每位领导者都需要听到的 10 条逆向领导力真相 | Matt MacInnis(Rippling)
10 contrarian leadership truths every leader needs to hear | Matt MacInnis (Rippling)
Deliberately Understaffing Projects
Matt MacInnis: It is really important to me that we feel that we’ve deliberately understaffed every project at the company. If you overstaff, you get politics, you get people working on things that are further down the priority list than necessary. That is poison. It’s wasteful. It slows you down. It creates cruft.
Feedback and Founder Energy
Lenny Rachitsky: You’ve been a long time COO at Rippling. Recently, you moved into CPO, Chief Product Officer at Rippling. Something you talk a lot about is that extraordinary results require extraordinary efforts.
Matt MacInnis: If you want to be in the 99th percentile in terms of outcomes, it’s going to be really difficult. You got to sort of remind people that if they ever find themselves in the comfort zone at work, they are definitely making a mistake. It’s supposed to be really fricking exhausting.
Introducing the Guest
Lenny Rachitsky: You’re a big fan of escalating issues.
Matt MacInnis: Fundamentally, the most selfish thing you can do is withhold feedback from someone. When you think a thought that would help someone improve and you avoid giving it to them because it would make you uncomfortable. Well, you’re optimizing for your own comfort, and it’s fundamentally selfish. So many people have teams that are not functioning incredibly well. Teams will always optimize for local comfort over company outcomes. The purest form of ambition and most intense source of energy in the business is the founder CEO. Every next concentric circle of management beyond the founder CEO has the potential to be an order of magnitude drop off in intensity. That is fucking dangerous.
As an executive, as a leader, your job is to preserve that intensity at its highest possible level. You’ve had a couple really interesting experiences with your own startup. We talk in Silicon Valley about never quit, but that is complete absolute venture capital.
Extraordinary Effort for Exceptional Results
Lenny Rachitsky: Today, my guest is Matt MacInnis, Chief Product Officer and formerly longtime Chief Operating Officer at Rippling. If you don’t know much about Rippling, it’s a massively successful business last valued at over $16 billion. They have over 5,000 employees, and Matt has been instrumental to that success. He’s also got a really rare combination of brutal honesty, a ton of experience building a very complex and very successful business, and being able to clearly articulate what he has learned really well. Matt shared a lot of insights and advice that I’ve not heard anyone else on this podcast share, and I left this conversation feeling that every leader needs to hear his advice.
A huge thank you to Albert Scrashim and Sunil Raman for suggesting topics and questions for this conversation. If you enjoy this podcast, don’t forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app or YouTube. It helps tremendously. And if you become an annual subscriber of my newsletter, you get a year free of 19 incredible products, an entire year of Lovable, Replit, Bolt, Gamma, Inata, Linear, Devin, PostHog, Superhuman, descript, Whisperful, Perplexity, warp, granola, Magic Patterns, Raycast, ChatPARD, Mobbin, and Stripe Atlas. Head on over to Lenny’snewsletter.com and click product pass. With that, I bring you Matt MacInnis after a short word from our sponsors.
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Matt, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast. Thank you for having me. I want to start with something that I know is really important to you, something you talk a lot about that I don’t think people hear enough on podcasts like this, which is that extraordinary results require extraordinary efforts. Talk about why this is so important, what you think people need to hear.
Daily Execution of Extraordinary Effort
Matt MacInnis: This is a term, that phrasing I actually attribute to a friend of mine, Dan Gill, who’s the chief product officer at Carvana, which as a company also doesn’t get enough credit for how much of a tech company it actually is. Super interesting. And I think as a general framework for me, and a lot of what I say with you today is not really specific to product in any way. We should actually talk about that. It’s like the product function is an instantiation of the general concept of management. Being a chief product officer is not that different from being a chief whatever officer. You have to apply the same frameworks and concepts to get people to achieve goals together. But one thing that is absolutely universal that I think we, honestly, I think we forget it in Silicon Valley or a lot of people don’t sort of internalize it, is that if you want to accomplish something truly extraordinary, if you want to be in the 99th percentile in terms of outcomes, it’s going to be really difficult.
It’s going to be really uncomfortable. And you got to sort of remind people of that, that if they ever find themselves in the comfort zone at work, they are definitely making a mistake. They have definitely screwed up somehow. It’s not that an extraordinary effort is sufficient to an extraordinary outcome, but it is 100% true that it is necessary. And so I do use that framework as a sort of guiding principle in my own leadership.
Lenny Rachitsky: To make this even more real for people, what are examples of moments that were extraordinarily hard?
The Relentless Nature of Competition
Matt MacInnis: It is not about any sort of grand single story. I think the story is actually told through a thousand little things. And so for me, the story is told through a thousand Jira tickets, not through a thousand grand events. The extraordinary effort thing is a reminder that it’s supposed to be really fricking exhausting. It’s supposed to be. So on Friday night, when you get hit with an escalation on Friday night, when you get sort of hit with a bunch of new bugs from someone in the engineering team that you’ve got a triage, those are the moments where great players and great teams are separated from good players and good teams. And it’s so easy to say this at a company like Rippling because we’re winning. As a company, for all of our foibles, and we should spend time today talking about where things are not perfect and not great, but the growth rate of the company on the revenue foundation that we have is extraordinary, really, really compelling.
And it gives you, as a leader, the air cover to get up in front of your team and say, “Hey guys, I need the last ounce of oil that you’ve got left.” And if your company’s not growing very quickly, if things aren’t that great, if your growth rate is 30% or 40%, it doesn’t feel as good as a contributor in that business to lean in and give everything you’ve got on Friday or Saturday or Sunday because you don’t know that it’s going to yield much. And so extraordinary results, outcomes demand extraordinary efforts, but if there’s no chance at an extraordinary outcome, it’s very hard to get the extraordinary effort. And so I like to remind people at Rippling at least that it’s so rare to have the opportunity to be able to be a part of a team where the extraordinary effort that you do put in on Friday or whatever, whenever it is actually contributing to an extraordinary result.
It’s a very special and rare thing, and it gives me a superpower as a leader because I can lean on that when I’m ringing the oil out of somebody who’s in the bored and tired zone.
Lenny Rachitsky: I saw the same thing actually at Airbnb with Brian Chesky. It always felt like things were going great and maybe we could take a break after something we shipped was killing it. And it always felt like the opposite. It always felt like, how do we press the gas pedal further? How do we go faster? How do we go bigger? There’s never a moment to take a break.
The Intentional Understaffing Management Framework
Matt MacInnis: I spent seven years at Apple and learned under Steve Jobs when he was the CEO, learned what we called the death march, which is what we did to the engineers. It was like as soon as you shipped one version of the iPhone, you were just immediately thrown into the pit of building the next one and there was no break. It was just relentless and talk about an extraordinary outcome at the end of the day. There is no relief. In a competitive market, and if the market is valuable, it’s competitive, no question. If you leave anything on the field, if you sort of leave a crack for your competitor, 100% chance they’re going to go fill that crack. And so you have to be relentless. There can be no relaxation of the organization. It doesn’t mean people can’t come and go or people can’t take vacations or live their lives, of course.
And it’s not like people are human beings. You can’t grind the individuals down, but the team as a collective group of people has to be sort of on the ball all the time. There can’t be a break. And if you leave one, you’re just begging for the slightly more hungry competitor to come in and eat your lunch. And that’s the beauty of capitalism.
Learning from Success
Lenny Rachitsky: Also, very counterintuitively, and maybe the more optimistic perspective here is when you do give your team space to just twiddle their thumbs, bad things start to happen. Morale actually dips in my experience. People get distracted. They’re like, “Oh, what are we even doing? It’s not interesting.” I find that keeping people busy and motivated and fired up, even though you may think they’ll be happier taking a many week break and slowing things down, I find they get more, the more I actually goes down in those moments.
Matt MacInnis: So here’s a management framework that I use fairly often. As an executive, you don’t know how to get any decision exactly right. It’s not knowable. You don’t know how much budget to allocate. You don’t know how many people to put on a project. You don’t know how to set a deadline for when you’re going to ship something. But of course, you have to set some default so you make your best guess and then you manage to that best guess and you learn as you go because in software development and in business in general, everything’s emergent. These are not things that are knowable top down or a priority. And so you take a best guess and knowing that you’re not going to get the right answer, you need to decide whether over-steering or under-steering relative to your perceived midpoint is better. And so let’s talk about staffing. When you staff a project, is it better to overstaff or is it better to under-staff knowing that you can’t get it right? Well, it’s better to under-staff. If you overstaff, you get everything that you just said. You get politics, you get people working, I think most importantly on things that are further down the priority list than necessary. You have like 20 things on a stack rank list and you know that you got to do the top five, but the next 15 data’s kind of ambiguous, but you’ve overstaffed the project. So the next 10 things down are getting worked on. Before you even know if they’re necessary, that is poison. It’s wasteful, it slows you down, it creates crust. And so it’s very clear that under-staffing is less evil than over-staffing. In this particular framework, the advice is under-staff deliberately, always. And then the wisdom, the wisdom element is to know not to under-under-staff and sort of knowing the difference between those two things.
And so that’s the way we work at Rippling. Everyone is constantly asking for more resources and of course where we can afford to and where it’s appropriate new resources arrive, but it is really important to me that we feel that we’ve deliberately understaffed every project at the company.
Transitioning from COO to CPO
Lenny Rachitsky: There’s a previous guest, I forget who this was. They used this metaphor if they want their team to be dehydrated to always be wanting more water. And then eventually they’re too dehydrated and okay, we needed someone to help. Interesting. Yeah. There’s a line along the lines of extraordinary efforts I want to make sure I read because I think this is really good. This may be a way to summarize what you’re saying, that good teams get tired and that’s when great teams kick the good team’s asses.
The Hierarchy of Product Team Needs
Matt MacInnis: Yes. This was a quote actually from Sunil, and he found it from a women’s basketball team coach. And it is, to my point earlier about you got to run the engine at the red line at all times because the minute you let your guard down, the minute you slow down, the minute you relax, the minute you leave a crack for your competition, the great teams are going to come in and kick the good team’s. And it’s like sports, I’m not a very sporty guy, but sports analogies are sort of irresistible because at the end of the day, business is a game and none of this matters. We’re not going to carry it to the grave. It’s like you’re here to do this stuff because it somehow fulfills you while you’re on the planet. And I love the sport of business and I find that sports, notwithstanding the fact that I watched very little of it, that military, those are very ripe sources of parallel concepts to apply in leadership.
Lenny Rachitsky: I find also those most intense, stressful, long nights are the moments you remember most and remember most fondly back to when you’re building something. The key though is that it has to go well. As you said, if you are succeeding and winning, all of this is romantic in the end and nostalgic. Remember that time we built this thing and worked late nights and shipped this thing? If it doesn’t go anywhere, you don’t feel that. So I think that’s a really important component of this is you need to be winning and succeeding.
Everything Must Be Done in Order
Matt MacInnis: One thing that I’ve learned from Parker, Parker’s our CEO at Rippling, he said, “You don’t really learn from your mistakes, you learn from your successes.” And it’s like you do, of course, and he would admit you learn a bit from mistakes, but I do think that this is sort of feel good that it’s like, “Well, you didn’t succeed, but at least you learned something.” I’ve had failures. When I look back at the nine years I spent working on inkling from day one in 2009 until we sold that business to a private equity firm in 2018, up the curve of Silicon Valley coolness, back down the other side into obscurity. Of course, I learned and grew a ton during that time, but in now what I think is six or seven years, I’m trying to do the math, seven years coming up on at Rippling, I’ve learned so much more because I’ve seen success.
I’ve seen rapid, wild, crazy off the charts success of the business and it’s more informative. There’s more to glean from seeing how it’s done right than there is to glean from seeing how it’s done wrong. If I tell you you’re going to get on an airplane and one maintenance technician has seen it done right a hundred times and the other maintenance technician has seen it done wrong a hundred times, but he learned from his mistakes, but still hasn’t had any success himself. I mean, give me a break. There’s not even a comparison which plane you’re going to feel more comfortable on. And so I do think that learning from your mistakes thing is a bit of a feel good trope that actually has very little substance in reality. And it’s why as an early career product manager, or it’s why frankly at any stage of your career when you want to learn, you should join a winning team.
It’s cool to go and start a company at 22. Good luck to you. The odds are not in your favor, but the folks who, when I look at a resume and I see that someone’s joined, they were at really good companies when those companies were super exciting and in crazy growth mode. I’m like, “I instantly want to interview that candidate because I want to hear what they learned from being part of a winning team.” And that’s sort of one of my go to heuristics when I’m looking at candidate profiles and I think it’s an under-told trope. Sorry, not an under-told trope. It’s a piece of advice that I don’t think people embrace enough in the valley that success begets success and you should chase success.
Product Truths Outsiders Should Know
Lenny Rachitsky: Speaking of success and learning, you’ve been a long time COO at Rippling and the reason you’re here recently you moved into CPO, chief product officer at Rippling, which is very exciting and very rare. I don’t see a lot of COOs moving into product. Let me ask you why did you move into that role? I feel like you’ve been killing it at COO. Maybe that’s the reason. Be careful what you’re good at. And also just what are some surprises about this, about moving into product? Because a lot of people imagine what it’s like and then you’re actually doing it.
Alpha vs. Beta: People and Process
Matt MacInnis: The story at Rippling is pretty interesting and I’ll tell it because I think it explains why I’m making this transition, but this isn’t really about me. I think it’s sort of a pattern that your listeners would find useful. In general, your best executives are the ones that you can mostly toss into any challenge and they will bring order to chaos. They will fix the thing. And I do appreciate the terms that people have used at Rippling for me, talking about MacInnis’s injured birds, where at any given moment some function is in disarray or in jeopardy and I go and focus very carefully on that function to get it back in order batting 800 maybe, like not always wild success, but I did that everywhere except R&D. I would think about helping out with components of the sales organization like our channel team, or I spent time building out the recruiting function a few times when it needed to be sort of rethought in response to our growth, but it never R&D.
And so I would have my feet up on the table looking out across the floor at this dumpster fire off in the distance, just sort of emitting smoke and wondering if someone was going to go in and deal with that. And the smoke takes various forms and when you’re growing as quickly as rippling is growing, it’s not always something that necessarily even impacts customers, but it’s the sort of thing where you’re like, that architecture’s not right or they’re not measuring adoption correctly.” From the outside, I actually had quite a few criticisms that I could lob in. And what happened at Rippling was we made some hiring mistakes. I think the folks that we had in those roles would agree that they weren’t the right people. We had a hiring mistake in engineering leadership where the product leader at the time had to sort of run engineering.
We subsequently had a mistake in product hiring and a lot of us had to sort of pitch in. And Parker and I sort of stared at each other through two years of this kind of disarray or this chaos or this agony of things and just never really having good executive leadership over both engineering and product at the same time. And I remember Parker sort of slumped down in his seat and said, “Oh, I have to run another search.” And I said, “No, the gig’s up. I’m going to go do it.” And he really sprung up in his seat. He’s like, “Really? You’ll go do that?” I’m like, “Dude, this is what the business needs.” And so that’s what I did. And that really started about a year ago in sort of, I realized I was going to do it and expressed that to Parker in December. I really took it on in January of ‘25.
And so it’s been 11 months of learning. Jumping into the product role when the product function itself, although staffed with really talented people, wildly under understaffed, and without a single spiritual leader on top of it to drive consistency and process excellence had become locally optimized but globally incoherent. And if you know Conway’s law, you are destined to ship your org chart. And so with a locally optimized, globally incoherent team, you had a locally optimized, globally incoherent product experience that needed to be resolved. And so my efforts over the last 11 months have been to establish greater clarity in terms of how we do things around here, better process, better general leadership, hiring and firing. I mean, just doing the sort of cleanup on aisle three that needed to be done, even though, again, a lot of the people in the team were quite talented and doing an excellent job of managing their specific domains.
Jumping into the product role has been quite eye-opening. I feel a little bashful about the naivety of my view from the outside a year ago. Product teams have a hierarchy of needs, and we like to point at the failures to meet elements of that hierarchy higher up the triangle and sort of impugn the failure of that organization for not, as an example, measuring adoption metrics very carefully and not closely tracking those metrics as a means by which to drive execution. When I jumped in, I was like, “Man, we need to establish some basic standards for test coverage. We need to establish some basic standards for how we do what I call a factory inspection on a product once it’s ready to roll off the assembly line.” Do we have a checklist for what we call product quality and what does product quality mean? Those basic things weren’t there. And so the idea that we should be spending time measuring adoption metrics is absolute insanity.
You’re skipping a lot of steps between here and there. And so we have made great strides and I think it’s translating to product quality improvements for our customers, but I feel, as I said, a little dumb for the way I was thinking about it before I jumped into the deep end. There is just no excuse as an executive for sitting outside of the mess and thinking you know the answers. It’s a cardinal sin as an executive to do that. You need to go and see. You’d be in the boiler room, you need to study the system, bottom up and develop hypotheses for how to amend the system. And that’s what I’ve been doing.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love hearing this because so many people have teams that are not functioning incredibly well and hearing from someone that is not a longtime product person come in and try to fix these problems, I think is really useful and interesting for people to hear. To dig into this a little bit more, was the big lesson and kind of eye-opening moment that there’s a lot of foundational work that needs to happen to achieve this outcome that you’re trying to achieve, which is measure engagement and adoption well? Is it like tracking and metrics and data science? Is that kind of the lesson there?
Lessons Learned from Feature Flags
Matt MacInnis: The lesson is that everything must be done in its time and order, and you can move really, really quickly. There’s no sort of excuse not to move with urgency on all of these things, but you got to do them in order and you have to lead bottom up. You got to lead from the specific circumstances you observe. And I think for me, one of the best things that’s happened over the last 11 months is that I’ve gained a greater trust in my own instincts, that sort of patterns I’ve matched across other functions do indeed apply in product, but I have both the advantage and disadvantage of not having led a product function before and therefore must think about every problem from first principles. I have no choice. I can read shit on the internet. I can listen to clear thinkers on topics and import their ideas, but I’m very reluctant to import an idea without breaking it down into its constituent parts and figuring out how it applies at Rippling.
And so I don’t actually give a shit about adoption metrics as a matter of principle. I care about adoption metrics when I care about adoption metrics. I realize that that’s a total logical statement, but it’s like I’ll get there. And so in certain parts of our product, I really do care about adoption metrics. I care a lot about adoption metrics in our applicant tracking system, our recruiting product, because it’s in a really good place from a usability standpoint, it’s very well instrumented, it’s got very happy users, it’s got an awesome growth profile, and so we should still …
It’s got an awesome growth profile. So we should be really focused on the adoption metrics because I think that’s going to be an important ingredient to low churn over time, removing friction from the implementation process as an example.
There are other parts of our product where I would say I don’t care at all about adoption and am much more focused on foundational things like I said earlier, test coverage or whatever, just to make sure that the thing is stable and good and delivering exactly what it’s supposed to deliver once it’s adopted.
The Value of the PQL Framework
Lenny Rachitsky: Now that you’re on the inside of the product team, what’s something that you think people outside of product, say Matt two years ago or other, I don’t know, go to market leads, other execs should hear, need to understand about product that they don’t until they’re on the inside?
Matt MacInnis: I’ll give you another framework that I like to use. In the financial world, there’s this concept of alpha. Alpha is outperformance relative to the index. So that’s why you have seekingalpha.com as a very popular website. What they mean by that is you’re looking to buy something, some combination of assets that will outperform, let’s say the S&P 500, if that’s your benchmark. So alpha is the outperformance relative to the index.
And then you have the concept of beta. Beta is just volatility. Beta’s not good. A high beta stock jerks around for no particular reason. It’s discorrelated with the index. It’s very high beta. Great if you’re an options trader, but other than that, it’s not really something you want in an asset.
So your ideal stock is a very high alpha, very low beta stock. They don’t really come in that shape because alpha and beta tend to be correlated, but that’s what you want when you buy a financial asset.
So what’s the analogy? I think you have high alpha people who are very valuable. I think you also have low beta people who are also very valuable people. Dennis Rodman, basketball player, nut job, very high alpha. And there’s room on every team for one Dennis Rodman is a favorite of mine. It’s like you can have one difficult employee who’s got a ton of upside.
So this alpha beta thing, I use it pretty often when contemplating what kind of person I want and also what kind of process I want. So when you’re building a product from zero to one, you’re probably pursuing alpha. You’re looking for some angle on this market or this customer problem where the product is actually going to provide an outsized return relative to whatever the default solution is. When you have a more mature product or if you have somebody in the product operations group or whatever, you probably want a more low beta environment where it’s like it cranks it out, it does it very reliably.
Our payroll product, we badly want the payroll product to be very low beta. We really don’t want the payroll product to have any unpredictability or aberration, and so we’re willing to accept more process.
And here’s a fundamental principle of design in an organization, which is that processes, processes in a business exist for the sole purpose of lowering beta. Processes are for decreasing volatility in the output of the system. The downside of a process is that it suppresses alpha. And you have to be super, super careful and judicious in the application of process and the product team to know that you’re lowering beta in the places where you want to do that without suppressing alpha in the places where you need it.
So as we’ve gone through the last year of reforming the way that we build product at Rippling, it’s been a game of recognizing those places where I need to implement a touch of process, just a touch. Other places where I need to implement a very clear, rigid process where I don’t want alpha, I just want low beta. So examples of this are let’s say our product quality list, which we lovingly at Rippling call the PQL.
The High-Alpha, Low-Beta Hiring Philosophy
Lenny Rachitsky: Why PQL?
Decoding Intuition and the SPOTAC Framework
Matt MacInnis: Yeah, so it’s actually a really important thing. I think if you want to bring about cultural change in a team … Look, we have 1,300 people in our R&D organization. It’s a big ship that we have to steer. If you want to create a moment that sticks in people’s brains and sort of becomes a zeitgeist or something that they latch onto, you got to create an entity, a vessel for meaning, and then you got to fill that vessel with your meaning.
Case Studies in Hiring
Lenny Rachitsky: A meme, you might say.
The Joy of Product Management
Matt MacInnis: Yeah, well, sure, a meme. A meme is actually a good example of this in common culture. In pop culture. I think it’s why, when people come to the table with ideas from the outside, I welcome those outside ideas. But the first thing I ask the person to do is to tell me what they mean without using those words. So when someone comes in and says, “Hey, I want to do this thing on strategy.” I’m like, “Cool. Tell me what you mean without using the word strategy.” And it forces them to break it down into its constituent parts. And if they can articulate it clearly without using that word, I know that they know what they’re talking about. And if they just fumble around with the word strategy again, I’m like, “Okay, you actually haven’t thought this through.”
So with the PQL, with the product quality list, it’s like I could come up with some generic term for this, but I really want a new joiner at the company to understand that this is an idiosyncratic thing to Rippling. This is unique to us. You want to understand this thing. I also want it to become a component of common parlance in the day-to-day work of the product management and engineering teams. So PQL, as cheeky or silly as it sounds, was deliberately sort of angular or stood out as a vessel I could fill with a particular meaning, and so we have a product quality list.
And the product quality list is lightweight in the sense that it just articulates in the simplest ways the standards we want you to meet when you ship a product. It doesn’t apply to every product, not every line applies to every product, but it’s comprehensive and it provides me with a framework for iterating over time as we learn.
So just yesterday, we shipped the product to Parker. This is part of our process. When we ship a new product, it goes to Parker, who is the big admin for Rippling at Rippling. If you’re not aware, Parker is the sole payroll administrator for Rippling for all 5,200 employees. He personally runs payroll always, there is no exception, for all 5,200 people. He does complain about it sometimes, but it’s a remarkable achievement for the software and perhaps for him. So he also installs any new app that we’re going to install for ourselves because we dog food the hell out of everything we build.
Yesterday, he goes to install this new application. We’re about to ship a new app for feedback, allowing people to give one another feedback on their companies. And he installs it and he goes in and it dumps them onto an empty screen. And he’s like, “What the fuck is this? What is this? What’s going on? Hey, wow, talk about fail.” So I chop another one of my fingers off, I’m down to nine. And I’m like, “Well, what did we miss?”
What we missed was there was a fucking feature flag, a fucking feature flag. And I’m not allowed to say feature flag without fucking in front of it because feature flags are the bane of my existence and the worst things in the world that constantly cause problems. Engineers put one in temporarily and forget about it. It’s like shims if you’re building a house and the general contractor puts little shims in places and then forgets that they put the shims there and then builds a wall over them and eventually the shim fails and all of a sudden your door doesn’t fit. Feature flags are super dangerous and need to be managed carefully, so fucking feature flags.
Anyway, we had one. Parker installs it, they forgot to disable the feature flag. He gets a blank screen when he installs the application. What did I do? My reaction was, “Ugh.” Go back to the team, give them direct feedback, tell them not to make that mistake again. But also ask the question, “How do we miss this in the factory inspection process?”
And the answer is we didn’t have any line item in the PQL for feature flags. So I added a line to the fucking PQL that said, “You are allowed to have one feature flag that governs your entire product at ship.” It’s an extreme standard that might not be achievable, but it’s the standard we aspire to.
This framework, the PQL, given these lightweight checklists, iterated on consistently in response to everything we learn as we go, constitutes a very nice lightweight way to lower the beta of the system with hopefully only a modicum of negative impact on the alpha for how we build product.
You asked me a very simple question, I gave you a very long-winded answer, but these frameworks help me design systems that scale across one going to 2,000 technical workers.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. Okay. By the way, PQL, is that like an acronym or it’s just like, I like this word we’re going to call it PQL?
Developing Intuition for Product-Market Fit
Matt MacInnis: Product quality list.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, I see. So it’s the [inaudible 00:33:44]. Okay.
The Silicon Valley “Never Give Up” Narrative
Matt MacInnis: PQL, which how could you pronounce it other than pickle?
Investors Don’t Actually Hate Quitting
Lenny Rachitsky: I’m imagining all your decks have little PQL emojis and the-
Matt MacInnis: The pickle emoji thing, the dancing pickle in Slack, there’s a lot of-
Knowing When to Quit
Lenny Rachitsky: [inaudible 00:33:56].
Matt MacInnis: Yeah. It lends itself to a bit of fun.
The Drug and Receptor Metaphor for PMF
Lenny Rachitsky: What I think about is pickle Rick. Do you get that reference?
Matt MacInnis: This is a Rorschach test.
The Notion Story and Founder Uniqueness
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. So this high alpha, low beta, I love this concept. So the idea is depending on the team, depending on the problem, we need a high alpha, low beta person or actually okay with a lot of variants for this specific project that’s actually [inaudible 00:34:16]-
Failures Within an Investment Portfolio
Matt MacInnis: Yeah, we’re willing to accept a bunch of volatility in this area in exchange for the upside we get from the creativity and risk taking of these people or the lack of process that sort of gives them the latitude to do what they want to do.
Compounding, Power Laws, and Entropy
Lenny Rachitsky: So when you’re hiring, you’re looking for, again, is this person low beta or not? That’s going to [inaudible 00:34:30]-
Methods for Transmitting Intensity
Matt MacInnis: For sure. It’s really quite a useful way. You know when you meet a candidate and you … My modus operandi, and I think with talk about hiring for a second, I think I’ve spent a lot of time with teams at Rippling talking about how I hire. And it is born of batting practice. It’d be super interesting to actually be able to rewind the tape on my life and sort of contemplate how many candidates I’ve met in every context. Many thousands, maybe tens of thousands, I don’t know. It’s a lot of batting practice and a lot of model training in my brain.
So I rely a lot of my intuition, which of course HR people say you’re not supposed to do. That’s complete bullshit. If you have a good intuition, you should absolutely rely on your intuition.
And what you have to do after you have a reaction to a candidate when you’re looking at hiring somebody is you need to decode your intuition so that it can be expressed to other people productively. So one of the frameworks that I use for this is SPOTAC. It’s a very ugly acronym. There’s a hat tip to somebody out there in the universe who originally thought of this. It’s not me, but I adopted it. And it’s that people are smart, passionate, optimistic, tenacious, adaptable, and kind. Those five things. Six, can’t even count. I told you I lost a finger when I made a mistake, so I was down one.
Lenny Rachitsky: Nine to go.
Being an Un-Chill Boss
Matt MacInnis: SPOTAC isn’t by itself a good top down framework, but when you’re thinking about, “Oh, why did this candidate just … Why did it not click? Why did I not like them?” You go down the list, you’re like, “Oh, yeah, no, this person, it’s that they were not excited about the idea. They weren’t passionate.” It’s that they talked shit about their previous manager and that they were a victim of the performance of their last two companies. That’s what it was, they’re not optimistic.
The framework is super useful to evaluating people. And I think the alpha beta framework is also super useful when you come away from a conversation and you’re like, “I like that guy. I think he’d be really, really good. Why is it that I don’t think he would do a good job on this product in particular?” And the answer is like, “This is a high alpha product area and he’s a low beta person.” Valuable, but definitely not the right fit for this. So I think it’s really useful in that context as well.
The Trap of Lifestyle Businesses
Lenny Rachitsky: I love all these frameworks. You’re speaking to this audience, framework to frameworks, frameworks.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah.
Never Hold Back on Feedback
Lenny Rachitsky: So high alpha, low beta, sometimes high beta is okay, SPOTAC. In hiring, is there anything else that you find really useful? Before we move on to a different topic.
Matt MacInnis: When I first started working in the product organization, I was introduced to an interview framework or an interview tactic that I hadn’t really used much at all, I think in my career, which is that every product person at every seniority level is given the same case study. And the case study is extraordinarily difficult. It requires you to think about many, many dimensions simultaneously, to think about data propagation issues. It gets quite technical.
And the rubric that we use to sort of evaluate performance of that case study is it gives you guidance on what for us, like an entry level PM looks like, what a junior, mid-career, senior executive PM might look like. And everybody comes away from that interview feeling like poop, like they had failed it. Whereas on our side of it, we’re like, “Wow, that person got really far.” They saw around three or four corners in a really impressive way. There was 10 they didn’t see around, but they saw around four of the hardest ones. And they were not defensive when we gave them new information that called into question the validity of their solution. And they were willing to interrupt us to ask more questions,” and and and, like a lot of the sort of basic human interaction models.
You never think that giving someone an impossible task and even including the L5 person versus the VP on the same thing would be productive. And let’s just say our recruiting team still sort of kvetches a bit about this and feels like we eliminate people too aggressively at this stage of the interview process. But I’ve found the wisdom in it and think it’s actually quite useful to give everyone the same simple, complicated prompt and just see. Hand them a drill bit, give them the concrete wall and see if they can get a millimeter or an inch into the concrete. They’re never going to get all the way through the wall. It doesn’t matter. You’re going to learn a lot. And I’ve found that to be kind of an eye-opening new thing for me that has been fun.
Look, the joy of product and the joy of product management and the joy of being part of product, I think there’s a bunch of joys actually, if I could give you a sort of running list, but one of the big joys is that you get to work with some of the smartest people in software. Engineers are very smart. They’re not always the best sort of social entities. Salespeople are awesome social entities. They’re not always the best systems thinkers. You go down the list.
But the magic of product management is that you kind of have to … We talk about the mini CEO. I think it’s kind of a stupid misnomer, but there’s some wisdom there. And I think the wisdom is that you have to be a polymath. You’ve got to be really good at working with other people. You got to be good at communications and articulation. You got to be good at project management. You got to be good at the science and the math and the engineering. And it’s really fucking cool. So I think one of the great joys of this job for me has been interacting with the tippity top of the smartest and most polymathic people in the industry.
I’ll say one other thing about what I love about leading product, which is as a COO, my job was to accept the product as it was and optimize everything around that. My job was to make sure that the product operations, in our business, the interface to the insurance carriers, the interface to the payment entities, the government regulators, that stuff all just sort of worked. It was to make sure that our sales engine, our marketing engine, all the go to-market stuff optimized itself around what the product was. It was about recruiting and making sure we got people in to work on the product. You kind of go down any function that isn’t in R&D, and I had some hand in trying to figure out how to make that function work to the best of its ability, given what the product was.
And now that I lead product, I’m like, “Oh, wow. This is the high order bit.” Not that I didn’t sort of understand that, but now I really get that product is the high order bit. If you get the product right, it fits in the market, everything else gets easier. Finance is easier, sales is easier, marketing is easier, recruiting is easier, everything gets fucking easier. So I think the other joy of leading the product function is that I get to set the highest order bit in the business’s success to one.
The Middleware Dilemma in AI Software
Lenny Rachitsky: This is really great to hear. A lot of times people outside product don’t understand these sorts of things and look down on product a lot of times, especially sales folks, COOs a lot of times. I love that you’re seeing this and realizing this and recognizing just how important and interesting and challenging this work is and just how awesome PMs are. As you know, a lot of people are a very anti-product manager. “Why do we need product managers? We don’t need them. Slow everything down, all this process.”
Matt MacInnis: Yeah. I have a distinction there, which is that I’m anti-shitty product managers.
A Fun Take on WALL-E
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s exactly how I put it. If you hate product managers, you just haven’t worked with a great product manager.
AI Quarter: Daily AI Applications
Matt MacInnis: Well, it’s like, look, I love wine, wine’s one of my things. And I’ve learned a lot about wine. And one of my favorite lines is like, “I don’t like Chardonnay.” And I’m like, “No, no, no, no, no. Chardonnay’s are the most fucking amazing varieties of wine in the world. You just haven’t had good Chardonnay. And there’s a Chardonnay out there for you.” Product management, it’s like you don’t like product management, you think product managers suck. It’s like, well, you just haven’t had a good Chardonnay yet.
Lightning Round: Recommended Books
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s exactly what I [inaudible 00:42:24]-
Matt MacInnis: Once you have one, you can’t unlearn it.
Lightning Round: Movies and Products
Lenny Rachitsky: You’re like, “Let’s find that PM ASAP.”
Lightning Round: Life Mottos
Matt MacInnis: No, let’s find that Chardonnay ASAP.
Outro and Farewell
Lenny Rachitsky: [inaudible 00:42:34] with some Chardonnay. You touched on this product market fit point, and I want to double down on this thread. You’ve had a couple really interesting experiences of struggling to find product market fit with your own startup. You said you worked on it for nine years, you said?
Matt MacInnis: Mm-hmm.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. And then with Rippling, complete opposite, extreme product market fit, up and to the right. What’s something you’ve learned about just that that you think people maybe don’t understand about what it feels like, what it takes to get to product market fit, how things change?
Matt MacInnis: There’s a line that this venture capitalist, whose name I will not mention, said, which was that product market fit is a sort of thing where you absolutely know it when you see it, and therefore if you don’t absolutely know it, you don’t have it.
And this kind of gets back to my point about learning from mistakes versus successes. It’s like, ah, man, over and over again, over the course of the many years that I spent at Inkling, we thought we had it. We thought we had product market fit, maybe, maybe. And in hindsight, with the benefit of now having experienced solid product market fit, it was so, so obvious that we didn’t.
And I’ve invested in like 60 companies or 70 companies. I don’t know, it’s not something I actively do. But opportunities, by virtue, I think, of my role at Rippling, sort of show up. And I talk to lots of entrepreneurs and I love it and I find it super stimulating and I love the fresh ideas and it’s just something I do as a real cherry on top of the sport that I play already. But when I get the investor updates for the guys who’ve been at it for like three, four years and I read the updates from them that I sent to my investors in 2011 and 2012, I’m kind of heartbroken.
We talk in Silicon Valley about never quit, but that is complete absolute venture capital bullshit. The incentive of venture capitalist is to put money into your company and milk you dry. They never get their money back. There is no way for them to take that investment back. So the only logical desire that they would have is for you to keep trying against all odds because there is the occasional example where someone pivoted from A to X and it was wildly different and it worked. Slack was originally some sort of a gaming company and became corporate chat. Airbnb maybe. It’s like there’s some examples of companies having made wild pivots and succeeded, but man, is that rare. Just so exceedingly rare.
And I think it’s important to remember, I’m 45 years old, we’re going to be on the planet, the average age of a man in the United States when he dies is something in the mid 70s. I got 20, 30, maybe if I’m lucky, 40 years left on the planet. Very conscious of the time that I have. And I don’t regret what I did at Inkling, I learned a lot. It informed what I do now. I don’t think the chapter I’m in right now could have come without the chapters before it. So it’s a beautiful, wonderful thing that I did what I did. But when I read the investor update and I’m like, “You’re where I was and you are not getting out of this.”
The Silicon Valley try until you die mindset is not pro-entrepreneur, it’s pro-venture capitalist. And I know why that is, but I think it’s important to say out loud that you should fucking quit. You should reset the clock, you should reset the cap table because trust me, product market fit when it arrives is insane and it’s exciting and you should pursue it. And never delude yourself into believing you have it when you don’t. It is dangerous and regrettable. How’s that for a speech?
Lenny Rachitsky: Beautiful. The anti-VC speech. The-
Matt MacInnis: I got more where that came from. By the way, it’s not anti-VC. It’s anti-
Lenny Rachitsky: VC propaganda.
Matt MacInnis: Everybody’s acting in accordance with their incentives in Silicon Valley, the executives, the founders, the venture … Everybody’s, of course, behaving in accordance with their incentives. And the venture capitalists have very strong enduring incentives that have shaped the dynamic of how Silicon Valley works. There’s nothing wrong with that. It’s just really, really important to point them out and scream at them for the 25-year-old entrepreneur who has no fucking clue how this stuff works.
Trust me, the 45-year-old entrepreneur or the 50-year-old venture capitalist who’ve been in the game for a while, they get it. They’ve observed it. They know what it’s like. The system is there to take advantage of the people who don’t, or at least it is the easiest prey for the incentive structures, not for venture capitalists as individual people who are beautiful and all of them are just really wonderful people. It’s just that the incentive structures lead to some real harm, I think, in certain cases.
Lenny Rachitsky: And the thing I find is when you do quit, VCs … I’m always just like, “Hey, let me know when you’re starting your next thing. I’m excited to invest.” They’re rarely, unless they’re not a great VC, rarely are they just pissed at you for how could you possibly not make this work [inaudible 00:47:52].
Matt MacInnis: That’s the thing, as a founder, when it’s time to throw in the towel on your business and you’re so obsessed with giving money back to the cap table, I always remind the entrepreneur like, “Hey, if you’re in the seed investing game, your forecast is zero. Your assumption on every investment is that it’s going to go to zero.” Any seed investor who doesn’t take that stance is off their rocker anyway. They’re a very bad investor. Seek investors who play the long game, who want to be in your second and third company and are willing to take a bet on the first one and let it go to zero so that you can get on with stuff. This is like, I’ve had that conversation many times.
Lenny Rachitsky:
Matt MacInnis: Here, look, history provides us with a clear guide. When you look at companies having hit it big, they hit big pretty quick. It’s very, very dangerous to be late to the party, it’s very, very dangerous to be early to the party, and the vast majority of the time, that’s the problem. Rippling, had it been started in 2014, would not be what it is today. I think Rippling, had it been started today, would not be what-
Matt MacInnis: …Not be what it is today. I think Rippling, had it been started today, would not be what it is five years from now today, and so I think timing is a lot and it’s very hard to control for, but when you get the timing right and the market is real and the product works, product market fit, like I said earlier, it’s super clear, and so if I were to pick a number out of a hat just from my lived experience, I think it’s very important, one aside, don’t ask people for advice, ask people for relevant experience. If you ask them for advice, they will always give it, but if you ask them for relevant experience, they rarely have any to offer, and if they don’t have any to offer, then don’t ask for their advice.
So ask people for relevant experience, and I try to do this with my own entrepreneurs when I work with them, it’s like, let me offer you whatever relevant experience I have, and my relevant experience on this topic of when to quit is like, I think we could have called it after the second or third pivot, which was somewhere around year four. It is of course very important to believe in what you’re building and to be persistent, but there is definitely no shame in saying, “Look, we’ve pivoted once or twice. It’s not catching. I got to go do the next thing,” and I think if you’re year four, year five in your entrepreneurship journey, and it’s not just obviously a screaming rip-roaring growth story, it’s extraordinarily difficult. This is so extremely rare. So beyond even already the rare scores you’re going to face from the outset that now is going to convert to something crazy. So that’s hard to hear, I guess, but man, it can be really liberating when you’re like, “Fuck it, I’m going to do this. I have the energy. I’m going to do it again. I’m just going to do it with a clean sheet.”
Lenny Rachitsky: That is really helpful. You have this really fun way of describing product market fit around receptors and drugs.
Matt MacInnis: Oh yeah. Yeah. I think this is a really fundamentally misunderstood dynamic. When founders message me and they’re like, “Hey, like my LinkedIn post and my tweet for this launch,” I do it. I retweet it, I like it, whatever. Nobody follows my Twitter anyways, it doesn’t matter, but I do that, but I think to myself, this is not what this is about. This is not how great companies are built. It can be a nucleating event, but it’s not a major thing, because nobody cares about your company. Your launch doesn’t matter. Big, fat, pull the slingshot back, launches amount to the teeniest thimble of water in the ocean of noise about startups and companies, and so you just got to build it brick by brick bottom up, and these launches don’t really amount to much, and so how do you think about that? How do you think about the insignificance of your launch or you think about all the effort you’re putting into building a product that you believe is going to have product market fit?
Well, if you recognize that the market is immutable, no amount of tweeting, LinkedIn posting, advertising is going to change whether the market wants your product. It might raise awareness about your product, but it’s not going to change whether somebody wants it. Then you take a different mindset. You have to view your startup as running an experiment in the universe to see what you get in return for that, and this analogy of drug discovery and binding receptors is like nobody at Genentech thinks they can market their way to better performance inside your body. The binding receptors for that drug, they exist or they don’t, and when they build their product, their goal is to find out whether the binding receptors exist, but fate already has decided the outcome. This is absolutely true of every software product you build. Fate has already decided the outcome. The market’s either going to latch onto your product and run with it or it’s not. Do not ship the product, find a lack of success, and then try to market your way through that, because the binding receptors likely don’t exist, and for me, it was a very liberating mindset, because now I just have to find the right drug, and I can forget trying to convince the body to develop the binding receptors for whatever it is that I’m building.
Lenny Rachitsky: What I love about your advice here is you were an early investor in Notion, which is one of the classic stories of it took them… I think it was four years to get to something. They moved to Japan, they worked on the whole thing, and so is [inaudible 00:54:24] from there? Is that a rare example where it actually worked? And that’s not an example to be inspired by, because it’s extremely, extremely rare. Let’s talk about alpha beta again.
Matt MacInnis: Okay. As an investor, you might build a checklist of things you want to make sure are true or false about a company and hope that that’s going to yield the kind of investment success you’re looking for. Does it have this kind of founder? Is it a C Corp in Delaware? Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, and these checklists are all about what? They’re all about suppressing beta. They’re about avoiding avoidable mistakes. They’re about bringing stability. Jeff Lewis is an investor who has many angular views on things, and I think one of his most enduring phrases is narrative violations. This idea that the common wisdom must be violated in some way by every company that has an outsized success. It is absolutely true, and when I give these general observations on the patterns in Silicon Valley, the most successful businesses inevitably violate something on that list in some really important way.
So Notion, you can’t replicate Notion’s success as an entrepreneur. You can’t replicate it because you’re not Ivan. You can’t replicate it because you’re not Notion. You can’t replicate it because it’s not 2010 when they started the company. Do the math on that. Or 2011, actually. These guys stuck with it. They went through hell. They pivoted. They went to Japan and sat in kimonos and meditated on what they were going to build, and by hook/crook, they got to where they are today as a really wildly successful business in an extraordinarily difficult market where building businesses is virtually impossible in productivity. It is dominated by Google and Microsoft. Carving out your own niche in that market is just unthinkable, and so I look at Notion as having succeeded by virtue of the narrative violation of persistence, I don’t think is a good idea for very many people that happen to work for them, and I look at it as being a function of the founding team and their specific idiosyncrasies, the absolute insistence on craftsmanship from Ivan. This is him. That’s his thing.
The takeaway lesson is not give up or don’t give up. The takeaway lesson is certainly not go do what Notion did. The takeaway lesson is that every company succeeds on the foundations of the idiosyncrasies of the founder. The idiosyncrasies of the founder. Rippling succeeds for almost the polar opposite reasons that Notion succeeds, but in both cases, the companies succeed on the idiosyncrasies of the founder, and so embracing that, recognizing those idiosyncrasies, that’s what great investors do. They spot that element of spikiness and greatness in a candidate investment, and they convert that to a commitment, and then of course the investor or the good ones accept what they get in exchange from that for the universe, from the universe.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that we went in this direction. I wasn’t planning to talk about your investing career. Just to give people a reason to listen to this and maybe rewind, and I want to ask another question around investing. What are some other companies you invested in early?
Matt MacInnis: First of all, okay, so I sort of hate the question. What are some other companies you’ve invested in? It’s a fair question, but the problem is I’m going to give you a bunch of companies I’ve invested in that won, that are really notable. So what I would like to do instead of answering that question … Here, let me give you some bait. I was one of the first investors in Notion. I was perhaps the first, I don’t know, ask Ivan. Clever, which had a great exit. I was one of the first investors in Zenefits, if you’ve heard of it.
Lenny Rachitsky: Heard of it.
Matt MacInnis: I was, before I joined, one of the first investors in Rippling, and then more recently invested in … Here’s a funny one. I was one of the first investors in Deal, if you’ve heard of them.
I was able to exit that position, and then hopefully that company’s going to zero with their criminal behavior, but whatever, but more recently, if you know Decagon, which is doing some really cool stuff on the AI front.
Lenny Rachitsky: Killing it.
Matt MacInnis: I’m in laying chain. Great. So those are some companies that you maybe have heard of, but how about I invested in Macro. Founder was Derek Lee. Macro’s out of business. I invested in Debrief, Ned Rockson. It’s out of business. I invested in Verb Data with David Hertz out of business. I’m reading from a list. I invested in… What’s the number? 70 companies according to this list where I track things and most of them went to zero and all those founders were awesome, all those founders were kick, and all those founders put a ton of energy into building their businesses, and they went to zero and they’re enduring relationships.
I can call on any of those people, I think, maybe with the exception of Deal, and call in a favor and have… and I’ve got a few subsequent… and actually a lot of them joined Rippling, believe it or not. So I don’t know. Companies I’ve invested in is a long list, and I love to give you names of companies that don’t exist anymore because it’s self-serving and a horrible survivorship bias to just list the good ones.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that answer. I think you’re being modest in the context of your hit rate is clearly very high. Even one or two incredibly successful companies out of 70 is a win in VC, and so you’re doing very well, but I think that’s a really important perspective. When you see people’s logos on their websites of all the companies they’ve invested in, you have no idea how many hit bats they’ve had.
Matt MacInnis: I think it’s good practice to ask people to give you the full list. Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: What are your favorite failures that you’ve invested in?
Matt MacInnis: Oh, no. I’m not actually… Okay.
Lenny Rachitsky: Well, obviously, no, we don’t need spend time on it, but I think it’s actually a really good question, but yeah, what are some of your best failed investments? Show me the logos of the companies that didn’t work out.
Matt MacInnis: It’s a juicy question. Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: There’s a topic around this area that I wanted to spend time on, and I haven’t heard anyone think of things this way, which is this idea you talk about of compounding plus power law plus entropy and how that’s a really useful frame to think about business.
Matt MacInnis: So you kicked this conversation off sort of invoking the extraordinary outcomes, demand, extraordinary efforts line, hat tip to Dan Gill, and these are part and parcel. Man, understanding the nature of the universe is a pretty good way to work within it, and so power law distributions happen everywhere. It explains why so few people control so much wealth. It explains why Steph Curry is just so vastly better than the next guy down on the list on the basketball team. It explains why populations are concentrated into a relatively small number of mega cities in the world. It’s like, power law distribution just plays out everywhere, and once you see it, you can’t unsee it. It sort of plays out in many dynamics.
People tend to think that the world plays on a more linear relationship where the X and Y axis are sort of Y equals X, but that is absolutely not the case, and the implications are profound. It’s like if you build something to 80 or 90%, the Y axis is barely budged yet. You haven’t hit the inflection point in terms of reward, and so the implication of the power law more broadly is that people who are in the top 10%, the top 5%, don’t just get 10 or 20% more reward. They get 10X the reward or 100X the reward. It’s really dramatic.
Entropy, the second law of thermodynamics is a very simple concept. It’s the reason your sock drawer becomes messy. It’s the reason that potholes form. It’s the reason we have to put so much energy into maintaining the aircraft we fly to keep them safe because they really, really, really want to fall apart, and that’s the nature of things. If you abandon a city for a few months, it starts to go fallow, and so entropy is just this concept that shit tends toward disorder.
The universe, I mean, life itself is a temporary victory against entropy. You and I should not exist. The sun gives energy to the planet. It organizes stuff that we can eat and we fight entropy until we lose the battle somewhere, as I said earlier at the age of 70 or 80, if we’re lucky. What does this have to do with product? This is really about effort.
The only antidote to entropy, the only antidote to decay in a system is energy. You got to inject energy. So if you have a code base, every line of code that you add to that code base increases the entropy of that system and demands ever more energy from human beings to go and intend to it to make sure it doesn’t break, and if you want to achieve greatness, if you want an extraordinary outcome, and in particular, if you want to be in the top 10%, top 5% on the X axis so that the Y axis is through the roof, then you have to relentlessly inject energy at every single step of the game. Teams will, sadly, but because we are all human, teams will always optimize for local comfort over company outcomes.
Not because they get together and think, “We should do that,” although unions do do that unequivocally, deliberately, but even in a collection of product managers or engineers, what’s going to happen over time is entropy is going to creep in and people are going to optimize for local comfort. Your job as an executive, as a leader, is to fight that entropy tooth and nail every single day. It means that every time you see a bug, every time you see a bug, not most of the time, every time you go and you drop it at the feet of the product manager or the engineering manager, every time, in public, preferably, it means that every time someone comes to you to hire someone and says that they have skipped the back channel, every time you’re like, “You can’t hire this person unless you do the back channel,” it means that when you get into the board and tired zone on any process, that you as the executive have got to demand the 99th percentile of energy, because otherwise entropy creeps in and the system decays. You have to do this.
One of the messages that I delivered recently at our big executive big… Like our top 75 manager offsite that we do roughly every 18 months, was a reminder that if the purest form of ambition and the purest and most intense source of energy in the business is the founder CEO, that every next concentric circle of management beyond the founder CEO has the potential to be an order of magnitude drop off in intensity, and that is dangerous because if you go to two layers and it’s two orders of magnitude drop off and signal and intensity, that is a very dysfunctional organization. So what I say to the team was, it’s not that you need to buffer people from the intensity of the CEO, it’s that you need to absolutely mirror that intensity.
There are plenty of constituents in the business around you who will advocate for relaxing. There is an infinite supply of people under you who will buffer other team members from the intensity of the demands. Your job is not to be one of those buffers. Your job is to preserve that intensity at its highest possible level and let the buffering happen somewhere else, and that’s the point is that entropy creeps into the system insidiously and slowly over time off your radar and you have to maintain that intensity every minute of every day to try and fight it if you want to stay at the extreme right end of the power law that obviously governs the outcome of everything that we build.
Lenny Rachitsky: What does that look like to pass along that intensity? What does that feel like? What does that look like? So say Parker comes to you, “This bug sucks. I got this broken screen.” You cut off your finger. Maybe that’s the example.
Okay. Still got them. I got all 10.
Matt MacInnis: I’ll give you concrete examples. Actually, the joke that I sort of played on this one when I presented to the team was that the next sort of slide in my presentation was with the sound effect, the Slack huddle thing, and Parker’s icon in Slack is just, he uses the generic yellow…
Lenny Rachitsky: The egg?
Matt MacInnis: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh, wow.
Matt MacInnis: It’s funny, and so everybody knows the yellow egg is Parker, and so the next slide in the presentation was boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, which is the sound that Slack makes when someone calls you, and it was Parker Conrad is inviting you to a huddle, and then the next slide was Parker Conrad is modeling personal intensity, and the idea is that if you know, you know, if you’ve ever been dragged into an… “I want to talk about this fucking problem right now and whatever you’re doing, unless it’s an interview, I want you to come and have a conversation with me.”
That intensity is one place where it plays out. Every product team at Rippling, and we have a lot of them now, have public feedback channels. I am in there upside down on everything I find when I use those products, and I just model for everybody that this is how at least I want to do it, which is, “I don’t like this. I don’t understand this. Tell me why this is this way.” Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, and people jump in and respond. The factory inspection process that I mentioned, which is where at the end of the assembly line, I jump out with the pickle and we talk about all of the elements. You have to record a loom of every major flow through the product. I personally review every one of those flows, I got a backlog I got to catch up on today and provide feedback to people always in a public channel so that every other product manager and engineering manager can jump in and see how the process has worked for other teams.
It’s about modeling the intensity publicly so that other people can say, “Okay, this is how we do things around here,” and it gives the reaction from the team that received the message that you have to inject that energy every minute of every day and that there are no exceptions, was not like, “Ooh, that’s exhausting.” The reaction is, “Oh, that is so invigorating.” It’s so wonderful to hear that we’re going to achieve these great outcomes, or at least we have a shot at doing so, and that you’re empowering me to follow my instinct, which is to really push for the best result.
The reaction universally is like, “Ugh, what a relief that I get to go be intense,” because nobody in a position of leadership wants to be chill, and what’s worse than a chill boss? No, don’t work for a chill boss. Don’t be a chill boss. It’s the most pejorative label I could give you. Chill boss or chill PM. Don’t be chill. Chill doesn’t accomplish shit. Be intense. Be good, be respectful, be intense. Don’t be chill.
Lenny Rachitsky: Again, this advice comes from where we started, which is this is what success looks like, because somebody that is less chill than you is going to find that crack and come after your market. Is that the gist?
Matt MacInnis: For sure. I mean, again, if you’re chill and you move the X axis down 10 or 20 points, the Y axis collapses. It doesn’t just drop 10 or 20%. The Y axis collapses, and this is just kind of true in everything we do. So yeah, if you want to win, you should probably try.
Lenny Rachitsky: This is what I always say to people trying to build lifestyle businesses. There’s always this idea, “I’m going to build a side business, I’m going to make recurring income, it’s going to be amazing,” and in my experience, anytime there’s a market or something shows up that’s juicy and there’s ways to make money, somebody’s going to come at you and work harder, raise more money, and there’s only so long you can maintain that.
Matt MacInnis: Well, man, there’s a whole other podcast episode on the concept of leverage. If you sell your time, you’ve only got 24 hours a day to give, but if you can create a product that scales, the marginal cost of a unit of that product is zero like software, it’s going to be competitive, man. Sell your time, it’s not going to be super competitive, but achieve that level of leverage and it’s a pretty efficient market.
Lenny Rachitsky: To close out this thread of intensity and adding energy to everything, something I’ve heard about you is you’re big on escalating. You’re a big fan of escalating issues, and also you always tell people to never not give you negative feedback, to always share feedback to not hide anything. Tell me about those two.
Matt MacInnis: Fundamentally, the most selfish thing you can do is withhold feedback from someone. Who are you optimizing for when you do that? What are you optimizing for when you think a thought that would help someone improve and you avoid giving it to them because it would make you uncomfortable? Well, you’re optimizing for your own comfort and it’s fundamentally selfish. It’s the most selfish thing you could possibly do, is withhold feedback that would otherwise be useful to someone because you don’t want to be uncomfortable. Well, that’s not how high performance teams operate. So I demand feedback, and I give it, and it doesn’t mean that when I give feedback, it’s not open to being questioned or discussed. I mean, of course it is, but when I observe something, I try to say it. That’s the feedback topic.
The part of this that has been interesting to me is that people withhold, escalate, the customers withhold. Customers don’t want to escalate to me as an executive. Even the founders in whose businesses I’ve invested who use Rippling are reluctant to hit me up when something goes wrong because they don’t want to bother me, but it’s literally my job, literally my job to find things, problems, and make them better, and by virtue of making those specific things better, to iterate on the processes so that the system that builds the system can get better.
There’s no greater gift to me as a product executive than receiving an escalation from a customer. We have an escalations team at Rippling, which sounds weird, but it’s people who are just particularly skilled at pistol whipping other people in the company to get to real root causes, real root causes. Not like throw away the word root cause, like, “Oh, we fixed the data error and shut the ticket down.” No, you went and you found the software that created the data error, and then you found the system that created the software that created the data error, and you solved all of that back to the top.
Escalation seems extremely good at that at Rippling. So we have sort of a dedicated little team that does this for us. Escalations are a gift, and it’s like, if you’re a listener right now on this podcast and you are a Rippling customer and you have shit that you think we should know, the fact that I might already know it is not a reason for you to withhold the gift of your feedback. So it’s an attitude that I take to this every day. I’ve got a little cue of some stuff that I’ve… Minor things that are from the last couple of days from people who had some knits and issues that I’m just like, I’ve got them queued up on my to do list today and I’m going to take them to the product teams directly and be like, “I’d like to understand what happened here.” Not in a negative way. I just think we’ll all get better if we study this one, and so yeah, escalations are a gift, feedback like that is a gift, and nobody is ever inconveniencing me when they do it.
Lenny Rachitsky: For people that are listening to this and feeling like, “Man, this is so stressful and intense and just like, I don’t know if I want to work this way,” give them a sense of just how successful Rippling is. I think a lot of people may not even have heard of Rippling. A lot of people are like, “Yeah, it’s doing great.” What are some things you can share that are public or not public that give people a sense of just how massive this business has become?
Matt MacInnis: People look at Rippling from the outside, I think they think of us as payroll and HR or whatever, which is cool. It’s a bit like saying Microsoft is a desktop operating system company or it’s like every company starts from somewhere.
… system company or … It’s like every company starts from somewhere and grows out from there. We see ourselves as building the most successful business software platform in history. In fact, that’s the mission statement of our product organization under the umbrella of the mission statement of the company, which is to free smart people to work on hard problems. And when you translate that from where we are today to where we think we’re taking things, it’s like we really do believe that the core of every workflow and everything that a company has to do, be it AI or manual traditional GUI based software, is who’s doing stuff, who owns it, who’s accountable? And so the people record is a really important component of that. You can argue that the customer record’s also very important. And of course some big businesses have been built on that primitive as well, but we think the people primitive is actually much more important.
And that the only thing that hasn’t been done here is somebody hasn’t been ambitious enough to build a good business on top of that primitive. Workday is terrible software. Everybody agrees on that. I think Workday agrees on that. Good luck to them. But they have failed actually, despite their success, to build a really broad general purpose software platform for business software on the foundation of the people primitive. So we’re going to do that.
And we’re successful because we deliver on that promise at the scale we’re at today. The fact that you can do … and this is not a sales pitch or sort of like an advertisement for Rippling. I just think it’s important to sort of contemplate that when you bring together a bunch of disparate business processes into one system on a common business data graph, an object graph, a data lake with a consistent interface, you can do some pretty magical things.
So we do payroll, we do HCM, we do IT, we do spend. We are about to launch a new product in the category of business intelligence and data management. And there’s a whole bunch of other stuff coming beyond that. And then you layer in AI on top of this, where we alone, where we alone have all of your business data organized into this nice, neat package with a beautiful semantic layer on top of it. The AI can work magic. And we have shipped nothing, nothing yet in this category that I would say gets anywhere near what we’re going to show next year. And it is going to set the standard. It is going to be the most … The back flips that the AI is doing reading and writing data for the user just on our internal use cases at Rippling is jaw dropping. So I’m super excited about the tailwind this is going to create for us.
You ask about what can I share about the success of the company? What I can say, there are tens of thousands of companies that now run on Rippling. We’re less than 1% of the market. And the market cap at 16 billion, I think now undervalues where we are from a revenue perspective by a long shot. There is just so much upside to do what we’re doing. And SaaS might be dead-ish in terms of point solutions, but long live SaaS in terms of what we’re building.
Lenny Rachitsky: Let me follow that thread in AI. There’s been a lot of talk about AI is going to replace SaaS, as you maybe just said.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah. People are going to vibe code their way to their payroll system, which I … good luck to the employees of those companies.
Lenny Rachitsky: And so what I’m hearing here is that you actually do believe a lot of SaaS companies that are selling individual solutions are in big trouble. The answer implied here is this kind of compound startup idea of you need to do a lot of things for people for them to continue to pay for your software. Is that the gist?
Matt MacInnis: No. I think the gist is … there’s a really good quote. I forget who it’s attributable to, but it’s, “There’s two ways to make money in software, bundling and unbundling.” And you just got to get the timing right. So this is a period of bundling. So here’s the problem; point solutions don’t have enough data in the age of AI to be useful. You got to be able to provide the AI with a lot of context about a lot of data so it can do things. It can do joins. It can do correlations.
And so if you’re a point solution, you’re in hard water because you’ve got to now rely on data from other sources. You’ve got to integrate to third party systems. And when you integrate to a third party system, even the best ones are still sort of drinking their data through a straw, which is a real problem. I mean, the biggest HCM software company you can think of integrates to the other biggest payroll software company you can think of through flat files via SFTP. What are they going to do? What are they going to do? It’s just never going to work. It’s just no way. And so I literally have no idea what they’re going to do. They’re just not going to build AI software, I guess. Point SaaS is sort of in a rough spot, especially when you cleave two really important systems apart and say they have to integrate. It’s very, very hard.
The other thing that I would say about the world of, even just like not SaaS, but AI software is that point solutions in the AI world are also in a rough spot for the same reason. It’s like if you’re selling the shovels like OpenAI and Google with Gemini, you can make money. And if you own the mine, like Rippling, with the data, you can make money. If you’re somewhere in the middle, building AI software that then tries to use the shovels from the shovel provider, but then also needs to rent out the mine, or get the ore out of somebody else’s mind and start refining it, you’re in a very difficult place from an economic standpoint. Because you’re not going to be permitted by either of those parties to build a big business on their backs.
That’s just not how it’s going to work. They’re going to demand value capture that crushes your unit economics. So I look at the landscape of AI companies that I’ve seen and I think you have to have a really durable, interesting insight that gives you a shot at viable unit economics to be an interesting business. And that is going to kill off 80 or 90% of the stuff that I see right now as standalone AI businesses.
Lenny Rachitsky: So what I’m hearing here … I love that you correct me when I get these things wrong, and that’s exactly what I want. What I’m hearing is it’s less about how difficult it is to build the SaaS product. It’s about, do you have first party data that allows you to build an incredible AI product on top of what you’ve got?
Matt MacInnis: Yep. Because look, SaaS software is a bit flipping. All SaaS software applications are bit flippers. It’s an interface changing-
Lenny Rachitsky: Your database?
Matt MacInnis: Yeah. Changing values in your database, that’s what it does. It’s a really hard problem. One of Rippling’s superpowers is we’re a coin sorter. You dump $20,000 for an employee in the top of the coin sorter, and it figures out what goes to the government, what goes to health insurance, what goes to your 401k, what goes to you. And it has to move all that money very, very reliably and seamlessly, very challenging software to build and manage. What’s it doing? Even that is just flipping bits in a database. And so AI is a new way to flip bits. AI is just a new way to flip bits. Hopefully a way that abstracts us a little bit further from having to think because our future is Wally. It’s going to be great.
Lenny Rachitsky: Speaking of Wally, actually, I have this Matic Robot. You have one of these?
Matt MacInnis: Uh-huh.
Lenny Rachitsky: No. It’s like a self-driving car robot, basically, a self-driving car. People built this robot that cleans your house. Maybe I didn’t mention that. It’s like a house cleaning robot that just goes around.
Matt MacInnis: Oh, okay.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s like a Roomba. You should have one. They’re expensive, but incredibly cool. And actually in Wally, there’s a scene where they actually have basically what these things look like. So it’s not so far-fetched for that movie.
Matt MacInnis: I definitely was actually quite prescient, perhaps with the exception of the gravity defying day beds.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah. I don’t know, but that’s not good news. You’ve seen that movie. Oh, man. So on this AI stuff, which I’m hearing is we’re going to see a lot more consolidation where these point solution companies realize they need this data. This is existential, and they’re going to combine and merge and bundle, as you described?
Matt MacInnis: It’s possible.
Lenny Rachitsky: Or for now.
Matt MacInnis: I am not an investigator on this stuff. I think there’s some really interesting investors out there who I think are thinking quite deeply about this. And in particular, the conviction, which is like Mike Fornell and Sarah Guo. I think those are two investors who are hyper focused on AI. And when they made the decision to take that approach, at the time I thought that’s kind of narrow. Now I’m like, no, no, no, that was the right move. And it just means that they have a very deep, deep, deep set of hypotheses that they’ve formed over the course of seeing every AI deal in the valley. And there are better people to ask this question of than I am. And I think if you’re an entrepreneur, I recommend them to you because I think they’re really smart.
Lenny Rachitsky: Awesome. I love those guys. Also, Sarah and Elad have a podcast called No Priors that I’d also recommend. We’ll point it to you in the show notes. So on this AI note, I guess is there anything else that you think would be really helpful for founders that are working in this space building an AI startup to hear they think you were seeing of like, here’s what you need to do to win in an AI company?
Matt MacInnis: So much. I actually think that if I were to give you an answer to this question right now, it would be bullshit. Yeah. I don’t have anything … Back to my point earlier, I don’t have enough relevant experience in the abstract to dole out on a podcast on that topic, but I wish them luck.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that. Circling back to your advice, don’t ask for advice, ask for a relevant experience. And I love that that’s where your mind immediately went. I’m going to take us to AI Quarter, which is a recurring segment on this podcast. And the question is just what’s one way you’ve found AI to be useful in your work day-to-day? Is there something that you found it unlocked in how you work?
Matt MacInnis: I mean, it’s not a super exciting thing, but I’ll say where I use … So one of the most important functions that I perform as an executive is the synthesis of ideas, and the ability to communicate those ideas very clearly to people. So when I talk about the product quality list and the pickle, as something that we’ve come up with internally, I do turn to AI, ChatGPT and Gemini, where I take a really, let’s say, angular view of some topic and I give … really, I write the essay for the AI and I’m like, “Look, this is the crisp idea I want to communicate. Help me come up with pithy ways to articulate these things.” And 80% of what it outputs is trash. It’s just sort of middle of the road, average, low alpha junk.
But it is a thought partner, a non-judgemental thought partner where in 20% of the stuff it comes out with, I’m like, yeah, it’s pretty good. That’s a new word I didn’t think of. That does kind of hit the nail on the head for this concept. And so if I believe that my job is to sort of bring brains along on the journey for some sort of change that I’m trying to bring about, then the most important tool is language. And I do find that the ChatGPT and Gemini do a great job of helping me refine how to articulate the concepts that I want to articulate. They are not useful in coming up with the ideas themselves.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s an awesome tip. I don’t know if you’ve played with Claude much, but I actually find Claude is better at writing and words and language.
Matt MacInnis: I have not spent a lot of time with Claude. I have used it, but by virtue of this conversation, I’ll probably go give it a go.
Lenny Rachitsky: Right. Yeah. They’re all great, but there’s something about Claude that is just at writing specifically is much better, but they’re all getting better all the time. There’s always something new.
Matt, we’ve covered so much ground. We’ve touched on everything I was hoping to touch on. Before we get to our very exciting lightning round, is there anything else that you were hoping to share or anything else you wanted to touch on or leave listeners with?
Matt MacInnis: Yeah. We’ve spent a lot of time talking about intensity and the grind, and the need to just always be operating at the 99th percentile. And I think if you listen to that in a vacuum, it’s very easy to believe that that intensity is soul crushing, that it’s a negative, that it’s maybe not something that you want. And I think there’s a backstop for me that I didn’t talk about today that I think is important to share, which is that life is amazing. That the fact that we all exist on this blue marble drifting through space and time, that we are some weird instantiation of consciousness, each of us, and that you’re here for such a short period of time whittling your stick, doing something, that if you remember how insignificant we are and all of this is, it brings this levity to what we do and to the work we put into building this.
Because Silicon Valley in 2025 is Florence and the Renaissance. It’s crazy. The amount of creativity and insane invention and progress that’s happening for our species right now in this place is absolutely unparalleled in all human history. You’ve got to zoom out and appreciate that magic. And so then you turn around and you’re like, fuck, I’ve got to work on Friday night, right? I’ve got to go give it my all. I’ve got to go compete in the arena of business.
You have to never forget that number one, none of this matters. And number two, it is an absolutely beautiful and amazing phenomenon that we get to be alive doing this right now. So play the sport, play it with everything you’ve got, but never forget that it’s just a sport and that none of it matters. I think it’s super important as a counterpoint to the intensity that we talked about.
Lenny Rachitsky: That is beautiful.
Matt MacInnis: I think about Pale Blue Dot, Carl Sagan’s whole thing. Just a stunning photograph that literally changed the way I think about who I am as a person when I saw it. Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Well, going in a completely different direction, with that, Matt, we reached our very exciting lighting round.
Matt MacInnis: Okay.
Lenny Rachitsky: All right, five questions for you. Are you ready?
Matt MacInnis: Okay.
Lenny Rachitsky: Here we go. What are two or three books that you find yourself recommending most to other people?
Matt MacInnis: Okay. Two or three books. You give me a heads-up on this. So one book is Conscious Business. I don’t have Conscious Business in front of me because it’s actually at the office because we have Conscious Business Reading Club at Rippling. And every member of my current, my product leadership team is going through this right now, Conscious Business, Fred Kofman. It’s been used in many businesses, LinkedIn most notably, as a framework for thinking about … effectively, it’s a user manual for human beings. So if you are a leader, a manager, an executive, whatever, particularly younger people in their 20s and 30s who are just sort of getting the hang of being a CEO or a product leader for the first time, this book is absolute fucking gold. It was recommended to me by Bryan Schreier at Sequoia when he was on my board at my previous company. I took way too long to take him up on the advice, wished I had read it sooner. Highly recommend Conscious Business. Changes your life.
Number two, Thinking in Systems, Donna Meadows. I always mispronounce her name, Donella Meadows. She died partway through writing this manuscript. Her fellow professors picked it up and finished it for her. It is the best generic framework for thinking about how systems work. You will extrapolate from this book to every aspect of your life after you read it.
And then the third is classic 1960s, The Effective Executive. It’s an anachronism. It uses weird pronouns for the secretary and the executive. I’ll let you guess which ones. But the book itself is so chock-full of simple enduring advice on how to be effective at leading teams. And the good shit is the stuff that’s been in print for 70 years, and that’s one of them.
Lenny Rachitsky: Beautiful. I love the first one is you don’t have it because you’re using it with your team constantly. You mentioned at one point before we started recording, you have eight copies of that book that you just give out to everyone.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah, and we handed out like candy.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. Is there a favorite recent movie or TV show you’ve really enjoyed?
Matt MacInnis: Yeah. So I’m a little embarrassed by this answer, but I’m going to be honest.
Lenny Rachitsky: Please.
Matt MacInnis: There’s a new series called Heated Rivalry and it’s about … I’m Canadian and I’m gay. So it’s about two hockey players. In Canada, rivals between the Bruins and the Maple Leafs, although they don’t use those names, who are just heated rivals on the ice. And it’s a huge thing that the world is watching, but actually they’re secretly in love with each other and they start hooking up. And it’s been labeled by the media as smutty but delightful. And I would say that’s accurate. So it might not be for everybody, but it is a smash hit right now. It’s on HBO Max and Crave, and it’s only six episodes. But like I said, a little embarrassing because it’s a little chintzy, but it’s a lot of fun. It’s also really fun to see gay people represented in the media as though they’re normal, and it’s fun.
Lenny Rachitsky: And soon to be on Netflix with the acquisition if that goes through.
Matt MacInnis: Oh, yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s crazy. Amazing. Okay. Is there a favorite product you recently discovered that you really love?
Matt MacInnis: My Fellow coffee maker. I love my Fellow coffee maker. It’s got an interface that lets you set light, medium, dark roast. It changes the temperature. It blooms the coffee. It tells you how many grams of coffee to put into the basket, slick interface, high quality coffee. It’s definitely awesome. And so I have Ashley have one in the office and one at home and one in the garage.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. That is a favorite product. You have three of them in the same cool space.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh no, in the office. Okay.
Matt MacInnis: Fellow is also a Rippling customer and that’s a nice side effect when we get to …
Lenny Rachitsky: Have they ever escalated anything to you?
Matt MacInnis: No. If you’re listening and you’re from Fellow, I want to hear all your gripes.
Lenny Rachitsky: Perfect. Two more questions. Do you have a favorite life motto that you find yourself coming back to often in work or in life?
Matt MacInnis: It’s a dark one, and I’ll share this one sort of partially for the humor of it, but it’s actually sometimes useful immediately. At least it’s sort of a moment of smiling when it happens. The motto comes from my dad who said, “Matt, nothing’s ever so bad in life that it couldn’t get worse.” And it’s like we were going through some shit yesterday at work and we were like, “Fuck, now that happened.” And I looked at the CTO and I’m like, “Dude, nothing’s ever so bad that it couldn’t get worse.” And we had a good laugh and continued to brace for whatever might come next. So not exactly uplifting, but fun to use.
Lenny Rachitsky: No, it is uplifting. I’m an optimist and I find myself thinking that often with my wife just like, “It could be worse. It could be worse than this. ” Definitely. It’s actually [inaudible 01:33:36].
Matt MacInnis: And it might get there.
Lenny Rachitsky: So let’s enjoy this less worse version. Final question. Something you shared with me is that you were a DJ when you were a younger person. Can you just give us a little DJ voice to give people a sense of your skills?
Matt MacInnis: Well, so first of all, it’s not DJ, Lenny. It’s radio personality. And yeah, I used to do the greatest hits of all time with hits from the ’60s, the ’70s, the ’80s, and a little bit of the ’90s, 101.5 The Hawk. Yeah. You can turn it on. It’s very inauthentic, but it sounds good on the radio. It’s cool. I did it when I was in high school. I ended up doing the midday segment right before I went to college. And what a gift. What a huge gift in my most formative years to have developed an ability to be in front of a microphone comfortably, because here we are.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love for people that weren’t watching this YouTube, you lean really close to the mic to get that radio personality voice.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah, you got to be able to hear the saliva in the mouth.
Lenny Rachitsky: Incredible, and it’s like the same person talking. If you’re not watching this, you’re like, “Where did that guy come from?” That was great. You nailed it. Matt, this was incredible. I really appreciate being here. I really appreciate you sharing all this advice that I have not heard other people share. Two final questions. Is there something you want to plug, point people to, and how can listeners be useful to you?
Matt MacInnis: Look, my life is rippling. I point people there, and this is my life’s work. It’s going to be a banger, so stay tuned. And the way that you can help me is that if you’re a customer, you got to tell me when you have problems, because that’s how we get better.
Lenny Rachitsky: What’s the way to get to you? Is there any place you want to point people to?
Matt MacInnis: DM me on Twitter, is easy @stanine. You can email me my last name at rippling.com, and I’ll go that far without giving out my phone number. How’s that? Perfect.
Lenny Rachitsky: A perfect boundary.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Matt, thank you so much for being here.
Matt MacInnis: It’s my pleasure. Thank you for having me, Lenny, and congrats on all the success with this podcast. It’s been great.
Lenny Rachitsky: Same to you. It’s always a good sign at the end of a conversation when you’re like, oh, I got to get me some of that stock and I got to get into that Rippling.
Matt MacInnis: It’s a good buy.
Lenny Rachitsky: A great job.
Matt MacInnis: Recommended by-
Lenny Rachitsky: 15 billion.
Matt MacInnis: Yeah, but you’re [inaudible 01:35:46]
Lenny Rachitsky: You’re hard to get [inaudible 01:35:46] All right, man. Thank you so much.
Matt MacInnis: Thanks.
Lenny Rachitsky: Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| 401(k) | 401(k)(美国雇主赞助的退休储蓄计划) |
| AI Quarter | AI Quarter(播客固定环节名) |
| alpha | alpha(此处指独到的、非共识的见解或信息优势) |
| Ashley | Ashley(Matt 提及的同事/助理) |
| back channel | 背调(招聘中通过非正式渠道了解候选人的做法) |
| batting practice | 击球练习(此处比喻反复练习积累经验的隐喻) |
| binding receptors | 结合受体(生物学中药物与靶点结合的受体,此处用于比喻市场对产品的需求) |
| bit flippers | 比特翻转器 |
| bit flipping | 比特翻转(软件改变数据库中值的比喻) |
| Brian Chesky | Brian Chesky(Airbnb 联合创始人兼 CEO) |
| Bryan Schreier | Bryan Schreier(Sequoia 合伙人) |
| business data graph | 业务数据图谱 |
| cap table | cap table(公司的股权结构表/资本化表) |
| Carl Sagan | Carl Sagan(美国天文学家、科普作家) |
| Carvana | Carvana(美国汽车电商平台) |
| Chardonnay | 霞多丽(白葡萄酒品种) |
| coin sorter | 硬币分拣器(比喻 Rippling 的资金自动分配功能) |
| Conviction | Conviction(Sarah Guo 创立的聚焦 AI 的投资机构) |
| Conway’s law | Conway 定律(“注定交付你的组织架构图”) |
| cruft | 臃肿(代码/系统中无用、冗余的部分) |
| Dan Gill | Dan Gill(Carvana 首席产品官) |
| data lake | 数据湖 |
| death march | death march(软件开发中指极度高压的项目冲刺) |
| dogfooding | dogfooding(公司内部使用自己开发的产品,即”吃自己的狗粮”) |
| Donella Meadows | Donella Meadows(《Thinking in Systems》作者) |
| Elad | Elad(投资人,No Priors 播客联合主持人) |
| entropy | 熵 |
| feature flag | feature flag(软件开发中用于控制功能启停的开关机制) |
| Fellow | Fellow(咖啡器具品牌) |
| flat file | 扁平文件 |
| Fred Kofman | Fred Kofman(《Conscious Business》作者) |
| Genentech | 基因泰克(美国生物技术公司) |
| HCM | HCM(人力资本管理,Human Capital Management) |
| heuristic | 启发式方法 |
| high order bit | 最高优先级(借自计算机中”最高有效位”的隐喻,指最关键的决定性因素) |
| Inking | Inking(Matt 于 2009 年创立的公司,2018 年出售给私募股权公司) |
| Ivan | Ivan(Notion 联合创始人) |
| Jeff Lewis | Jeff Lewis(投资人) |
| lightning round | 闪电问答 |
| locally optimized but globally incoherent | 局部优化但全局混乱 |
| Matic Robot | Matic Robot(家用清洁机器人产品) |
| Mike Fornell | Mike Fornell(投资人) |
| narrative violations | 叙事违规 |
| No Priors | No Priors(AI 主题播客节目) |
| nucleating event | 成核事件(此处指引发连锁反应的初始催化事件) |
| object graph | 对象图谱 |
| Parker | Parker(Rippling 的 CEO) |
| pickle Rick | pickle Rick(《瑞克和莫蒂》中的经典桥段) |
| pivot | pivot(创业中指战略方向转变) |
| point solution | 单点解决方案 |
| power law distribution | 幂律分布 |
| product-market fit | product-market fit(产品与市场需求高度匹配的状态) |
| Roomba | Roomba(iRobot 扫地机器人品牌) |
| Rorschach test | 罗夏墨迹测试(心理投射测验) |
| rubric | 评价标准 |
| second law of thermodynamics | 热力学第二定律 |
| seed investor | 种子投资人 |
| semantic layer | 语义层 |
| SFTP | SFTP(安全文件传输协议) |
| SPOTAC | SPOTAC(评估人才的六维框架:Smart、Passionate、Optimistic、Tenacious、Adaptable、Kind) |
| stack rank | 堆排(按优先级排列的列表) |
| Steph Curry | Stephen Curry(NBA 球星,此处保留原文写法) |
| Sunil | Sunil(Matt 提及的同事/伙伴) |
| survivorship bias | 幸存者偏差 |
| The Effective Executive | 《The Effective Executive》(Peter Drucker 著管理经典) |
| vibe coding | vibe coding(指通过自然语言描述让 AI 生成代码的开发方式) |
| Wally | 《机器人总动员》(Pixar 2008 年电影 WALL-E) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
每位领导者都需要听到的 10 条逆向领导力真相 | Matt MacInnis(Rippling)
逐字稿
故意让人手不足
Matt MacInnis: 我非常看重一点——我们要感受到公司里每个项目都处于刻意人手不足的状态。如果人手过剩,就会出现办公室政治,人们就会去做优先级更靠后的事情。这是毒药。浪费资源,拖慢进度,制造臃肿。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你在 Rippling 担任了很长时间的 COO(首席运营官),最近转任 CPO(首席产品官)。你经常谈到的一个观点是,卓越的成果需要非凡的努力。
Matt MacInnis: 如果你想在结果上达到第 99 百分位,那将会非常艰难。你得不断提醒人们——如果他们在工作中发现自己身处舒适区,那一定是犯了错。这本来就应该是非常非常累人的。
反馈与创始人能量
Lenny Rachitsky: 你非常推崇及时上报问题。
Matt MacInnis: 从根本上说,你能做的最自私的事就是对别人隐瞒反馈。当你想到一个能帮助别人改进的想法,却因为怕自己不舒服而不告诉对方——你实际上是在优化自己的舒适度,这本质上是自私的。太多人的团队运转得不够出色。团队总是会优先追求局部舒适而非公司成果。企业中最纯粹的野心、最强烈的能量来源,就是创始人 CEO。在创始人 CEO 之外的每一层管理圈,强度都有可能呈数量级下降。这他妈的非常危险。
作为高管、作为领导者,你的职责就是将那种强度保持在尽可能高的水平。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你自己创业也有一些非常有趣的经历——
Matt MacInnis: 我们在硅谷总说永不放弃,但那纯粹是风险资本的鬼话。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Matt MacInnis,Rippling 的首席产品官,此前长期担任首席运营官。如果你不太了解 Rippling,它是一家极其成功的企业,最新一轮估值超过 160 亿美元,拥有超过 5000 名员工,而 Matt 对这些成就功不可没。他还拥有一种非常罕见的特质组合:极度坦诚,在构建复杂且极其成功的业务方面拥有丰富经验,并且能把自己学到的东西清晰地表达出来。Matt 分享了很多我在这个播客上从未听别人分享过的洞见与建议,这次对话结束后我的感受是——每一位领导者都需要听听他的建议。
Lenny Rachitsky: Matt,非常感谢你来做客,欢迎来到播客。
Matt MacInnis: 谢谢邀请。
卓越的成果需要非凡的努力
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想从一个我知道你非常看重、你也经常谈起、但我觉得人们在这样的播客中听得不够多的观点开始——卓越的成果需要非凡的努力。聊聊为什么这如此重要,你觉得人们需要听到什么。
Matt MacInnis: 这个说法,这个表述,其实是我从我朋友 Dan Gill 那里借来的,他是 Carvana 的首席产品官。Carvana 作为一家公司,其实没得到足够的认可——它实际上有多少科技公司的成分。非常有趣。而作为一个总体框架,我今天和你分享的很多东西并不专门针对产品职能。我们其实应该聊聊这一点——产品职能只是管理这个通用概念的一个具体实例。做首席产品官和做首席什么什么官没有本质区别,你必须运用同样的框架和理念来让人们共同达成目标。但有一件事是绝对普遍的,我觉得——说实话,我觉得我们在硅谷已经忘了这一点,或者说很多人并没有真正内化它——那就是如果你想取得真正卓越的成就,如果你想达到结果上的第 99 百分位,那将会非常艰难。
会非常不舒服。你得不断提醒人们这一点——如果他们在工作中发现自己处于舒适区,那一定是犯了错,一定是哪里出了问题。并不是说非凡的努力足以保证卓越的成果,但它是必要条件,这百分之百是事实。所以我确实把这个框架作为自己领导工作中的一项指导原则。
Lenny Rachitsky: 为了让大家更有体感,能不能举一些特别艰难的具体时刻?
卓越努力的日常体现
Matt MacInnis: 这不是什么宏大的单一故事。我认为故事其实是通过一千件小事讲出来的。所以对我来说,故事是通过一千张 Jira 工单讲述的,而不是一千场宏大事件。所谓卓越努力,是在提醒你——这件事本来就该非常非常累。本来就该如此。所以周五晚上,当你突然收到一个紧急升级事件;当工程团队丢给你一堆新 bug 需要你去分类处理——这些时刻,就是优秀的选手和优秀的团队与普通选手和普通团队拉开差距的地方。在 Rippling 这样的公司说这话当然很容易,因为我们正在赢。作为一个公司,尽管我们有各种毛病——今天我们也应该聊聊那些不完美、做得不好的地方——但我们目前的收入基础上的增长率是惊人的,真的非常非常有说服力。
作为领导者,这给了你一种庇护,让你能站在团队面前说:“各位,我需要你们最后那一点力气。“如果你的公司增长不快,如果情况没那么好,如果增长率只有 30% 或 40%,作为那个业务中的贡献者,你不会愿意在周五、周六或周日倾尽全力,因为你不知道这么做会不会有什么回报。所以卓越的结果需要卓越的努力,但如果根本没有机会获得卓越的结果,就很难激发出卓越的努力。所以我喜欢提醒 Rippling 的人——能够加入一个团队,你在周五或任何时候付出的卓越努力,实际上真的在推动一个卓越的结果——这种机会是非常稀有的。
这是非常特别、非常罕见的事,这也给了我作为领导者的一个超能力,因为当我需要从那些处于无聊和疲倦状态的人身上榨取最后一点力量时,我可以借助这一点。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我其实在 Airbnb 跟 Brian Chesky 共事时也看到了同样的现象。总觉得事情进展得很顺利,也许某个功能上线后大获成功,我们可以歇一歇了。但实际情况总是相反——总是在想,我们怎么把油门踩得更狠?怎么走得更快?怎么做得更大?从来没有一个可以喘息的时刻。
永不停歇的竞争
Matt MacInnis: 我在苹果公司待了七年,在 Steve Jobs 担任 CEO 期间在他手下学习,学到了我们所谓的 death march——就是我们强加给工程师的东西。就好像你刚发布一个版本的 iPhone,立刻就被扔进开发下一个版本的坑里,完全没有喘息的机会。就是不停歇,而最终取得的成果确实是卓越的。没有任何喘息的余地。在一个竞争激烈的市场中——而如果这个市场有价值,它一定是竞争激烈的,毫无疑问——如果你在战场上留下任何东西没拿到,如果你给竞争对手留下一道裂缝,他们百分之百会去填补那道裂缝。所以你必须毫不松懈。组织不能有任何松懈。这不意味着人们不能来来去去,不能休假,不能过自己的生活——当然可以。
人毕竟是人。你不能把个人磨垮,但团队作为一个集体,必须始终保持警觉。不能有间歇。如果你留了一个间歇,你就是在乞求那个稍微更饥饿的竞争对手进来抢走你的午餐。而这正是资本主义的美妙之处。
Lenny Rachitsky: 而且,非常反直觉的是——也许这也是一个更乐观的视角——当你真的给团队留出闲得发慌的空间时,坏事反而开始发生。根据我的经验,士气实际上会下降。人们开始分心,他们会想:“我们到底在干什么?没什么意思。“我发现让人们保持忙碌、有动力、有激情——虽然你可能觉得让他们休息几周、放慢节奏会更开心——但实际上我发现,在这些时刻,他们的士气反而会下降。
故意少配人手的管理框架
Matt MacInnis: 这里有一个我经常使用的管理框架。作为高管,你不可能把任何一个决策做得完全正确。这是不可知的。你不知道该分配多少预算,不知道一个项目该放多少人,不知道该把交付截止日期定在什么时候。但当然,你必须设定某个默认值,所以你做出最好的猜测,然后围绕这个猜测去管理,在实践中不断学习——因为在软件开发和商业中,一切都是涌现出来的。这些东西不是自上而下可知的,也不是先验可知的。所以你做出一个最佳猜测,同时知道你不可能得到正确答案,这时候你需要决定的是——在你的感知中点附近,是过度调控更好,还是调控不足更好。我们来聊聊人员配置。当你为一个项目配人时,在不可能做到完全正确的前提下,是超配人手好,还是少配人手好?答案是少配更好。如果你超配了人手,就会出现你刚才说的那些问题——出现办公室政治,人们去忙一些事——我认为最重要的是——去忙优先级列表上比必要位置更低的事情。你的堆排列表上有 20 件事,你知道前 5 件必须做,但接下来 15 件的数据比较模糊,而你的项目又超配了人手,于是列表上接下来那 10 件事也被分配下去做了——你甚至还没搞清楚它们是否必要,这就是毒药。它浪费资源,拖慢速度,制造臃肿。所以非常明确:少配人手比超配人手的危害更小。在这个特定的框架下,建议是:始终故意少配人手。而智慧所在——智慧的部分——是要知道不能少得太多,并且能分辨两者之间的区别。
这就是我们在 Rippling 的工作方式。每个人都在不断要求更多资源,当然在我们负担得起、也合适的地方,新资源会到来,但对我来说非常重要的是——我们公司每一个项目都要有故意少配人手的感觉。
Lenny Rachitsky: 之前有位嘉宾,我忘了是谁了,他用了这样一个比喻——他希望自己的团队处于脱水状态,永远渴望更多水。然后到了某个时候他们真的太缺人了,好吧,我们需要找人帮忙。很有意思。对,这里有一段关于卓越努力的话,我想确保我读出来,因为我觉得写得非常好。这可能是对你所说内容的一个总结:优秀的团队会疲倦,而正是在那一刻,伟大的团队把优秀的团队打得落花流水。
Matt MacInnis: 对。这句话其实来自 Sunil,他是从一个女子篮球队的教练那里看到的。正如我之前说的——你必须时刻让引擎在红线转速上运转,因为一旦你放松警惕,一旦你放慢脚步,一旦你松懈下来,一旦你给竞争对手留下一道裂缝,伟大的团队就会趁虚而入,把优秀的团队打败。这就像体育一样——我不是一个很爱运动的人,但体育比喻实在让人难以抗拒,因为归根结底,商业就是一场游戏,而这些都不重要。我们不会把它带进坟墓。你在这里做这些事,是因为它在某种程度上让你在这颗星球上的生活有所充实。我热爱商业这项运动,尽管我很少看体育比赛,但我发现体育、军事——这些都是非常丰富的平行概念的来源,可以应用在领导力中。
从成功中学习
Lenny Rachitsky: 我也发现,那些最紧张、压力最大、熬到深夜的时刻,恰恰是你记忆最深、回想起来最怀念的时光——当你真正在打造一样东西的时候。但关键在于,你必须做得好。正如你所说,如果你正在成功、正在赢,这一切最终都会变得浪漫,变得令人怀念——还记得我们一起打造那个东西、熬夜加班、把它交付上线的日子吗?如果一切毫无成果,你是不会有那种感觉的。所以我认为,这一切中有一个非常重要的前提——你得在赢,你得在成功。
Matt MacInnis: 我从 Parker 那里学到一件事——Parker 是我们在 Rippling 的 CEO——他说过:“你其实不是从错误中学习的,你是从成功中学习的。” 当然你会学到一些,他自己也承认从错误中多少会学到一点。但我确实觉得,“好吧,你没成功,但至少学到了一些东西”这种说法更多是一种自我安慰。我也经历过失败。回首我在 Inking 度过的九年,从 2009 年第一天开始,一直到 2018 年把那家公司卖给了一家私募股权公司——一路爬上硅谷新潮度的顶峰,又从另一侧滑落,归于沉寂。当然,那段时间我确实学到很多、成长很多。但在如今我认为已经是六七年——让我算算——快七年的 Rippling 经历中,我学到的东西要多得多,因为我见证了成功。
我见证了这家公司疯狂的、狂野的、离谱到超出一切图表的成功,而这种经历更具启发性。从”做对了”中学到的东西,远比从”做错了”中学到的多。如果我告诉你,你要登上一架飞机,一名维修技师看过一百次正确操作,另一名维修技师看过一百次错误操作——虽然他从错误中吸取了教训,但他自己从未成功过。拜托,你心里清楚你会选哪架飞机坐上去,这根本没有任何可比性。所以我认为,“从错误中学习”这件事更像是一种自我安慰的套话,实际上在现实中意义非常有限。这就是为什么,无论是作为职业生涯早期的产品经理,还是坦白说在你想学习的任何阶段,你都应该加入一支赢的团队。
22 岁出去创业确实很酷,祝你好运。胜算并不站在你这边。但当我看简历时,如果看到有人曾在那些极其出色、处于疯狂增长期的公司工作过,我立刻就会想面试那位候选人,因为我想听听他们从一支胜利的团队中学到了什么。这差不多是我在审视候选人档案时的一个常用启发式方法,而且我认为这是一条在硅谷没有被足够重视的建议——成功孕育成功,你应该追逐成功。
从 COO 到 CPO
Lenny Rachitsky: 说到成功和学习,你在 Rippling 做了很长时间的 COO,而最近你转任了 CPO,也就是 Rippling 的首席产品官——这非常令人兴奋,也非常罕见。我没见过太多 COO 转去做产品的。让我问你一下,你为什么转到了这个角色?我感觉你做 COO 做得非常出色。也许正是因为这个原因——要小心你最擅长的事情。另外,转做产品之后有什么让你意外的吗?因为很多人会想象做产品是什么样,但你现在是真正在做了。
Matt MacInnis: 在 Rippling 发生的故事挺有意思的,我来讲讲,因为我觉得它解释了我为什么要做这次转型,但这其实不仅仅关乎我个人。我认为这是一种你的听众会觉得有用的模式。一般来说,你最好的高管就是那种你可以几乎随意丢到任何挑战中去,他们都能把混乱变为秩序、把问题修复的人。我确实很感激大家在 Rippling 给我起的那些称呼,他们谈论”MacInnis 的伤鸟”——意思是说,在任何时刻总有某个职能部门陷入混乱或危机,而我就会非常专注地介入那个部门,把它重新理顺——大概八成的成功率吧,不总是大获全胜。但我什么都做过,唯独没碰过 R&D。我会帮忙处理销售组织的某些部分,比如我们的渠道团队;我也花过时间几次重建招聘职能部门,当时需要根据我们的增长速度对其进行重新思考——但唯独从来没有碰过 R&D。
所以我会翘着脚坐在桌边,望着远处那团正在燃烧的垃圾堆,冒着烟,心里想着会不会有人过去处理一下。那烟有各种形式——当你在像 Rippling 这样高速增长的公司时,它不一定真的影响到客户,但就是那种你觉得”这个架构不对”或者”他们没有正确地衡量采用率”之类的情况。从外面看,我确实有不少批评意见可以抛进去。而在 Rippling 发生的情况是,我们在招聘上犯了一些错误。我想当时担任那些角色的人自己也承认他们不是合适的人选。我们先是在工程领导岗位上犯了招聘错误,导致当时的产品负责人不得不去兼顾工程。
随后我们在产品招聘上也犯了错误,我们很多人不得不临时顶上。Parker 和我就这样在两年的混乱——或者说两年的痛苦中四目相对,始终没有真正为工程和产品同时配备好的高管领导力。我记得 Parker 瘫坐在椅子上说:“天哪,我又要重新做一次招聘了。“我说:“别了,我来做。“他一下子从椅子上弹起来:“真的?你愿意去做?“我说:“兄弟,这是公司需要的。“于是我就去做了。整个过程大概在一年前开始——我意识到自己要做这件事,并在十二月向 Parker 表达了这个想法。我真正接手是在 2025 年一月。
所以这已经是十一个月的学习了。跳进产品这个角色时,产品团队本身虽然配备了非常有才华的人,但严重缺人,而且没有一个统一的精神领袖来推动一致性和流程卓越——结果就是局部优化但全局混乱。如果你了解 Conway 定律,你就知道你注定会交付你的组织架构图。所以一个局部优化、全局混乱的团队,就会产出一个局部优化、全局混乱的产品体验,这需要被解决。因此我过去十一个月的努力就是建立更清晰的规矩——我们这里做事的方式是什么、更好的流程、更好的整体领导力、招聘和解雇。就是那种”三号通道需要清理”式的工作——虽然再次强调,团队中的很多人确实非常有才华,在管理各自领域方面做得非常出色。
产品团队的层级需求
Matt MacInnis: 跳进产品这个角色确实让我大开眼界。对于一年前我站在外面时的天真看法,我甚至有点不好意思。产品团队存在一个需求层级,而我们这些人往往喜欢指向该层级更高处的未达标之处,然后以此指责那个组织——比如没有仔细衡量采纳率指标,没有紧密追踪这些指标来驱动执行。但当我真正跳进来之后,我发现的是:“天哪,我们需要为测试覆盖率建立一些基本标准。我们需要为产品准备好下线时的’出厂检验’建立一些基本标准。“我们有没有一个关于产品质量的检查清单?产品质量到底意味着什么?这些基本的东西都不存在。所以在那种情况下,谈什么花时间去衡量采纳率指标,简直是天方夜谭。
你在这里和那里之间跳过了很多步骤。所以我们取得了很大的进展,我认为这正在转化为客户可感知的产品质量提升,但正如我说的,对于跳进深水区之前自己的思维方式,我确实觉得自己有点蠢。作为高管,坐在混乱之外自以为知道答案,这是毫无借口的。这是高管的弥天大罪。你必须亲自去看,下到最底层去,从下到上研究整个系统,然后形成关于如何改进系统的假设。这就是我一直在做的事情。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢听这些,因为有太多人的团队运转得不够好,而听到一个并非长期做产品的人进来尝试解决这些问题,我认为对很多人来说非常有用、也非常有趣。再深入聊一下,最大的教训和醍醐灌顶的时刻是不是——要实现你想要的那个目标(即好好衡量参与度和采纳率),有大量基础性工作需要先完成?是不是关于追踪、指标和数据科学方面的事情?大概是这样的教训?
万事皆须依序而行
Matt MacInnis: 教训就是万事皆须按其时、按其序来完成,而你可以推进得非常、非常快。没有任何借口不以紧迫感推进所有这些事情,但你必须按顺序来,必须从下往上引领。你必须从你观察到的具体情况出发来引领。我认为对我来说,过去十一个月中最棒的事情之一就是我更加信任自己的直觉了——我在其他职能领域匹配到的那些模式,确实也适用于产品。但我既有优势也有劣势:我之前没有领导过产品职能,因此必须从第一性原理出发思考每一个问题。我没有别的选择。我可以从网上看些东西,可以听那些对某个话题有清晰思考的人的观点并引入他们的想法,但我非常不情愿在没有把一个想法拆解成其组成部分、弄清楚它如何适用于 Rippling 之前就直接照搬。
所以我实际上并不把采纳率指标当作一个原则性问题来关心。我在该关心采纳率指标的时候才关心采纳率指标。我意识到这是一个同义反复的陈述,但意思就是——我会走到那一步的。所以在产品的某些部分,我确实很关心采纳率指标。我非常关心我们的申请人追踪系统——也就是我们的招聘产品——的采纳率指标,因为它在可用性方面已经处于一个很好的状态,埋点做得很好,用户满意度很高,增长曲线也非常漂亮,所以我们应当……
它的增长曲线非常漂亮。所以我们确实应该重点关注采纳率指标,因为我认为这将是长期降低流失率的一个重要因素,比如减少实施过程中的摩擦。但我们产品的其他部分,我会说我完全不关心采纳率,而是更专注于我之前说的那些基础性工作,比如测试覆盖率之类的,只是为了确保产品是稳定的、优秀的、一旦被采纳就能精确交付它应该交付的东西。
外部人应该了解的产品真相
Lenny Rachitsky: 既然你现在身处产品团队内部了,你觉得那些不在产品团队的人——比如两年前的 Matt,或者其他走向市场的负责人、其他高管——应该听到、需要理解但直到身处其中才会理解的关于产品的事情是什么?
Alpha 与 Beta:关于人与过程的框架
Matt MacInnis: 我给你另一个我喜欢用的框架。在金融领域,有一个 alpha 的概念。alpha 是相对于基准指数的超额收益。这就是为什么 seekingalpha.com 是一个非常受欢迎的网站。他们的意思是你在寻找买入某种资产组合,使其跑赢——假设你的基准是标普 500 的话。所以 alpha 就是相对于指数的超额收益。然后还有 beta 的概念。beta 就是波动性。beta 不是好东西。一只高 beta 的股票会毫无来由地上蹿下跳,与指数不相关,beta 非常高。如果你是期权交易者那很好,但除此之外,这不是你在资产中想要的东西。
所以你理想中的股票是高 alpha、低 beta 的股票。但这种形态其实不太常见,因为 alpha 和 beta 往往是正相关的,但那就是你购买金融资产时想要的。那么类比是什么?我认为你有高 alpha 的人,他们非常有价值。你也有低 beta 的人,他们同样非常有价值。Dennis Rodman,篮球运动员,一个疯子,非常高的 alpha。每支球队都可以容纳一个 Dennis Rodman,这是我最喜欢的例子。就好比你可以有一个很难搞但上限极高的员工。
所以这个 alpha-beta 的概念,我在思考需要什么样的人以及需要什么样的流程时经常使用。当你在做一个从零到一的产品时,你很可能在追求 alpha。你在寻找某个切入这个市场或客户问题的角度,让产品能相对于默认方案提供超额回报。当你的产品更成熟时,或者如果你的团队里有负责产品运营的人,你大概更需要一个低 beta 的环境——稳定地输出,非常可靠地完成任务。
我们的薪资产品,我们极其希望它是一个低 beta 的产品。我们非常不希望薪资产品有任何不可预测性或异常波动,所以我们愿意接受更多的流程。
这是一个关于组织设计的基本原则——流程,企业中的流程,其存在的唯一目的就是降低 beta。流程是为了减少系统输出的波动性。流程的代价是它会压制 alpha。你必须在产品团队中极其谨慎地运用流程,确保在你想降低 beta 的地方降低 beta,同时不在你需要 alpha 的地方扼杀 alpha。
所以过去一年我们在 Rippling 改革产品构建方式的过程中,一直是一场博弈——识别出那些我需要加一点点流程的地方,真的只是一点点;以及其他那些我需要实施非常清晰、刚性流程的地方,那些我不需要 alpha、只需要低 beta 的地方。比如我们的产品质量清单,我们在 Rippling 亲切地称之为 PQL。
Lenny Rachitsky: 为什么叫 PQL?
Matt MacInnis: 对,这其实是一件非常重要的事情。我觉得,如果你想在团队中推动文化变革……听着,我们的研发组织有 1300 人,这是一艘需要转向的大船。如果你想创造一个能留在人们脑海中的时刻,让它成为一种时代精神,或者一个让人抓住的东西,你必须创造一个实体,一个意义的容器,然后往这个容器里注入你想要的意义。
Lenny Rachitsky: 一种 meme(梗),你可以这么说。
Matt MacInnis: 对,当然,一个 meme。meme 其实是大众文化中一个很好的例子。我觉得这就是为什么,当人们从外面带来一些想法时,我欢迎那些外来的想法。但我要求对方做的第一件事,就是不使用那些词来告诉我他们什么意思。所以当有人过来说,“嘿,我想在战略方面做这件事。“我就说,“好,不用战略这个词,告诉我你什么意思。“这迫使他们把它拆解成各个组成部分。如果他们能不用那个词就把事情清晰地表达出来,我就知道他们是真的懂自己在说什么。如果他们只是绕着”战略”这个词打转,我就会想,“好吧,你其实没有认真想过这个问题。”
所以 PQL,产品质量清单,我当然可以给它起某个通用的名字,但我真心希望公司的新员工能理解,这是 Rippling 特有的东西。这是我们独有的。你需要理解这个东西。我还希望它成为产品管理和工程团队日常工作中常用语言的一部分。所以 PQL,虽然听起来有点俏皮甚至傻傻的,但它是刻意设计得有点棱角分明的,是一个我可以注入特定意义的容器,于是我们就有了产品质量清单。
产品质量清单是轻量级的,意思就是它用最简单的方式阐明了我们希望你发布产品时要达到的标准。它并不适用于每一个产品,也不是每一条都适用于每一个产品,但它是全面的,而且给了我一个随着我们不断学习而持续迭代的框架。
就在昨天,我们给 Parker 发了一个产品。这是我们流程的一部分。当我们发布新产品时,会先发给 Parker,他是 Rippling 内部的超级管理员。如果你不了解的话,Parker 是 Rippling 全部 5200 名员工唯一的薪酬管理员。他亲自跑每一笔薪酬,没有例外,为所有 5200 人。他有时确实会抱怨,但这无论对软件还是对他本人来说都是一项了不起的成就。所以他还会安装我们要给自己安装的任何新应用,因为我们对自己构建的所有东西都做了极致的 dogfooding。
昨天他去安装这个新应用。我们准备发布一个反馈类的新应用,让人们可以在公司内部互相给反馈。他安装好进去之后,被丢到了一个空白屏幕上。他就说,“这他妈是什么?这是什么?怎么回事?天哪,这也太失败了吧。“于是我又剁掉了一根手指,还剩九根了。我说,“好吧,我们漏掉了什么?“
feature flag 的教训
我们漏掉的是一个该死的 feature flag,一个该死的 feature flag。而且我不允许任何人说 feature flag 的时候不加”该死的”三个字,因为 feature flag 是我生命中最大的噩梦,世界上最糟糕的东西,它们不断制造问题。工程师临时加一个然后就忘了。就像盖房子时用的垫片,总承包商在各处塞了小垫片,然后忘了垫片在那里,直接在它们上面砌了墙,最终垫片失效,突然你的门就装不上了。feature flag 非常危险,需要谨慎管理,所以是该死的 feature flag。
总之,我们有一个 feature flag。Parker 安装的时候,他们忘了关掉那个 feature flag。他安装应用后看到的是空白屏幕。我做了什么?我的反应是,“唉。“回去找团队,给他们直接反馈,告诉他们不要再犯这个错误。但同时也问了一个问题,“我们在出厂检验流程中是怎么漏掉这个的?”
答案是 PQL 里没有任何一条是关于 feature flag 的。于是我给该死的 PQL 加了一条,写着”发布时只允许有一个控制整个产品的 feature flag。“这是一个极端的标准,可能不一定能做到,但它是我们追求的标准。
PQL 框架的价值
这个框架,PQL,这些轻量级的清单,根据我们一路走来学到的一切持续迭代,构成了一种非常好的轻量级方式来降低系统的 beta,同时希望对产品构建方式的 alpha 只有极小的负面影响。
你问了我一个非常简单的问题,我给了你一个非常冗长的回答,但这些框架帮助我设计出能够随着技术团队从 1 人扩展到 2000 人而持续有效的系统。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,好的。顺便问一下,PQL,这是一个缩写吗,还是就是,我喜欢这个词所以我们就叫它 PQL?
Matt MacInnis: 产品质量清单。
Lenny Rachitsky: 明白了。所以它是……好吧。
Matt MacInnis: PQL,除了 pickle(腌黄瓜)你还能怎么念?
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想象你们所有的 deck 里都有小小的 PQL emoji,然后——
Matt MacInnis: 那个 pickle emoji,Slack 里的跳舞 pickle,有很多——
Lenny Rachitsky: 嗯。
Matt MacInnis: 对,它很适合带来一些乐趣。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想到的是 pickle Rick。你懂这个梗吗?
Matt MacInnis: 这是一个罗夏墨迹测试。
高 alpha 低 beta 的用人哲学
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,那这个高 alpha、低 beta 的概念,我很喜欢这个想法。也就是说,根据团队不同,根据问题不同,我们需要一个高 alpha、低 beta 的人,或者说对于某个特定项目,我们可以接受很大的波动性,这实际上——
Matt MacInnis: 对,我们愿意在这个领域接受一堆波动性,以换取这些人的创造力和冒险精神所带来的上行收益,或者说用缺乏流程来给他们做想做的事情的自由度。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以在招聘的时候,你也是在看,这个人到底是低 beta 还是不是?这会——
Matt MacInnis: 当然。这确实是一种非常有用的方式。你知道,当你遇到一个候选人时……我的惯常做法——我觉得可以稍微聊聊招聘——我觉得我在 Rippling 的团队上花了很多时间谈论我的招聘方法。这源于大量的击球练习。如果能倒带我的人生,去想想我在各种场景下见过多少候选人,那会非常有意思。成千上万,也许几万,我不知道。反正很多,这是我大脑中大量的击球练习和模型训练。
所以我非常依赖直觉,当然 HR 的人会说你不能这么做。那纯属胡扯。如果你有好的直觉,你绝对应该依赖你的直觉。
解码直觉与 SPOTAC 框架
Matt MacInnis: 当你对一个候选人产生反应之后,你需要做的,是解码你的直觉,使之能够有效地传达给其他人。我为此使用的一个框架叫 SPOTAC。这个名字很难听。向宇宙中最初想到这个的人致敬,不是我发明的,但我采纳了它。它的含义是:人们应该是聪明的(Smart)、热情的(Passionate)、乐观的(Optimistic)、坚韧的(Tenacious)、适应力强的(Adaptable)、善良的(Kind)。这五样东西。六个,我连数都数不对。我说过我犯一次错就少一根手指,已经少了一根了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 还剩九根。
Matt MacInnis: SPOTAC 本身并不是一个很好的自上而下的框架,但当你思考”为什么这个候选人……为什么没感觉?为什么我不喜欢他们?“的时候,你对照这个清单过一遍,就会想,“哦对,这个人,是因为他对这个想法不够兴奋,不够热情。“或者是因为他吐槽了自己的前任经理,把自己说成是前两家公司业绩不佳的受害者。这就是原因——他不乐观。
这个框架在评估人才方面非常有用。我认为 alpha/beta 框架在对话结束后也非常有用。你可能会想,“我喜欢这个人,觉得他会非常出色。但为什么我偏偏觉得他做不好这个产品?“答案是——“这是一个高 alpha 的产品领域,而他是一个低 beta 的人。“有价值,但绝对不是这个岗位的合适人选。所以我认为 alpha/beta 框架在这种情境下也非常有用。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我太喜欢这些框架了。你的听众就是这个群体,框架对框架,全是框架。
Matt MacInnis: 是的。
招聘中的案例分析
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以高 alpha、低 beta,有时高 beta 也可以,SPOTAC。在招聘方面,还有什么你觉得特别有用的吗?在我们转向下一个话题之前。
Matt MacInnis: 我最初加入产品团队时,接触到了一种面试框架或者说面试方法,在我职业生涯中以前基本没有用过。那就是:产品团队每个资深级别的人都被给到同一个案例研究。这个案例极其困难,需要你同时思考非常多的维度,要考虑数据传播的问题,技术上相当复杂。
我们用来评估这个案例表现的评价标准,会告诉我们一个入门级 PM 应该是什么水平,初级、中层、高级、高管级 PM 又分别是什么水平。每个人面试出来都觉得糟透了,觉得自己彻底搞砸了。而在我们这边,我们会觉得,“哇,那个人走得相当远了。“他们以非常令人印象深刻的方式预见到了三四个关键拐点。总共有十个他们没看到,但最难的四个他们看到了。而且当我们给出新的信息、质疑他们方案的有效性时,他们没有表现出防御姿态。他们还愿意打断我们来追问更多问题,等等等等——很多这类基本的人际互动模式。
你可能从来不觉得给一个人一个不可能完成的任务——把 L5 级别的人和 VP 放在同一道题上——会是有效的做法。这么说吧,我们的招聘团队至今对此仍有抱怨,觉得我们在面试流程的这个阶段淘汰人太激进了。但我发现了其中的智慧,认为给所有人同一个看似简单实则复杂的题目,然后观察结果,确实非常有用。递给他们一个钻头,给他们一面混凝土墙,看看他们能不能钻进去一毫米或一英寸。他们永远不可能穿透这面墙。没关系。你能学到很多东西。我发现这对我来说是一种令人大开眼界的新体验,很有趣。
产品管理的乐趣
说实话,产品的乐趣、产品管理的乐趣、参与产品工作的乐趣——我觉得其实有很多种乐趣,如果让我列一个清单的话——但其中一大乐趣是你能和软件行业里最聪明的人一起工作。工程师非常聪明,但不一定是最擅长社交的人。销售人员是极好的社交能手,但不一定是最强的系统性思维者。你可以一直列举下去。
但产品管理的魔力在于,你某种程度上需要……我们常说的是”小 CEO”。我觉得这个说法挺蠢的,但也有其道理。这个道理就是你必须是一个通才。你需要在与他人协作方面非常出色,在沟通和表达方面出色,在项目管理方面出色,在科学、数学和工程方面出色。这真的太他妈酷了。所以我觉得这份工作对我来说最大的乐趣之一,就是能和行业里最顶尖、最博学的那些人交流互动。
关于领导产品团队,我还想说一件事。作为 COO 的时候,我的工作是接受产品现状,并围绕它优化一切。我的工作是确保产品运营——在我们的业务中,与保险公司的对接、与支付实体的对接、政府监管机构——这些东西都能正常运转。确保我们的销售引擎、营销引擎,所有面向市场的环节都围绕产品的现状进行优化。还有招聘,确保找到合适的人来参与产品开发。基本上除了研发以外的任何职能部门,我都要想办法让它在产品既定的情况下发挥最大效能。
而现在我领导产品团队了,我就会觉得,“哦,这才是最高优先级(high order bit)。“不是说以前我不明白这一点,但现在我真的深刻理解了——产品就是最高优先级。如果产品做对了,它契合市场,其他一切都会变得更简单。财务更简单,销售更简单,营销更简单,招聘更简单,所有事情都他妈变得更简单了。所以我认为领导产品团队的另一个乐趣就是,我能把企业成功中最高优先级的那一位设为 1。
Lenny Rachitsky: 听到这些真的很令人欣慰。很多时候,产品部门之外的人不理解这些事情,还经常看不起产品,尤其是销售人员和 COO 们。我很高兴你能看到这一点、意识到这一点,认识到这项工作有多重要、多有趣、多有挑战性,以及 PM 们有多出色。你也知道,很多人非常反感产品经理——“为什么我们需要产品经理?我们不需要。他们只会拖慢一切,增加各种流程。”
Matt MacInnis: 对,我有一个区分:我反感的是糟糕的产品经理。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我的说法一模一样。如果你讨厌产品经理,那只是因为你还没有和一个优秀的产品经理共事过。
Matt MacInnis: 嗯,这就好比——我喜欢葡萄酒,葡萄酒是我的爱好之一,我对葡萄酒了解很多。我最喜欢的一句话是有人说”我不喜欢霞多丽”。我就说,“不不不不不。霞多丽是世界上他妈的最棒的葡萄酒品种之一。你只是没喝过好的霞多丽而已。总有一款霞多丽适合你。“产品管理也是一样——你不喜欢产品管理,觉得产品经理很烂。嗯,你只是还没喝到过好的霞多丽。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这正是我——
Matt MacInnis: 一旦你体验过一次,你就再也回不去了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你就像在说”赶紧找到那样的产品经理吧”。
Matt MacInnis: 不,是赶紧找到那样的霞多丽。
Lenny Rachitsky: 来杯霞多丽聊聊。你刚才提到了 product-market fit 这个话题,我想顺着这条线深入聊聊。你在自己创业的过程中,有过一些非常有趣的经历——挣扎着寻找 product-market fit。你说你做了九年,是吧?
Matt MacInnis: 嗯。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好。然后到了 Rippling,完全相反,product-market fit 极其强烈,一路向上。关于这件事,你有没有什么心得,是你觉得大家可能不太理解的——比如那种感觉是什么样的,达到 product-market fit 需要什么,事情会怎么变化?
Product-Market Fit 的直觉
Matt MacInnis: 有一位风险投资人说过一句话——我不提他名字了——他说,product-market fit 是那种你一看到就绝对知道的东西,所以如果你并不是绝对确定,那就是还没有。
这又回到了我之前说的那个观点,从错误中学习 vs. 从成功中学习。哎呀,一次又一次,在 Inkling 的那些年里,我们总觉得自己找到了。我们觉得自己有了 product-market fit,也许吧,也许吧。但回过头来看,现在我已经体验过真正的 product-market fit 了,才意识到那时候我们明显没有,真是太明显了。
我大概投了六七十家公司。我不太清楚具体数字,这不是我主动去做的事情。但由于我在 Rippling 的角色,各种机会自然而然地会出现。我跟很多创业者聊天,我很享受这件事,觉得非常刺激,喜欢那些新鲜的想法,这算是我在主业之外的一大乐事。但是,当我收到那些已经做了三四年创业者的投资人报告时,我读着那些内容,就像在读我自己 2011、2012 年发给投资人的报告一样,心里很难受。
硅谷的”永不放弃”叙事
在硅谷我们总说永不放弃,但这完全是风险投资的屁话。风险投资家的利益就是把钱投进你的公司,然后把你榨干。他们永远拿不回那笔钱,也没有任何办法把投资撤回来。所以他们唯一合理的期望,就是你不顾一切地继续尝试,因为偶尔确实有例子——有人从 A 转向了 X,方向完全不同,然后成功了。Slack 原来是某种游戏公司,后来变成了企业聊天工具。Airbnb 可能也算。确实有一些公司做出了疯狂转型然后成功的例子,但天哪,那太稀有了。极其极其稀有。
我觉得很重要的一点是记住——我 45 岁了,我们在这个星球上的时间有限,美国男性的平均寿命大概是 75 岁左右。我还有 20 年、30 年,如果幸运的话,40 年。我对自己的时间非常有意识。我不后悔在 Inkling 做的事,我学到了很多。它塑造了我现在所做的一切。我觉得我现在这一章,如果没有前面那些章节,是不可能到来的。所以我做了我所做的,这是一件美好而宝贵的事。但是当我读到那些投资人报告时,我心里想,“你正处在当年的我的位置,而你走不出来的。”
硅谷那种”拼到死”的心态,不是站在创业者这边的,是站在风险投资那边的。我知道为什么会这样,但我觉得需要大声说出来——你应该他妈的放弃。你应该重新开始,重置你的 cap table,因为相信我,product-market fit 一旦到来,是疯狂的,是令人兴奋的,你应该去追求它。永远不要在自己没有的时候自欺欺人地认为已经有了。那是危险的,也是令人遗憾的。这段话怎么样?
Lenny Rachitsky: 漂亮。反风投宣言。这个——
Matt MacInnis: 我还有更多呢。顺便说一下,这不是反风投。这是反——
Lenny Rachitsky: 反风投宣传。
Matt MacInnis: 硅谷所有人——高管、创始人、风险投资人——每个人都在按照自己的利益激励行事。当然如此。而风险投资人有着非常强烈、持久的利益激励,这些激励塑造了硅谷的运作方式。这没有什么错。只是非常、非常重要的一点是要把这些指出来,对着那些完全搞不懂这套东西怎么运转的 25 岁创业者大声喊出来。
相信我,45 岁的创业者或者 50 岁在这个行业里干了很久的风投人,他们都明白。他们观察到了。他们知道是怎么回事。这套系统的存在就是为了利用那些不懂的人——或者至少,不懂的人是这套激励结构最容易捕获的猎物。不是说风险投资人作为个人有什么问题,他们都很棒,都是非常好的人。只是这些激励结构在某些情况下确实会造成真正的伤害。
投资人其实并不恨你放弃
Lenny Rachitsky: 而且我发现,当你真的放弃的时候,风投们……我总是说,“嘿,你开始下一个项目的时候告诉我,我很期待投资。“他们很少会——除非他们不是什么好的风投——很少会对你生气,说什么”你怎么可能做不成”之类的。
Matt MacInnis: 这就是关键。作为创始人,当你该认输的时候,你往往执迷于要给 cap table 上的投资人把钱还回去。我总是提醒创业者:“嘿,如果你做的是种子投资,你的预期就是零。你对每一笔投资的假设就是它会归零。“任何不采取这种立场的种子投资人都是脑子有问题的,是非常糟糕的投资者。去找那些做长期博弈的投资人——那些想投你的第二家、第三家公司的人,愿意在第一家上下注,也能接受它归零,让你继续前进的人。这种对话我进行过很多次了。
什么时候该放弃
Lenny Rachitsky: 那么问题来了——什么时候该放弃?听到这里的人可能会想”天哪”,有什么信号能告诉你,好吧,是时候收场了?
Matt MacInnis: 这么说吧,历史给了我们清晰的指引。你看那些做大了的公司,它们基本上很快就做大了。入场太晚是非常危险的,入场太早也是非常危险的,而绝大多数时候,问题就出在这上面。Rippling 如果在 2014 年创立,不会是今天这个样子。我觉得 Rippling 如果今天才创立,也不会是——
Matt MacInnis: ……不会是今天这个样子。我觉得 Rippling 如果今天才创立,五年后也不会是它今天的样子。所以我认为时机占据了极大比重,而且非常难以控制。但当时机对了,市场是真实的,产品也行得通,product-market fit,就像我之前说的,是超级清晰的。所以如果我凭自己的亲身经历随意抛一个数字的话,我认为——有一点很重要,先说一个题外话:不要问别人建议,要问别人的相关经验。如果你问别人建议,他们总会给你一个;但如果你问他们的相关经验,他们很少有能提供的。如果他们没有相关经验可提供,那就别问他们的建议。
所以,要问别人相关经验。我也尽量这样对待与我合作的创业者——让我把我拥有的相关经验提供给你。而我在”何时该放弃”这个话题上的相关经验是:我认为我们可以在第二次或第三次 pivot 之后就叫停了,那大约是在第四年左右。当然,相信你正在做的事情并坚持下去非常重要,但绝对不必为说出”听着,我们已经 pivot 了一两次了,还是没起色,我得去做下一件事”而感到羞耻。我认为如果你在创业的第四年、第五年,而它显然还不是一个爆发式增长的故事,那就极其困难了。这种情况极为罕见——在你从一开始就面临的那些罕见概率之上,现在还要转化为某种疯狂的结果。这话可能不好听,但是,当你想”去它的,我要去做这件事,我还有精力,我要重新来过,从一张白纸开始”,那种感觉可以非常解脱。
Product-Market Fit 的受体与药物比喻
Lenny Rachitsky: 这真的很有帮助。你有一种非常有趣的方式来描述 product-market fit,用的是受体和药物的比喻。
Matt MacInnis: 哦,对。是的。我认为这是一个被根本性误解的动态。当创始人给我发消息说”嘿,帮我这条 LinkedIn 帖子和这条推文点个赞,我们要发布了”,我会照做。我会转发、点赞,什么都行。反正也没人关注我的 Twitter,无所谓。但我会做。可我心里想的是,这不是关键所在。这不是伟大公司建立的方式。它可以是一个成核事件,但不是什么大事,因为没人在乎你的公司。你的发布会不重要。那些大张旗鼓、拉满弓弦的发布会,在关于创业公司的喧嚣海洋中不过是一小滴水。所以你只能自下而上,一块砖一块砖地垒。这些发布会实际上没什么意义。那你该怎么看待这件事?你怎么看待你的发布会微不足道这个事实,怎么看待你投入的所有努力去构建一个你相信会达到 product-market fit 的产品?
嗯,如果你认识到市场是不可改变的——无论多少推文、LinkedIn 帖子、广告都无法改变市场是否想要你的产品——它可能提高对你产品的认知度,但不会改变是否有人想要它。那你就会换一种心态。你必须把你的创业公司看作是在宇宙中进行的一次实验,看看你会得到什么回报。而药物发现和结合受体的比喻就是——基因泰克(Genentech)没有人认为自己能靠营销让药物在你体内的表现更好。那个药物的结合受体,要么存在,要么不存在。当他们构建产品时,他们的目标是发现结合受体是否存在,但命运已经决定了结果。这对你构建的每一个软件产品都是绝对成立的。命运已经决定了结果。市场要么会抓住你的产品并带着它飞奔,要么不会。不要发布了产品,发现没有成功,然后试图靠营销闯过去,因为结合受体很可能根本不存在。对我来说,这是一种非常解脱的心态,因为我现在只需要找到正确的药物,而不用再去试图说服身体为我正在构建的东西发展出结合受体。
Notion 的故事与创始人的独特性
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢你这里的建议,因为你是 Notion 的早期投资人,Notion 是一个经典案例——他们花了……我想是四年才做出像样的东西。他们搬到了日本,重新做了整个产品。所以这是否从中得到启示?这是一个最终成功的罕见例子吗?而且这并不是一个值得效仿的例子,因为它极端、极端地罕见。我们再来谈谈 alpha beta。
Matt MacInnis: 好。作为投资人,你可能会建一个清单,列出你想确认关于一家公司的哪些事情为真或为假,希望这能带来你所追求的投资成功。是否有这种类型的创始人?是否是特拉华州的 C-Corp?啪啪啪啪啪啪啪,这些清单全是关于什么的?全是关于压制 beta 的。是关于避免可避免的错误,是关于带来稳定性。Jeff Lewis 是一位投资人,他对很多事情有很多独到的见解,我认为他最经久不衰的一个说法是”叙事违规”(narrative violations)——这个想法认为,每一个取得超常成功的公司都必须在某种程度上违反常识。这是绝对正确的。当我给出这些关于硅谷模式的总体观察时,最成功的企业不可避免地会在那个清单上的某一项重要内容上有所违反。
所以 Notion,你作为创业者无法复制 Notion 的成功。你无法复制,因为你不是 Ivan。你无法复制,因为你不是 Notion。你无法复制,因为他们创立公司的时候不是 2010 年。自己算算。实际上是 2011 年。这些人坚持了下来。他们经历了地狱。他们做了 pivot。他们去了日本,穿着和服冥想他们要构建什么,费尽千辛万苦走到了今天,成为了一家极其成功的企业,处在一个极其艰难的市场中——在生产力领域做生意几乎是不可能的,那个市场被 Google 和 Microsoft 主导。在那个市场中开辟出自己的地盘简直是不可想象的。所以我看待 Notion 的成功,是通过叙事违规的视角——即坚持。我不认为这对他们团队中的很多人来说是个好主意。我把它看作是创始团队及其特异性的产物,是 Ivan 对工艺的绝对执着。这就是他。这是他的特质。
Takeaway 不是放弃或不放弃。Takeaway 绝对不是去模仿 Notion 的做法。Takeaway 是,每一家公司的成功都建立在创始人的特异性之上。创始人的特异性。Rippling 成功的原因几乎与 Notion 成功的原因截然相反,但在两种情况下,这些公司都是建立在创始人的特异性之上而成功的。所以拥抱这一点,认识到这些特异性——这就是优秀投资人做的事。他们在一笔候选投资中发现那种尖锐和卓越的元素,并将其转化为承诺,当然,优秀的投资人也接受宇宙给予他们的回报。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很高兴我们聊到了这个方向。我原本没打算谈论你的投资生涯。只是想让听众有一个理由去听这段内容,也许倒回去重听一下。我想再问一个关于投资的问题。你早期还投资了哪些公司?
投资组合中的失败
Matt MacInnis: 首先,好吧,我其实挺讨厌这个问题的。你问我”还投资了哪些公司”?问题本身很合理,但麻烦在于,我肯定会列出一堆我投中了的、非常知名的公司。所以与其直接回答这个问题……这样吧,我先给你点诱饵。我是 Notion 最早的投资人之一。也许是最早的,我不确定,你可以去问 Ivan。Clever,退出回报很好。我也是 Zenefits 最早的投资人之一,你应该听说过。
Lenny Rachitsky: 听说过。
Matt MacInnis: 在加入之前,我也是 Rippling 最早的投资人之一,然后最近还投了……有个挺有趣的:我是 Dooly 最早的投资人之一,不知道你听没听过。
我成功退出了那个头寸,然后希望那家公司因为他们的犯罪行为归零吧,不过无所谓了。更近一些的,如果你知道 Decagon 的话,他们在 AI 领域做了一些非常酷的事情。
Lenny Rachitsky: 做得非常出色。
Matt MacInnis: 我还投了 Layr。很好。以上是一些你也许听说过的公司。但是,我还投过 Macro,创始人是 Derek Lee。Macro 已经倒闭了。我投了 Debrief,Ned Rockson 创办的,也倒闭了。我投了 Verb Data,David Hertz 创办的,倒闭了。我在照着清单念。我投了……多少家来着?根据我用来追踪的这份清单,70 家公司,其中大多数归零了。而那些创始人每一个都很棒,每一个都很出色,每一个都投入了大量精力去建设自己的企业,然后归零了,但那些关系依然长久。
我可以给其中任何一个人打电话——也许 Dooly 例外——找他们帮个忙都没问题……其中有几位后来……其实很多人加入了 Rippling,信不信由你。所以我不知道。“我投了哪些公司”是一份很长的名单,我更愿意给你列举那些已经不存在的公司名字,因为只列出成功的是自我吹嘘,是一种恶劣的幸存者偏差。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我喜欢这个回答。我觉得你太谦虚了,因为你的命中率显然非常高。在 VC 行业,70 家里有一两家极其成功的公司就已经算赢了,所以你的成绩相当好。而且我觉得这是一个非常重要的视角。当你看到人们网站上挂着他们投资过的所有公司的 logo 时,你根本不知道他们有过多少次挥空。
Matt MacInnis: 我觉得让别人给出完整名单是一种好的实践。是的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你最喜欢的失败投资有哪些?
Matt MacInnis: 噢,不。我其实不……好吧。
Lenny Rachitsky: 嗯,显然,不,我们不需要在这上面花时间,但我确实觉得这是个好问题。不过,你最棒的那些失败投资是什么?给我看看那些没做成的公司的 logo。
Matt MacInnis: 这是个很有料的问题。是的。
复利、幂律与熵
Lenny Rachitsky: 在这个领域有一个我想花时间聊的话题,而且我从来没听任何人用这种方式思考过,就是你谈到的”复利加幂律加熵”这个概念,以及它如何构成一个理解商业的极有用的框架。
Matt MacInnis: 你在这次对话开头引用了那句”非凡的结果需要非凡的投入”,向 Dan Gill 致敬,而我们现在谈的这些与之密切相关。天哪,理解宇宙的本质,是在其中行事的一个相当好的方式。幂律分布无处不在。它解释了为什么极少数人掌握了如此多的财富。它解释了为什么 Steph Curry 比篮球名单上紧随其后的那个人强出那么多。它解释了为什么全球人口集中在相对少数的几个超大城市中。幂律分布就是在各个地方反复出现,而一旦你看到了,你就再也看不到别的了。它在很多动态中都会体现出来。
人们往往以为世界遵循的是更线性的关系,X 轴和 Y 轴之间大致是 Y 等于 X 的关系,但事实绝非如此,其影响是深远的。意思是,如果你把一个东西做到 80% 或 90%,Y 轴几乎还没动。你还没有触及回报的拐点。所以幂律更广泛的影响是,处于前 10%、前 5% 的人,得到的不是多 10% 或 20% 的回报,而是 10 倍或 100 倍的回报。这是非常戏剧性的。
熵,热力学第二定律,是一个非常简单的概念。它就是你的袜子抽屉变乱的原因。它是路面上出现坑洞的原因。它是我们必须投入大量精力来维护我们乘坐的飞机以确保安全的原因,因为那些飞机真的、真的、真的想要散架,这就是事物的本性。如果你让一座城市荒废几个月,它就开始衰败。所以熵就是这个概念:事物趋向于无序。
宇宙——我是说,生命本身就是对抗熵的一场暂时的胜利。你我本不该存在。太阳把能量输送给地球,它组织出我们可以摄取的物质,我们与熵抗争,直到在某处输掉这场战斗,如我之前所说,如果我们幸运的话,在七十岁或八十岁。这跟产品有什么关系?这其实关乎投入。
对抗熵的唯一解药,对抗系统衰败的唯一解药,就是能量。你必须注入能量。如果你有一个代码库,你添加到那个代码库中的每一行代码都增加了那个系统的熵,并且需要人类投入越来越多的精力去维护它,以确保它不会出问题。如果你想成就卓越,如果你想获得非凡的结果,特别是如果你想进入 X 轴的前 10%、前 5%,从而使 Y 轴冲破天际,那么你必须在每一步都毫不松懈地注入能量。令人遗憾的是,正因为我们都是人,团队总是会优先选择局部舒适而非公司结果。
不是因为他们会聚在一起想”我们应该这么做”——虽然工会确实会明确地、故意地这么做——但即使是一群产品经理或工程师,随着时间推移,熵会悄悄渗入,人们会开始优化局部舒适。作为高管、作为领导者,你的工作是每天与这种熵殊死搏斗。这意味着,每次你看到一个 bug,每次你看到一个 bug,不是大多数时候,是每次——你都要把它丢到产品经理或工程经理面前,每次都是,最好是公开地。这意味着,每次有人来找你说要招一个人,并且说他们跳过了背调,每次你都要说”你不做背调就不能招这个人”。这意味着,当你在任何流程中进入了敷衍和疲倦状态时,作为高管,你必须要求第 99 百分位的能量投入,否则熵就会悄悄渗入,系统就会衰败。你必须这样做。
传递强度的方式
Matt MacInnis: 最近在我们的大型高管……也就是我们大约每 18 个月举办一次的、面向前 75 名管理者的 offsite 活动上,我传达的一个信息是提醒大家:如果企业中最纯粹的野心形式、最纯粹也最强烈的能量来源是创始人 CEO,那么创始人 CEO 之外的每一圈管理层层级,强度都有可能下降一个数量级。这是非常危险的,因为如果你往下走两层,信号的强度就下降了两个数量级,那这个组织就严重失灵了。所以我对团队说的是,你的工作不是为团队挡住 CEO 的强度,而是要绝对地镜像那种强度。
你周围有大量的人会主张放松。你下面有无限多的人会为其他团队成员挡住这种高强度的要求。你的工作不是去做那个缓冲垫。你的工作是把这个强度保持在最高水平,让缓冲在别处发生。关键就在于,熵会在你的雷达之外、悄无声息地、缓慢地渗入系统,你必须每时每刻保持那种强度来与之搏斗,如果你想在支配我们所构建的一切结果的幂律分布中占据最右端的话。
Lenny Rachitsky: 那种传递强度的做法具体是什么样的?感觉是什么样的?看起来是什么样的?比如说 Parker 找你,“这个 bug 太烂了,我屏幕崩了。“你剁手指——也许那个例子更贴切。
好吧,手指还在。十个都在。
Matt MacInnis: 我给你一些具体的例子。实际上,我在给团队做演示时开了个玩笑,我演示文稿的下一页配上了一个音效——Slack huddle 的声音——而 Parker 在 Slack 里的头像是他用的那个通用黄色……
Lenny Rachitsky: 那个鸡蛋?
Matt MacInnis: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哦,哇。
Matt MacInnis: 很有趣,所以所有人都知道那个黄鸡蛋就是 Parker。演示文稿的下一页就是”嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟”,Slack 有人打电话给你的那个声音,然后是”Parker Conrad 邀请你加入 huddle”,再下一页是”Parker Conrad 在示范个人强度”。这个意思是,懂的人自然懂——如果你曾经被拖进那种……”我现在就要谈这个该死的问题,不管你在做什么,除非你在面试,我都要你过来跟我对话。“那种强度就是它发挥作用的一个场景。
Rippling 的每一个产品团队——我们现在有很多——都有公开的反馈频道。我在使用那些产品时发现的所有问题,我都会在频道里密集地发出来,为所有人示范,至少这是我期望的工作方式:“我不喜欢这个。我不理解这个。告诉我为什么是这样。“砰砰砰砰砰,然后大家就会跳进来回应。我之前提到的工厂检验流程,就是在装配线的末端,我拿着 pickle Rick 跳出来,讨论所有细节。你必须为产品中每一个主要流程录制一个 loom 视频。我亲自审看每一个流程,我今天还有一堆积压要赶上去,并且在公开频道中给人们提供反馈,这样其他所有产品经理和工程经理都能跳进来,看到流程在其他团队中是如何运作的。
做一个不 chill 的老板
Matt MacInnis: 这就是关于公开地示范强度,让其他人能说”好的,我们这里就是这样做事的”,也让收到信息的团队产生一种反应——你必须每时每刻注入那种能量,没有例外。团队的反应不是”哎呀,太累了”。反应是”哦,太令人振奋了”。太棒了,听到我们要去实现这些伟大的成果——或者至少我们有机会去尝试——而且你授权我跟随我的本能,去真正追求最好的结果。
大家普遍的反应是”啊,终于我可以放开去拼了,太好了”,因为没有任何一个处于领导职位的人想要 chill。有什么比一个 chill 的老板更糟糕的?不,不要给一个 chill 的老板打工。不要做一个 chill 的老板。这是我能给你最贬义的评价了。chill 老板或者 chill 产品经理。不要 chill。chill 什么都干不成。要 intensity。要优秀,要尊重他人,要 intensity。不要 chill。
Lenny Rachitsky: 再强调一下,这个建议回到我们最开始说的——这就是成功的样子,因为比你更不 chill 的人会找到那个裂缝,然后冲进你的市场。是这个意思吗?
Matt MacInnis: 当然。再说一遍,如果你 chill,把 X 轴往下移 10 或 20 个点,Y 轴就会崩塌。它不是只下降 10%、20%。Y 轴会崩塌。这在我们所做的一切中基本都是如此。所以,如果你想赢,你大概应该试着去赢。
生活方式生意的陷阱
Lenny Rachitsky: 这就是我常对那些想做生活方式生意的人说的。总有人想”我要做一个副业,搞被动收入,太棒了”。但根据我的经验,任何时候只要有一个市场或者某个有利可图的机会出现,总有人会比你更努力、融更多的钱冲过来,你能维持的时间是有限的。
Matt MacInnis: 嗯,关于杠杆这个概念,可以再录一整期播客了。如果你卖的是时间,你一天只有 24 小时可以给。但如果你能创造一个可扩展的产品,比如软件,每增加一个单位产品的边际成本为零,那竞争会很激烈。卖时间的话,竞争力不会太强,但一旦达到那种杠杆水平,市场会非常高效。
不要吝于反馈
Lenny Rachitsky: 在结束关于强度和为一切注入能量这个话题之前,我听到关于你的一个说法是,你非常重视升级。你大力提倡把问题升级,同时你也总是告诉人们永远不要不给你负面反馈,永远要分享反馈,不要隐瞒任何事情。跟我聊聊这两点。
Matt MacInnis: 从根本上说,对一个人隐瞒反馈是你能做的最自私的事。当你这样做的时候,你在为谁优化?当你想到一个可以帮助某人改进的想法,却因为让自己不舒服而避免说出来,你在优化什么?你在优化自己的舒适,而这从根本上说是自私的。这是你能做的最自私的事情——因为自己不想不舒服,就扣留本可以对别人有用的反馈。但这不是高绩效团队运作的方式。所以我要求反馈,我也给予反馈。这不意味着我给反馈的时候不允许质疑或讨论——当然可以——但当我观察到什么,我会尽量说出来。这是关于反馈的部分。
这其中让我觉得有趣的是,人们会隐瞒、不升级,客户也会隐瞒。客户不想向我这个高管升级。甚至那些使用了 Rippling 的我所投资的创始人,出问题时也不太愿意找我,因为他们不想打扰我。但这确实是我的工作,确实是我的工作——去发现问题,去改善它们,并且通过改善那些具体的问题,去迭代流程,让构建系统的那个系统本身变得更好。
Matt MacInnis: 作为产品高管,对我来说没有比收到客户升级更大的礼物了。我们在 Rippling 有一个升级处理团队,听起来有点奇怪,但这些人特别擅长在公司内部”拿枪指着”其他同事,逼他们找到真正的根因——真正的根因。不是那种随口说一句”根因”就糊弄过去的,比如”哦,我们修了数据错误,关掉工单”。不是的。你要去找出产生数据错误的软件,然后找出产生那个软件的系统,然后把这一切从底层到顶层全部解决掉。
Rippling 的升级团队在这方面做得极其出色。所以我们有一个专门的小团队来做这件事。升级是一份礼物。如果你现在正在听这个播客,而且你是 Rippling 的客户,有什么你觉得我们应该知道的问题——即使你可能觉得我已经知道了——那也不是你扣留反馈这份礼物的理由。这是我每天对待这件事的态度。我手边有一小列东西,是过去几天里一些人反映的小问题和 knits,我都排在待办事项里了,今天我会直接带给产品团队,说”我想了解一下这里发生了什么。“不是以负面的方式。我只是觉得如果我们研究一下这件事,大家都会变得更好。所以,升级是一份礼物,这样的反馈是一份礼物,当他们这样做的时候,从来没有人是在给我添麻烦。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对于正在听这个节目、觉得”天哪,这太紧张、太高压了,我不知道自己想不想这样工作”的人,给他们讲讲 Rippling 到底有多成功吧。我想很多人可能甚至没听说过 Rippling。也有很多人会说”是的,它做得不错。“你能分享一些公开的或非公开的信息,让大家了解这家企业已经变得有多庞大吗?
Matt MacInnis: 外界看 Rippling,我觉得他们会把我们看作薪酬和人力资源之类的公司,这也挺好的。这就有点像说微软是一家桌面操作系统公司——或者说,每家公司都从某个地方起步。
……系统公司什么的。每家公司都从某个地方起步,然后从那里向外生长。我们把自己看作是在打造历史上最成功的商业软件平台。事实上,这就是我们产品组织的使命宣言,在公司整体使命宣言——“让聪明人自由地去解决难题”——的框架之下。当你把我们今天的所处位置和我们正在走向的目标做一个对照,就会明白我们确实深信:每一个工作流的核心,以及一家公司必须做的每一件事——无论是 AI 驱动的还是传统的基于 GUI 的软件——都围绕着一个核心问题:谁在做这件事,谁负责,谁承担责任?所以人员记录(people record)是其中非常重要的一个组成部分。你可以说客户记录也同样重要,当然一些大企业也建立在这个原语之上,但我们认为人员这个原语实际上要重要得多。
而唯一没有被做到的事情是,还没有人足够有野心,在这个原语之上建立起一个出色的商业业务。Workday 的软件很糟糕,大家都同意这一点。我觉得 Workday 自己也同意这一点。祝他们好运。但事实上,尽管他们取得了一定的成功,他们未能基于人员这个原语构建一个真正广泛通用的商业软件平台。所以我们要来做这件事。
我们之所以成功,是因为我们在目前的规模上兑现了这一承诺。你能做到的事情……这不是在为 Rippling 做销售推介,也不是什么广告。我只是觉得这件事值得深思:当你把一堆分散的业务流程汇聚到一个系统里,建立在统一的业务数据图谱之上——对象图谱、数据湖、一致的界面——你能做出一些相当神奇的事情。
所以我们做薪酬,做 HCM,做 IT,做支出管理。我们即将在商业智能和数据管理品类中推出一款新产品。之后还有一大堆其他东西要来。然后你再把 AI 叠加在上面——只有我们,只有我们拥有你所有的业务数据,把它整理成这个整洁漂亮的包,上面还有一层漂亮的语义层。AI 就能创造奇迹。而我们在这一品类中至今发布的东西,与我们明年要展示的相比,完全不算什么。它将树立标杆。它将成为最……AI 在替用户读写数据时做出的那些令人叹为观止的动作,仅仅是在 Rippling 内部用例上,就已经让人惊掉下巴。所以我对这股顺风即将为我们带来的推动力超级兴奋。
你问我能分享什么关于公司成功的信息?我能说的是,现在有数以万计的公司在 Rippling 上运转。我们还不到市场的 1%。而 160 亿的市值,我认为从收入的角度看,远远低估了我们目前的位置。我们正在做的事情有巨大的上升空间。SaaS 在单点解决方案方面可能差不多已经死了,但在我们正在构建的东西上,SaaS 万岁。
Lenny Rachitsky: 让我顺着 AI 这个话题追问一下。现在有很多讨论说 AI 会取代 SaaS,也许你刚才也暗示了这一点。
Matt MacInnis: 是的。大家要靠 vibe coding 自己搞出一套薪酬系统来,我……祝那些公司的员工好运。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我从这里听到的是,你确实认为很多出售单一方案的 SaaS 公司有大麻烦了。这里隐含的答案是这种复合型创业公司的理念——你需要为用户做很多事情,他们才会继续为你的软件付费。是这个意思吗?
Matt MacInnis: 不完全是。我觉得核心意思是……有一句非常好的话,我忘了是谁说的,但它是这样的:“在软件行业赚钱有两种方式,打包和拆开。“你只需要把握对的时机。所以现在是一个打包的时期。问题在于:在 AI 时代,单点解决方案没有足够的数据来发挥作用。你需要能够给 AI 提供大量关于大量数据的上下文,这样它才能做事。它能做关联查询,能做相关性分析。
所以如果你是一个单点解决方案,你就处于困境之中,因为你现在不得不依赖来自其他来源的数据。你必须去集成第三方系统。而当你集成第三方系统时,即使最好的那些也仍然像用吸管喝数据一样——这是一个真正的问题。我是说,你能想到的最大的 HCM 软件公司,集成到你能想到的最大的薪酬软件公司时,是通过 SFTP 传扁平文件。他们能怎么办?他们能怎么办?根本行不通。完全没办法。所以我确实不知道他们该怎么办。我猜他们就是不打算做 AI 软件了。单点 SaaS 确实处境艰难,尤其是当你把两个非常重要的系统拆开,然后说它们必须集成的时候。这是非常非常困难的。
AI 软件的中间层困境
关于这个世界——不只是 SaaS,还包括 AI 软件——我还想说的另一件事是,单点解决方案在 AI 世界中也同样处境艰难,原因相同。就好比,如果你在卖铲子,像 OpenAI 和做 Gemini 的 Google,你能赚钱。如果你拥有矿脉,像 Rippling 这样拥有数据的,你也能赚钱。但如果你处于中间地带——做 AI 软件,使用铲子供应商的铲子,同时又需要租用矿脉,或者从别人的矿里挖出矿石来提炼——从经济角度看,你的处境就非常困难。因为铲子供应商和矿主这两方都不会允许你在他们的基础上建立大生意。
事情不会是那样运作的。他们会要求获取价值,而那个要求会压垮你的单位经济效益(unit economics)。所以我审视我见过的 AI 公司版图,我认为你必须拥有一个真正持久的、有趣的洞察,才有可能获得可行的单位经济效益,成为一个有意思的生意。这将淘汰掉我目前所见的独立 AI 公司中的 80% 到 90%。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我从中听到的是……我很喜欢你在我理解偏差的时候纠正我,这正是我想要的。我听到的是,关键不在于构建 SaaS 产品有多难,而在于你是否拥有第一方数据,让你能够在已有产品之上构建出色的 AI 产品。是这个意思吗?
Matt MacInnis: 对。因为你看,SaaS 软件本质上就是比特翻转(bit flipping)。所有 SaaS 软件应用都是比特翻转器。它就是一个改变——
Lenny Rachitsky: 你的数据库?
Matt MacInnis: 没错,就是改变数据库里的值,这就是它做的事。这是一个非常难的问题。Rippling 的一个超级能力是我们是一台硬币分拣器。你把两万美元从顶部倒进去用于一个员工,它会算出多少钱给政府,多少钱给医疗保险,多少钱给 401(k),多少钱给你。它必须非常可靠、无缝地完成所有资金的流动,这是非常有挑战性的软件——构建和管理都很困难。但它在做什么?即使那样,也不过是在翻转数据库里的比特。所以 AI 是一种新的翻转比特的方式。AI 就是一种新的翻转比特的方式。希望是一种让我们可以少动点脑筋的方式,因为我们的未来就是《机器人总动员》(Wally)。会很棒的。
《机器人总动员》趣谈
Lenny Rachitsky: 说到《机器人总动员》,我其实有一台 Matic Robot。你有吗?
Matt MacInnis: 嗯哼。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这东西基本上就是一台自动驾驶机器人,一辆自动驾驶车。有人造了这台机器人来打扫房子。我可能没提过,它是一台满屋子跑的清洁机器人。
Matt MacInnis: 哦,好的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 就像 Roomba 一样。你应该来一台。挺贵的,但酷极了。其实在《机器人总动员》里有一个场景,基本就有长得像这玩意儿的东西。所以那部电影并不是那么不着边际。
Matt MacInnis: 那部电影确实非常有先见之明,也许除了那些反重力躺椅。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。那可不好说,不过那可不是什么好消息。你看过那部电影。哎,天哪。所以关于 AI,我听到的是我们会看到更多的整合——那些单点解决方案公司会意识到它们需要这些数据。这是存亡攸关的,它们会去组合、合并、打包,如你所说?
Matt MacInnis: 有可能。
Lenny Rachitsky: 或者至少目前如此。
Matt MacInnis: 我在这方面不是专家。我觉得有一些非常有意思的投资人在深入思考这些问题。特别是 Conviction 的 Mike Fornell 和 Sarah Guo。我认为这两位投资人是高度聚焦于 AI 的。当初他们决定采取那个方向的时候,我那时觉得有点窄。现在我明白了,不不不,那是对的。这意味着他们在看过硅谷每一笔 AI 交易的过程中,形成了一套非常非常非常深入的一系列假设。这个问题问他们比我更合适。而且如果你是创业者,我向你推荐他们,因为他们真的很聪明。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。我很喜欢他们。另外,Sarah 和 Elad 有一个播客叫 No Priors,我也推荐一下。我们会在节目备注中放上链接。所以关于 AI,你觉得还有什么对正在这个领域创业的创始人来说特别有帮助的?你觉得他们需要怎么做才能在 AI 公司中胜出?
Matt MacInnis: 太多了。说实话,如果我现在给你这个问题的答案,那就是在扯淡。是的。我没有什么……回到我之前说的,我没有足够的抽象层面的相关经验可以在一个播客上就这个话题给出建议,但我祝他们好运。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我喜欢这个。回到你自己的建议——不要问建议,问相关经验。我喜欢你的第一反应就是指向这一点。
AI Quarter:日常中的 AI 应用
接下来我们进入 AI Quarter,这是本播客的一个固定环节。问题很简单:你在日常工作中发现 AI 在哪一方面对你有用?它是否在某种程度上解锁了你的工作方式?
Matt MacInnis: 嗯,这不是什么特别令人兴奋的事,但我会说我使用的方式……作为高管,我承担的最重要的职能之一是综合想法,以及非常清晰地将这些想法传达给他人。所以当我谈到产品质量清单和那个 pickle 的概念——作为我们内部产出的东西——我确实会用到 AI,ChatGPT 和 Gemini。我会把一个话题的非常有棱角的看法给 AI——其实是我把文章写好给 AI 看,然后说:“看,这是我想传达的清晰理念,帮我想出简洁有力的表达方式。“它输出的 80% 都是垃圾。就是那种中规中矩的、平庸的、低 alpha 的废料。
但它是一个思考伙伴,一个不带评判的思考伙伴。在那 20% 的输出中,我会觉得,嗯,挺不错。那个词我没想过。确实有点击中这个概念的核心。所以如果我相信我的工作是把大家的思维带上某段变革之旅,那么最重要的工具就是语言。我确实发现 ChatGPT 和 Gemini 在帮助我提炼如何表达想要传达的概念方面做得很好。它们在产生想法本身方面并没有用。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是个很棒的技巧。不知道你有没有用过 Claude,但我其实发现 Claude 在写作和文字语言方面更出色。
Matt MacInnis: 我还没有深入使用过 Claude。我用过,但借着这次对话,我大概会去试试。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。它们都很好,但 Claude 在写作方面确实有些特别之处,明显更好。不过它们都在不断进步,总有新东西。
Matt,我们聊了非常多,涵盖了我希望涉及的所有话题。在我们进入非常精彩的闪电问答之前,你还有什么想分享的,或者想触及的,或者想留给听众的?
Matt MacInnis: 对。我们花了很多时间谈论强度和苦干,谈论必须始终保持在第 99 百分位。我觉得如果你孤立地听这些,很容易认为那种强度是令人窒息的,是一种负面因素,也许是你不想要的东西。而我觉得有一个我今天没有谈到的、但我觉得值得分享的底线,那就是——生活是美好的。我们所有人都存在于这颗蓝色弹珠上,漂移在时空之中;我们每个人都是意识某种奇异的具象化;你在这里的时间如此短暂,削着你的木棍,做着你该做的事——如果你记住我们是多么微不足道,这一切是多么微不足道,这反而会给你所做的事、给我们投入建设这份事业的工作带来一种轻松感。
因为 2025 年的硅谷就是文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨。这太疯狂了。此时此刻,在这个地方,为我们这个物种所涌现的创造力、疯狂的发明和进步,在整个人类历史上绝对是无与伦比的。你必须拉远视角,去欣赏那种魔力。然后你转过身来,心想,操,周五晚上我还得加班,对吧?我得全力以赴,我得去商业竞技场上竞争。
你必须永远不要忘记,第一,这一切都不重要。第二,我们能活着做这件事,是一个绝对美丽而奇妙的现象。所以,去打这场比赛吧,倾尽全力去打,但永远不要忘记它只是一场比赛,这一切都不重要。我觉得这是我们之前谈论的强度的一个非常重要的对照。
Lenny Rachitsky: 说得太好了。
Matt MacInnis: 我会想到”暗淡蓝点”,Carl Sagan 的那整套东西。那是一张令人震撼的照片,当我看到它时,它确实改变了我对自我身份的认知。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,换一个完全不同的话题——Matt,我们来到了非常精彩的闪电问答环节。
Matt MacInnis: 好。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,五个问题。准备好了吗?
Matt MacInnis: 好。
闪电问答:推荐书籍
Lenny Rachitsky: 开始。你最常推荐给别人的是哪两三本书?
Matt MacInnis: 好。两三本。你提前给了我预告,所以我准备了一下。第一本是《Conscious Business》。我没把它带在身边,因为它在办公室——因为我们在 Rippling 有一个 Conscious Business 读书会。我目前的产品领导团队每一位成员都在读这本书。Conscious Business,Fred Kofman 写的。这本书在很多企业中被使用,其中最著名的是 LinkedIn,作为一套思考框架——本质上,它是一本关于人类的使用手册。如果你是一位领导者、管理者、高管,或者任何角色,特别是二三十岁的年轻人,第一次摸索当 CEO 或产品领导者的感觉,这本书绝对是他妈的金子。这是 Sequoia 的 Bryan Schreier 推荐给我的,当时他在我上一家公司的董事会里。我花了太长时间才采纳他的建议,真希望自己早点读。强烈推荐《Conscious Business》,它会改变你的人生。
第二本,《Thinking in Systems》,Donna Meadows。我总是读错她的名字——Donella Meadows。她在写这部手稿的过程中去世了,她的同事教授们接手帮她完成了这本书。这是关于系统如何运作的最好的通用思维框架。读完这本书后,你会把其中的思维推演到生活的方方面面。
第三本则是经典的 1960 年代作品,《The Effective Executive》。它有点年代感了。书里用了一些现在看来很奇怪的代词来称呼秘书和高管,你可以猜猜是哪些。但这本书本身充满了简单而持久的建议,关于如何有效地领导团队。真正好的东西是那些已经出版了 70 年还在印的,这就是其中之一。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太棒了。我喜欢第一本——你没有把它带在身边,是因为你一直在和团队一起用。你在我们开始录音前某个时刻提到过,你有八本那本书,到处送人。
Matt MacInnis: 对,我们像发糖一样发那本书。
闪电问答:影视与产品
Lenny Rachitsky: 好。有没有最近特别喜欢的电影或电视剧?
Matt MacInnis: 有。我对这个回答有点不好意思,但我会说实话。
Lenny Rachitsky: 请说。
Matt MacInnis: 有一部新剧叫 Heated Rivalry,讲的是……我是加拿大人,也是同性恋,所以这很对我的胃口。它讲的是两个冰球运动员,在加拿大,棕熊队和枫叶队之间的死敌——虽然他们没用那些真名——在冰上是不共戴天的对手。全世界都在关注这场对决,但实际上他们暗地里互相爱上了对方,然后开始偷偷约会。媒体评价这部剧是”色但不失趣味”,我觉得这个评价很准确。所以它可能不是所有人都适合,但现在是一部爆款。在 HBO Max 和 Crave 上可以看,只有六集。但就像我说的,有点不好意思,因为它有点俗,但非常有趣。看到同性恋者在媒体中被呈现为普通人,这也真的很令人愉快,很有意思。
Lenny Rachitsky: 如果收购案通过的话,很快也会上 Netflix。
Matt MacInnis: 哦,对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太疯狂了。太棒了。好。有没有最近发现的、你特别喜欢的产品?
Matt MacInnis: 我的 Fellow 咖啡机。我太爱我的 Fellow 咖啡机了。它有一个界面,让你选择浅焙、中焙、深焙,会相应调整温度。它会预浸咖啡粉,会告诉你往滤篮里放多少克咖啡,界面流畅,咖啡品质高。绝对是棒极了。所以我让 Ashley 在办公室放了一台,家里一台,车库一台。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。这确实是最爱没错了。你在同一个空间里有三台。
Matt MacInnis: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哦不,在办公室。好的。
Matt MacInnis: Fellow 也是 Rippling 的客户,这是一个不错的附带好处,当我们可以……
Lenny Rachitsky: 他们有没有把什么问题升级到你这里?
Matt MacInnis: 没有。如果你在听这个节目,而且你是 Fellow 的人,我想听听你们所有的不满。
Lenny Rachitsky: 完美。还有两个问题。你有没有最喜欢的人生格言,在工作和生活中经常回想的?
闪电问答:人生格言
Matt MacInnis: 这是一个比较黑暗的格言,我分享它一半是因为它的幽默感,但其实有时候它确实很实用,至少在那一刻能让你会心一笑。这句话来自我爸,他说:“Matt,生活中没有什么事情糟到不可能变得更糟。“就像昨天我们在工作中遇到了一些破事,我们就说,“操,这又来了。“然后我看着 CTO 说,“兄弟,没有什么事情糟到不可能变得更糟。“我们笑了一阵,然后继续做好准备迎接接下来可能发生的一切。所以不算特别振奋人心,但用起来很有趣。
Lenny Rachitsky: 不,这其实挺振奋人心的。我是一个乐观主义者,我经常和我妻子这么想——“还能更糟的,这已经不算最糟了。“确实。其实……
Matt MacInnis: 而且说不定真的会到那一步。
结尾与告别
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以让我们好好享受这个”还没更糟”的版本吧。最后一个问题。你之前跟我提过,你年轻的时候当过 DJ。能不能给我们来一小段 DJ 的嗓音,让大家感受一下你的功力?
Matt MacInnis: 好吧,首先纠正一下,不是 DJ,Lenny,是电台主持人。没错,我以前播过史上最伟大的金曲——60 年代、70 年代、80 年代的,再加一点 90 年代的,101.5 The Hawk。对,你可以打开听听。虽然不太地道,但在电台里听起来效果很好。很酷。我在高中时做的,临上大学前最后做了中午时段的节目。这是一份多么大的礼物啊——在我最关键的成长阶段,培养了在麦克风前自如表达的能力,因为你看,今天就用上了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我特别想让那些没在看 YouTube 视频的听众知道,你刚才整个人凑到麦克风特别近,就为了发出那个电台主持人的嗓音。
Matt MacInnis: 对,你得能听到嘴里的口水声才行。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太厉害了,而且完全是同一个人在说话。如果你没在看视频,你会想,“这家伙从哪冒出来的?“太棒了,你拿捏得死死的。Matt,这期太精彩了。非常感谢你能来,也非常感谢你分享了这些我在别处从未听过的建议。最后两个问题——你有没有什么想推广的、想让大家关注的?以及听众怎样才能帮到你?
Matt MacInnis: 这么说吧,我的人生就是 Rippling。我把大家指向那里,这是我毕生的事业。它会是一个重磅产品,敬请期待。你能帮到我的方式是——如果你是客户,遇到问题一定要告诉我,因为这就是我们变得更好的方式。
Lenny Rachitsky: 怎么联系到你?有没有什么地方你想让大家去找你的?
Matt MacInnis: 在 Twitter 上私信我就行,账号是 @stanine。你也可以发邮件到我的姓@rippling.com,我可以做到这一步,但不给手机号。怎么样?
Lenny Rachitsky: 完美的边界。
Matt MacInnis: 嗯。
Lenny Rachitsky: Matt,非常感谢你来。
Matt MacInnis: 我的荣幸。谢谢你邀请我,Lenny,也祝贺你播客取得的所有成功。很棒。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你也是。在一期对话结束的时候,当你心里想”我得买点那个股票,我得加入 Rippling”——这总是一个好迹象。
Matt MacInnis: 值得买入。
Lenny Rachitsky: 做得太好了。
Matt MacInnis: 推荐——
Lenny Rachitsky: 150 亿。
Matt MacInnis: 对,但你……
Lenny Rachitsky: 你可是很难请到的。好了,兄弟。非常感谢。
Matt MacInnis: 谢谢。
Lenny Rachitsky: 非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评价,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这档播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| 401(k) | 401(k)(美国雇主赞助的退休储蓄计划) |
| AI Quarter | AI Quarter(播客固定环节名) |
| alpha | alpha(此处指独到的、非共识的见解或信息优势) |
| Ashley | Ashley(Matt 提及的同事/助理) |
| back channel | 背调(招聘中通过非正式渠道了解候选人的做法) |
| batting practice | 击球练习(此处比喻反复练习积累经验的隐喻) |
| binding receptors | 结合受体(生物学中药物与靶点结合的受体,此处用于比喻市场对产品的需求) |
| bit flippers | 比特翻转器 |
| bit flipping | 比特翻转(软件改变数据库中值的比喻) |
| Brian Chesky | Brian Chesky(Airbnb 联合创始人兼 CEO) |
| Bryan Schreier | Bryan Schreier(Sequoia 合伙人) |
| business data graph | 业务数据图谱 |
| cap table | cap table(公司的股权结构表/资本化表) |
| Carl Sagan | Carl Sagan(美国天文学家、科普作家) |
| Carvana | Carvana(美国汽车电商平台) |
| Chardonnay | 霞多丽(白葡萄酒品种) |
| coin sorter | 硬币分拣器(比喻 Rippling 的资金自动分配功能) |
| Conviction | Conviction(Sarah Guo 创立的聚焦 AI 的投资机构) |
| Conway’s law | Conway 定律(“注定交付你的组织架构图”) |
| cruft | 臃肿(代码/系统中无用、冗余的部分) |
| Dan Gill | Dan Gill(Carvana 首席产品官) |
| data lake | 数据湖 |
| death march | death march(软件开发中指极度高压的项目冲刺) |
| dogfooding | dogfooding(公司内部使用自己开发的产品,即”吃自己的狗粮”) |
| Donella Meadows | Donella Meadows(《Thinking in Systems》作者) |
| Elad | Elad(投资人,No Priors 播客联合主持人) |
| entropy | 熵 |
| feature flag | feature flag(软件开发中用于控制功能启停的开关机制) |
| Fellow | Fellow(咖啡器具品牌) |
| flat file | 扁平文件 |
| Fred Kofman | Fred Kofman(《Conscious Business》作者) |
| Genentech | 基因泰克(美国生物技术公司) |
| HCM | HCM(人力资本管理,Human Capital Management) |
| heuristic | 启发式方法 |
| high order bit | 最高优先级(借自计算机中”最高有效位”的隐喻,指最关键的决定性因素) |
| Inking | Inking(Matt 于 2009 年创立的公司,2018 年出售给私募股权公司) |
| Ivan | Ivan(Notion 联合创始人) |
| Jeff Lewis | Jeff Lewis(投资人) |
| lightning round | 闪电问答 |
| locally optimized but globally incoherent | 局部优化但全局混乱 |
| Matic Robot | Matic Robot(家用清洁机器人产品) |
| Mike Fornell | Mike Fornell(投资人) |
| narrative violations | 叙事违规 |
| No Priors | No Priors(AI 主题播客节目) |
| nucleating event | 成核事件(此处指引发连锁反应的初始催化事件) |
| object graph | 对象图谱 |
| Parker | Parker(Rippling 的 CEO) |
| pickle Rick | pickle Rick(《瑞克和莫蒂》中的经典桥段) |
| pivot | pivot(创业中指战略方向转变) |
| point solution | 单点解决方案 |
| power law distribution | 幂律分布 |
| product-market fit | product-market fit(产品与市场需求高度匹配的状态) |
| Roomba | Roomba(iRobot 扫地机器人品牌) |
| Rorschach test | 罗夏墨迹测试(心理投射测验) |
| rubric | 评价标准 |
| second law of thermodynamics | 热力学第二定律 |
| seed investor | 种子投资人 |
| semantic layer | 语义层 |
| SFTP | SFTP(安全文件传输协议) |
| SPOTAC | SPOTAC(评估人才的六维框架:Smart、Passionate、Optimistic、Tenacious、Adaptable、Kind) |
| stack rank | 堆排(按优先级排列的列表) |
| Steph Curry | Stephen Curry(NBA 球星,此处保留原文写法) |
| Sunil | Sunil(Matt 提及的同事/伙伴) |
| survivorship bias | 幸存者偏差 |
| The Effective Executive | 《The Effective Executive》(Peter Drucker 著管理经典) |
| vibe coding | vibe coding(指通过自然语言描述让 AI 生成代码的开发方式) |
| Wally | 《机器人总动员》(Pixar 2008 年电影 WALL-E) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)