completely intellectually honest about what you’re building. And when the team isn’t honest about it, then it’s really hard to iterate toward the right thing in that context. Having said that, there’s a lot of things you don’t have to deal with as a product… I don’t have to deal think about money, I don’t have to think about paying legal bills or doing finance and accounting. So all that’s abstracted away, but there is regulatory stuff that you have to deal with that I had zero exposure to as a founder of a small company.
Lenny Rachitsky: An insight you’re sharing there potentially is the reason a company like Facebook isn’t amazing at launching completely new product, zero to one stuff, is they might be a little too risk averse and it’s hard to talk about stuff that people actually really, really want deeply. Is that kind of the sense there?
Nikita Bier: It’s hard to really verbalize some of the things that motivate us as people. There’s a tweet I put out that’s kind of dogmatic in terms of how I view why people download apps and it’s very simple. It’s like people download apps to make or save money. Examples of that might be like WhatsApp, where free texting. And then the other reason is to find a mate, so maybe like Tinder or Snapchat, find love. And the third is to unplug from reality maybe like Netflix or Fortnite. There’s a bunch of other kind of subcategories that are very utilitarian like movement, Uber or Airbnb, like shelter. And so I think putting that in a framing document and the particular nuanced reason why people are going to adopt is difficult when you’re presenting that to people that are seasoned professionals and care about how something might reflect on them personally.
And so that’s really difficult inside of a large company. You’d certainly have distribution advantages. If you want to just inject your app into one of the parent apps and get density within a community, you could do that. But that part I think is probably solvable for a startup if you just want to pay for ads. Getting your app into a dense friend graph is overall trivial. As a founder, you should be able to pull it off after enough tries. So that advantage that a big company brings, I mean it makes it easier, but it’s not something that I think is something that a founder can’t solve for themselves.
Lenny Rachitsky: So an interesting takeaway it sounds like is many people feel like, “I’m going to build a social app.” They probably often hear, “Facebook’s going to do that. Instagram’s going to copy you. Snap’s going to do that.” And what I’m hearing here is it’s not as easy as many people think, that it might be actually a lot harder for them to try something.
Nikita Bier: It’s not only harder for them to identify these opportunities and to verbalize it internally and align the company around it. It’s also hard to respond to signals in the market. A lot of people think these incumbents are going to steal your ideas. And for the most part, it takes a pretty long time for them to respond to even the number one app or charting in the app because it’ll start charting in the app store, a PM will make a post about it. And then the market’s strategy or market research team might do a study to follow up on it. It’ll kind of float around for a few months. They might put together a framing deck saying, “Hey, we should go after this opportunity. Let’s put together this team. It’ll go through VP reviews. And then it’ll start development. Development might take six to 12 months.” Realistically, I think most companies, large companies take 12 to 24 months to respond to competitive threats in the market.
Lenny Rachitsky: Do you think this is solvable? Is there something a company can change to get better at this? Are there companies that are good at this in your experience, or is this just as you grow, this is just what happens?
Nikita Bier: The incentives within large companies make this very difficult, because you don’t want to present something that you have a hunch about being a good idea because if there’s not market signals already, then it’s hard to defend. People in companies are focused on getting their yearly bonus or they’re focused on their performance reviews. It’s hard to show up into a framing meeting saying like… And a framing meeting is a meeting where you are positioning the opportunity and everything, “Here’s what we should go after.” It’s hard to just say, “Okay, by first principles, this is a good idea and here’s some very vague market signals.” In reality, you need to walk in and say, “Here’s the number one app in the United States and we don’t own it.” If you present something like that, that’s pretty defensible if you fail because there was market evidence. But if you fail about something that’s more based on kind of vague abstract…
So you have to, generally, the only path is to copy existing products if you want to really get momentum inside of a large organization. And for completely new concepts, it’s I think very difficult to present a lot of those ideas, either to verbalize them into a document or to even get rally the organization around it.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s a really interesting insight.
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Before we move on to the next chapter, I want to come back to the very first thing you said where product management is not real. Is there anything else that you can say about your insight there? Or is it basically what you described where PMs aren’t actually involved in design and a company like Facebook in your experience?
Nikita Bier: The functional organization structure of big tech has kind of separated product managers from the product development process in many ways. They’re not looking at data because data scientists are doing that. They’re just parsing some of the reports that they get back. They’re mainly just writing documents and then kind of being the team secretary and running around, getting approvals from each cross-functional team, legal privacy, everything like that. And yeah, you’re actually very much separated from the product itself. And so I think what Snapchat has done, and I think Apple too, to the same extent, is that designers run the show. And I think that’s led to some very novel-
And I think that’s led to some very novel products coming out from both of those companies. But I mean that is its own host of problems because actually rolling out a product inside of a large organization, it requires a sheer force of will because it’s a lot of work. I mean, there’s a lot of regulatory scrutiny, scaling it up. You do need someone to project manage. And so I don’t know if it’s the silver bullet as to give designers the reign to run the show, but I also don’t think the current traditional like Google, Facebook style of being team secretaries is also the best solution.
Lenny Rachitsky: To defend product managers, I think many product managers spend a lot of time in design, spend a lot of time with data science. I think probably what you saw is like the extreme big, big, big tech version of product management. I know even PMs at Facebook can if they want to spend time with design. I think it’s just obviously very different from a startup world where you’re just, that’s all you’re doing.
Nikita Bier: Yeah, it’s certainly an exaggerated view, but it’s particularly relevant I think for all the zero to one initiatives because if you’re a product manager on a standalone app inside of a large, like you should be designing the hierarchy, the pixels, the flows, everything. And then yeah, it should be cleaned up prototype by a technical designer, but that’s your idea. And products live and die in the pixels, like consumer products, so that’s on you. And that’s where I think for maybe larger growth initiatives, yes, you can be a little more detached from the pixels.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that advice. Okay, before we move on to the next phase of your journey of starting Gas, I heard there’s an interesting story around where you were actually put within the Facebook office physically, where your team was put. Is there something there?
Nikita Bier: Yeah. When we joined the new product experimentation group, we were actually seated I think at basically the same desk as Mark Zuckerberg. And that was pretty cool to see how the machine runs from Zuck’s view. But we had a few artifacts that we had kept with us from our old office when we were running tbh, and one of them was this kind of pop art painting that I bought on the street when I needed to get something on the walls for our office. And it was this giant painting of Tim Cook. We had been carrying it between our orgs at Facebook just because it was a funny painting. And I kind of got it because it was kind of symbolic of who actually controls our destiny, is Apple. And so when we relocated to the area where Zuck was sitting, I put up the painting on the wall and it was basically a giant painting of Tim Cook was overlooking Zuck. And eventually one of the EAs there said, “Actually, do you think you could take that home?” And it kind of made sense because you can’t really have a painting of another big tech executive overlooking us.
Lenny Rachitsky: What does it look like? Do you happen to have it?
Nikita Bier: Yeah, I actually do. Let me go grab it.
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. Oh, wow. That’s artistic. So that’s Tim Cook. What is the idea there that he’s peeking through this darkness staring at you?
Nikita Bier: Yeah, yeah. He’s the real boss of all of us.
Lenny Rachitsky: I could see why Zuck would not want that staring at him all day. That’s amazing. And I like that you still have that with you.
Nikita Bier: Yeah. One of the artifacts of that chapter of life. So good.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. So that was your Facebook journey, those four years. That’s wild. You left Facebook. At some point, you started, I remember this, you started tweeting like, “Hey, I’m working on new app.” Everyone was going nuts. “What are you working on?” And at this point, I think you probably in your mind thought, I am this one-hit wonder, I haven’t shown that I can do this again and again. And so I think you probably have this motivation. Maybe talk about that, just like this drive of like, hey, I want to do this again. Is that where your mind was at?
Nikita Bier: When that meme started, my intent was to start a venture-backed company and build something that would scale to be a big team and this durable thing that lasted many years and everything. And so I just made post that I was leaving Facebook and looking for some teammates. And I shared a couple of ideas with some people privately and there were some really crazy ideas that I shared. I’m not going to get into them, but then people started posting, “Oh my God, I just saw Nikita’s app. It’s crazy.” And what happened was others saw that and then they started memeing it and it became this massive meme where they’re like, “Oh, I just tried Nikita’s app, it saved my marriage. Oh, I just quit drinking. My kids returned home after all these like,” and it turned into this massive meme. And at the time, I didn’t even have an app or anything. I wasn’t even planning to launch it. It wasn’t even an app, some of the ideas I was looking at. And so it just turned into this viral moment. I wasn’t even committed to starting another company at that point. This was an exploration process.
But what happened was the market had crashed shortly thereafter, there was kind of the end of the Zerb era. The Fed started hiking rates. I think my portfolio was down like 30% or something and I was like, “Damn, this sucks. Maybe I should think about how to make money today.” That’s the reason we’re in startups is to make money. And so there was always in the back of my head this question that I had, which was what if we had monetized tbh? Because the number one support message we received was can I pay to reveal who sent me polls? It was the number one question. And it was like, would it have made even more than the acquisition if we just monetized it? And I’m like, we could probably build this pretty fast, like probably in a month, month or two. Ended up being a lot longer, but we started rebuilding it. It was a new team. It was one of the engineers from a company called Paparazzi. His name’s Zay Turner, and he started building it in my house and we had tested it to see would this new version of tbh actually resonate with kids five years later? That was actually the thing I wanted to know most of all was like would an anonymous polling app actually still be relevant five years later? And so we dropped it into the school just the same way I’ve always done it in-
Lenny Rachitsky: Was it the Georgia School again?
Nikita Bier: Yes, actually. We launched at the exact same school that we launched tbh on the exact same day five years later, in fact. And people sent a lot of messages, but it wasn’t growing. So let me pedal back here a bit. So tbh grew through variety of things, people sharing their messages to Snapchat and text invites, and that was 2017. And the way you invited your friends on tbh was that you tap their name, your contact name, and there was a button that said Invite and then we used Twilio to send them a text message. And the regulatory environment actually had changed a lot over those five years. You really can’t send texts from a server anymore. It has to be sent from the user’s device. And just the point of clarification is a lot of people clone tbh over the years and they think that when you voted on people in the polls, it sent them a text. We never did that. That’s egregiously illegal to do and also unethical at a user experience level to send texts when people don’t even know what’s happening.
But anyway, we couldn’t send texts over Twilio anymore, and that led to people not sending as many invites when we created Gas because they had to pop the Compose window and hit Send. They’re going to just tap Invite on five names. So we actually had to reinvent all the growth systems and it took about I think like nine launches including renaming the app, including features that just never existed on tbh. So it was actually just in many ways like yeah, the concept on the surface was the same, but it was very much a zero to one development cycle of figuring out how to grow this thing again in this climate.
Lenny Rachitsky: I know that point is really important to you. I think a lot of people are like Nikita just sold the same app twice. What a guy. And the point you’re making here is not only was the infrastructure completely different, the team was different, you had to rethink the entire flywheel of how it worked and how it grew.
Nikita Bier: Yeah. And there were so many layers of like we validated one thing and then the next thing we got stuck on. Like, okay, people send a lot of messages. Cool, great. The next thing was will it spread within a school? That took us a while to get right. Will it hop schools? Each of those was a very, very challenging problem in light of the new climate that we were operating in. And I always do things by the book when it comes to operating legally within the compliance framework. And that’s something when I meet founders and they tell me some growth thing that they’re doing, and I’m like, “You can’t do that. That’s going to cause way more trouble down the line. It’s going to burn users too.” And so we always wanted to make it abundantly clear how our growth system, how you are inviting friends and all that. You can kind of go on a whole diatribe on that because the thing that I see a lot of founders do is they in the background use user data in ways that it shouldn’t be used. They invite people on your behalf and all that.
And I have this kind of crazy view that the internet is this living and breathing thing. There’s Wikipedia article called the Gaia Hypothesis, which is about biology. And it’s basically like the earth is kind of living and breathing and can respond to threats. Okay? And when you enter the rainforest too deep, Ebola virus will be released. Okay? So I think the internet operates on a similar paradigm here where if you do the wrong thing by users, the internet will come back and get even and defend itself. And so whenever I design products, I try to do right by users because it’ll always come back much worse and I think you should always operate above board with how you design your growth systems. And with Gas, we had to do things the right way and we had to figure out at each particular moment or problem that we solve, will it spread within schools? Will it hop schools? Will people pay for it? All of these things was a whole reinvention of the original product.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that you shared that because I think a lot of people see you from the outside and they think you’re doing all kinds of these skeezy growth hacks and making teens do things that aren’t really mentally healthy for them. But it’s clear that that’s the opposite of how you think about it, that you’re trying to stay very positive, like you only allow positive communication. You do things that as you just said, are going to be good long-term, the internet’s not going to come and try to shut you down.
Nikita Bier: The point you bring up here about wanting to build a positive thing, some people, sometimes I get criticism. It’s not actually that often, but they say, “Oh, you’re building an app that makes teens feeling insecure or anything.” But with Gas, I think we received a message every single day from a user telling us that they reconsidered suicide or other forms of self-harm. The app sent you positive messages and affirmations. It made teens feel really good. And I think that is lost on a lot of people. Instagram can make you feel jealousy and a lot of other social networks are a mixed bag in terms of impact. But we were entirely focused on making teens feel better.
And some people might say, “Oh, what if someone doesn’t get voted for something?” We actually built a system to ensure everyone got a vote. And what we did was we put your name in polls at a higher frequency if you weren’t being voted on recently. So we wanted to spread the love in every way possible, and that’s what really motivated me to grow this thing was watching how it was impacting 10 million kids in such a short period of time.
Lenny Rachitsky: I really appreciate you adding that. I didn’t know all those things about the way you thought about these apps. Interestingly, I don’t know how much you can go into this, but there is a lot of stuff going on with Gas around human trafficking and all this stuff where people thought people were being kidnapped through Gas, which is yeah, talk about that whatever you can because that’s pretty crazy.
Nikita Bier: We had this hoax started where people were saying the app was used for human trafficking. And I was like, “This is so strange.” This is a anonymous polling app without messaging and the only thing you could do is send compliments to your friends. And I researched into it and I saw that this is actually plaguing a lot of apps and any app that has gone viral in any way has actually had this hoax started. And part of the reason it happens is it gets you attention if you say that about an app. As a teenager, if you say, “Oh, this app is dangerous,” and then you get a bunch of followers and who doesn’t love followers? So it’s actually a really viral piece of content if you put it out. And so we had this hoax started and we were like, “This could kill the company.” And I talked to a bunch of founders that it happened to them and they said, “Yeah, we had to shut down because of that.”
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow.
Nikita Bier: And I was like, “Is this it? Is this the end of the company?” And I remember it hit number one when we started getting a few of these reports in our support channels. And I was like, “I’m just going to plant the flag on posts that we hit number one in the App Store because this thing’s probably going to shut down soon.” So I make this announcement on Twitter, “I just made the number one app and I thought it would just be dead in a week.” And then I just had this sudden burst of energy and I was like, “I’m going to win. I’m going to fight this. This is not true. It makes no sense at all.”
And so we fought it at every vector possible, this completely made up hoax. We met with journalists, reporters to make sure that the number one match every time you search Gas app human trafficking was Gas app is not for human trafficking. And so that ended up being The Washington Post headline. We insisted that that be the headline if we do the interview. So that was the first thing that showed up on Google anytime someone searched it. There were schools and even a police station that posted that this app is used for human trafficking. I called those superintendents, I called those police chiefs and have got them to publicly retract it. And we had some of the reviews on the App Store. We asked Apple to remove them because we got review bombed.
But the thing that actually was the most impactful was my girlfriend made a video, a TikTok video explaining that it’s not true. And anytime someone deleted their account, they could watch this video explaining it’s not true. And at the peak, we had 3% of users deleting their accounts per day. So it was like a catastrophe for an app and we got it down to 0.1% through relentless, relentless effort. And it was really just an unusual thing that happens when you grow really fast is this human trafficking hoax that starts. And you don’t understand how crazy it is until it happens to your company, but it was kind of hilarious to think about. This app was the most harmless benign thing you could think of.
Lenny Rachitsky: This is insane. I did not know this full story. And you were doing all this while you were trying to scale the app and trying to keep the servers up and try to grow it, right? What was that like to try to manage all these things at once?
Nikita Bier: I was sleeping three hours a day for three months. It was extraordinarily difficult to do it all. Our team was also relentless though. They would come over to my house 9:00 a.m. stay until midnight and just do that seven days a week. So yeah, it was definitely one of the most physically draining things ever, but we were just so tactical. I remember investors were asking to meet with us and I said, “If you can’t get a celebrity to post that this isn’t true, then we’re not interested.” But yeah, we went after it on every vector and it ended up being okay.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love how you took your brain to this other completely different problem and thought about all the levers you could use to change the conversation around the app.
Nikita Bier: Yeah. I remember we had these TikTok videos that were made that were saying it was true and I networked my way all the way to the CEO of TikTok and I said, “Can you delete these?” And we got this information deleted. Yeah, so it was really a whole new test of our team’s capacities was fighting. The key thing that you have to know though when you have a hoax spreading about your app is you really have to make sure the hoax is less viral than your app. And at a few points, the hoax was more viral than our app and we had to take this-
Lenny Rachitsky: The K-factor of the hoax.
Nikita Bier: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s absurd. Okay. So broadly, you built this app. Again, a big success. I saw a stat that you made $11 million in sales through the app, 10 million downloads. Is that right?
Nikita Bier: Yeah. It was a blowout success in terms of like it grew bigger than tbh. We monetized it. We ran almost entirely on startup credits, so it was basically-
Lenny Rachitsky: Like Cloud Credits? Like AWS Credits?
Nikita Bier: Yeah. AWS Credits, Mixpanel. I remember when I saw the early data, I’m like, “Okay, now it’s time for me to negotiate every bill down to the last cent of margin for every vendor.” And I got credits everywhere, and so we really were tactical with that. And so we ended up being all just pure cashflow for the team. We had no investors. And it was just so interesting though that the way that I started posting about it on Twitter was it kind of captured the zeitgeist of the internet. And we didn’t intend on selling it. We were just going to let this thing run its course and just be this app that kind of lives in the background of our lives. But once it started capturing the zeitgeist of Twitter, I was like, “Wait a minute, we could probably sell this thing.” And that’s when we started engaging with some of these, we ended up getting three companies that wanted to buy it. I won’t be able to say them, but ultimately we ended up selling to Discord and we joined Discord.
Lenny Rachitsky: Awesome. So before we move on to the next part of the journey and some of the other insights that I want to get into, is there any lasting lessons that you took away from Gas as a product that you take with you to advising startups in terms of building the product design? I know there’s many, but any that stand out most that you think are really interesting to share?
Nikita Bier: I think I kind of touched on this before, which was trying to validate things in a sequence of like, will people use the core flow? Will people spread it within their peer group? Will it hop peer groups? And what I think the most important thing that I learned is that’s actually a really great way to do zero to one product development is execute at 100% for the thing you’re trying to validate at that specific stage of the product development cycle. And then you can kind of half-ass the rest just so you can get 100% signal on that one part.
And so we made the polling experience just perfect. The questions were great. Push notifications, everything worked. And then the next stage was getting sharing and virality working. And so compartmentalizing those things because ultimately you’ll have too much scope creep if you try to solve everything at once and validate. And also you’re not going to get signal too, like you’re trying to test one thing at a time. So the way that now I approach a lot of consumer product development is if this is true, then what next needs to be true for this thing to work out? And these layers of conditional statements. And the more layers you have, the higher risk your product is, so you should try to condense it to about like four things that must be true for the thing to work.
Lenny Rachitsky: And this comes back to your advice of the thing you need to get good at is testing and learning and making it really quick.
Nikita Bier: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. Maybe one last thing along this thread. I’m just really curious how this hoax came to be, like who’s behind it? How does this happen?
Nikita Bier: We got a original support message, which was a screenshot of a story on Snapchat and it said, “Do not download the Gas app. It’s for human trafficking.” Okay? And it was a screenshot that had like that mirror effect where you have like 10 people that screenshotted it. More, like 40 people because it had all the usernames. So I was looking at this and I’m like, “How many people have seen this?” And it looked like a viral thing on Snapchat. And then I went to the App Store page and I saw a review that said this app is for human trafficking. And I went to my team and I said, “This will probably kill the company. This will kill the product. I’ve seen this before with consumer apps and it’s evident to me this is going to be 10 times bigger tomorrow.” And they were like, “No. It’s just one message. What do you mean?” I’m like, “No, no, it’s been screenshotted 40 times and now it’s on the App Store page.” And we got another message four hours later.
And the next day, it was our entire App Store page was just covered with reviews saying that the app’s for human trafficking. And we actually had to rebrand the app. We relaunched it once and we’re like, “Let’s just call it something different. Just relaunch it on the other side of the country.” We did that, started going viral again. And the craziest-
… again. And the craziest thing was it re-emerged and what happened was one user was friends with another person in another state and they got an invitation. And that user told them, “Oh, that was in my state. It’s actually for human trafficking.” And then it just completely started again and then it was too late at that point to relaunch again. We just realized, ” We got to fight this thing.” And ultimately, I don’t think we’ll ever know the true origin, but it was definitely a living, breathing like hoax.
Lenny Rachitsky: That is insane. The story just gets more and more interesting. What were some of the previous names, by the way? Is that something you can share?
Nikita Bier: Yeah, we went through a bunch. One of them was called Crush, one of them was called Melt, and another was… The interesting thing about Crush is we got a great domain. We thought this would be the name. This was between some of the re-brands. We tested it and we saw that invitations dropped significantly under the Crush name and we were like, “What’s going on here?” And we found that actually when you invite someone to an app, regardless of the app, you generally… Boys invite boys, girls invite girls to apps. And boys didn’t want to invite their friends to an app called Crush with a pink icon.
And then we looked at the data and the app. I mean this was true TBH too, which was the app indexed about 60 to 65% women. So we were just like, “Let’s make the app more masculine and see what happens. We need balance on this.” So we made the icon black with a flame, called it Gas and the invites rate jumped. And you think a name doesn’t matter, but right at the moment of sending an invite… So that was one of the interesting insights on the naming process.
Lenny Rachitsky: Man, there’s just endless stories that we could keep getting into, but we’ve also gone very long, so I’m going to try to move on to another topic. So I ask people on Twitter what to ask you? Just that question got a thousand likes just me asking, “What should I ask Nikita?” And the most common question, I’m sure you get this a lot, is just people wondering, do you ever want to build a durable consumer app? Is it possible to build a durable consumer app?
Scott Belsky asked this, Robert at Figma asked this, and Scott actually had a really nice way of describing it about why are so many quick sensation consumer apps proving to be more akin to summer songs than enduring standalone products and businesses? So there’s kind of two questions here. One is, do you aim to build a durable consumer app? And two, how possible is it?
Nikita Bier: A lot of the fundamental tools for communicating with our friends either messaging or broadcasting one-to-many like on stories or the incumbents have built pretty large motes in terms of network effects and to provide true an order of magnitude better experience is non-trivial because they’ve been actually improving these products so much over the years and there’s not that many entry points.
Not to say that it’s not impossible. Snapchat was showed that there was style of messaging that people wanted that the incumbents weren’t serving. But I think there’s these kind of edges that you can go after with a much higher probability of success and they might not actually be something that’s durable necessarily. And I think finding durability for a communication or social product, that’s a black swan event. Retention for consumer social is there’s a tremendous amount of randomness. There’s one every decade. If it was simple, I would just be printing $1 trillion companies.
I be printing Facebook’s every time I sat down. But I think it’s actually a lot of it is pure randomness. On the other hand, growing a product can be a science. With certainty, if you’re good at your job, you can make an app grow and go viral. Now why haven’t I tried to take the viral part and build something that has been durable or long-lasting? I’ll tell you a little bit about my motivations. My favorite part about product development is you make this thing through the night. You build it and you watch it take over the internet.
That is the most thrilling drug I think you could ever experience. And just watching it spread all over the country is like you drop an app in the deep south in Georgia and then you look on your analytics dashboard and 40% of the high school down your street in Los Angeles has downloaded it one week later. That’s a really profound feeling. It’s crazy to have that sort of impact as a three-person team, and I live for that.
When I joined Facebook, here’s an interesting connection. So I joined Facebook and I saw that many of my peers were looking up to VPs and they’re like, “That’s what I want to make it to one day. I want to run a large organization. I want to have lots of reports.” And then I met with VPs and they were actually jealous of me because my quality of life was actually pretty cool. I got to build something high impact that made many teens feel better about themselves, made a decent amount of money. And then I wasn’t in charge of this becoming a people manager that has to run this large organization for many years.
I think one day I will run maybe a venture scale business, but I will say that I kind of like the way that I’ve been doing things so far in terms of quality of life and being fun. Financially, it’s been great. So I think that part is what motivates me. And yeah, I don’t think running a large corporation is necessarily what I described as fun.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s amazing, man. I am really happy we went here. So much of this resonates with the way I think. And obviously, a big part of this is also just it’s very hard, as you said, to build a consumer app that grows first of all. Second, that actually lasts. But that is interesting that you do hope to one day build a venture funded business.
Nikita Bier: I mean TBH was venture backed, but I just don’t… I think I’m going to have to… Do I want to sign up for 10 years? And if you actually look at some of the numbers on the actual proceeds that some of these founders get after an IPO, after seven rounds of dilution, a lot of them are pretty comparable to what we get from our apps for 90 days of work. So yeah, the trade-offs there are pretty faithful.
Lenny Rachitsky: Actually, just on that note, so what would make you actually decide to go venture funded? You talked about how if you’re going more mainstream, non-teens folks after 22 years old, is that why you would go that route?
Nikita Bier: I don’t think that it’s necessarily that part. I think if I could keep the team lean and scale up… I think there’s some actual founders that actually operate very lean teams and have reached very large scale in terms of the valuations of the company. Actually the most iconic example is Elon Musk. His teams are actually pretty thin overall and he’s in the weeds doing product development. And so I think, yeah, if I was to ever do it, I would do it under very specific set of operating principles versus turning it into a big tech company.
Lenny Rachitsky: Queue investor is emailing you right now with term sheets. Okay. Nikita, this has been amazing. There’s one last segment I want to spend a little time on, which is just kind of a rapid fire of pieces of advice you’ve shared that I think is incredibly insightful about how to build a successful consumer app. And so I’m thinking I’ll just go through three to five and see what you think and see what you can add to the advice. How does that sound?
Nikita Bier: Sounds great.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, cool. So the first is just contact permissions in iOS 18 changes the game and how people can grow apps basically makes it harder to invite your friends. Thoughts on how people should be thinking about this in their products.
Nikita Bier: When I first saw it, I was really concerned.
Lenny Rachitsky: I saw your tweet about it. You’re like, “That’s the end. Game over.”
Nikita Bier: Just let me frame things up for you. The contact permissions screen, you average about 65% approval rate across all apps. It’s higher for teens, lower for adults, but if you have a 65% consenting to contacts access, then the next step on this new iOS 18 change is you select which contacts you want to allow the app to access. And it’s an alphabetical list. And that alphabetical list for me, I have 550 contacts or something.
The first 10 contacts are punctuation symbols from whatever dirty entry I put when I was driving or something. So you have to scroll down and find that name. So I have to find Lenny. I have to add you. And what if you’re not an app user? So I just added you or three others. Assuming users are willing to even do that. You and then the three others never sign up, but maybe three of your friends do.
But I never get connected to them because there’s no over… So my expectation is it’s going to be very difficult to find friends on apps going forward to invite friends on apps going forward. And that founders will need to rethink how they do it. And of the companies, I’m working with on intro, we are looking at ways to reinvent what contact sync is or what purpose it served. It’s not promising, but we have some good leads and I think we’ll have a whole new set of apps emerging as a consequence. But if you’re betting on contact sync as a company right now, you better start thinking about plan B.
Lenny Rachitsky: So what I take away here is just it is now much different and there’s an opportunity to think of something really clever that would give you a huge advantage if you can crack it.
Nikita Bier: Yes, but most likely I think most apps will not have social graphs going forward and this will entrench incumbents even more. I don’t think Apple acknowledged that. I think the person that designed the feature probably has never built an app or done contact sync before because the flow is egregiously bad and it doesn’t actually even, I think, benefit the user’s privacy because it just completely eliminates the feature altogether.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, next topic. So you helped this product called Dupe succeed. It’s doing incredibly well from what I can see. And I saw you tweet about one of the key things that you helped them through, which is to invert, I’m reading this quote, “Inverting the time to value so that the user experience is the aha moment in seconds.” Talk about that insight and how important that is to building a successful consumer social app.
Nikita Bier: This kind of concept of getting users to the aha moment is something I recurringly bring up to every company I work with. And you have to understand that in 2024, people’s attention spans are like three seconds. It’s really sad, but we are spread thin through so many notifications, products, everything that if you can’t demonstrate value in the first three seconds, it’s over. And this also leads back to the contact sync question that you talked about was you have to sign up and then the first night you have to see all of your friends on the app and experience it, otherwise you’ll churn.
So this idea of inverting the value, when I was working with Dupe, they had this kind of shopping app that had a bunch of different features and there was one feature that I saw that was interesting called Deal Hop and it allowed you to just put in a product page and it would find the cheapest version of it online. Something I already do through a bunch of duct taped methods of Google image search, Google Lens. And I was like, “That should be a whole company. But how are we going to teach users to do it and how do we expose them to that aha moment as fast as possible in a memorable iconic way?”
I had this product I built a while back where you just type the domain in front of an existing URL. So I told them, “You should try this. It’s very marketable, but you need to get a very short domain that matches what you’re doing.” And so he went out and bought Dupe.com for I don’t know how much, but when he bought that I was pretty excited. I’m like, well, if this doesn’t work, I’m going to feel terrible, but if it does work, it’s going to be a blowout success.
So we put out a couple videos about it and then it was iconic, went viral, the videos. Users remembered to do it, to type dupe.com in front of a URL. Now I think they’re making millions in ARR in a matter, and I think under 60 days of launching. And that was a blowout success. And of the companies I work with, I would say it happens about 50% of the time we hit that much success, but we hit success. I think 50% of the time it’s outright failure because consumer is so random.
Lenny Rachitsky: And so what I’m hearing is a big insight is just ideally get to three seconds time to value. Is that the advice?
Nikita Bier: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Sounds great. Easy peasy.
Nikita Bier: Yeah. You really have to craft onboarding everything to ensure that that’s where the design part comes in of being a great product person.
Lenny Rachitsky: I imagine a big part of this is just cutting things you think… Like killing your darlings, cutting things you think people need and just being really ruthless with that,.
Nikita Bier: Really ruthless, but also being extraordinarily creative with how you use the tools available to activate a user. I think extraordinary product people are deeply aware of every possible API and how it can be used in non-traditional ways. Like this URL trick was something that I think was non-traditional that people adopted very quickly. I have a whole laundry list of iOS mechanisms that people use for a certain way today, but you could invert them.
Contact sync is a great example because you sync your contacts and then it finds all the friends and then ranks the people who are not on the app yet but have a bunch of friends on it. So there’s a bunch of ways that you can one tap, expose a ton of value to users that I think founders often neglect. A lot of founders will go and say, “Oh, they can just exchange usernames and that’s how they can add each other.”
That is the most unrealistic thing ever because that means you have to see the username, type it into the app. You have to do that what 50 times to get a 50-person friend list. So we’re looking at 10,000 taps versus one. So that’s what I mean by trying to get people to the activation moment, the aha moment and get them to value.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that advice. So maybe as just a last question along these lines. When you come to a founder, a relationship that you’re a startup, you’re trying to help, is there one more thing that you find often ends up being really helpful to them? Any common piece of advice that’s like, “Oh, this is probably what’s going to help you.” You talked about this aha moment step, the contact sharing stuff. I guess is there anything else that’s just like this is something that’s probably going to help you with your app?
Nikita Bier: Right now, I think I advise around 35, 36 companies and all of them are at different stages of challenges they’re facing. Some of them are pure at the product concept stage. Some of them are venture backed billion-dollar companies and each of them faces different problems. The first thing I often do is I ask them to show me the analytics. We look at how people are distributing the app today, what is the milestone that a user must hit to become activated and what’s getting in the way of that?
I also take a very deep look at every funnel that users come through. And I think a lot of founders separate marketing and product growth, like top of funnel growth from the actual products growth mechanisms, but they’re both the same. They both should be treated as the same. If you’re targeting a community and you want them to all adopt and get saturation, you need to build marketing that shows imagery of that community or whatever. And then when you get in the app, you have to be able to join that community.
When you invite people from that app, that community needs to be mentioned. You need to actually cover everything from the ads to the in-app experience. All of that needs to be aligned for a user acquisition and flywheel to spin. A lot of people really screw that up. That’s my initial rough approximation of what I do when I come in and try to fix or try to help with some of the challenges these companies are facing.
Lenny Rachitsky: So this is actually a great segue to the final thing I want to make sure people understand is you help companies through this. Talk about how you work with companies where they can find you, what kind of companies you’re looking to work with and how all that works.
Nikita Bier: So I work across the gamut. Most of them are consumer mobile companies and there certainly are web ones too, but I work with companies across stages. Typically, I recommend that you don’t book me unless you’re venture backed because it’s a little expensive. But my main goal when someone does seek my advice through intro is I try to make them 10 times back their money in the first 30 days. And so far I think I’ve managed to do that with anyone who’s met with me. And that means get all the table stakes, grow things out of the way, at the minimum.
Then identify two to three step function changes that could change their growth trajectory. And these are higher scope fundamental changes to the product. So I try to couple both, explain to them which direction I believe they should go, and it’s a conversation and we talk about it. And then once they settle on a direction, I tend to get in the pixels. I go into Figma and we do a live session together and clean things up. I identify, “Oh, that’s going to convert at this percent.” And then I just manage all that. But yeah, it’s generally post-series A.
Some seed stage companies, and it’s been really fun. It’s kept my mind sharp on where the market is headed. I’ve also, over the years of building all these apps, I’ve accrued all these growth hacks that still nobody knows about. And so I share those when it’s relevant for the company and it’s been great. Dupe was one of them. I was advising Saturn. I rebuilt their Friend Finder. I think believe they’re number one in the productivity section above ChatGPT as of today. But I think I’ve generally invested in about maybe 10% of the companies that seek out my advice.
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. Well, I know it feels expensive to some people, but if I were a company with cash, it feels like the best deal I could find someone like you to come in and actually help me think through deeply in the pixels how to make my thing work. So I think you’re still undercharging and I hope you keep raising your prices because clearly there’s a lot of demand. Nikita, this was incredible. I feel like people see you on Twitter and they’re like, “Oh, this guy, he’s such a jerk sometimes.” But meeting you in person and talking to you, it’s very clear. You’re really a kind dude, really thoughtful. All your advice is based on real things you have done. It’s not just you sitting around pontificating and I think that’s incredibly valuable and I’m excited. People are tapping that knowledge and you’re sharing it with people in a wider scale.
Nikita Bier: It’s been a pleasure. Thanks for having me. We covered a lot and there’s plenty more. I hope to come back after the next viral hit.
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh man. So I was going to ask you, is there anything you’re working on now or stages, what can you share? [inaudible 01:37:33]. Stay tuned.
Nikita Bier: Stay tuned.
Lenny Rachitsky: Here we go. Amazing. I always ask people how can listeners be useful to you? So let me just ask you that as a final question, how can listeners be useful to you?
Nikita Bier: Follow me on Twitter and enjoy my shit posts. And I hope you have as much fun as me on Twitter.
Lenny Rachitsky: I do, man. I love your tweets. Nikita, thank you so much for doing this and for being here.
Nikita Bier: Yeah, thanks a lot.
Lenny Rachitsky: Bye, everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Reformatted by reformat_english_direct.py
如何持续走红:Nikita Bier 的消费者应用制胜手册
逐字稿
开场精彩片段
Nikita Bier: ……很荣幸上一个由不认为产品管理真实存在的人主持的产品管理播客。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我们一上来就进入劲爆话题了。你推出了 tbh,迅速走红,最终把它卖给了 Facebook。是什么洞察让你觉得这是一个值得尝试的大创意?
Nikita Bier: 我在 App Store 上看到美国排名第一的应用叫 Surah,但整个应用全是阿拉伯文——这是你能看到的关于人们想要某样东西的最强信号。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这也太疯狂了。我之前完全不知道这整段故事。
Nikita Bier: 我们上线了这个应用,它立刻就爆了,服务器开始崩溃。我看了数据,心想:“我们六天之内就会成为全美第一。”
Lenny Rachitsky: 你在这里分享的一个技巧是寻找潜在需求。
Nikita Bier: 人们为了获得某种价值,正在经历一个非常扭曲的过程。如果你能真正把他们的动机结晶出来,就能获得这种爆发式的采用。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我不知道你其实在 Facebook 做过产品经理。
Nikita Bier: 我在大型科技公司当产品经理时才意识到的一件事是,你做的产品管理工作其实非常少。他们主要就是写文档,然后当团队秘书,到处跑着拿审批。但产品的生死存亡在像素之中。层级结构、像素、流程——所有这些都应该由你来设计。这是你的责任。
Lenny Rachitsky: 到了某个时候你开始在推特上说”嘿,我在做新应用”,所有人都疯了。我看到一组数据:你做到了 1100 万美元销售额、1000 万次下载。
Nikita Bier: 很难真正理解的是,让这个东西保持在线是一种绝对的混乱。我三个月里每天只睡三个小时。不过我们的团队也非常拼命,早上 9 点就到我家,待到午夜,一周七天如此。
Lenny Rachitsky: 有没有什么你觉得”这个大概能帮到你做应用”的东西?
Nikita Bier: 可以确定的是,如果你擅长自己的工作,你就能让一个应用增长并走红。在多年开发各种应用的过程中,我积累了所有这些至今没人知道的增长黑客技巧。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Nikita Bier。Nikita 构建、推出并帮助送上 App Store 榜首的应用,比我见过的任何人都多。他的第一个大热应用 tbh 以超过 3000 万美元卖给了 Facebook,第二个大热应用 Gas 又以数百万美元卖给了 Discord。这一切都是靠一个小团队、很少的资金完成的。他还以顾问或投资者的身份帮助了数十位创始人和应用,涉及的公司包括 Flow、Citizen、BeReal、LOCKit 和 Wealthsimple 等等。如今,他把时间花在为公司提供病毒式增长策略、设计反馈、产品开发流程结构等方面的建议。
我喜欢 Nikita 的地方在于,他对如何打造成功产品有着非常强烈的观点,而这些观点扎根于他在过去十年中亲自动手实践,亲眼见证什么有效、什么无效。Nikita 一直是这个播客被请求最多的嘉宾,你很快就会明白为什么。这期节目充满了策略、故事和教训,我相信会让你意犹未尽。如果你想请 Nikita 为你的应用提供帮助,可以在 intro.co/nikitabier 预约他的时间。如果你喜欢这个播客,别忘了在你最喜欢的播客应用或 YouTube 上订阅关注,这是避免错过新节目的最好方式,也对播客帮助极大。话不多说,让我请出 Nikita Bier。Nikita,非常感谢你来,欢迎来到播客。
Nikita Bier: 谢谢邀请,很期待深入聊聊。我觉得很荣幸能上一个由不认为产品管理真实存在的人主持的产品管理播客。
产品管理”不真实”
Lenny Rachitsky: 我们一上来就进入劲爆话题了。这个我们肯定会聊……等等,你说的是”不真实”,好,我以为你要说”没用”。有意思,我们先记下这一点。我觉得我们对此有共识——我觉得大家已经感受到了。我觉得这会是一场非常特别的对话。我期待和你聊天已经很久了,有太多想问你的。我对这次对话的设想是:先讲讲你构建或帮助构建的、登上 App Store 榜首的那些应用的故事,听听打造这些应用并让它们成功背后的内幕,然后在这个过程中尽量提炼出尽可能多的经验教训——关于在当今时代打造一个成功的病毒式消费应用需要什么。你觉得怎么样?
Nikita Bier: 听起来棒极了。这其中有很多运气成分,但也包含大量非常、非常讲究策略的工作。
Politify:从政治应用到消费应用
Lenny Rachitsky: 首先,我想从一个我认为很少有人知道你的事情开始。你构建的第一样东西,你的第一个产品,和你现在做的事非常不同——一个叫 Politify 的产品,这也是我实际很想要的东西。它帮你根据选举对你生活的影响来决定投票给谁。能不能分享一下那段经历,以及你为什么决定从那转向消费应用?
Nikita Bier: 我在大学的时候,对美国选民的一种行为非常感兴趣——他们会投票反对自己的财务利益。比如纽约和旧金山的人投票给民主党,支持更高的税收;堪萨斯的人投票给共和党,支持更低的税收,但他们赚得更少,因此获得的政府福利也更少。我想做一款工具,帮助人们直观地了解总统政策提案对个人财务的影响。我在大学最后一年做了这个产品,就是一个网页应用,放上线之后,它会计算各候选人的税收提案、他们提议的政府福利,你输入基本的个人信息——有几个孩子、年龄之类的——然后它就会用美元告诉你具体影响是多少。我们还会把这些政策与每个邮编地区的纳税申报数据进行模拟,这样你就能看到它对你所在社区的影响。
我们当时超级病毒式传播。我觉得很少有人用这种方式来思考政治,那个选举季我们获得了大约 400 万用户。它最初只是我们拿了一些资助金在做的一个项目,但后来演变成了一家公司,我们把它叫做 Outline。因为有很多政府机构找到我们,问能不能为他们的预算做类似的工具。马萨诸塞州的州长实际上亲自联系了我们,我飞过去和他们面谈,那本来会成为我们的第一个客户。我们融了一些钱,拿下了一个政府合同,加入了 Techstars 加速器。我们还和奥巴马政府谈成了一个合同,合同已经在推进中了。然后我们开始开发,结果政府停摆就在我们开发的过程中发生了,我们的合同之一被取消了。
我意识到我其实真的很不喜欢把软件卖给政府,而我一直以来真正的核心竞争力是在互联网上做病毒式传播的东西。我们真正擅长的不是这个政策模拟工具。我们去找投资人说:“说实话,我们已经不再对这件事感到兴奋了。“我们主动提出退还资金,并说:“我们准备做消费类应用,这里有几个我们的想法。“没有人把钱收回去。然后我们在接下来的四五年里做了各种不同类型的消费应用。那四五年中间有一些小小的成功。其中一个是叫 Five Labs 的应用,它会抓取你的 Facebook 帖子,根据你使用的语言来判断你的性格。它用的模型和 Cambridge Analytica 用的一模一样,那也是超级病毒式传播,三天之内我们就有了数千万份用户画像。
基于这个成功我们又融了一些钱,在 Five Labs 之后开始更多地把重心放在移动端。我们基本上发布了你能想象到的每一种类型的应用——地图类、聊天类、活动交友类,基本上是移动端你能想到的每一种消费应用。这实际上帮我们锻炼出了一种能力:理解人们想要什么、如何让产品增长、如何测试它们。慢慢地,我们开始更多地关注青少年群体。很多人问为什么硅谷如此执着于给青少年做应用。
原因之一是他们的习惯可塑性很强。随着我们年龄增长,我们会固定在使用某些通讯产品的习惯中,不太会再去尝试新东西。另一个我们发现的事实是,成年人真的不怎么邀请别人用新应用。我们发现,当用户年龄从 13 岁增长到 18 岁,他们邀请别人使用应用的数量几乎呈指数级下降。最后一点,也是最重要的——他们每天都见面,这一点至关重要。消费应用开发者有时候会说烟民是一个很好的目标受众,因为他们确实会在建筑物外面随机地扎堆。当然不是说社交应用是香烟,我不太喜欢这个比喻。
Lenny Rachitsky: 顺着你说到青少年为什么重要这个话题,我这里有你说过的一段话,我特别喜欢——它在刚才那个观点的基础上进一步说道:“在我做过的每一个社交应用中,每个用户发出的邀请数量从 13 岁到 18 岁,每增加一岁就下降 20%。如果你为成年人做产品,就准备好用广告获取每一个用户吧。“我很喜欢你有一个这么清晰的启发式法则:每大一岁,邀请的人数就少 20%。
Nikita Bier: 如果你的用户不邀请别人来用你的应用,你就得另找获客方式,而那很可能就是打广告。如果你瞄准的是年长的群体,比如成年人,你就得融大量的风险投资来为用户获取管道买单,这将非常昂贵。作为一个种子阶段的创业公司,要增长用户量基本是不可能的,尤其如果你还需要用户之间形成真正的网络效应来达到密度的话。
Lenny Rachitsky: 也就是说,你做了一个”帮我决定投票给谁”的应用,它发展成了一门真正的生意,政府合同主动找上门,推动你去建一些东西,结果你最后意识到——我不想做这个,我为什么在做政府合同的生意。然后你做了什么——这其实是一个很有启发性的教训——你意识到我不想做这件事了。投资人也没有逼我继续做这个。我要停下来,去做一些我真正感兴趣、我认为成功概率更大的事情。于是你转向了这个创业工作室模式,就是不断尝试各种应用,我记得你说过它叫 Midnight Labs 之类的,对吧?
Nikita Bier: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很好。我觉得这是一个很有意思的洞察——如果你正在做的事你不喜欢,你是可以改变的,可以转型,可以告诉投资人我想做别的事情。关于这一点你还有什么想补充的吗?
从 Web 到移动端的转型
Nikita Bier: 转型到移动端对我们来说非常困难。我觉得那是对我个人而言最具挑战性的事情之一,因为那是一个完全不同的范式。我其实从 12 岁起就一直在做 Web 应用,我甚至建过一整个卖盗版游戏的电商网站,我对如何让一个网站增长无所不知。但当我们转向移动端时,我必须彻底重新校准我的思维方式。移动应用在设计上的容错率极低。因为我有一种近乎教条的观点:移动应用上的每一次点击,对你作为产品开发者来说都是一个奇迹,因为用户会非常快地转身跳到下一个应用。
如果你真的坐在某人身后看他们用手机,你会发现他们切换应用的频率其实相当高。你获得的每一次点击,每一次,都是如此稀缺,你应该优化一切。当我们开始转向移动端、做这些移动应用的时候,我不得不彻底改变自己的思维模式,而这经历了大量的失败。我们发布的 14 款应用基本上都是哑炮,然后我们开始聚焦青少年,为他们做应用。最终,我们找到了一个有趣的启发式方法来识别消费产品的机会,而那最终把我们引向了 tbh。
五年探索:15 款应用的试错之路
Lenny Rachitsky: 你花了四五年的时间尝试各种不同的想法。我觉得人们只看到了那个标题——我们后面会聊到 tbh——上线九周就以三千万美元卖给了 Facebook,所有人都觉得:“哇,太厉害了,我也想要这样的人生。“但没人知道在此之前有四五年的不断尝试,你说过做了 15 款不同的应用才走到那一步,去学习哪些东西真正有效、哪些无效。
Nikita Bier: 在转型做消费端的过程中,我们做了 15 款应用,什么类型都有——地图应用、聊天应用、待办清单,基本上你能想到的消费类应用我们都做了一遍。而且我们也面向了各种不同的用户群体,大学生、毕业后的人群都试过。但 22 岁以上的人群,要让飞轮转起来总是非常困难。那就是一个分水岭——过了这个年纪,人们就基本放弃尝试新产品了。我们花了好几年才真正内化这一点,经历了大量失败才意识到,过了那个年纪,没有人需要再多一个应用了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你在那过程中发现的东西非常有趣,因为大多数人其实都在为 22 岁以上的人做产品,而你得出了一个非常深刻的洞见。我看到的每一个消费应用都在试图为成年人打造产品,而你的经验基本上是——如果你要这么做,你可能需要融资,然后在付费广告上花一大笔钱。
社交图谱与年龄曲线
Nikita Bier: 大多数情况下,你根本不会获得网络效应。实际上很多年前有一项很有意思的研究,是西班牙的一些学者做的——我记得是西班牙——他们研究了人在一生中每年会和多少人发短信,从 14 岁到 18 岁这个数字上升得非常快,在 21 岁左右达到顶峰。也就是说,你发短信联系的人数一直在增长,到 21 岁左右为止,然后就开始急剧下降,到了生命末期又重新回升。这背后有几个原因,但基本上,一旦你离开大学,你日常联系的人数就会减少。结婚之后就更少了。然后随着年纪增长,你的孩子有了孩子,你当了祖父母,你又开始更多地发短信,或者你搬进了养老院。如果你在做一款依赖网络效应的通讯产品,你希望抓住的是社交图谱中不断增加连接的那段上升曲线,因为那时候建立连接的紧迫感更高。如果你真的想在通讯产品的边界上做出创新,就必须瞄准那个沟通紧迫感最强的群体,那就是青少年。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我喜欢的是,你发现这些东西不是纯粹靠研究,也不是纯粹靠思考,而是通过一次又一次地实际尝试——尝试不同的用户群体,尝试不同的体验。很多人看到你给的建议会想:“他怎么知道的?“其实就是因为你亲自做了所有这些事情。你亲眼看过,你坐在那里观察青少年使用这些应用。我觉得真正这么做的人非常少,大多数人只是想出一些没有实证基础的理论。
可复制的测试流程
Nikita Bier: 我们做这些应用越来越熟练了。我们的第一款移动应用大概花了一年时间,而最后一款只用了两周左右。我们在测试应用方面也变得非常厉害。我经常指导团队去做的最重要的一件事,就是建立一套可复制的测试流程,这比任何其他因素都更能影响你的成功概率。消费产品的一个想法到底能不能成功,这是极其不可预测的。如果你把更多精力放在如何让自己能多次挥棒击球的流程上,那才是真正降低风险的方式。我们摸索出了把应用植入学校的方法。在那家公司的发展过程中,我们还学会了如何将应用植入兴趣社群、爱好者圈子等等。做到第 15 款应用的时候,经历了这么多失败,我记得团队里很多人都在说:“我有点想离开了。我觉得对我来说到这里就差不多了。“
tbh 的诞生
我们一个核心团队成员实际上已经提交了两周离职通知。就在我们发布最后一款应用的前一天,我们的资金已经不太够了。我很疲惫。我打电话给律师问他,怎么解散一家公司?我给几位导师发了消息——都是经历过这些事的人——我说:“走这个流程需要哪些步骤?“然后我和那位想离职的团队成员进行了一次临别谈话,我说:“我理解你的决定,但如果这款应用真的冲上 App Store 排行榜了呢?“他说:“那有多大可能?你知道那不可能发生的。“我说:“好吧。“然后我们发布了这款应用——一款投票应用,tbh——它在我们植入的那所佐治亚州的学校里立刻就火了起来。我们选了全美国开学最早的那所学校,因为考虑到公司的状况,我们需要尽快发布。
发布后 24 小时内就有 40% 的学校下载了它,然后迅速蔓延到周边学校。突然间我就觉得:“哦,我们可能真的做出了点东西。“服务器开始崩溃,看着它在排行榜上不断攀升。我看了看我们的数据,心想:“六天后我们就会成为全美第一。“然后我看了看我们的亚马逊账单,12 万美元。又看了看银行账户,15 万美元。我想:“好吧,这两个数字不太……”我赶紧凑了一轮融资,然后跟团队说:“你们能不能暂停两个月,全力专注在这上面?我觉得我大概能把这东西卖掉。“这实际上演变成了一场竞争相当激烈的收购竞价。其中有一个非常非常棒的时刻——有一个竞购方在洛杉矶,让我当天飞过去。
我赶到机场,没有提前买票就直接去了。我们在推出这款应用的时候采用的是逐州发布的策略,每个州都有地理围栏。直到那天早上我们才开放加州。我到了那家公司——那个洛杉矶创始人的家里,他说:“给我看看数据。你们大概排第几?第四还是多少?“因为我们刚刚开放加州,那是个大州。我说:“不,我们已经是第一了。我们是全美排名第一的应用。“他说:“给我看看数据。“我们的 CTO Erik Hazzard 是一位在地图领域有出版著作的作者。他打造了一个非常出色的仪表盘,可以在地图上实时显示安装量。当时大概是下午四点,学校刚放学,我把地图缩放到我们正在开会的那片街区,整片街区都被我们周围的安装量点亮了。那就是推动一切开始运转的时刻——一个非常非常具有电影感的瞬间,你向你展示自己创造的东西,真真切切地占领了你周围的整个街区。
登顶 App Store 排行榜
Lenny Rachitsky: 太疯狂了。这一定会出现在未来 Nikita Bier 的传记电影里。我有几个问题。第一,你预测了排行榜走势,说会冲到第一。要冲到第一需要什么条件?你看的是什么数字?是要达到多少下载量才能成为 App Store 排行榜第一?
Nikita Bier: 这个数字是波动的。以前大概需要八万到十万次安装,但现在有一些公司在广告上投入了极其庞大的资金,或者把它嵌入到自己的其他应用里。在 Threads、Temu 以及所有这些在获客上大量烧钱的应用之间,有时候一天需要高达 30 万次。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是每天的量?
Nikita Bier: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 天哪。太厉害了。
Nikita Bier: 在 tbh 的巅峰时期,我们每天的下载量是 36 万次。
洞察:如何识别大机会
Lenny Rachitsky: 在我们聊下一个应用之前,我还想花点时间讨论另外两件事。第一个是,帮你意识到”这是一个值得尝试的大创意”的洞察是什么?第二个是,如何让这个应用如此病毒式传播的洞察又是什么?我知道后者非常巧妙。
Nikita Bier: 做了这么多应用之后,我们积累了一批一直留存的用户,他们会就我们的下一个应用给我们反馈。其中有几个,比如有个高中生高年级学生,我会把我们产品的截图发给他。他告诉了我一个叫 TBH 的趋势——孩子们在 Snapchat 上玩的一种游戏,他们会发一张包含一堆 emoji 的图片,上面写着类似”我喜欢你。你很聪明。你的品味很好”之类的话,然后你就用你觉得合适的 emoji 回复这条 Story。我当时觉得,“这有点奇怪。你把这个发到自己的 Story 上,然后人们给你反馈。“我就想,“所以青少年其实是在寻找一种自我披露的方式。“我想,“这挺酷的。不知道能不能把它做成一个应用。“我们画了一些草图。在我们画草图的过程中,我看了看 App Store,美国排名第一的应用叫 Sarahah,它通过在 Snapchat Story 上添加链接来发送匿名消息。
但最有趣的是——整个应用全是阿拉伯语。美国排名第一的应用竟然是阿拉伯语的。这是你能看到的、最强的人们需要某种东西的信号。所以当我跟创始人见面时,我经常告诉他们,“你寻找产品创意的方式应该是这个概念——潜在需求(latent demand),即人们试图获得某种特定的价值,却要经历一个非常扭曲的过程才能得到它。“如果你能真正厘清他们的动机,围绕这个动机打造产品,把他们真正想做的事情变得清晰,你就能获得这种爆发式的采用。
当我们看到人们在 Sarahah 上的行为时,我也看了一些推文和评论。很多人收到的是负面消息。所以,当我看到孩子们在 Snapchat 上玩的 TBH 游戏和 Sarahah 的情况后,我意识到——人们只是想知道关于自己的好话,他们不想要那些在匿名应用上收到的欺凌信息。我就想,“如果不用打字说出你对某个人的看法,而是通过回答投票来表达呢?而且由我们来编写这些投票选项,确保所有内容永远是正面的?”
我的意思是,我内心一直知道匿名应用会病毒式传播,但它们总是导致那些可怕的新闻——孩子自杀、自残等等。所以我对自己说,“我永远不会做那种东西。“但当我们想出了这个新机制——你只能说正面的话,通过投票的方式,比如”谁的笑容最好看”、“谁最有可能当总统”,然后你以匿名的形式收到结果,但你的名字会被选中——我们发现了几个事情:这让用户感觉好多了,它真正解决了他们想做的事情,而且他们发送的消息量大大增加。所以它的增长简直是爆炸式的。
我观察过一所学校,他们在采用这个应用后的前七天就发送了 45 万条消息。当你看一个消息应用第一天的消息发送量时,如果人均能发三四条你就很幸运了,但我们人均发了 60 条,我们的服务器甚至承受不住,所以我们不得不对应用进行地理围栏,因为我们需要扩展服务器。这其实在团队内部是一个很有争议的决定,因为——为什么要关掉一个正在起作用的东西?但在我内心深处,我知道如果在这么多独立的学校都有效,我们可以随时重新发布,它就会再次病毒式传播。所以让我们先重新集结,搞清楚这里到底发生了什么,然后再重新发布。
如何在一所学校内快速扩散
Lenny Rachitsky: 你一直在说它如何病毒式传播、疯狂增长。我知道你有一个小技巧来帮助它扩散。能不能简单说说你在那方面做了什么,来帮助它在一所学校内如此快速地传播?
Nikita Bier: 我想你指的是——我在 Facebook 的时候有一份备忘录被泄露给了 BuzzFeed。我们发现的核心点是:要被说服下载一个应用,你需要看到它。你需要看到营销信息大约三次左右。所以你基本上需要用所有可能的营销方式去饱和一个区域。因此在我们植入和测试这些应用时,我们会针对某一所学校投放广告。我们还会关注那些创建了指向该学校的专属 Instagram 账号的人,因为我们发现高中生会在个人简介里标明自己的学校,比如简介里会写 RHS。这就是我们试图让整所学校同步采用的方式——我们关注他们,然后等他们回关。
不过有一个很大的误解——我经常收到这样的私信:“我在复制你的策略。我们已经在 15 所学校做了,但不管用了。“这不是我们增长这个应用的方式。这是我们测试应用的方式。这里面确实有一点微妙但重要的区别——你需要获得足够高的采用强度和密度,才能让社交网络的飞轮开始转动,但之后应用应该自己就能增长。人们以为我们就是挨个学校关注每一个孩子。你做不到的,那完全不现实。但对于最初的 100 个用户,是的,我们就是这么做来的。这让我们能够知道产品是否有效。我们能让足够多的人用上它,然后就有把握地说这个应用是否有前景,而不会有那种不确定感——“哦,是不是他们加的好友不够多?我们获得的人不够?他们有没有达到’啊哈时刻’,因为需要好友才能用起来?”
所以我们想消除这个混淆变量,于是我们想出了一种方法,让一批人同时采用。这也是我鼓励很多创始人去做的事情——想办法消除所有可能的混淆变量,这样你就能立刻知道某个东西是否有效。你绝不希望做完一个实验或测试后说,“嗯,也许是执行得不好”——因为调动一个团队去测试某个东西需要耗费大量精力,你真的要确保你的测试能提供有效信号。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以你的建议是——在测试某个东西时,测试它可能达到的最好版本,即使这需要手动操作或永远不可扩展的方式,测试那个理想状态。因为这会告诉你——“即使这已经是最好的版本了,人们真的在乎吗?”
Nikita Bier: 对,我们会尝试让一整个学校都采用,就是为了知道如果每个人都有 10 个好友,他们是不是真的能从这个应用中获得价值。我们还做了其他一些事,而且我建议所有公司都这么做——在你的应用里放一个 24 小时在线的实时客服聊天。听起来很疯狂。科技的核心意义不就是不需要这么做吗?软件的意义不就在于此吗?但这样用户就能获得白手套级别的服务体验,而这又消除了一个混淆变量——他们有没有觉得自己的问题被解决了?有没有被好好对待?但最重要的是,我之所以推荐在应用里放实时客服,是因为这是获取反馈和做用户研究的最佳途径,因为用户会直接告诉你他们遇到了什么问题。我们有一个专门负责这件事的同事,他叫 Michael Gutierrez。实际上我所有公司都是他在做。他是社区和客户支持代表。他会把任何有趣的反馈粘贴到 Slack 里,然后我们就说:“哦,这个用户的想法很好,我们应该考虑把它做成一个功能。“所以在推出这些东西的时候,你真的需要保持对用户脉搏的感知,了解什么有效、什么无效,同时让用户感到满意,确保他们最终会在同龄人中正面推荐你的应用。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我非常喜欢这条建议。
TBH 篇章的总结
好的,那么在结束 TBH 这个篇章之前,你觉得还有什么重要的事情是大家应该知道的?或者说在那段经历中,有没有什么持久的教训是你至今在构建新应用时仍然带在身边的?
Nikita Bier: 我觉得对于第一次做消费品就取得爆发性成功的创始人来说,很难真正理解的一件事是你会有多精疲力竭、精力会被拉得有多薄,因为所有东西都会坏掉。你之前搭建的一切几乎每三天就需要被替换掉。
我可以给你举个例子。我们刚才还在聊那个客服系统。第一个系统三天就崩了。下一个系统七天后也崩了,我们不得不换一个扩展性更好的方案来替代。你把这个情况放到公司的每一个维度上——在规模扩张的过程中把产品保持在线,那绝对是兵荒马乱。所以当产品在增长的时候,你必须在优先级上极其果断,先灭最大的火。这一点我之前并没有完全理解——会有多少东西出问题。如果我们没有对应用做地理围栏,我们根本不可能把它保持在线,因为那给了我们一些缓冲来控制增长节奏。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是一个很好的例子——当人们问”我的应用是不是达到产品市场契合了?“的时候,我觉得这就是答案——每三天东西就崩溃,你不得不靠地理围栏来防止它宕机,这就是产品市场契合的样子。
Nikita Bier: 很多人问我:“产品市场契合的基准是什么?“我有个创始人朋友叫 Roger Dickey,他有一次跟我说:“如果你的产品行,你会知道的。如果还有任何不确定,那就是不行。“消费品领域真的是非此即彼的。人们会拼命想挤进来,你会开始看到一些你从未听过的指标——比如我们的指标是”每日每小时的活跃用户数”,不是日活用户,是每小时活跃用户。你会开始看到这种数据,而产品市场契合会变得一目了然。底线就是——你看到的时候就知道了。
出售 TBH 并加入 Facebook
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,那么你上线了 TBH,它爆火了,开始收到各家公司的收购邀约。上线九周后,你把它卖给了 Facebook。把公司卖掉是什么感受?然后在 Facebook 工作又是什么体验?你在那里待了四年。我看你 LinkedIn 的时候完全没想到。所以,卖公司是什么感觉?在 Facebook 工作又是什么感觉?
Nikita Bier: 卖公司是创始人能经历的最消耗精力的过程之一。当我们和 Facebook 见面的时候,他们告诉我他们为这笔交易派了 80 个人。我心想,我就一个人,就我自己。他们简直就是并购的特警队。
最搞笑的是他们还想见团队。于是他们来到我们在奥克兰的办公室——那是一个破旧的老公寓,我每月花 1800 美元租的。那就是我们办公室的租金。他们到了,走进来。里面有两个工程师、一个设计师和我,他们就说:“这就是整个公司?这就是全美排名第一的应用?“我说:“对,就这些。“我们去那边之后,加入了青少年团队,那个部门大概有——我不知道——150 个人,还只是 Facebook 的一个业务线。那实际上是我有史以来第一份真正意义上的工作。
他们告诉我职位的时候,说我将担任产品经理(PM),我心想:“好吧,我不太确定那具体是干什么的,但行吧,我大概就是干这个的。“到了以后,我获得了 Workplace 系统的权限,人们在上面发布他们正在做的所有事情。我发现那里几乎是社交网络开发的学术环境,就像社交网络界的哈佛。我在读人们做的各种研究——“哦,如果我们改了这个,对留存率和 DAU 的影响是这样的。“我太震撼了——这里有一整套科学体系。
我们之前做的很多事情都是从第一性原理出发摸索出来的,但在那里我们看到它真正变成了系统和流程。但作为大型科技公司里的 PM,我没有意识到的一点是——你真正做的产品管理工作非常少。你实际上并没有我想象中那么深入地参与产品。我原本以为:“哦,你就是那个深入到像素级别、设计用户流程的人。“完全不是。你和设计流程是完全脱节的。有一个独立的设计垂直组织在做这些,他们并不希望你插手。所以这对我来说非常难受,因为当人们问我”你觉得自己擅长什么”的时候,归根结底,我是一个设计师。我不把自己看作 PM。我擅长的是增长产品——看 Mixpanel 的数据,然后设计让产品增长的东西。但在大型科技公司内部,这两件事之间存在一道裂缝。
所以我非常喜欢那种学术化的增长方法,但与我逐渐脱离设计流程这件事相比,个人层面上确实很痛苦。我觉得我的很多技能在那四年里退化了。不过我确实留了下来。我经历了多个部门。最后最喜欢的是新产品实验部门,在那里我和其他创始人一起工作,其中有硅谷的一批传奇人物,做从零到一的产品,独立应用。说起来,我在 Facebook 的整个期间都在做独立应用。我想我在 Facebook 期间大概做了八个应用。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。
Nikita Bier: 但在大公司做应用要困难得多。你得到的很多洞察,不一定能在 VP 会上公开呈现或写进报告里,比如”我们在做一个让青少年调情的应用”。这种话大概不是你想当着一群麦肯锡顾问的面说的。所以我觉得,要对正在构建的东西保持完全的智识诚实,非常困难。而团队对此不诚实的话,在那个环境下就很难朝着正确的方向迭代。话虽如此,作为产品人,有很多事情你不用操心……我不用想钱的问题,不用想付法律账单,不用做财务和会计。这些都被抽象掉了,但你要面对一些监管层面的事情,而这些是我在做小公司创始人时完全没有接触过的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你刚才分享的一个洞见,可能是像 Facebook 这样的公司不太擅长推出全新产品、做从零到一的东西的原因——他们可能过于规避风险,很难公开讨论人们内心真正、真正渴望的东西。大概是这个意思吗?
Nikita Bier: 很难把驱动我们作为人的某些东西用语言表达出来。我发过一条推文,有点教条式地阐述了我对人们为什么下载应用的看法,非常简单。就是人们下载应用是为了赚钱或省钱。比如 WhatsApp,免费发短信。另一个原因是找伴侣,比如 Tinder 或 Snapchat,找爱情。第三个原因是逃离现实,比如 Netflix 或 Fortnite。还有一堆其他非常实用性的子类别,比如出行,Uber;或住宿,Airbnb。所以,把这些写进一份立项文档,把你对人们为什么会采纳某个产品的具体而微妙的原因阐述清楚,在你面对的都是资深专业人士、而且他们关心这件事对自己的个人影响时,是非常困难的。
在大公司内部推动创新的困境
所以在大型公司内部,这真的很困难。你当然有分发优势。如果你想把自己的应用注入到某个母应用里、在一个社群内获取密度,你可以做到。但我觉得这部分对于一个初创公司来说,如果你愿意花钱打广告,也是可以解决的。把你的应用植入一个密集的朋友关系图,总体来说是可行的。作为创始人,试够多次之后应该能搞定。所以大公司带来的这个优势,确实让事情更容易,但我不认为这是创始人自己解决不了的问题。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以听起来一个很有意思的结论是——很多人会觉得”我要做一个社交应用”,然后他们可能经常听到”Facebook 会做那个的。Instagram 会抄你的。Snap 也会做。“而我从你这里听到的是,这并不像很多人想的那么容易,对他们来说尝试做这件事可能实际上要困难得多。
Nikita Bier: 不仅是他们识别这些机会、在内部用语言表达出来、让整个公司对齐方向更难。他们要响应市场信号也很难。很多人觉得这些在位者会偷走你的创意。但大多数情况下,即便是一个排名第一的应用冲上了 App Store 榜单,他们也需要相当长的时间才能做出反应——应用开始在 App Store 榜上排名,某个 PM 会发一篇帖子讨论它。然后市场策略或市场研究团队可能会做一个后续研究。这件事会飘浮好几个月。他们可能会整理一份立项文档说,“嘿,我们应该去追这个机会。让我们组建一个团队。“这要经过 VP 评审。然后才开始开发。开发可能需要六到十二个月。现实中,我认为大多数大公司需要十二到二十四个月才能对市场上的竞争威胁做出反应。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你觉得这个问题是可解决的吗?公司能不能做些什么改变来在这方面做得更好?根据你的经验,有没有做得好的公司,还是说随着规模增长,这就必然会发生?
Nikita Bier: 大公司内部的激励机制让这件事变得非常困难,因为你不想去呈现一个你凭直觉认为是好主意的东西,因为如果还没有市场信号的话,就很难辩护。公司里的人关注的是拿到年度奖金,或者关注绩效考核。你很难走进一个立项会说——立项会就是你阐述机会、说明一切的会议,“这是我们该追的方向”——你很难直接说,“好吧,根据第一性原理,这是个好主意,这里有一些非常模糊的市场信号。“现实中,你需要走进去说,“这是美国排名第一的应用,我们没拥有它。“如果你呈现的是这种东西,就算失败了也很有说服力,因为有市场证据。但如果你失败的是一些更基于模糊抽象的东西……
所以一般来说,如果你想在大型组织内部真正获得推动力,唯一的路径就是复制已有产品。而对于全新概念,我觉得很难把这些想法呈现出来——要么很难将它们写成文档,要么很难把组织凝聚到这些想法周围。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是一个非常有意思的洞见。
PM 到底做什么
在我们进入下一章之前,我想回到你一开始说的——产品管理不是真实的。关于这个洞见,你还有什么可以补充的吗?还是说基本上就是你所描述的——PM 实际上并不参与设计,至少在 Facebook 这样的公司里是这样?
Nikita Bier: 大型科技公司的职能型组织结构在很多方面把产品经理从产品开发过程中分离了出来。他们不看数据,因为数据科学家在做那些事。他们只是在解读收到的一些报告。他们主要就是写文档,然后充当团队秘书的角色,到处跑,从各个跨职能团队——法律、隐私等等——获取审批。是的,你实际上与产品本身是高度分离的。所以我觉得 Snapchat 的做法——苹果也在很大程度上如此——是设计师说了算。我认为这带来了一些非常新颖的——
PM 到底做什么(续)
Nikita Bier:
我认为这两家公司因此都产出了非常新颖的产品。但话说回来,这本身也带来了一连串的问题,因为在大型组织内部真正推出一款产品,需要纯粹的意志力,因为工作量巨大。有大量的监管审查、扩展工作。你确实需要有人来做项目管理。所以我不知道让设计师执掌大权是否就是万灵药,但我也认为当前 Google、Facebook 式的那种当团队秘书的做法并不是最佳解决方案。
Lenny Rachitsky:
为产品经理说句公道话,我认为很多产品经理在产品设计上花了大量时间,和数据科学团队也花了很多时间。我想你所看到的可能只是那种极端的、超大型科技公司版本的产品管理。我知道即使在 Facebook,PM 如果愿意的话也可以参与设计。只是显然跟创业世界截然不同——在创业中你就是在做这些事,全部精力都在里面。
Nikita Bier:
是的,这确实是一种夸张的视角,但我认为它对所有从零到一的项目尤其切中要害。因为如果你在大型公司里负责一个独立应用,你应该亲自设计层级结构、像素、流程——所有一切。然后确实可以由技术设计师把原型打磨完善,但那是你的想法。而且产品的生死存亡就体现在像素层面的细节上——消费类产品尤其如此,所以这完全是你自己的责任。我觉得对于一些更大规模的增长型项目,确实可以稍微远离像素层面的细节。
Lenny Rachitsky:
这条建议很好。好的,在我们进入你接下来创办 Gas 的那段旅程之前,我听说有一个很有趣的故事,关于你们在 Facebook 办公室里实际被安排坐在哪里——你的团队被安排在了什么地方。这里面有什么故事吗?
蒂姆·库克的画像
Nikita Bier:
有。当我们加入新产品实验组的时候,我们的座位基本上就在马克·扎克伯格旁边。能从 Zuck 的视角看到这台机器是如何运转的,确实很酷。但我们从之前运营 tbh 时的旧办公室里带了几样东西过来,其中一幅是我在街边买的波普艺术画——当时是因为需要往办公室墙上挂点东西。那是一幅蒂姆·库克的巨幅画像。我们在 Facebook 的各个部门之间一直带着它,纯粹因为这幅画太好笑了。我当初买它,某种程度上也是一种象征——真正掌控我们命运的其实是苹果。所以当我们搬到 Zuck 坐的那个区域时,我把那幅画挂在了墙上,基本上就是一幅巨大的蒂姆·库克画像俯瞰着扎克伯格。后来那边的某位 EA 过来说:“方便的话,能不能把它带回家?“这也确实说得通——你总不能挂着另一家大型科技公司高管的照片在那儿俯瞰我们。
Lenny Rachitsky:
那幅画长什么样?你现在手边还有吗?
Nikita Bier:
有,我真的还留着。我去拿一下。
Lenny Rachitsky:
太棒了。哦,哇,很有艺术感。那就是蒂姆·库克。这幅画的概念是什么——他从黑暗中探出头来盯着你看?
Nikita Bier:
对,对。他是我们所有人真正的老板。
Lenny Rachitsky:
我明白为什么 Zuck 不想整天被这幅画盯着看了。太有意思了。而且你还一直留着它,我很喜欢。
Nikita Bier:
是的。那是人生那一章留下的纪念物之一。很好。
离开 Facebook,重新出发
Lenny Rachitsky:
好。那就是你在 Facebook 四年的经历。太疯狂了。你离开了 Facebook。后来某个时候,我记得你开始发推文说:“嘿,我在做新应用。“所有人都疯了:“你在做什么?“我想这个时候你心里大概在想:我是一个只有一次成功的人,我还没有证明自己能一次又一次地做到。所以我觉得你可能有一种动力。也许可以聊聊这个,就是那种”我要再来一次”的驱动力。你当时的心境是这样的吗?
Nikita Bier:
当那个梗开始流传的时候,我的本意是创办一家有风投支持的公司,打造一个能扩展成大团队、能持续很多年的长久事业。所以我只是发了一条帖子说我离开了 Facebook,正在寻找队友。我私下跟一些人分享了几个想法,其中有一些非常疯狂的想法,我就不展开说了。然后有人开始发帖说:“天哪,我刚看到 Nikita 的应用,太疯狂了。“其他人看到了,也开始玩梗,它就变成了一个巨大的网络狂欢——“我刚试了 Nikita 的应用,它拯救了我的婚姻。我刚戒酒了。我的孩子们在这么多年之后终于回家了”之类的,变成了一场巨大的造梗运动。而当时我甚至还没有应用或任何东西。我甚至没打算推出什么。有些我研究的想法甚至都不是应用。所以它就变成了这样一个病毒式传播的时刻。我当时甚至还没有下定决心再创办一家公司。那只是一个探索过程。
但后来发生的事情是,市场不久后就崩盘了,Zerb 时代基本宣告终结。美联储开始加息。我的投资组合大概跌了 30% 左右,我当时就想:“该死,这太糟了。也许我应该想想今天怎么赚钱。“我们做创业就是为了赚钱的。所以我脑子里一直有一个挥之不去的问题:如果我们当初对 tbh 进行了商业化会怎样?因为用户发给我们的排名第一的客服消息就是——我能付费查看是谁给我发了投票吗?这是排名第一的问题。我在想,如果我们直接做商业化,收入会不会比被收购还多?我觉得我们可以很快把这个做出来——大概一两个月吧。结果花了比这长很多的时间,但我们开始重新构建它。这是一个全新的团队。其中一位工程师来自一家叫 Paparazzi 的公司,他叫 Zay Turner,他开始在我家里写代码。我们做了测试,看看 tbh 的新版本五年后是否还能引起孩子们的共鸣。这其实是我最想知道的事情——一款匿名投票应用五年后是否依然有意义。所以我们把它投放到学校里,就像我一直做的那样——
Lenny Rachitsky:
又是佐治亚州的那所学校吗?
Nikita Bier:
是的,没错。我们在完全相同的学校、完全相同的日期推出了它——事实上恰好是五年后的同一天。用户发送了很多消息,但它没有增长。让我稍微回溯一下。tbh 的增长靠的是多种方式——人们把消息分享到 Snapchat,以及短信邀请,那是 2017 年。在 tbh 上邀请朋友的方式是点击他们的联系人名字,有一个”邀请”按钮,然后我们通过 Twilio 给他们发送一条短信。但这五年间监管环境发生了很大变化。现在你已经不能从服务器端发送短信了,必须从用户的设备上发送。澄清一点,这些年来很多人克隆了 tbh,他们以为当你在投票中给某人投票时,系统会给对方发短信。我们从来没有这样做过。那样做是严重违法的,而且在用户体验层面也是不道德的——在人们根本不知道发生了什么的情况下给他们发短信。
Gas 的增长体系重建
Nikita Bier:
但不管怎样,我们不能再通过 Twilio 发短信了,这导致创建 Gas 时用户发送的邀请少了很多,因为他们得弹出短信编写窗口再手动发送。原来在 tbh 上,他们只需在五个名字上轻点”邀请”就行了。所以我们实际上不得不重新发明所有的增长系统,我印象中大概经历了九次上线,包括给应用改名,包括 tbh 上从未有过的功能。所以在很多方面,是的,表面上看概念是一样的,但实际上完全是一个从零到一的开发周期,要搞清楚在这种环境下如何重新把这个产品做起来。
Lenny Rachitsky:
我知道这一点对你来说非常重要。我觉得很多人会觉得 Nikita 只不过是把同一个应用卖了两遍,这家伙真行。而你在这里想强调的是,不仅底层基础设施完全不同,团队不同,你还必须重新思考整个飞轮的运作方式和增长逻辑。
Nikita Bier:
是的。而且有太多层级——我们验证了一件事,然后又在下一件事上卡住了。比如,好的,用户发送了很多消息,不错。下一个问题是它能不能在一所学校内传播开来?这花了我们一段时间才搞定。它能不能跨校传播?每一个问题在新环境下都是极具挑战性的难题。而且我在合规框架内合法运营这件事上,一直都是严格按规矩办事的。所以当我遇到一些创始人,他们跟我讲自己在做的某种增长手段时,我的反应是,“你不能这么做。这日后会惹来大得多的麻烦,而且也会伤害用户。“所以我们始终希望让增长系统如何运作、如何邀请朋友等一切都透明清晰。这一点可以大说特说,因为我看到很多创始人做的就是在后台以不该用的方式使用用户数据,以你的名义邀请别人等等。
互联网的自我保护机制
我有一个比较疯狂的观点——互联网是一个有生命、会呼吸的东西。维基百科上有一篇关于”盖娅假说”(Gaia Hypothesis)的词条,讲的是生物学,大意是地球本身是有生命、会呼吸的,能够对威胁做出反应。好吧?当你深入雨林太深的时候,埃博拉病毒就会被释放出来。好吧?所以我认为互联网也遵循类似的模式——如果你对用户做了不对的事,互联网会回来报复你、保护自己。因此,每当我在设计产品时,我都尽量对用户做正确的事,因为不好的做法总会以更糟糕的方式反噬回来。我认为在设计增长系统时,你应该始终保持光明磊落。而在 Gas 这个项目上,我们必须用正确的方式做事,必须在我们解决的每一个具体问题上去验证——能不能在校内传播?能不能跨校传播?用户愿不愿意付费?所有这些,都是对原有产品的一次全面重构。
Lenny Rachitsky:
我很高兴你分享了这些,因为我觉得很多从外面看你的人,会以为你在搞各种令人不齿的增长黑客手段,让青少年去做对他们心理健康不好的事情。但很显然,你的想法恰恰相反——你在努力保持非常正向的定位,比如你只允许正面交流。你所做的事情,就像你刚才说的,是着眼长远的,互联网不会反过来试图封杀你。
Gas 对青少年的积极影响
Nikita Bier:
你提到想做一个正向的产品,有些人——其实并不经常,但确实有人——批评我说,“你做的应用让青少年感到不安全之类的。“但关于 Gas,我想说我们几乎每天都会收到用户的消息,告诉我们他们重新考虑了自杀或其他形式的自我伤害。这款应用给你发送正面的消息和鼓励,让青少年感觉非常好。我觉得很多人并没有意识到这一点。Instagram 可能会让你感到嫉妒,很多其他社交网络的影响是好坏参半的。但我们完全专注于让青少年感觉更好。
有人可能会说,“要是有人在一道投票中没被投到怎么办?“我们实际上建了一套系统来确保每个人都能收到投票。我们的做法是,如果你最近没有被投票,你的名字就会以更高的频率出现在投票中。所以我们想尽一切办法传递关爱,而看到它如何在这么短的时间内影响了一千万个孩子,这才是真正驱动我去把这个产品做大的动力。
人口贩卖谣言风波
Lenny Rachitsky:
非常感谢你补充这些。我之前不知道你对这些应用的这些思考角度。很有意思的是——我不知道你能说多少——但 Gas 当时还卷入了很多关于人口贩卖的事情,有人认为有人通过 Gas 被绑架了,对,能谈多少就谈多少吧,因为那确实相当离谱。
Nikita Bier:
当时出现了一个谣言,说这款应用被用于人口贩卖。我当时就想,“这也太离谱了吧。“这是一个匿名投票应用,连消息功能都没有,你唯一能做的就是给朋友发送赞美。我去调查了一下,发现这其实困扰着很多应用——任何以任何形式爆红过的应用,都遭遇过这种谣言。这种情况发生的原因之一是,你如果说某个应用很危险,就能吸引注意力。作为一个青少年,如果你说”这个应用很危险”,然后就能涨一大批粉丝,谁不喜欢粉丝呢?所以这其实是一种非常容易传播的内容。于是这个谣言就起来了,我们当时就觉得,“这可能会搞垮整个公司。“我去找了一些经历过同样事情的创始人,他们说,“是的,我们就因为这个不得不关停了。”
Lenny Rachitsky:
天哪。
Nikita Bier:
我就在想,“难道就到此为止了吗?公司就要这样结束了吗?“我记得谣言出现的时候,我们正好冲到了第一名,而那时我们的客服渠道里开始收到一些这样的举报。我当时想,“我先赶紧发个帖子宣布我们登顶 App Store 第一吧,因为这东西估计一周之内就没了。“于是我就在 Twitter 上发了公告,说”我做出了排名第一的应用”,而我当时心里觉得它可能一周后就完了。然后我突然爆发出一股劲儿,心想,“我要赢。我要反击。这根本不是事实,完全说不通。”
于是我们从每一个维度去对抗这个完全凭空捏造的谣言。我们主动约见记者和媒体人,确保每次搜索”Gas app human trafficking”时,排在第一的结果都是”Gas app 不是用于人口贩卖的”。最终这也成了《华盛顿邮报》的标题。我们坚持如果要做采访,标题必须是这样的。这样每次有人在 Google 上搜索时,第一个看到的就是这个。有些学校甚至有一个警察局发布通告说这款应用被用于人口贩卖。我给那些学区主管打了电话,给那些警察局长打了电话,让他们公开撤回了那些说法。App Store 上的一些评论我们要求 Apple 删除,因为我们遭到了恶意差评轰炸。
公开宣示与反击(续)
Nikita Bier:
但真正最有效的办法,是我女朋友做了一个视频——一个 TikTok 视频,解释这不是真的。每次有人删除账号时,他们都能看到这个视频,解释这不是真的。在最严重的时候,我们每天有 3% 的用户在删除账号。对一款应用来说这简直就是灾难,而我们通过毫不松懈、毫不松懈的努力,把它降到了 0.1%。这其实是当你增长极快时会发生的一种异常情况——人口贩卖谣言就是这样开始的。除非它发生在你自己公司身上,否则你根本体会不到这事有多疯狂,但回想起来又觉得有点荒诞。这款应用明明是你能想到的最无害、最人畜无害的东西。
Lenny Rachitsky:
太疯狂了。我之前完全不知道这个故事的全貌。而且你是在做这一切的同时,还要设法扩展应用、维持服务器运行、继续增长,对吧?同时应对所有这些事情是什么感受?
Nikita Bier:
连续三个月我每天只睡三个小时。同时处理所有这些事情极其艰难。不过我们的团队也同样是拼命的。他们每天早上九点来我家,待到午夜,一周七天如此。所以没错,这绝对是我经历过的对身体消耗最大的事情之一,但我们就是非常战术化。我记得有投资人想约我们见面,我说,“如果你不能让一个名人发帖说这不是真的,那我们就没兴趣。“不过是的,我们从每一个方向出击,最终事情总算平息了。
Lenny Rachitsky:
我很佩服你把心思转到另一个完全不同的问题上,思考你可以动用哪些杠杆来改变围绕这款应用的舆论。
Nikita Bier:
对。我记得当时有一些 TikTok 视频在说谣言是真的,我一路通过人脉找到了 TikTok 的 CEO,我说,“你能把这些删掉吗?“然后我们把这些内容删除了。所以这确实是对我们团队能力的一次全新考验——战斗。但关于谣言在应用上传播这件事,你必须知道的关键一点是:你一定要确保谣言的传播速度低于你应用的传播速度。有几次,谣言的传播速度超过了我们的应用,我们不得不——
Lenny Rachitsky:
谣言的 K-factor。
Nikita Bier:
对。
Lenny Rachitsky:
太离谱了。好吧,那总体来说,你做了这款应用,又是一个巨大的成功。我看到一个数据,说你们通过应用做了 1100 万美元的销售额,1000 万次下载,这个数字对吗?
Gas 的商业表现与出售
Nikita Bier:
对。从各方面来看它都是一个巨大的成功——增长规模超过了 tbh。我们做了商业化。我们几乎完全靠创业公司的云服务积分在运行,所以基本上——
Lenny Rachitsky:
云服务积分?比如 AWS 积分那种?
Nikita Bier:
对。AWS 积分、Mixpanel 积分。我记得当我看到早期数据时,我就想,“好了,现在是我跟每一个供应商把每一笔账砍到最后一份利润的时候了。“我到处搞到了积分,所以在这方面我们确实非常战术化。最终所有的收入几乎全部变成了团队的纯现金流。我们没有投资人。但有一件事非常有趣——我在 Twitter 上发帖谈论这款应用的方式,某种程度上抓住了互联网的时代精神。我们原本没打算卖掉它。我们只是打算让这个东西顺其自然地运行,让它成为我们生活中在后台存在的一款应用。但当它开始抓住 Twitter 上的时代精神时,我就想,“等等,我们也许可以把这东西卖了。“那时候我们开始接触一些公司,最终有三家公司想收购它。我不能说是哪些公司,但最终我们卖给了 Discord,然后加入了 Discord。
Lenny Rachitsky:
太棒了。在我们进入下一个阶段的旅程、讨论我想深入了解的其他一些洞察之前,关于 Gas 这款产品,有没有什么持久的经验教训,是你在指导创业公司做产品设计和开发时会带上的?我知道有很多,但有没有哪个最突出的、你觉得特别值得分享的?
从零到一的产品开发方法论
Nikita Bier:
我觉得我之前其实提到过,就是按顺序去验证——人们会不会使用核心流程?人们会不会在自己的同辈圈子里传播它?它能不能跨圈层传播?而我认为我学到的最重要的一点是,这其实是一种非常好的从零到一产品开发方式——在你所要验证的那个特定产品开发阶段,对那一件事情投入 100% 的精力执行到位。然后其他部分你可以半做半就,这样你就能在那一个部分获得 100% 的信号。
所以我们把投票体验做到了完美。问题设计得很好,推送通知,一切都运转顺畅。然后下一个阶段是让分享和病毒传播机制运转起来。把这些事情分阶段来处理,因为如果你试图同时解决所有问题并进行验证,最终会有太多的范围蔓延。而且你也得不到清晰的信号——你是一次在测试一件事情。所以现在我接触很多消费产品开发的方式是:如果这个条件成立,那么接下来还需要什么条件成立,这个东西才能跑通?就是一层层条件判断。你需要的条件层级越多,你的产品风险就越高,所以你应该尽量把它压缩到大约四个必须成立的条件。
Lenny Rachitsky:
这又回到了你之前说的建议——你需要擅长的是测试和学习,并且要让这个过程非常快。
Nikita Bier:
对。
谣言的起源
Lenny Rachitsky:
好。关于这条线索可能最后一个问题。我特别好奇这个谣言到底是怎么来的,背后是谁?这种事是怎么发生的?
Nikita Bier:
我们收到了一条最初的客服消息,是一张 Snapchat 快拍的截图,上面写着”不要下载 Gas 应用,它是用来人口贩卖的。“就这样一张截图,上面有那种镜像效果——就是你能看到有 10 个人截了图。不,更多,大概 40 个人,因为上面有所有用户名。所以我看着这个就在想,“这有多少人看过了?“看起来这东西在 Snapchat 上已经病毒式传播了。然后我去看了 App Store 页面,看到一条评论说这款应用是用来人口贩卖的。我去找团队,说”这很可能会毁掉公司。会毁掉这款产品。我在消费类应用上见过这种情况,我非常清楚明天这个事情会比今天大十倍。“他们说,“不会吧,就是一条消息而已,你说什么呢?“我说,“不,不,它已经被截图了 40 次,而且已经出现在 App Store 页面上了。“四个小时后我们又收到了一条消息。
第二天,我们整个 App Store 页面就全部被评论覆盖了,全在说这款应用是用来人口贩卖的。我们实际上不得不对应用进行更名。我们重新上线了一次,想”干脆叫个别的名字,在美国另一边重新上线。“我们那么做了,又开始病毒式传播。然后最疯狂的是——
它又出现了。最疯狂的是它重新浮现了——事情是这样的:一个用户和另一个州的人是朋友,对方收到了邀请。那个用户告诉他,“哦,那个在我们州很火的,其实它是用来人口贩卖的。“然后一切又重新开始了,而到了那个时候再重新上线已经来不及了。我们就意识到,“我们得正面硬刚这东西。“最终,我认为我们永远不会知道真正的源头是什么,但它确实是一个活生生的、会自我繁殖的谣言。
应用更名的内幕
Lenny Rachitsky: 太疯狂了。这个故事越来越精彩了。顺便问一下,之前用过哪些名字?这个能分享吗?
Nikita Bier: 可以,我们试过好几个。一个叫 Crush,一个叫 Melt,还有一个是……关于 Crush 有个有趣的事情,我们拿到了一个很好的域名。我们觉得就会用这个名字。这是在某几次更名之间的事。我们做了测试,发现用 Crush 这个名字时邀请量大幅下降,我们就想,“怎么回事?“然后我们发现,实际上当你邀请别人用一个应用时,不管是什么应用,基本上……男生邀请男生,女生邀请女生。而男生不想邀请自己的朋友去用一个叫 Crush、图标还是粉色的应用。
然后我们看了看数据和应用的情况。其实 tbh 也是这样,应用的用户中大约 60% 到 65% 是女性。所以我们就想,“让这个应用更男性化一点,看看会怎样。我们需要平衡。“于是我们把图标改成黑色加一团火焰,起名叫 Gas,邀请率就飙升了。你可能觉得一个名字无所谓,但就在发送邀请的那一瞬间,它确实有影响。这是命名过程中一个很有意思的发现。
能否打造持久的消费类应用?
Lenny Rachitsky: 天哪,这类故事真是讲不完,但我们已经聊了很长时间了,所以我准备换个话题。我在 Twitter 上问大家应该问你什么,光是那个问题本身就有了一千个赞——我就问了句”我该问 Nikita 什么?“而最常见的问题,我猜你一定被问过很多次,就是大家想知道:你有没有想过做一个持久的消费类应用?做持久消费类应用到底可不可能?
Scott Belsky 问了这个问题,Figma 的 Robert 也问了,而且 Scott 有一段描述说得特别好:为什么那么多快速走红的消费类应用,到头来更像是一首夏日流行歌,而不是能够持久存在的独立产品和业务?所以这里其实有两个问题。第一,你是否以打造持久的消费类应用为目标?第二,这件事有多大的可能性?
Nikita Bier: 很多与朋友沟通的基础工具——不管是消息还是一对多的广播,比如 Stories 那种——在位者已经在网络效应方面筑起了很高的壁垒,要提供一个真正有数量级优势的体验并非易事,因为他们这些年确实一直在不断改进这些产品,而且也没有那么多切入点。
但这不是说不可能。Snapchat 就证明了存在一种人们想要的沟通方式,而在位者没有满足这种需求。不过我觉得你能去追逐的那些边缘机会,成功的概率确实更高,但它们未必真的能持久。我认为找到一个能持久的沟通或社交产品,那是一个黑天鹅事件。消费类社交产品的留存率有极大的随机性。每十年才出一个。如果这事简单,我早就批量制造一万亿美元的公司了。
我每次坐下来就能造一个 Facebook 出来。但我认为这其中很大程度上纯粹是运气。另一方面,让一个产品增长是可以成为一门科学的。如果你擅长你做的事,你有把握让一个应用增长、让它病毒式传播。那么为什么我没有尝试把这种病毒传播能力用来构建一个持久、长期的产品?我来谈谈我的动机。产品开发中我最喜欢的部分是:你通宵做出这个东西,然后看着它席卷整个互联网。
那是我体验过的最刺激的东西,没有之一。看着它传播到全国各地——比如你在佐治亚州的深南部丢下一个应用,然后一周后你看你的数据面板,发现洛杉矶你家街边那所高中 40% 的学生都下载了。那种感觉非常深刻。作为一个三人团队拥有这种影响力是疯狂的,而我就是为这个活着的。
当我加入 Facebook 时,有一个有趣的关联。我加入 Facebook 后看到很多同龄人都在仰望那些 VP,他们说,“那就是我有一天想要达到的位置。我想管理一个大型组织,我想有很多下属。“然后我跟那些 VP 交流,他们其实反过来羡慕我,因为我的生活质量其实相当不错。我能构建高影响力的东西,让很多青少年感觉更好,赚到不少钱,而且我不需要变成一个人事管理者,去运营一个庞大组织好多年。
我想也许有一天我会运营一个风投规模的企业,但我想说的是,到目前为止我挺喜欢我的做事方式——生活质量不错,也很好玩。经济上也很不错。所以我觉得这部分就是驱动我的东西。是的,我不认为运营一家大公司是我所定义的”好玩”。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。真的很高兴我们聊到了这里。很多东西跟我的想法非常共鸣。显然,很大一部分原因也正如你所说,做一个能增长的消费类应用首先就很难,其次要真正持久更难。但有意思的是,你确实希望有一天能打造一家有风投支持的企业。
Nikita Bier: 我的意思是 tbh 就是有风投支持的,我只是不……我觉得我必须……我是否想把自己锁定十年?如果你真的去看看一些创始人在 IPO 之后,经过七轮融资稀释后实际拿到手的收益数字,其中很多人的数字跟我们用 90 天做出来的应用获得的回报相当接近。所以,那边的取舍其实相当……
Lenny Rachitsky: 说到这里,那什么条件下你才会真正决定走风投路线?你之前提到过如果面向更主流的用户群体,非青少年、22 岁以上的人群,是因为那个原因吗?
Nikita Bier: 我不一定是那个原因。我觉得如果我能保持团队精简同时做到规模化……我认为确实有一些创始人以非常精简的团队运营,却在公司估值方面达到了很大的规模。实际上最具标志性的例子就是 Elon Musk。他的团队总体上其实相当精简,他自己深入产品开发的细节。所以我想,如果我要做的话,我会在一套非常特定的运营原则下去做,而不是把它变成一个大型科技公司。
Lenny Rachitsky: 估计投资人正在给你发 term sheet 呢。好,Nikita,这次对话太精彩了。还有最后一部分我想花点时间聊聊,就是快速过一下你分享过的一些关于如何打造成功消费类应用的建议,我觉得非常深刻。我想过三到五条,听听你的想法,看你能补充什么。怎么样?
Nikita Bier: 听起来很好。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,第一条就是 iOS 18 的联系人权限改变了游戏规则,基本上让人们更难邀请朋友了。关于这个问题,人们在产品设计上应该怎么思考?
Nikita Bier: 我第一次看到这个变化时非常担忧。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我看到你发的推了。你直接说”完了。Game over。“
联系人同步的前景
Nikita Bier: 让我把事情给你梳理一下。联系人权限弹窗,所有应用的平均通过率大约是 65%。青少年的通过率更高,成年人更低。但即便有 65% 的人同意授权联系人访问,iOS 18 这个新变化带来的下一步是——你需要选择允许应用访问哪些联系人。那是一个按字母排序的列表。以我为例,我有 550 个联系人左右。
排在前 10 个的,全是我在开车时随手乱输入的一些带标点符号的条目。所以你必须往下滚动才能找到你要的名字。我得找到 Lenny,把你加上去。那如果你还不是应用用户呢?我加了你好,又加了另外三个人。假设用户愿意做这件事。然后你和另外三个人都没有注册,但也许你的三个朋友注册了。
但我永远不会和他们建立连接,因为没有……所以我预计,今后在应用中找到朋友、邀请朋友会变得非常困难。创始人需要重新思考这件事的方式。在我合作的公司中,关于 intro 这个项目,我们正在探索重新定义联系人同步到底意味着什么、它原来解决的是什么问题。前景不太乐观,但我们有一些不错的线索,我认为这会催生一批全新的应用。但如果你现在作为一家公司还在押注联系人同步,你最好开始考虑 B 计划了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我的理解是,现在情况已经大不一样了,如果你能想出一个真正巧妙的解决方案,破解这个难题,就能获得巨大的优势。
Nikita Bier: 对,但最有可能的情况是,我认为今后大多数应用都不会有社交图谱了,而这将进一步巩固在位者的地位。我认为 Apple 并没有意识到这一点。设计这个功能的人,可能从来没做过应用,也没做过联系人同步,因为整个流程糟糕透顶,而且我认为它甚至并没有真正保护用户隐私——它只是把这个功能彻底废掉了。
Dupe 与”到达啊哈时刻的时间”
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,下一个话题。你帮一个叫 Dupe 的产品取得了成功。据我所见它现在做得非常好。我看到你发推提到了你帮他们解决的一个关键问题,就是”反转到达价值的时间,让用户体验在几秒内就是啊哈时刻。“谈谈这个洞察,以及它对打造一个成功的消费社交应用有多重要。
Nikita Bier: 让用户尽快到达啊哈时刻这个理念,是我对每一家合作公司反复提及的。你必须明白,在 2024 年,人们的注意力大概只有三秒。这很可悲,但我们被铺天盖地的通知、产品、各种东西分散得支离破碎,如果你不能在前三秒展示价值,就完了。这也回到了你刚才提到的联系人同步的问题——用户注册后,第一晚就必须看到所有朋友都在应用上、体验到这个东西,否则他们就会流失。
所以这个”反转价值”的想法是这样的:当我跟 Dupe 合作时,他们有一个购物应用,有一堆不同的功能,其中一个叫 Deal Hop 的功能引起了我的注意——它允许你直接放入一个商品页面链接,就能在网上找到同款最便宜的版本。这本来是我自己通过一通拼凑的方式——Google 图片搜索、Google Lens——已经在做的事情。我当时就说,“这应该做成一整个公司。但我们怎么教会用户使用它,怎么让他们尽可能快地、以一种令人难忘且标志性极强的方式体验到那个啊哈时刻?”
我之前做过一个产品,只需要在一个现有 URL 前面输入一个域名前缀就行。所以我跟他说,“你应该试试这个。它非常有营销感,但你需要一个跟你在做的事情匹配的极短域名。“于是他去买了 Dupe.com,花了多少钱我不知道,但他买下之后我非常兴奋。我心想,如果这招不灵,我会很难受,但如果灵了,那就是爆炸性的成功。
我们发了几个视频,效果非常标志性,视频直接爆了。用户记住了这个操作——在 URL 前面打 dupe.com。现在他们大概在不到 60 天内就做到了数百万的 ARR。那是一次爆炸性的成功。在我合作的公司中,大约有 50% 的情况能达到这种程度的成功,但另外 50% 则是彻底失败,因为消费领域就是这么随机。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我听到的一个核心洞察就是,理想情况下要把到达价值的时间压缩到三秒。这就是你的建议?
Nikita Bier: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 听起来很好,简简单单。
Nikita Bier: 对。你真的需要在引导流程等每一个环节精心打磨,确保这一点。这也是设计层面体现出一个优秀产品人的地方。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我猜其中很大一部分就是砍掉你认为……就像”杀死你的宝贝”那样,砍掉你认为人们需要的东西,在这方面真的要非常决绝。
Nikita Bier: 非常决绝,但同时也要极其创造性地利用手头可用的工具来激活用户。我认为卓越的产品人会对每一个可能的 API 深谙于心,并且知道如何以非传统的方式使用它们。比如这个 URL 前缀的技巧就是一种非传统的用法,用户接受得非常快。我有一长串 iOS 机制的清单——人们今天以某种固定方式使用它们,但你可以反过来用。
联系人同步就是一个很好的例子——你同步联系人,然后它找到所有朋友,再把那些还没注册但已经有很多朋友在应用上的人排出来。所以有一系列方法可以一键向用户展示大量价值,而我觉得创始人往往忽略了这些。很多创始人会说,“哦,他们可以交换用户名,这样就能互相添加好友。”
这是最不切实际的事情,因为那意味着你得看到用户名,把它输入到应用里。要建立一个 50 人的好友列表,这个操作得重复 50 次。所以我们面对的是一万次点击 versus 一次点击。这就是我说的——尽可能让用户到达激活时刻、啊哈时刻,让他们感受到价值。
给创始人的常见建议
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个建议。那也许作为这条线上的最后一个问题——当你接触一个创始人,一个你正在帮忙的初创公司关系,还有没有一件事是你发现通常对他们特别有帮助的?有没有什么常见的建议,比如”哦,这个很可能能帮到你。“你刚才谈到了啊哈时刻这一步、联系人共享的问题。还有什么别的吗——就是那种”这大概能帮到你应用”的东西?
Nikita Bier: 目前我大约为 35、36 家公司提供咨询,它们各自处于不同阶段,面临不同的挑战。有些还纯粹在产品概念阶段,有些已经是风投支持的十亿美元公司,各自的问题都不一样。我做的第一件事,通常是让他们给我看数据。我们一起看用户目前是如何传播这个应用的,用户必须达到什么里程碑才算激活,以及是什么在阻碍他们到达那里。
Nikita Bier: 我还会非常深入地审视用户走过的每一个漏斗。我发现很多创始人把营销和产品增长割裂开来,把漏斗顶端的增长与产品内部的增长机制当作两回事,但它们其实是一回事,应该被同等对待。如果你想针对某个社群做推广,希望他们全部采用并达到饱和渗透,你就需要制作展示该社群形象的营销素材。而一旦用户进入应用,他们必须能够加入那个社群。当你在应用里邀请他人时,也要提到那个社群。从广告到应用内体验,每一环都需要覆盖到位。所有这些必须协同一致,用户获取的飞轮才能转动起来。很多人在这方面真的搞砸了。这就是我最初介入、试图修复或帮助这些公司应对挑战时的大致做法。
咨询合作方式
Lenny Rachitsky: 这正好很自然地引到了我想确保大家了解的最后一件事——你确实在帮企业解决这些问题。聊聊你是怎么跟公司合作的吧,他们能在哪里找到你,你在找什么样的公司,整个流程是怎样的。
Nikita Bier: 我的合作范围很广。大多数是消费类移动公司,当然也有一些 Web 端的,各阶段都有。一般来说,我建议除非你已经拿到风投资金,否则不要预约我,因为收费确实有点贵。但当有人通过 intro 找到我寻求建议时,我的核心目标是让他们在头 30 天内获得至少十倍的回报。到目前为止,我觉得每个和我交流过的人,我都做到了这一点。这意味着至少要把所有基础问题解决掉,把该增长的部分增长起来。然后再找出两到三个阶梯式的变化,能够改变他们的增长轨迹。这些是对产品更高层面、更根本性的改动。所以我尽量把两方面结合起来——告诉他们我认为该往哪个方向走,这是一个对话的过程,我们会讨论。一旦他们确定了方向,我就会深入到像素级别,进入 Figma,我们一起做实时协作,把东西打磨好。我会判断,“哦,这个地方的转化率大概会是这个百分比。“然后我就把这些都管理起来。一般来说,合作的公司大多是 A 轮之后的,也有一些种子阶段的,整个过程非常有趣。它让我对市场走向保持敏锐。这些年做了这么多应用,我也积累了大量至今没人知道的增长技巧。当某家公司适合用到的时候,我就会分享出来,效果很好。Dupe 就是其中一个例子。我还给 Saturn 做过顾问,重新设计了他们的 Friend Finder。我记得他们现在在效率类应用排行榜上排第一,超过了 ChatGPT。不过总的来说,在找我咨询的公司中,我大概只投资了大约 10%。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。我知道对有些人来说感觉挺贵的,但如果我是一家手上有资金的公司,能找到像你这样的人深入到像素级别帮我把产品理顺,我觉得这简直是能找到的最好的交易了。所以我觉得你还是收便宜了,希望你继续涨价,因为显然需求非常大。Nikita,这次对话太精彩了。我觉得大家在网上看到你,可能会觉得”这家伙有时候真是个混蛋”。但当面认识你、和你交谈之后,非常清楚——你真的很善良,也非常有思想。你的所有建议都来自你亲身做过的事情,不是坐在那里空谈阔论。我认为这极其有价值,我也很兴奋大家正在汲取这些知识,你也在更大范围内分享它们。
Nikita Bier: 很荣幸,感谢邀请。我们聊了很多,还有更多没聊到。希望下次再做出一个病毒式爆红的产品后能再来。
尾声
Lenny Rachitsky: 天哪。我正想问你,你现在在做什么,或者有什么进展可以分享的吗?
Nikita Bier: 敬请期待。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的。太棒了。我通常会问嘉宾,听众怎样才能帮到你?所以让我把这作为最后一个问题——听众怎样才能帮到你?
Nikita Bier: 在 Twitter 上关注我,享受我的灌水帖。我希望你在 Twitter 上和我一样玩得开心。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我确实很开心,老兄。我很喜欢你的推文。Nikita,非常感谢你来做这期节目,感谢你的到来。
Nikita Bier: 嗯,非常感谢。
Lenny Rachitsky: 大家再见。非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这对其他听众发现这个播客真的很有帮助。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于节目的信息。下期见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| acquirer | 收购方 |
| activation | 激活 |
| affinity groups | 兴趣社群 |
| aha moment | 啊哈时刻 |
| alignment | 对齐 |
| ARR | ARR(年度经常性收入,Annual Recurring Revenue) |
| atrophy | 退化 |
| bidding process | 收购竞价 |
| Cambridge Analytica | Cambridge Analytica(剑桥分析公司) |
| cloud credits | 云服务积分 |
| competitive threats | 竞争威胁 |
| confounding variable | 混淆变量 |
| cross-functional | 跨职能 |
| DAU | DAU(日活跃用户数,Daily Active Users) |
| Deal Hop | Deal Hop(功能名) |
| duct taped | 拼凑的(指临时、粗略的解决方案) |
| dud | 哑炮(指失败的产品) |
| Dupe | Dupe(功能/应用名) |
| EA | EA(执行助理,Executive Assistant) |
| Fed | 美联储(联邦储备系统) |
| first principles | 第一性原理 |
| Five Labs | Five Labs(应用名) |
| flywheel | 飞轮 |
| framing deck | 立项文档(演示文稿形式) |
| framing document | 立项文档 |
| Friend Finder | Friend Finder(功能名,好友查找器) |
| functional organization structure | 职能型组织结构 |
| Gaia Hypothesis | 盖娅假说 |
| geo-fenced | 地理围栏 |
| hoax | 谣言 |
| in the pixels | 深入到像素级别(指对产品 UI/设计的细致入微的参与) |
| incumbents | 在位者(指市场中的现有大公司) |
| installs | 安装量 |
| intro | intro(应用/项目名) |
| K-factor | K-factor(病毒传播系数,流行病学/营销术语) |
| latent demand | 潜在需求 |
| legs | 有前景(指产品有持续发展的潜力) |
| Lenny Rachitsky | Lenny Rachitsky(播客主持人) |
| M&A | 并购(Mergers and Acquisitions) |
| McKinsey | 麦肯锡(咨询公司) |
| Midnight Labs | Midnight Labs(创业工作室名) |
| network effects | 网络效应 |
| onboarding | 引导流程 |
| org | 部门(organization 的简称) |
| Outline | Outline(公司名) |
| Paparazzi | Paparazzi(公司名) |
| performance reviews | 绩效考核 |
| plant the flag | 公开宣示(指高调发布消息) |
| PM (Product Manager/Product Management) | PM(产品经理/产品管理) |
| police chief | 警察局长 |
| product-market fit | 产品市场契合 |
| retention | 留存率 |
| review bombed | 恶意差评轰炸 |
| Sarahah | Sarahah(应用名) |
| Saturn | Saturn(应用名) |
| scope creep | 范围蔓延 |
| seed | 植入(指将应用引入特定用户群体) |
| shit posts | 灌水帖(指随意、搞笑或无厘头的社交媒体帖子) |
| signal | 信号(指有意义的实验结果) |
| social graph | 社交图谱 |
| step function changes | 阶梯式变化(指跳跃式的、非线性的显著改变) |
| superintendent | 学区主管 |
| table stakes | 基础门槛(指必须满足的基本条件) |
| tbh | tbh(应用名) |
| Techstars | Techstars(创业加速器) |
| Twilio | Twilio(云通讯平台) |
| venture-backed | 风投支持的 |
| white glove | 白手套(指高端定制化服务) |
| Zay Turner | Zay Turner(工程师) |
| Zerb era | Zerb 时代(疑为 ZIRP 零利率时代的口误/转录错误) |
| zero to one | 从零到一 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)