是什么区分了最高绩效的产品团队 | John Cutler (The Beautiful Mess)
What differentiates the highest-performing product teams | John Cutler (The Beautiful Mess)
Starting with Introspection
John Cutler: Let’s say you’re a founder and you’re trying to decide, should I invest more on processes, or should I invest more in people. The first thing is introspection. What do you believe in, really? What do you believe in, and what do the people around you believe in, and how can you be a coherent leader? And you know what? You can nudge yourself a little bit away from your happy plate, but you’re not going to go super far. You’re not going to go from like a process-driven meritocratic, X, Y, Z person all the way to like I’m going to start a collectivist company where everything is sort of a consensus decision to do that. You’re not going to do that. But I think it starts with self-awareness and then that’s how people form their authentic leadership vibe, and then they flex a little bit and then they embrace other perspectives.
Podcast Episode Introduction
Lenny: Welcome to Lenny’s Podcast. I’m Lenny, and my goal here is to help you get better at the craft of building and growing products. I interview world-class product leaders and growth experts to learn from their hard-won experiences building and scaling today’s most successful companies. Today my guest is John Cutler. John is one of the most prolific, beloved, and longtime writers and sharers of product wisdom online, and as you’ll hear at the start of this episode, thanks to his really unique role at Amplitude, he’s worked with a large percentage of product teams and product managers around the world. I’ve learned a lot from John’s writings over the years and share his stuff often, and so it was a real honor to chat in depth with John. I anticipated this would happen and it happened, this ended up being the longest episode I’ve done yet, and honestly, we could have kept going for a lot longer.
We chat about what differentiates the highest performing product teams from less well performing product teams, what it takes to create real change within a company, why you should be skeptical of frameworks and tools that you read about online, why all underperforming teams fail in similar ways but high performing teams succeed in many different ways, and so much more. I am confident you will love this episode and I cannot wait for you to hear it. With that, I bring you John Cutler after a short word from our wonderful sponsors.
John Cutler, welcome to the podcast.
John Cutler: Yeah, thanks for having me, Lenny.
Starting the Conversation
Lenny: I kind of know you as John Cutler. I feel weird to call you just John. Do you find that to be true, and also do people call you John Cuttlefish because of your Twitter handle?
John Cutler: Yeah, John Cuttlefish. There is this, I learned yesterday, there’s a DJ, a famous DJ called Jon Cutler without the H, so I don’t know if are people into house music knew that. Yeah, I think usually it just, like most Johns, it forms into Cutler or JC or something like that, but just John is good, yeah, for now, or Cuttlefish, you could just call me Cuttlefish. That’d be fine.
Amplitude’s Unique Role
Lenny: You said that actually, we were talking before this, you said you do some music, so is that DJ actually you?
John Cutler: No, but that would be really funny. In fact, the person yesterday who reached out over Twitter said, “Dude, I don’t know what you’re doing now in your career, but I really like your earlier work.” But that would’ve been pretty cool to be Jon Cutler, the DJ. I wrote songs and played rock music and stuff, not like a house DJ.
Data and Scale
Lenny: Okay, this could be the next phase of your career which we’ll talk a bit about. But let me just say that I’m so incredibly excited for this conversation. I’ve been hoping to do this for a long time, and now that you’re between gigs, we finally found an opportunity to do this, and I just have a feeling this is going to be one of the longest episodes we’ve done because there’s so much I want to ask you, and there’s so much interesting stuff that you’ve had access to and that I think that you can share. So, I hope you’re ready for potentially a marathon of an episode.
How Content is Created
John Cutler: Sure, yeah, I’m ready. This is exciting. I’m on vacation now between jobs, so this is the highlight of my day. We can go all day if you want.
Embracing the Mess
Lenny: All right. Eight hours. Let’s do it.
Three Perspectives on Product Advice
John Cutler: Terrific.
Differentiators of High-Performing Product Teams
Lenny: So, I was thinking that we start with a little bit about this unique role that you had at Amplitude which you just left after about four years, and what’s most interesting about it is it give you access to an incredible number of product teams and product managers, unlike anything else I’ve seen or any other role I’ve seen before. So, could you just talk a little bit about this role that you had at Amplitude, and what it was like to work with so many product teams and so many product managers?
Aligning Company Structure with Strategy
John Cutler: Yeah, absolutely. So, first off, I remember almost specifically the day that Sandhya from Amplitude reached out and was sort of floated this idea of this role to me, and I’m so grateful for Sandhya, and Justin, Matt Althauser, Spencer, the whole team, because it was really, it was really kind of a weird role from the beginning. They were starting to get more and more customers who were not traditional startups or kind of growth stage startups showing up, and they needed to figure out how to convey expertise and convey things to the broader product public in a way that would land with those companies, right? I guess, kudos to them thinking this weird idea could work. So, I’m really, really grateful for that.
But yeah, my official title was product evangelist. I don’t think that I super fit that role, but that was the title that we had, and basically my job was to wake up every morning and do things that would overlap Amplitude the product, but then help uplevel our customers, sort of uplevel the broader product community. I call them current customers and future customers. That’s how I woke up every day, I’m either talking to a current customer, I’m talking to a future customer. This product transformation’s happening all around the world, just means it’s a matter of time, eventually they’ll become Amplitude customers, so I should just try to make them awesome and try to help them with different expertise.
But my day-to-day was spent a lot advocating for different ways of working, doing coaching, doing workshops. I wrote the North Star Playbook in partnership with Jason who was a co-writer with that. We did a lot of one-to-one coaching sessions. I had these things called product therapy sessions when I would just wake up in the morning and just kind of soak in whatever problem people were having for the day. I did meet with hundreds and hundreds of people and did workshops for thousands and thousands of people and talks for more than that, tens of thousands, really, in terms of the talks. So, it was just a, yeah, crazy experience doing that. So, the technical details is I predominantly reported into marketing and product marketing, and then I did a stint actually where I was on our product team as we were sort of getting our education efforts going, ultimately we moved that over to customer success, and I went back to marketing. So, that’s the technical side of it, I reported into marketing.
But I do remember the day I arrived and probably a couple weeks later, we had our all hands annual kickoff, and there was a big presentation about our goal being the trusted expert, and that still resonates with me the whole time I was there that an evangelist is there to help uplevel the world with trusted expertise, and in a product like analytics product, there’s the product analytics, but then there’s whole other ways of working that overlap that. So, yeah, generally that was my role. It kind of is a crazy role, for sure.
Components of High-Performing Teams
Lenny: That is wild. You’re basically like a free product coach for product team. You just come in, help them uplevel the way they build product, and then Amplitude becomes… You need to figure out how to work with data, Amplitude can help you be more data informed. I imagine that’s kind of the general idea.
John Cutler: Yeah, it’s funny, I joke with our professional services team. I mean, so if you’re a SaaS company, I think sometimes you have a professional services team. At Amplitude, especially the way that we saw that is companies put money in and that sort of creates skin in the game. They’re really paying you less for the professional services and more for the accountability and the access to the expertise. So, I would joke with Jenna from that team that maybe we should have monetized all these workshops. I know Gibb and other people, they’re charging a good chunk for North Star workshops and here we were just kind of doing them for free.
So, ultimately, maybe there was another strategy there, but that we did those generally for free, and sometimes I kind of stuck my foot in it. In the middle of the pandemic at one point we were like, “What are we going to do? We can’t travel for workshops.” And I would put in my newsletter, “Hey, anyone want a workshop?” And then suddenly, our sales team, we had to grapple with what are we going to do with these 120 leads, how are we going to work with them. It was funny having to deal with it.
But yeah, in general, this is a unique role. I would definitely consider a SaaS company’s think about a role like this, but it’s really nuanced. We can share some links later as I reflected on what we did right and wrong, but ultimately, I think you shouldn’t rely on individual people. You should think of evangelists as almost like concentric circles of your community and some people who just happen to have more expertise. Look, our internal team’s amazing, Ibrahim, Justin, and Abbie, and when Sandhya was at the company, and just, everyone’s an advocate. Everyone’s a potential evangelist. It’s just that there’s only so many hours in the day. So, you could think of your community as just these concentric circles of evangelists and advocates. It’s just like how you design it right that does it. So, yeah, recommended. It’s a little tricky, but yeah, it was a cool move to do.
Talent vs. Culture Dilemma
Lenny: That sounds like a future post, how to do this in a different way where they don’t have a John Cutler in place. You said you worked with hundreds of teams. Maybe just give us some numbers roughly of how many companies have you worked with, how many product managers do you think you’ve spoken to in this career.
John Cutler: Oh geez.
Trade-offs: Talent, Process, and Market
Lenny: This phase of your career.
John Cutler: So, I think I did it… There might have been over the four years, maybe 800 one-on-ones, individual leader one-on-ones. I’m thinking it was at the peak, it was in one year’s 150 workshops and then overlapped in the next year, then between 200, but mostly the average maybe let’s say three or 400 workshops, a hundred a year. It’s heavy. And then there was these just general conference talks and other things that we’re doing. I tried to total, I exported all my Google Calendar invites, I tried to categorize all them at some point, but really also you have to think about it is that what we did with the North Star Playbook, it was truly a team effort at Amplitude.
We started to have our, I think it was Sandhya who needed to like, we had three days to go in to close a customer and they were looking for us for trusted expertise, and she pulled together this workshop and she came up with these three games of product which is a really tricky and cool way to describe how your North Star inputs and North Star should be, and it started this ball rolling, and then they wrote a blog post about it.
So, if you search North Star, you get to Sandhya’s post. It’s an amazing post, and then our CSM started to learn how to do it, and then we were like, “We should write a playbook for it.” And then it got to the point where if you go on LinkedIn, people are like, “We used,” and I made a whole point of saying we did not invent this thing, but people will say, “We use Amplitude’s North Star framework,” and I have to always chime in, like, “No, we did not invent that thing. You should go to Sean or you should go to any of these people who’ve done it in the past.” But yeah, the whole point is that a lot of this stuff was evolved over time. It wasn’t just some snap marketing campaign to do it.
Same thing are our retention playbooks and engagement playbooks. When I arrived at Amplitude, people would send pictures of those playbooks sitting on their desks and people thought, “Oh, it’s just this piece of marketing content. How did they pull it together?” I did some research and our CS team developed 110-page bulk of research from working directly with customers around retention engagement, then we had a PM and a great content writer, Archana, zero in and kind of make it palatable, then we did ARC for it. So, it didn’t just magically appear. People think that these artifacts that Amplitude has just magically appeared, but they were just… It’s a company filled with passionate experts of these things, and it was like tested, iterated, tested, iterated, expanded, tested, put into motion, put into practice, and that’s how you create these kind of franchise cornerstone pieces of content for your company. You don’t just snap your fingers one day. So, anyway, I wanted to point that out. Huge group effort for all these things.
Values and Culture as the Foundation
Lenny: How does it feel to have left Amplitude at this point? I imagine you’re going through some rollercoaster emotions.
John Cutler: Oh geez. Well, the immense amount of gratitude, definitely, mention that, wonderful people, wonderful customers. Just imagine like if you’re a product nerd, one day you’re with Amazon, one day you’re with Ikea, one day you’re with LEGO, one day you’re with Intercom, then you’re with a two-person startup, and then you’re with Figma. So, really, once in a lifetime experience to be able to do that. In fact, if I had been a paid consultant, I never would’ve been able to do that. Another thing too is that there’s this sort of selection bias. If you’re a consultant, people come to you to work with you, but often I just had to talk to whatever team wanted access to expertise at Amplitude, not necessarily me. So, I didn’t get to dictate A lot of times the conversation. It’s like, shit, I’m not doing a very good job here. This person thinks in a very different way to do that.
So, yeah, a lot of gratitude. I would say it got really heavy a lot in the sense that my son was born, three months later, I start the job, and then the pandemic kicks in, and every day you’re absorbing just attention from teams. You’re meeting leaders who are about to leave. Five days later, you’re meeting people who are trying to save their team from the pandemic, imploding everything they’re doing. Yeah, I’m joke about the product therapy thing, but I would finish the day at 2:00 or 3:00 and then have to do another one. Wake up at 5:00 to do an EMEA workshop, 5:00 to 7:00, be two in workshop, then take a break, then do another two-hour workshop, and then talk to a leader about how everything was going to explode, and then another leader. And then I was still on a team in Amplitude, so I might go to my own meeting where we’re working through our own challenges, and then it’s 4:00 or 5:00 in the afternoon. I’m done. Oh, to be able to do that.
And then I think it also left me with a couple key lessons we could probably go into later when we’re doing it. One, you are talking to a bunch of different companies, achieving the almost similar results in very, very different ways. They behave in different ways, the context in the pandemic or the economy. You would see the pandemic kick in and then you would talk to 50 companies that were dealing with the ramifications of it. So, it’s kind of funny, I joked with someone at Amplitude, they’re like, “We were going through our own shit,” and I’m like, “Yeah, and I’ve seen how 50 other companies are going through their own shit,” where this is you’re doing it. So, the power of context.
The regional differences were so fascinating. I was on with a teen that was based in India and just the passion and curiosity. There was not one jaded person in the room. There was not one person like, “Been there, done that. When’s the performance review cycle ending?” or anything like that. It was just all-out passion and hunger for information. So, those days were amazing. So, yeah, you talk a lot about it, but it definitely, it feels like a relief in some ways because the amount of tension to do it. And so, for my next plan actually what I’m doing is I’m going to work at Toast in a couple weeks, and I’ve been in touch with a leader there, Craig Daniel, for a long time, kind of really liked what he did at Drift.
But I think that what I realized over the course of these four years is that I wanted to pivot back to help put most of my energy into helping my own company. They’re growing super fast, so the numbers are in the hundreds of everything or in the thousands of everything, and they’re not just the POS business. They’ve got these different businesses, like guest services and back office stuff and things. Amplitude is a super horizontal, if you think about it, it’s almost like a diagonal, and so it made your head spin, and I kind of wanted to go back to a vertical SaaS. There’s a company here in Santa Barbara called AppFolio that I like working at, and I really had a soft spot for vertical SaaS, but I’m thinking put my energy into an internal team for a little bit to pivot back into that. And so, I’ll be helping enable product teams and sort of doing what I was doing, but within a company as well. So, it’s going to be an interesting shift.
”This is Really Working Right Now”
Lenny: You touched on so many topics that I want to dig further into, and you also talked about where you’re heading next, which I was going to ask, so that’s great. Thank you for covering all that. By the way, I was just going to also say, lucky Toast, wow, to get John Cutler. Go them.
Cultural Differences Across Global Product Teams
John Cutler: Oh, lucky me. I mean, Jesus, Toast is this gem. I just was joking with Craig the other day. I was like, “I did not know all that stuff was going on at Toast.”
Most PMs Aren’t in Silicon Valley
Lenny: Awesome. Okay. So, before we dig into some of the stuff that you brought up like cultural differences between companies, what the best teams are doing differently, things like that, I actually, and you noticed, I asked on Twitter what I should ask you. You have a lot of fans on Twitter and there’s a ton of questions, and one actually got pretty spicy and I want to touch on it briefly. This guy, Jason Cohen pointed out that a lot of the stuff you share online in your newsletter and tweets and things like that, it often doesn’t have a clear recommendation of here’s what you should do or concrete piece of advice you could take away. It’s kind of messy which is appropriate because your newsletter is called A Beautiful Mess. And so, my question to you is why have you found that you like to embrace the mess in your writing and your thinking and your advice?
Transformation Challenges for Non-Silicon Valley Companies
John Cutler: I was reflecting that the newsletter, it’s almost like an emo band, The Beautiful Mess, it’s so angsty. It couldn’t have been more… If I had a band, I did not have an emo band when I was 16, but if I did, I would’ve called it The Beautiful Mess. So, it’s probably pretty consistent with personality to do those things. I mean, I actually really appreciated Jason pointing that out, and in fact, at the end of this year, I put this post out to people saying, “Hey, here are things I’m grappling with, like the actionability of the content that I put out there, diversity of product advice, it’s important to me,” and then what it’s like to just be a weirdo. We all have our weird freak things to do these things. And so, what does it mean to embrace those things? So, it was really timely I thought that Jason put that out there, and so maybe I’ll give a little background about the newsletter and what I was looking for that.
And so, I think that the first thing that I did was four years ago, I kind of scanned the product advice landscape and I noticed three things. First, there’s sort of three perspectives that pervaded, and again, I just want to make a huge caveat, this is not a judgment on any of these particular perspectives. It’s more like I noticed a lot of it. And the first was that to be successful, number one, maybe success is tools, skills, mindset. So, that’s kind of one group of particular things. The second that in terms of worldviews, we mentioned international worldviews too, but there was a high percentage of product advice that was kind of grounded where you think it would be grounded. So, it was grounded in this idea of meritocracy. Success is primarily about merit, very highly individualistic, and we don’t realize that in the US until you do meetings with other teams, just how individualistic we can be when it comes to how we think about teams should be set up and stuff.
And then I think the third thing I realized was that it was very often very context free, and I mean that actually in the nicest way. It was optimized to make sure that it could be actionable, that someone could take that away. That’s what I really like about the content that you put out there, and I like about a lot of the guests on the podcast. They kind of lay it out in those particular things. And so, to kind of go through, yeah, those tools, skills, mindset, that makes sense, right? Who does not want tools to be better? In fact, a lot of the podcasts I like, we can get into that later, are like, “We’re going to give you the tools and tactics that the best people do.” So, I really like that kind of stuff as well.
The second part of that is this idea of success be mostly about individual skills in jobs. So, this idea of great leaders, high performing teams, 10 x people, kind of go on and on. And then the product mindset stuff which is a little bit like you have it or you don’t, or you develop or you don’t. It’s very mysterious. So, again, I’m going to go through these things and then think about how they inspire me. Part of me was like, “Okay, there’s a lot of that stuff, but maybe not as much stuff kind of unraveling the dynamics that happen behind those things.”
So, the meritocracy stuff and the individualism stuff, it’s basically the people rise to the top, they try the hardest, they work the hardest, the best in companies employ them. There’s top tier companies, there’s second tier companies. So, there’s this very hierarchical view, and as I started to also dig in more into the stuff in Amplitude, I was like, “Wait, there’s something right and wrong about this at the same time, there’s something true but not true at the same time.” So, that’s something that I wanted to be able to explore in doing it. And then the context free advice was obviously I noticed more and more that people trying to put tools in play out of context sometimes had worse effects than them just not doing it at all to do that.
So, anyway, I kind of thought about it as a product, like, “Okay, what’s my opportunity here? There’s a lot of this great advice. It’s very actionable. I don’t know. In the US were pretty individualistic, so the advice probably lands with people really, really well, and then also it’s really actionable,” and said, “Okay, well, what would be my particular angle?” So, I thought about the angle, about wanted to explore three things. I think the first one is this idea we do work in these complex adaptive systems, and so I really went deep in that particular area.
So, we work in environments. There’s lots of things that are interdependent on each other. We don’t work in closed systems. I mean, if you’re in the Bay Area, you’re in this broader system called the Bay Area that’s in this broader system called California that’s in this broader system called the United States. Your team is in a team of many, many teams in your company. The systems are non-linear. The bird flapping its wings in Brazil creates the tornado type of stuff. And so, I wanted to make sure that we got dug into that particular stuff in The Beautiful Mess stuff.
The next thing is that I’m a sucker for weird counterintuitive dynamics in companies. I don’t know what it is. I absolutely love that. And so, maybe I’ll give two examples. One, I’m obsessed with this idea of high work in progress, from a human level and a team level. How even though we know that if you try to do less at once, you’ll be more effective, teams routinely just load themself up with work? And so, in the newsletter, I wanted to explore stuff like that, like why, when a bunch of people know irrationally that you should not load yourself up with work, why do really, really smart, capable, intelligent, passionate people in their personal lives and on their teams just load themself up with work? What are they optimizing about? So, that’d be like one example of counterintuitive stuff.
The other stuff is strategy stuff. Every company has these three pillars, and it seems really smart for the CEO to have this really clear three pillars, but then everyone walks away from the meeting and be like, “I don’t know what we’re with doing.” That’s another example of a counterintuitive thing. So, that was the second thing, the counterintuitive stuff. I love the complex stuff. And then frankly, I think the other thing is I just wanted to help people who are weird like me do those things. So, I would say I’m really, really triggered. People will say, “But it’s probably triggered by Jason.” He said, “Why? Bring solutions not just problems.” That’s my krypton, right? I like the systems thinking stuff. I like all that. So, anyway, long story short, wanted to help people like me. I like the complexity stuff. I like all these weird counterintuitive dynamics. And then I thought that there’s a lot of representation for the very deterministic advice that people have.
Accumulating Practical Experience at Small Scale
Lenny: That’s a really good explanation. There-
John Cutler: … advice that people have.
Frameworks Are Not the Finish Line
Lenny: That’s a really good explanation. There’s a piece of what does the market want and let me deliver it, and then there’s a piece of how is my brain working?
Spectrum of Success
John Cutler: I love the fact that people scan the market and say, “People want to know about prioritization and so I’m going to tell the world about prioritization.” I really like that. In fact, I admire, I’m jealous of people who can produce that kind of content realistically. Interestingly enough, probably in my doodling in post I’ve probably given frameworks to do that. I just don’t think too much about it. I just kind of go in these things. There’s always this balance and one way that I think about is to get anything done, we need to reduce the world a little bit. That’s the difference.
Back to this thing of complex problems, I think it’s the difference between oversimplification and focusing. You can have a really complex problem and you can oversimplify it and that’s not great, but you can have a complex problem and be like, “You know what? I need to hold some things constant.” Not going to make any progress unless we hold some things constant to do that. That’s, to me, the balance I’m playing all the time between how many variables to hold constant to make sure that people can get some value out of it. I don’t know about you, but that’s the tension I have. But you write really actionable stuff and so I really admire that too. I’m jealous.
People Worth Following
Lenny: I try, but then I’m jealous of always having to nail it down to something very concrete and simple. This last post actually was a little bit of an balancing act where I wrote about how virality is mostly a myth, and I added the word mostly to it at the end. Then I was like, “Should I just go for it and be like virality is fully a myth?” But no, it’s not actually, so I can’t really go that far.
John Cutler: See, it’s kind of messy.
Advice for Product Managers
Lenny: It’s kind of messy.
Weak Links in Feedback Loops and Career Growth
John Cutler: I love that. In the spectrum of advice, every post of mine will say mostly, maybe, it depends, so we all have some opportunity to flex into the other direction.
Lenny: Shifting a little bit, coming back to just the bigger picture of John Cutler, you’ve had more exposure I think to product teams and product managers, you’re definitely in the top 1% of people that have talked to and met with and seen what happens within product teams. There’s a lot of stuff I want to dig into there and the first is around what you’ve found differentiates the highest performing teams. Let me just ask you this very succinct question and see where it goes. If you had to just boil it down, what have you seen most differentiates the highest performing product teams?
The Knowledge Value of Podcasting
John Cutler: First of all, they’re top 1%, they’re super, super productive, they can levitate, they can do … they have no emotion. No, I’m just kidding. No. Okay, this is my tack for answering the question. First of all, I have this friend Josh Arnold and he had this great principle that held true in my experience talking with teams and he calls it the reverse Anna Karenina principle. In Anna Karenina, Tolstoy is basically the like, “The dysfunctional families are all different and the happy families are the same,” and what he said is it’s the reverse of that with product teams, that actually the dysfunctional companies are all the same and then the happy companies or the higher performing companies can be very, very different.
That’s something that stuck with me because either you have easy to identify anti patterns, and I’m going to admit earlier in my career, maybe five or six years ago, my content was about identifying things that people would be like, “How did you know that was working in my company?” and I would just be like, “Well, I just know.” Even Spencer and I had this thing. I put something on Twitter and Spencer writes me, he’s like, “John, is this about amplitude?” and I’m like, “No man. It’s like that Carly Simon song, Spencer. You probably think this song is about you, but it’s not.” It just is. It’s just like those things. Either you have the very easy to identify anti patterns or you have the high level principles, like you must trust each other or you must do something like that.
But the way that companies achieve those particular high performing things can be vastly, vastly, vastly different. Let’s just start with that as a basic thing, which is one reason why it makes me hard to answer the question. A great example here is great product leadership. We need great product leaders. But you meet [inaudible 00:30:11] product leaders and you see that some people are these humble, curious servant product leaders. They’re not really talking a lot and they’re just growing the system that way. You know what? There’s other companies with really successful people that are just badass, strong, dominant, they like to spar. I need people who can spar with me. That’s just one potential example there of okay, you meet enough teams and you see that there’s many ways to achieve great leadership [inaudible 00:30:41] example.
Another example would be, and then I’m going to start listing these things off and then hopefully this makes more sense.
Driving Closed Loops in Slow-Paced Companies
Lenny: Yeah, it feels great.
John Cutler: You meet lots of great teams and the better teams make high, better decisions faster. Now, that’s like that high level thing that I say that to you and you’re probably like, “Well, no shit. That’s what I would assume to do that.” But if you think about good decisions and stuff, like what do you need for good decisions? You need information, pays to have diverse perspectives, you need to be able to analyze the data. You probably need chops, some kind of chops in the domain to be able to do it. You usually need a goal in mind, like what are you optimizing for? It’s very hard to make a decision just to make a decision to be able to do that.
Those are the basics, but still none of that’s all that interesting, right? You’re like, “Oh, you’re saying you need information to make decisions and it’s kind of not very satisfying to do that.” But then if you think about three companies. We could even play the game together. I’ll give you two, you could give me the third one. But let’s say company A buys into the whole idea of an extremely rigorous decision-making process. It’s very process driven. It’s like you do this, you do that, we red team our decisions, we bring in people to push back, we’ve got this particular thing. Maybe that’s how they achieve it. Company B, maybe they’re just all about this kind of mushy, diverse perspectives thing. They’re not very process driven, but they achieve really good decisions by making sure that there’s these serendipitous connections between people at the right time with the right set of [inaudible 00:32:08].
There are highly successful companies that achieve both of those particular things. I don’t know, what am I missing? Lenny, you think about it. There’s the rigorous process driven approach, then there’s the company that’s all about the ad hoc work together collaborative approach. What’s another way that some companies make really good decisions all the time?
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Lenny: What comes to mind is a very top down CEO driven, here’s what we’re doing, here’s the roadmap.
John Cutler: Absolutely. So this is the thing, I’m sitting there and the very idealistic product managers are like, “You got to have empowered teams and you got to push decision-making down to the bottom,” and I’m like, “Huh, well that company’s doing pretty well and the CEO just tells everyone what to do and in fact, they attracted people who just don’t mind that and like their vision and they do it.” You find people who really like the process driven approach and you find people who do those things. That’s one principle done a different way. But then I’ll just take a couple principles. I just wanted to get that out of the way, that every one of these I mentioned could be achieved in a couple different ways.
The first thing you notice is the companies that are very high performing have coherence between the structure of their company and their current strategy. This is a structural thing, I think when there’s startups, things are very fluid and the strategy’s in flux, and so they have a fluid structure, but then as companies grow, there’s sort of a physics to the problem that starts to catch up to the particular things. Their funding approach, their incentives, the org structure, the architecture, even their technical architecture supports their strategy back and forth. The reason why I mentioned this one is you can have brilliant teams. You meet these brilliant teams where they’ve just hired in the best of the best and they’re just struggling with a strategy structure mismatch and no amount of let’s empower people or no amount of doing whatever is going to knock them out of that.
So what do you need? You need a strategy, then you need to line the structure around it. This is different than saying … you’re asking me what do I observe when they’re doing really well? Now, the tactics to achieve this might be different depending on the company, but you could get that. I think the second thing, if I admit it, is the strong opinions loosely held, which is there is this balance of believing in certain things, believing maybe in the power of products or the power of connecting with customers or maybe key strategic things that they need to do, or even believing that this is a done deal and you just need to move faster than everyone else in the space, or even the belief that you need to just go straight to commodity pricing like Amazon with whatever you’re doing.
There is just a stubborn, strongly held belief that is then balanced with their ability to have the loosely held thing. I would just observed this in meeting after meeting with these teams that seem to be having a bout of being more high performing. They would be stubborn about some things that they were doing even when it didn’t make sense in the short term and then they would do that. I think that that’s another thing. I think related to that when it comes to the product world is just a core belief in the power of products. The Jeff Bezos thing, that the success of today was set in motion three years ago, that product is a layer cake and that you are layering on decisions, the success you’re having now is a layer cake of decisions from the last bunch of years that you’re doing it.
You could rationalize that all you want, but at the end of the day, it’s often because either the founders or other people involved have seen how that can work because there is a leap of faith and there’s a leap of faith that no amount of data or no amount of AB testing or no amount of rationalizing or no amount of spreadsheet math to figure out the ROI of what you’re doing will ever help you. It’s just not. I just noticed that pattern over and over that there was just a slightly irrational belief in the power of what it would take to have a nine craft level product versus a seven craft level product or six craft level product. I think that that’s another component. I have a couple more in depth like that.
Definitely the leadership is coherent, so that’s walking the walk, talking the talk and I think this is one of the most fascinating ones because it’s very much about being who you are and not being embarrassed about that thing. There are companies probably all know that outspoken, domineering believe that the company just should be run a certain way and they set this vibe, this coherent … that their actions and words match together. When you think about it that way, it makes more sense. The company that’s like, “Oh, well we want to empower our teams and do whatever and we believe in our customers,” and their actions don’t match those particular things, that’s not very, very coherent to do these particular things. I think that that’s one, the coherent things.
Okay, so you’ve got those high level ones. I think you can definitely add skills and experience. I mean, those definitely matter. I think one thing that happens a lot is how the company views its skills. Here’s a challenge we had in Amplitude, just sharing this, is you could view Amplitude as just another B2B SaaS company or maybe just an analytics company. But one of the challenges we had when it was how to build our team is to think about where do you draw the line between someone who’s just done B2B SaaS for the last 10 years, is a pro at what they’re doing and then how someone could embrace this kind of weird problem, sort of bottom-up motion, top-down motion. It’s in product, it’s a messy space. You need to be more strategic to do that so the skills need to be mediated obviously between the environment to do those things.
Then like all the other, they know how to build software, things don’t break, they can experiment without risks. I don’t know. They have positive habits. I could go on and on. Hopefully this is helpful just hearing my thought process to go through these things. But I think that the TLDR of this whole thing is those top ones I mentioned seem like common sense and it’s like how do you put it in motion in your company? I was just reading that working backwards book about Amazon and they’re in this chapter about basically their bar raisers thing and I share it with my partner who’s the head of HR at a company. She’s like, “Yeah, this is sort of common sense hiring. They’re just talking about de-biasing the hiring and having standards and having those linked into the jobs and just not rushing it.”
It’s like these things that seem so common sense are actually hard with what they’re doing. I don’t know if you’ve noticed that, but it’s like a lot of the advice is common sense. That doesn’t mean it’s easy to put in motion.
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Lenny: Yeah, and there’s also a lot of power to just making it a very important value to the company. Just calling it bar raisers-
John Cutler: [inaudible 00:39:02]. I’ll use the example of a company. I mentioned this company AppFolio here in Santa Barbara, but Klaus and Jon who founded that company, it’s just a gem of a company, it’s an amazing vertical B2B SaaS company. But I think in the story that they tell us when they started AppFolio, they’re like, “We want to find a place where the money flows and we want to be really close to customers and we just want to …” Well, they were engineers who had seen the light around customer development, just getting close to customers, just being in service to the customers, not just gold plating every technical decision you did. They bought in early to the ideas of test-driven development, pair programming because they believe that the quality … you should never be worried about the quality. They just believe that quality wasn’t something you sacrifice as the norm. It’s just got to work.
They believed that was possible and when you think about it, those things are always debated. Like, “Oh, should we get technical debt or not? Or how much customer contact is it not?” These two founders basically are like, “That’s it. We don’t sacrifice on those things.” They’ve done really well with that.
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Lenny: That’s a thread I want to actually follow up on, is just the power of culture and values and things like that. But before we do that, let me just summarize maybe the top five attributes and kind of traits you just shared and then I have a two part question around this. I wrote these down. Basically the things you’ve found are true for the companies that seem to be best at building product and software and running product teams. One is coherence between what they’re doing and what their strategy is. Two is strong opinions loosely held. Three is belief in the power of product. Four is the leadership is coherent, that their advice matches their words and their actions. Then five is just the necessary skills and experience in building stuff they’re building.
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John Cutler: Contextual skills too. Yeah, exactly.
Lenny: Kind of a two part question. One is if there’s a pie chart of what contributes to this working out, what percentage would you say is just the people that they hire that contributes to them succeeding here? Then related question is just like can you change a team to be high performing? Does that happen or is it often just like this is just the way they are and their culture and their founders are this way and it’s really hard?
The Self-Awareness Pyramid of Leadership
John Cutler: The pie chart, that’s the problem. I mean, that is the trillion dollar question so I don’t really have an answer. I have a couple thoughts on it. What do we know? We know that you can have a bunch of geniuses in the room and if there’s not coherent leadership and there’s not coherent structure in what you’re doing, they’ll fail. Okay, so we know there’s a limit on one side of this particular problem and we know on the other side of the problem is if no one’s done this before, who knows? Because how many startups were started by people who hadn’t done it before, who had passion for doing something? Now, they made a lot of mistakes. Now, granted people would say, “All right, now after three failures, I’m going to tell you what we need to do to succeed,” so maybe they have to fail a couple times to do that.
With the right things in motion, you can do that. Also, another data point. At a lot of companies that are known to be higher performing, they’re one of two categories. Either everyone in the company is this extremely vetted genius at what they’re doing, or they have a culture where people stay for three, four, five, six years, they build their career or seven, eight, nine years. There is a concentration of people who are very skilled, but they have a knack for bringing people up. They have a knack for taking someone who has some of the raw materials to be able to do it and making them really good at their job to be able to do it. I’m not going to throw out a percentage point into it. I’m just going to note that I think that the biggest challenge is that we all need to challenge our biases.
I do too. Four or five years ago, I would’ve said, well, personal skill’s nothing. It’s all the environment. There’s people on Twitter who do this all the time. They’re like, “Bad management kills everything. Skills aren’t important. You should just be able to do anything with anyone.” I used to be one of those particular people and I also have this sort of humanist bent to what I’m doing, and so I very much want to believe … I’m always the person that’s like, “Oh, we should give them the seventh chance.” I know myself right to do that and I would suggest that there’s people on the other end of the spectrum who could benefit from shifting a little bit to embrace some other ideas too. They’re the people who are like, “Well, it’s 100% their skill. We will hire complete A plus players all a particular time. Everything will work out as expected.” Or they trace everything back to leadership anyway. So when anything’s wrong, they’re like, “Well, this happened under this person’s watch, therefore they are a failure.”
But how many companies in general will hire a string of highly qualified people into a particular department and then fail each particular time? I don’t know. I don’t have the answer for you on that one, but I think that everyone can benefit from challenging maybe their happy place, me included [inaudible 00:43:57].
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Lenny: I like that. It’s like it’s an optimistic perspective basically and anyone can change, anyone can improve. Don’t assume that it’s just not possible.
ChatGPT and Diverse Perspectives
John Cutler: And give it a shot and then can you create a coherent environment where maybe that could happen. Frankly, we’re maybe getting into this later, there’s a lot of companies that were flying high and are not flying high anymore. High performance is not this state you achieve. It’s actually a continuum that you’re always … we have this in our personal lives too. We’re flying high and we think we do everything and then we get to that point and then we go back down into feeling we don’t know anything again and we feel those lows. That’s kind of how I think about that particular thing.
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Coming back to the first question about people, and maybe you just answered this, but do you find that it’s all about the people and who you hire and may be at the top that lead to the result at the company? Or you’re saying it’s sometimes the right amazing people? Sometimes it’s the process, sometimes it’s the market, [inaudible 00:46:12]
John Cutler: It’s the latter and I think that’s why I called the damn thing the beautiful mess. Because I think we all have confirmation bias. We’ll point to that company and say … I mean, let me just use an example. Satya Nadella and Microsoft. You could argue you obviously have someone who’s this very humble, very capable leader in that particular thing. But I imagine that at some point in the future there’ll be books written about that and they’ll say like, “Hey, it was kind of that. But you know what he did? He got rid of some bad people and created the air cover and set in motion the couple of strategic imperatives that we’re going to let the things going.” Now imagine Microsoft didn’t have all the wealth of talent that it had, or all the wealth of structures or the good parts of the tradition, or let’s say the bad parts served them well for a long time, but maybe they started to become a little bit outdated and then they were putting them in a competitively bad situation.
Even that situation, you can idolize that particular leader for doing it, but there’s many things that could happen to be able to do that. There’s this idea of great man theory, and this is something I talk about a lot where in great man theory success is the result of these highly influential, highly effective men, in a lot of cases, and that you can explain history through these heroic men. That’s sort of a thing. A lot of people base history on doing that. I think that this, again, just the other perspective here is that things are a lot messier and you can’t just trace everything to these sort of single heroes men in many cases that make it happen. I’m just presenting both sides of it as we kind of dig into it. I think, though, let’s say you’re a founder and you’re trying to decide, “Should I invest more on processes or should I invest more in people?”
The first thing is introspection. What do you believe in really? Not just what do I believe in that you think the whole rest of the world … I think the rules of the world are that blank happens. It’s like what do you believe in and what do the people around you believe in and how can you be a coherent leader? You know what? You can nudge yourself a little bit away from your happy place, but you’re not going to go super far. You’re not going to go from a process-driven, meritocratic, X, Y, Z person all the way to I’m going to start a collectivist company where everything is sort of the consensus decision to do that. You’re not going to do that. But I think it starts with self-awareness and then that’s how people form their authentic leadership vibe and then they flex a little bit and then they embrace other perspectives. That’s just my perspective on it.
Lenny: That really resonates. It makes me think about companies, especially in the past couple years, that did really well because the market was pulling them and everything was just killing it. They’re just growing crazy and you would assume it’s the founder, the CEO, that’s the result of that. But then when the market tanks, things stop working, and that’s a really good, I think, example of just, it’s not necessarily the person. Could just be other factors that make it feel like everything’s going great.
John Cutler: And people are great. There are people that have an outsized effect in particular companies. A great example there is people forget that, for example, leaders or CEOs also have a lot of formal structural power at their disposal to be able to change things. So well, there’s that great man leaders, genius. They do have more knobs to move, and even then they’re not the boss. You know what? There’s a board, there’s investors. If you talk to any CEO, they’ll be like, “You think [inaudible 00:49:47]. I’ve got people bossing me around too.” It’s always a mix. That’s the way I see it.
Lenny: Which is why if things don’t go well, their ass is on the line.
John Cutler: Yeah, exactly.
Lenny: Coming back to a thought I had as you were talking earlier about values and culture, it’s interesting that wasn’t on your list of just the power and importance of, I don’t know, strong value, strong culture. Have you found that that’s just not essential? What are your thoughts on-
John Cutler: No, I think it’s kind of the fabric that creates those other things. It’s the fabric that creates coherence. Coherent around what? If culture is what we’re doing, is what we’re acting and the way we act is sort of a function of some of the belief systems and the culture and the value systems that we have, maybe I just almost take it for granted that that’s sitting underneath those particular things. But here’s an example where sometimes nuances matter. I’ll just use Amplitude. We had some values and we had HOG, humility, and it’s this idea of ownership and a growth mindset to do these things.
Ownership defined in an individualistic culture is going to look very, very different than ownership defined in a collectivist culture. What I find with companies is that … and certainly we struggled to communicate this too, and I think we were pretty good at communicating where we sat on this particular thing, but a lot of times people write up these cultural documents and they’re just like, “Well, this is our culture. We’re into ownership.” It’s not saying much, saying that you believe in ownership without the addition of … what we would do successfully and Spencer and other people do successfully is talk about the behaviors that represented that level of ownership, then that tells you something about what the culture is. Maybe when I was answering that, I kind of took that for granted. But there’s a set of beliefs and values that sit underneath all those things, I bet.
Lenny: When you think of the companies you work with over the years, and you don’t have to answer this if you don’t want, but when you think of the companies with the best culture or the best way, or some of the best companies in terms of how they build product, who comes to mind?
John Cutler: I will mention some companies, but I’m not going to mention what people think in doing this. I’m just going to mention moments where I was like, “This thing is really clicking,” and not because it wasn’t easy-
I was like, this thing is really clicking.
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: And not because it wasn’t easy, or there is a leader at Lego and her name is Angela. And when I’m talking to her, I’m just like, this person just has it dialed in. This is really hard. This business is transforming. They’ve got one of the biggest, most iconic brands in the whole world at their hands. And I’m sitting and I’m just going to single out her. Yeah, there’s this situation here. It’s not easy, it’s not great. It’s not high performing by any, you take a tiny Silicon Valley company. Yeah, it’s hard to be Lego with thousands of people trying to build this and trying to take an iconic brand and turn it into something having to do with digital stuff. But I just want to give a shout out to her.
That’s what I got to say to this question. I think of it more of these moments where I’m like, “Wow, this shits hard. It’s not ideal.” And that people are coming to work every day and there’s a group of people in this room who are extremely well-meaning. And you know what? The impact of their work might not even be seen in their tenure at that company.
Some of these larger companies might take a decade to really work themselves through. And so I don’t know, when you asked that question, I thought more about individual moments where I spent time with teams or like that team I mentioned to you in India where it’s like everyone’s super humble and whatever. So…
Lenny: Awesome.
John Cutler: Yeah, I’m not going to give a lot of names.
Lenny: No, it’s great.
John Cutler: But just shout out Angela. She’s doing an awesome job.
Lenny: Go Angela. That reminds me of something I wanted to ask around the cultural differences between product teams in different countries. You talked about India, you talked about Lego. What have you found to be the main differences in how product teams operate and companies operate across different countries like say California versus Paris versus Australia?
John Cutler: Yeah. And again, I’m not an expert in this and I think Erin Meyer wrote that or Meyer, I’m not sure how to pronounce her name, wrote that book, The Culture Map. And so you should just find what those people wrote because they’re much smarter than I am about this. But here’s the individual things that I noticed is definitely the individualist and what I would call almost like communitarian vibe.
The idea of individualism versus the idea of the team being sort of a community of people together. So that’s one, and you pick up about that a lot when you go to different places. I mean, in the United States you’ll find this situation where you’ve got this one engineering manager and they are brokering the projects with every single engineer on their team and everyone wants the promotion.
And there’s this whole, instead of the PM working with the team, it’s like the PM brokering stuff with an engineering manager to give everyone their premier project. No one’s really working together. There’s no pair programming. There’s nothing like that. That’s a whole other debate, but. And so that’s highly individualistic and it might work in that particular environment.
In fact, it might be optimized for environments where you’re burning through people every 18 months or 24 months or… Because you just want to put another cog into the particular machine so that you can grow and so you can do stuff. And that’s an extreme example, but then you compare that to other parts of the world, it’s much more consensus driven. The team perceives itself as a team having a team goal.
They have a team objective. And certainly even in the Bay Area, there’s companies that are more the collectivist vibe and the more. So to say that it’s just about the world is not really just right. So I think that yeah, the collectivist individualistic thing is important. I do think that certain cultures are much more sort of hierarchically oriented.
There’s much more deference to the hierarchy in the particular where people are sitting and the information flows in a certain way. And some companies tend to that being more bureaucratic. And then some countries tend to that being like, it’s still a tall company, but it’s very much like you manager, you own this, you do this. So it’s not like rules are flowing from the top down. It’s more just a pretty big org chart. So those are some of the things that come to mind, yeah, as we’re going through it. So yeah.
Lenny: This relates a lot to something else. You often talk about that much of the advice on the internet and books, newsletters like ours is geared towards Silicon Valley type tech startups.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: And in reality, most PMs don’t work at companies like that. A lot of them are going through transformations.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: They’re trying to transform the way their culture works. And I imagine a lot of companies you work with are trying to get to that point and that just a lot of advice doesn’t actually work for them. What have you found along those lines of just companies going through this and things you’ve learned there?
John Cutler: So putting myself in the shoes of those particular companies, like I said, I think some of my most rewarding interactions have been with these non Silicon Valley companies. I certainly learn a lot when I talk to companies in the Bay Area and in the United States to do those particular things.
I think that the first thing to keep in mind is that those, let’s just take these bigger companies for a second, big enterprise companies. Part of the thing is just realizing how much inertia they’re up against when you’re chatting them. So I do believe that there’s some structural things that probably they could avoid, but then there’s also just structural things that are just part of the game to do that.
So they’ll be in situations where maybe none of the executives have shipped product before. They also assume that there’s only one way to do things. Certainly in a lot of high performing companies, I have friends who will go and work at those companies. They’re like, “Oh no, no one changes the rules here. We just do it this way at Amazon or we just do it,” whatever.
So this similar thing happens in these particular companies, like there’s only one way to do things. They’ve got these crazy annual budgeting cycles and planning cycles, or maybe there’s a big IT industrial complex that they’re sort of trying to transform into doing these things. So anyway, my point is, is that they, so many of these companies just have structural things that make it very difficult to just immediately convert that particular advice as they’re doing that.
So I think the first thing that comes to mind with that is how to adapt that advice maybe for some of those larger kind of transforming companies. And I think that the couple things that I sort of remark on is that one, reps matter in those particular situations. So in many of those companies, they should focus on creating these sort of areas or pods where a company can, a team can get in the reps that they’re trying to be able to do.
So it’s sort of a little miniature version of that. And there’s a whole problem with innovation labs. There’s a whole problem with that kind of idea. But the idea that you can create these little bastions where a team can get in the reps is important.
Lenny: And reps meaning shipping, shipping product.
John Cutler: Shipping and learning, going through the full loop. Can they go through the full loop of what they’re doing? And I think that the other thing that comes up with that is that most of those companies need to think of frameworks appropriately.
They’ll read about these particular frameworks or what particular companies do or don’t do. And I think that for a lot of those companies, they see adopting the frameworks as the end goal. They kind of look there. And sometimes maybe even you write a post, it’s like, “Well, how does Figma work?” And they’re like, “We use these frameworks.”
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: And so this company’s like, “Well, we’ve got to use these framework.” And I think that the way that I tend to think about frameworks is that they’re more like a job aid. They’re more like a learning tool that the team kind of uses to keep themself on track. But part of the thing is that those companies will reinvent the things they’re using when things aren’t working out.
So I think that that’s another thing maybe some of those companies could benefit from doing, where we’re getting kind of more into the kind of digital transformation or the big company space. But I think back to that particular question, I think you need to view a lot of advice coming from Silicon Valley just contextually. It’s startup. There’s a tradition of how these companies work. Many of them are just optimized very much for that first big arc of growth.
They’ve never really been disrupted. The only disruption has come from scale, not from being a legacy, a huge global brand or huge global business, and then being disrupted by new things. The only problems, not the only because it’s really hard, but the problems have been primarily scaling. So they’re kind of optimized for wrapping their head around that.
And then many of them are just pure digital product companies. And so I think this is a thing that a lot of the big rideshare and food delivery conglomerates are figuring out. They’re like, ” Oh, this is a lot harder than we thought.” When you’re dealing with moving people around and logistics and things, it’s an order of magnitude more complex to do that.
So I don’t know if that helps kind of explain my perspective on that, but I think that it’s like you have to adapt the advice and you also need to acknowledge that for some of these companies there are these sort of just structural areas of inertia that they’re trying to work through and that a lot of them maybe need to adapt this advice on the small instead of thinking they’re just going to install all the frameworks or install everything they’re doing.
Lenny: Yeah, this is really, really good advice. I imagine folks are listening that may be working at a company like that. It feels like there’s two sides to it. One is there should just be an awareness of this may not work at us, we’re not going to be Figma.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: And let’s just get used to that. And then two, this good reflection for me that I’m probably causing some damage with people reading a post on here’s how Figma builds product. And then not adding a little bit of, maybe this won’t work at your company.
John Cutler: But maybe it can. And I talk about this a lot, this sort of I do believe there’s sort of this fundamental attribution bias at play where people in these high performings don’t acknowledge the amount that luck and inertia has been a part of what they’re doing. And that the people in the big companies, or these not, these companies that believe that it’s not the way that they can do that actually overestimate the kind of systemic drag in their organization and underestimate what can be possible.
And you think about that, we do that a lot in just our lives in general. We see someone being really successful and we’ll say, “Well, but my situation is this.” And when things are working for us, we’re like, “I’m a genius. I’m a genius doing this particular thing.” When things work, we’re competent. When things don’t, it’s like the system and everyone else’s incompetence to be able to do it.
So I do think that there’s opportunities. I think there’s another thing too, that there’s a vast spectrum of companies. We paint some of these large enterprises on one end of the spectrum and then these other company, these modern product companies. But I brought up that plumbing company in Australia. You meet these companies, you know what? Their revenue is literally 50 startups. They are not doing bad. They are not doing bad.
And you know what? They’re actually doing interesting things. One of Amplitude’s customers, Anheuser-Busch has this thing called BEES. And BEES is basically a liquor distribution app. And it’s literally one of the biggest B2B companies in the world. And you know what? Anheuser-Busch, it’s like what? We’re going to distribute beer because the pandemic. And so we’re going to have, and I think actually they started to become more even used for logistics.
You’re a bodega in one of those countries, you can order beer for doing it. So I think that we tend to kind of paint this world of, there’s the big smoke companies and then there’s the fast nimble companies, but there’s everything in between. Another example is a lot of tech companies started 2000 to 2008, kind of are on their third or fourth act at the moment, second or third or fourth act, bought a lot of companies, they’re trying to absorb them.
They might be trying a product-led growth motion by spanning all the different acquisitions they had. You know what? They are on top of their game. This is not a slouch company, but it’s really hard for them to do that. Or we at Amplitude, we’d have a lot of, not old FinTech, but not newest companies. They’re printing money and they’re just embracing this particular thing. And then compare that to, I did a big Northstar session or more of a coaching session at NewBank in Brazil when there was just 15 people in a room and now they’re massive.
So I think that we tend to paint things as a form of modern product adoption. There’s the high performing companies and the low performing companies when in fact there’s just a whole plethora and diversity of different companies riding different waves, adopting different things at different times. And many of them doing really wholesome, humble, good work, just dealing with their circumstances at the particular time.
So I think everyone should absolutely know how Figma works, for example. And then we need to try to boost the stories of Angela and her team or some of these companies that you’d never even expect. There’s a company here in Santa Barbara that’s like, they do refrigeration, use AI to refrigerate industrial facilities. And Carrie, who’s the leader there, that company is one of the best leaders I know.
And Jesse, who’s one of the founders is Harvard PhD student who understands AI doing these things. And I actually would encourage a lot of PMs to think about, look, especially in this economy, what are these unsexy businesses that are kicking butt and small here, it’s in sunny Santa Barbara? So I don’t know. I think that there’s a lot more diversity than just the high performing, low performing spectrum. There’s just a whole universe of fun companies out there.
Lenny: Well, as you were talking, I was thinking about there’s a small group of people like you and Marty Kagan and a few other folks that have worked with tons of different and diverse product teams and not just say, Silicon Valley teams. And I’m curious if there’s any other names of folks you think listeners should follow if they work at maybe a non-Silicon Valley type team. Marty Kagan is who comes to mind first, but I don’t know if you have anyone else. And if not, that’s all good.
John Cutler: Well, yeah, there’s a couple people, but I feel like I should go back and just generate this full list for people. Maybe it would be interesting. Maybe I’ll take that as an action item to…
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: List a couple of these.
Lenny: We’ll put it in the show notes.
John Cutler: And I’ll give you an example of one guy, and his name is John Smart, and he wrote this book called Better, Sooner, Safer, Happier. And he, I think he was at Barclays Bank. I think that’s how you say it in England. And what, he led this transformation. And then I think he’s gone on to, he has a consultancy now for doing things. And the guy is just awesome to talk to.
He’s really, really humble about what the thing book, the book is really interesting. And the thing that I noticed when talking to John is the order of magnitude of complexity of problems that has unraveled and what he had to put in motion to take an old school bank and at least try to get some part of some kind of transformation working in that particular company, I think there’s a whole realm of people like that. And I’m going to list a, maybe I’ll follow up with a couple more lists of people.
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: Who can do that. And then I do think there’s the people like Teresa Torres and others that have come up with a technique that is universal. You can teach an element of product thinking with her techniques or this opportunity solution tree or this continuous discovery thing that everyone can find accessible no matter where your company is at. And I have a lot of respect for those types of techniques because they’re more universal versus some very arcane niche activity.
Lenny: Awesome. Cool. And then we’ll do our best to include whatever full list you come up with in the show notes.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: So I’ve been asking a lot of very specific questions. I want to give us a chance to kind of zoom out a little bit.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: And see what other advice you may have for product managers and the product community broadly. It feels like you’re in this kind of reflective phase after working with all these companies and you take time, you have more time to think. So I’m curious what comes to mind when you think of just, here’s advice I have to share.
John Cutler: Yeah. I think kind of going back to the reps thing, I think that there’s this fire hose of amazing information that’s out there and I contributed to it and you contribute to it. And there’s just, I mean, think what a time to be alive. You can literally just.
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: Get these podcasts going. You can listen to anything you want.
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: That’s pretty amazing. And I was thinking to myself the joke as I saw you put this thing about Andrew Huberman about who gives these sort of life hacks thing. It’s like there is absolutely a place for this type of content. I just want someone to summarize what the hell I should do when I wake up in the morning.
Lenny: Right. Cold plunge.
John Cutler: Can I be healthier.
Lenny: Sunlight. Yeah.
John Cutler: Yeah. I got my sunlight. I went from my sunlight before screens to prepare for our talk today.
Lenny: Wait, actually?
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: That’s great.
John Cutler: I have it in my habit tracker, sunlight before screens every day. Yeah, I got my watch that I got a couple, I’m on vacation. I’m between jobs now. So it’s about all health.
Lenny: Yeah. Optimizing.
John Cutler: But I think that you need to keep in mind that this is a skill and skill is knowledge times practice mediated by your environment, the habits you form and the motivation that you have and the particular things. And so I think that I learned about that a lot working with learning experience designers in Amplitude that we tend to think that this is just a function of the knowledge that we pick up and the number of podcasts that we listen to. But really it’s about going through this loop. So in Amplitude, we have this data informed product loop that we would teach, and it’s basically, you need a strategy, you need to develop qualitative models, you need to add measurement to those models. So Northstar framework would be an example of a qualitative model. You need to add measurement to those models, figure out how you’re doing it.
You need to prioritize where to focus. You need to design bets, you need to measure the impact of those bets. And then you need to circulate what you learned back into the strategy, back into your models, back into how you prioritize, et cetera. And it helps you figure out where you’re kind of weak at the moment.
So for example, you need a strategy. Without that, nothing is possible. But you could have an amazing strategy and you don’t deploy it with the right models, no one can prioritize them. We could do all that right, but you don’t design any bets and can’t ship anything. Oh, that’s kind of a problem. But you could do all that right and you don’t know the impact of anything you ship.
But you could even do all that right and not circulate the learning back in your company and then you’re still not going to succeed in these things. So that’s an example of when I mean by the loop. And so one thing you could think about for your career that I think people should focus on, and also in terms of sharing the content that they share.
So we’re sharing a lot of content around knowledge and job aids, knowledge and job aids, and maybe a little bit of motivation, like how did that person succeed and do that and… But if you think about your career, just think about how many times can you get around that loop and what are you putting, because I worry that people are loaded up with knowledge and feel almost… I meet some of these leaders and they feel beaten up by the advice industry.
They feel beaten up that they can never be good enough. They cannot be like whatever company, or they feel like their company’s never good enough, like they can’t empower their team, they just can’t follow anyone’s advice. And so I think people are beating themselves up when I think that you shift for some people to focus to taking that knowledge and just getting that loop going for your teams or getting that loop going for your career or getting that loop going for your company is probably a pretty safe bet. So I would think that that’s one thing that comes to mind.
Lenny: Partly being responsible for some of that is what I…
John Cutler: Yeah, me too.
Lenny: My advice to people is don’t feel like you need to read everything coming across your plate.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: It’s instead wait for the moment when you need that thing. I’m working on SEO right now. Cool.
John Cutler: Perfect.
Lenny: I saved that thing about SEO, I’m going to go do it. Just like a just in time learning because you learn it so much better and like, “Oh, shit. I have to load all the stuff in my head in case it becomes useful.”
John Cutler: Absolutely. And I think one thing you think of is think about the podcast you listen to and think about that content is almost like you don’t know what you don’t know often. So I think that the challenge is, is that if you’ve been doing PM for a while, product management for a while, you don’t really, I don’t fit everything in my head.
I just, for example, pricing. I know pricing is a thing. I know that there’s some people are amazing at pricing. I know that if someone told me like, “Well, you should just price it like this,” my spidey sense would say, “You don’t know what you’re talking about because I know that there’s more to it than just what you just said.” You develop your spidey sense for things and you know that there’s people. You have to dip your toes in understanding. That’s the beauty of podcasts, your mind can get blown and then it puts in the back of your brain. You’re like, there are some people who know a lot about that versus the founder who believes that they’re going to figure everything out for themselves and is just like, no, it’s actually a thing.
Pricing is a thing or you know what? Meeting design is a thing. There’s people who obsess about it or service design is a thing or interaction design or strategy [inaudible 01:12:56]. So that’s building on what you said, I think that there is a, especially if you’re starting out, there is a definite value of almost seeing the 501 level courses or hearing that genius lecturer.
When you’re in college as a freshman, I remember, I dropped out, but you would see the genius professor and you wouldn’t understand any of it, but you’d know it’s a thing and then it helped you guide the way you’re doing. So I think that you should kind of balance out those things. But to your point, at the end of the day, you got to just put this stuff in motion somehow.
Lenny: Yeah.
John Cutler: How to do it.
Lenny: And then just know that it’s there when you need it. Find some way to store it.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: Save it. Maybe even just assume Google will find it for you.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: One more question along that same thread is you talked about the importance of going through these loops. At some companies, you just can’t really, the company moves slowly, it’s super waterfall, they plan really long. Do you have any advice for someone that’s like, “Oh, I want to go through loops more often? This is really good advice.”
John Cutler: Point number one is you often underestimate what loops are available to you in that company. They throw up their hands. I’ve tried to mentor people like this and I think we’ve done a decent job, but the first thing I’m like, “Just don’t throw up your hands and say it’s all going to shit.” Just at least document what was the.
So even if someone from on high says, “Build X,” you can at least say, “You know what? Selected option is X. What would the one-pager look like if X was one of five options?” Write the one-pager. Go and talk to that executive and say, “Look, I know you’ve told me to do this, but what would we observe if this was working versus not working? I’m here to help you with that.”
Great. You’ve got some metrics along [inaudible 01:14:29] is what you’re doing. Just nudge it. Just one little thing. Hey, nothing’s stopping you from writing down all the potential assumptions and risks that you have. Even if someone’s like, “Forget all that, you’re just going to build the thing.” You’ve gone through the motions for doing it.
And I think people underestimate that because the environments are kind of feel like stellifying, I guess is one word, or stilted. And so they just sort of throw up their hands. But I would say that work with what you’ve got, because the last thing you want is to have a job opportunity two or three years from then and all you can do is shrug your shoulders and say, “I worked at a fucked up. I worked at a messed up company.”
Lenny: You can curse. It’s all good.
John Cutler: Yeah. Well, yeah. So you, “I worked at a messed up company. It was all shit.” You’re not really honoring yourself for doing that. So I’d say that that’s my point about the fundamental attribution bias. Is it hard? Yes. Is it easier in those Silicon Valley companies? Well, maybe not. Maybe those are a shit show too. I’ve talked to plenty of them that are shit shows.
But do you have an opportunity to kind of nudge things forward in your space? Probably. And bring to the systems thing, is it true that some people don’t have the privilege of leaving their company for whatever reason? That is true also. So many things can be true, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t try, I think to kind of almost write your portfolio as you go. Because if you wait two years, you’re going to think it was just all a blur and messed up. Whereas the opportunities might be there in your day-to-day as you’re working through.
Lenny: I love how much your advice is optimistic and empowering and not just, “That’s the way it is.” And…
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: And your point about how top tier companies can also be messed up and everything could be going to shit is very true. Especially a hyper-growth company where you’re just…
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: Constantly changing. It’s also very chaotic and things are just breaking all the time.
John Cutler: And there’s people too who just assume it just has to be that way. I would say that one model that I use is the sort of the chronic and acute challenges of the companies. And especially in the last year, you meet a bunch of companies dealing with the same economic conditions. And I will tell you, no, not all companies are equally dysfunctional.
And no, not all high performing companies are equally beautiful in all roses. Legitimately some companies work down the chronic issues, which allows them to face the acute stressors, and other companies are just mired in acute issues to do those things. So it’s kind of, again, both things can be true. It’s like, yeah, there’s nothing perfect in product. However, it is true that some companies are healthier than others.
An example of that is the companies that leaned in to responding to the pandemic instead of counting the days until it was over. Massive difference. I’ve seen this over and over, probably with 15 to 20 companies. The companies that were intentional in designing their response to the pandemic versus being like, “Just let managers deal with it, whatever, we’re just going to sort it out,” have had an order of magnitude better.
Now maybe the share price hasn’t necessarily reflected it, but the happiness of the people there, they’re going to come out of this stronger than the companies that were just like, “It’s going to go back to normal and we’re going to delay all these org design decisions until some future date.” So I don’t know if that tells you about high performing, but it’s like the high performing companies saw the threat of what existed and then took deliberate steps, coherent steps to frame what their response would be. So that’s just an example of that.
Lenny: Awesome. I took us off track a little bit. I think you were going to go onto a second piece of advice.
John Cutler: Yeah, I think that there’s, well, okay, so one, definitely slightly annoy.
Yeah, I think that there’s, well, okay, so one definitely slightly annoying to me recently… I’ll just get into the stuff that annoys me is that-
Lenny: Let’s do it.
John Cutler: I personally don’t think, I used to use words a lot, like product sense and product mindset and product things like that. I’m personally trying to do a better job this year about trying to unpack those things as legitimate skills and competencies. So if you think about product sense, what is it? Might be the ability to model problems, systems thinking, decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, facilitation tools that you have the ability to look at a competitive ecosystem and maybe see a thing and yeah, maybe there’s a little bit of sense to it. It’s like, “I want to help customers,” or whatever. But I think that I’m trying to make a concerted effort to unpack those things into things that could be taught.
And that’s going to certainly be part of my role at toast. The last thing I want to do is be like you have a product mindset or you don’t. A great example, I was even talking with Craig just the other day and we were talking about how in some environments there’s this should/can divide, which I really like, which is some people are just locked into the can. They’re uber pragmatic people, so it’s like, “Can we do this? Is it possible, given the debt, whatever constraints that you have?” And then there’s people who for some reason go in and say, “Should we do it? What should we do here? If those things were not an issue, what should we do?” So it’s very easy to… I joked with Craig, it’s like it’s so easy to go down the path of being like, “Well there’s can people and should people, there’s high agency people and low agency people, there’s this person and that person.”
It’s much more interesting to go and be like, “Yeah, there might be a little bit of a personality component to it, but what skills is the should person bringing to bear on that particular situation?” Maybe it’s a level of systems thinking, maybe it’s a level of looking at the environment and being able to decouple the current tactics from maybe the optimal tactics for doing it. So that’s one thing that I’m excited about, to do that. And yeah, there’s a bunch of other things. The diverse perspectives, diverse mental models, maybe working with someone like you to try to raise up some of this more diverse… I really want someone to be like who’s working at some company X, to be able to go and say, ” Now that leader I can relate to, they’re dealing with certain challenges that we are having to deal with at our company,” and I’d love them to be able to have role models like that.
Lenny: Like highlight people that aren’t on Twitter that are doing the work.
John Cutler: And not like meeting here. Not any of these particular people where they can say, “Well that leader…” I was speaking to someone recently, I wrote about this in my newsletter and she was just sort of forlorn. She was like, “I follow these people in this space and I know what my beliefs are and I know that that person has beliefs that I’m not sure vibing with completely. But the message to me is, the only way to get ahead in tech is to have those beliefs. And John, is that right? Do you need to believe this?” In this case, it was this very individualistic, very meritocratic kind of get ahead, push ahead type of vibe, which I respect that thought leader for putting out there, but this person didn’t buy into it, which would’ve all been okay except she said, “Is there a place for me in this environment. Will I need to sacrifice my beliefs to get ahead?”
And I told her about some companies that I know. I told her about Carrie, who I just mentioned, who’s been working on building the diversity, even in a small company. I told her about different leaders in different companies that, “Hey, there’s some companies where it is a real team vibe and there’s some companies that that”, and she was like, “That’s really good to know. So I think that that’s one thing I want to work on in the next year, to make sure that people have role models and not the people talking like me, but actual… Maybe I could be a role model to people in my new role, but ideally there’s role model leaders who they can relate to. That would be great.
Lenny: Awesome. I love that. I feel like you just talking about that makes an impact there. Something I’m definitely trying to do with this podcast is not just have all the same people that we see on Twitter all day and have a lot of people people have never heard of, but if you have suggestions, let’s definitely talk offline. I’d love to do more and more of this.
John Cutler: Yeah.
Lenny: So those are clearly some of the things on your mind as you’re kind of in this period of reflection. I’m curious if you are going to keep writing and keep your newsletter up, maybe publish more books and then just broadly, how do you make time, while you have a day job, to write? Because a lot of people always wonder that. I’m curious if you have any pieces of advice.
John Cutler: I’m obsessed with the writing, obviously, and I think a bit of background about me is I was pretty involved in music and song writing and it was similar kind of thing, I just liked writing lots of songs. I like that there’s a certain buzz you get when you’re creating. And in the case of music, it’d be like you record the demo and you get it out there. I think what people have correctly picked up on is because I have a full-time job, sometimes it’ll be Thursday night and my kid’s finally asleep and it’s one in the morning and I’m just like, “I’ve got to write this post.” And so sometimes it comes off as being a little bit rough or even accentuating the fact that I don’t give them an answer because it’s like two o’clock in the morning now and I don’t want to give them an answer. I want to go to sleep to do these things.
So I think one of the things I’m going to hope to do is maybe be more deliberate about trying to provide at least maybe some mental models for dealing with the mess. I mean there’s things like that out there. There’s this thing [inaudible 01:23:57], which is a way to understand the systems and decision-making problems have, are you dealing with a clear system, a complicated system, a complex system, or a chaotic system? And I like things like that because that helps do two things I like. One, I want to give people something actionable to be able to address what they’re doing, but it doesn’t remove the complexity in the particular situation. So I have role models in that. This guy, Simon Wardly does this kind of mapping, which I think is great. There’s these other techniques that I want to try to lean into and maybe develop some of my own that sort of help people have something actionable and embrace the mess, if that makes sense.
So for example, I recently wrote about something called the leadership, the Pyramid of Leadership, self awareness. And it’s a simple model, but it goes deep how I want it to go deep. So the idea is that at first we know nothing about ourself and then the next level is that we start to become self-aware, but believe the whole world is wired just like we’re wired. And then you go up to the next level and you believe that the world thinks different things, but you still think your way is the best way to be able to do that. So an example is, I remember talking to an executive and they’re like, “People only stay because of their managers and because of their money. That’s it.” And I said, “Everyone?” They said, “Yes.” “Do you believe that?” “Yes, because everyone believes it. It’s a physical law of light.” And here I am like, “Oh my God, I joined a company because the mission of the company or whatever.”
So they’re kind of stuck down on that second level where they believe that, “Yeah, the world thinks different things, but I’m absolutely right.” And then as you get up to the top, you become a little bit more aware that there’s other valid views and then at the top you’re sort of like, “No, you don’t dishonor yourself and throw away who you are, but you realize that this is a huge asset in the world, that there’s diverse views that you can bring together to do really, really amazing things.” So that’s an example of some writing I’ve even done recently where I’m kind of like, it’s a complex topic, but I try to make it more actionable to do that. So that’s one whole thing. The other thing too is leveraging all the crap that I have. I think it’s like 700, 800 posts, maybe 900.
Lenny: Wow.
John Cutler: I had this whole blog beforehand that I did it. And then I have these hundreds of images with these frameworks and then it’s like 50, 70 talks that I’ve done floating on YouTube and then there’s all the mural boards I made at Amplitude. It’s a different model. So I kind of feel like I could pull some of that together to make it more actionable for people, give people almost like a meta guide to Cutler content so that they’re not just dropped into me writing something at 1:00 AM and being like, “Oh, just another one of those.” Like, “Damn it, you didn’t give me an alternative to NPS. This newsletter sucks.” I mean, frankly, I would say the same thing too if I just stumbled into the newsletter to do it. So those are a couple things that I’m thinking about for the content, definitely not going to stop doing those, sharing those things and doing that. So yeah, excited about this next year.
Also, the question about writing, I mean, one thing with a full-time job where most of my work is internal, obviously I need to respect my team. Again, I go back to that funny thing with Spencer, he is like, “You’re writing about Amplitude.” I’m like, “No, dude, I’m not writing about Amplitude. It’s like every company has that problem.” But if I’m working alongside people, I obviously can’t be like, “No,” I can’t say, “Oh, your manager sucks.” It’s like Craig’s going to read that to do that particular thing, but I can, what I’m really excited about is that part of my job will be involving doing a lot of writing and a lot of teaching, is hopefully work it out with the company so that I can share things that are not too specific about the company, but much more. They’ve got five different businesses at Toast, they’ve got all these people, so it’s going to be a education every day. So I’m hoping to maybe get that inspiring my work in different ways.
Lenny: Amazing. I imagine you might rename your newsletter The Beautiful Mess, slightly less messy.
John Cutler: Yeah. Jam and Toast. The Jam and Toast decision. The addition.
Lenny: Delicious.
John Cutler: Yeah, there we go. 2023.
Lenny: Also, as you were talking, I imagined a chat GBT three type chat bot powered by John Cutler content could be something to try.
John Cutler: Oh, it could be a funny, yeah, I mean I’m sort of obsessed. I like the ChatGPT thing because I like having things, having a developer inspired by Hemmingway debate, a developer inspired by Tolstoy discussing how to resolve a GIT issue. So that’s what I’ve been obsessed by lately is when you know how ChatGPT works, you can actually make it do really funny things. And back to the worldview things, it’s actually really effective. This is a very actionable tip, if you feel you’re heavily grounded in let’s say the, I don’t know, maybe you’re like a hardcore objectivist or you believe in individualism, you can just type into ChatGPT and say, “Take this situation and interpret it by five different worldviews.” And it’ll be like, you’ll get the humanist view and you’ll get the communitarian view and you’ll get the collectivist view. You’ll do that. So anyway, it’s a fun tool for that. It’s really cool.
Lenny: It is awesome. We checked the checkbox talking about AI, very, very hot these days.
John Cutler: Yep. Score.
Lenny: Score. One final question before we get to our exciting lightning round, I’m going to come back to the questions that folks asked you on Twitter. And there’s a question that I saved up and the question, it was by Jeff Fedor and his question to you, he was, “What have you always wanted to say but couldn’t now that you’re between gigs?”
John Cutler: Oh, that’s good. So one thing is I didn’t really need to filter myself very much when I was at Amplitude, which is kind of the beauty of the gig. I wrote this blog post, probably six years ago called How to Know You’re Working in a Feature Factory. And I’ve always, this has all been my jam. The outcome, outcome and impact focus thing. So it’s not like I’ve really had to hide anything. And so one thing I could say is the power of qualitative data, but even Spencer says that too. He’s talking about early on in Amplitude you can rely a lot on qualitative data. So that wouldn’t be all that controversial. That’s a funny thing. There’s not that much, I pretty much say what I say partially under the guise that I’m talking to so many teams. So therefore it’s never about Amplitude. Absolutely not.
I think the one thing that I would change, I don’t think that many people in the company would disagree with me, but one anti pattern I see a lot on the part of implementing analytics is that people go in and undertake this huge implementation. They want to implement all their events, they want to get, they want to treat it like this big project. And again, I don’t think it’s too controversial internally, but I think I might have been much more adamant to people that’s just like use our free plan and get 20 events going and you might wipe them out later, but you don’t even know what you don’t know yet. You would see these companies that are really qualified companies and it would be a couple months of back and forth of them trying to document every question they have and every metric they need and everything that you had.
And I would watch them and I understood why they were doing that, but I really just wanted to shake them, which again, I wouldn’t have done this because then I would’ve been talking about the companies I was talking about every day. I just wanted to shake them and just, “Sit me down with the developers at your company for three hours and let’s like Hello world, a couple events here, this is, you could be getting value this whole time.” And again, I don’t think that people at Amplitude would disagree, but I think that that’s, I wasn’t going to talk about that all day because that would be sort of belittling customers who do want this big implementation thing. So pretty kind of inside baseball for analytics, but that’s one thing that I was thinking about for Jeff.
Lenny: Awesome. Great answer. Also actionable advice. How about that?
John Cutler: Yeah, can do. You just need to find it. You just send me a message and say, “Do you have the actionable advice for it?” I probably do somewhere. I just maybe didn’t have the time to organize it.
Lenny: Good tip. You’re going to get a lot of DMs. With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. I’ve got five questions for you. I’m just going to go through and whatever comes to mind fire away. Are you ready?
John Cutler: Yeah, yeah, absolutely.
Lenny: What are two or three books that you’ve recommended most to other people?
John Cutler: Yeah, this one’s pretty easy because they are fairly similar lately. So I really like the book How to Measure Anything, finding Intangibles or Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business. So that’s by Douglas Hubbard. And the reason why I like that is again, at Amplitude the number of people who would come in like, “What are all our competitors measuring? We want to know exactly which metric to measure.” And again, I’m laughing with you because I know you have these posts. Here’s exactly the metrics that you should track. I really respect those posts and that’s the power that you have. That’s all really good. But what Hubbard reminds you is why the hell are you measuring things to begin with? It’s to reduce uncertainty for critical decisions or to achieve certain objectives that you have. The reason why it’s important to read that book is A, you figure out someone who’s again, actionable, has thought this through. So he gives you kind of a framework to thinking about it.
But B, he really challenges this idea of when making decisions in conditions of uncertainty, you only need to reduce the uncertainty to an acceptable amount to be able to make the next decision that you need to make. And we never have, people are like, “Product is science.” It’s really an art, like a game that’s being played out. You never have complete information to do it. So I think that’s a good book to remind people about what… To be more creative and thinking about measurement instead of thinking about measurement and metrics is just about adopting the exact metrics that everyone has and doing that.
The second one I think would probably be Accelerate. So Nicole Forsgren, Gene Kim, Jez Humble, that’s just one of the best books in the world about the factors contributing to performance. And it’s built on many… It’s six, I don’t know, it’s been out for a while now, 10 years? They did the Dora report, which was their yearly report where they did big surveys, like 10, 20, 30, 40,000 people responding to it. And Nicole Forsgren is an amazing scientist. So they structure their thing correctly. They would have a hypothesis about what is equal to performance and how all these individual practices contribute to it.
And then they’ve updated it over time. And I think that Google bought Dora, I don’t know exactly how all the parts came into place, but that book is amazing, just sort of teaching you how to think about the idea of performance because they’ll include things like the Western topology, which is your company operating a bureaucracy or… These certain culture elements to it, but then also the practices and things that you’re doing. So that’s a great book when you’re trying to think about, “How do I model performance?” And then it’s also an amazing book because you can just literally put the stuff into motion about improving your development practices and things you’re doing.
And then I think probably the last one, man, I just love this book, this Jeff Patton book about user story mapping. I love what Jeff Patton did. He took this extremely simple idea, which is that you can lay out a customer journey and then organize, take a slice across that journey and develop it. And he gives this pretty basic straightforward method to do it. But I tell you, I’ll go into companies like a year after they had Jeff in and learned this and they’re still like buzzing about, “Hey, user story map.” And it’s just, he’s a super humble guy and he would never outstate the value of this. He’d be like, “Yeah, it’s just a journey map with a couple sticky notes on it.” But I always, when someone’s new at product management, I’m like, “Hey, this is a deceptively simple book. You’ll learn this very basic idea, but it’ll teach you a lot about product when I do that.” So those are three that come to mind.
Lenny: Killer suggestions, I love answers of books I’ve never heard of that seem really amazing. So you check the checkbox there. Thank you. Next question. Favorite other podcast other than the one you’re currently on?
John Cutler: I’m in a… I got a four-year-old. I don’t really spend a lot of time… I’m the sort of, I’m such a lightweight, it’s like I’ll do knowledge project because Shane sent me, you know what I mean? I’ll just listen to some, I’ll binge things, but I do really like, I’ve actually been going through old episodes of Maggie Crowley’s podcast that she did when she was at Drift. Lots of good guests and I really like Maggie’s perspective and I like the guests that she had on there. So sometimes I’ll go back to an old podcast. He does these really great memes and stuff, but Jason Knight actually has a fun podcast that I listen to and some of those things. So I think that, but realistically I’m not a huge podcast listener. I’d like to go back to a podcast that hasn’t been out for a while, like Maggie’s and just sort of catch up on all the guests because I thought that was really good.
Lenny: Awesome. Jason, we love hearing that. Next question. Favorite recent movie or TV show that you really enjoyed?
John Cutler: Oh man, again, I have a kid. It’s nothing. There’s this thing called, there’s a show called Sunny Bunnies. It’s these fluffy bunnies. That’s really good. And then there’s this animated series called Booba and he’s this funny guy. I like Booba [inaudible 01:37:13].
Lenny: Great. I’m sure these will be useful to families.
John Cutler: Hardcore product, movies. Really, those are going to up your game a lot.
Lenny: Yeah, I’m sure there’s something to learn. Two more questions. Favorite interview question that you like to ask folks?
John Cutler: Oh, so one that I like to do is, I do the behavioral questions like, “Tell me about stuff,” but then I’ll ask them like, “Imagine I’m interviewing a person you worked with. Now answer in there, tell me about of the same situation.” So you’ll be like, “Oh, Lenny, tell me about a time that you were faced with adversity and you did this and then you worked with the team to do it. And you would go through it and then you’d answer it.
And then maybe in the process of doing that, you mentioned someone you work with and I’ll be like, “Now imagine that you’re Mary, who you just spoke about, and things, and how would she answer the tell me about thing as it relates to you?” And so I think it can show some really interesting self awareness. Often people answer that question like they are the hero of the story and the other people are the accomplices in it, but then if you challenge them, “What was that story from the perspective of one of the people you worked with?” I think it’s really interesting.
Lenny: Awesome. [inaudible 01:38:23].
John Cutler: So it is a behavioral question. I do think that’s the right way and if you dig enough you can really get the depth of the story, but I do think it’s fun to challenge people to see how flexible their thinking could be about that situation. I don’t know if that’s right from an HR perspective, but I like it.
Lenny: I like it too. Final question, you mentioned you have kids. What’s the best lesson someone taught you about raising kids?
John Cutler: It’s a challenge every day. I just think they operate better when they are fed. The kid as a product is like if you feed the product, then they were just, everything’s better. And when you don’t, like everything falls apart. So just have snacks with you. That’s basically the advice that I have for people.
Lenny: Very practical. Look at you, actionable advice left and right.
John Cutler: Yeah. You got it.
Lenny: John, and I feel comfortable calling you John now, I feel like I just got to know you. You’re just like, “I’m John now.” We hit our goal of, I think it’s going to be the longest episode I’ve done. This was amazing. John, we’ve reached the end. Two final questions. Where can folks find you online if they want to learn more, reach out, ask questions if you want them to? And then two, how can listeners be useful to you?
John Cutler: I still am using Twitter a fair amount I think, but LinkedIn could be good. John Cuttlefish on Twitter and then just John Cutler at LinkedIn. Yeah, I think what I would love to hear from people is just send recommendations of people we should hear more from. I think that would be really helpful. Even in the role that I have, I want to start like a guest speaker series to bring people in to talk to our team. And so I think that that would be something that I can work on.
Lenny: Amazing. John, thank you so much for doing this. I’m really excited for this new adventure that you’re on, and I’m excited to maybe follow up maybe in a couple years of just what you’ve learned from this next phase of life.
John Cutler: I really enjoyed the show and thank you for having me.
Lenny: Awesome. Thanks, John.
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcast, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lenny’spodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Better, Sooner, Safer, Happier | Better, Sooner, Safer, Happier(书名,保留原文) |
| Andrew Huberman | Andrew Huberman(人名,保留原文) |
| Angela | Angela(人名,保留原文) |
| Anheuser-Busch | Anheuser-Busch(公司名,保留原文) |
| anti-pattern | 反模式 |
| AppFolio | AppFolio(公司名,保留原文) |
| ARC | ARC(Amplitude Research Certification,保留缩写) |
| bar raisers | bar raisers(Amazon 的招聘质量把关机制,保留原文) |
| Barclays Bank | Barclays Bank(公司名,保留原文) |
| BEES | BEES(Anheuser-Busch 的 B2B 分销平台名称,保留原文) |
| can/should divide | ”能不能”/“该不该”的分野 |
| Carly Simon | Carly Simon(人名,保留原文) |
| Carrie | Carrie(人名,保留原文) |
| collectivist | 集体主义的 |
| communitarian | 社区主义的 |
| confirmation bias | 确认偏误 |
| consensus driven | 共识驱动的 |
| continuous discovery | 持续发现 |
| Craig | Craig(人名,保留原文) |
| CSM | 客户成功经理(Customer Success Manager) |
| data informed product loop | 数据驱动的产品闭环 |
| DORA | DORA(DevOps Research and Assessment,保留缩写) |
| Douglas Hubbard | Douglas Hubbard(人名,保留原文) |
| Drift | Drift(公司名,保留原文) |
| EMEA | EMEA(欧洲、中东和非洲地区,保留缩写) |
| Erin Meyer | Erin Meyer(人名,保留原文) |
| feature factory | 功能工厂(指只关注输出功能而非实际成果的团队/公司) |
| fundamental attribution bias | 基本归因偏差 |
| Gene Kim | Gene Kim(人名,保留原文) |
| gig | 工作/职位(口语用法) |
| gold plating | 过度精雕细琢(在技术决策上做超出必要的过度优化) |
| great man theory | 伟人理论 |
| happy plate | 舒适区(原文为口语表达,指让自己感到舒服的状态/区域) |
| high agency | 高能动性 |
| horizontal | 横向的 |
| house music | 浩室音乐 |
| individualistic | 个人主义的 |
| inertia | 惯性(在此处指组织中的结构性惯性/阻力) |
| Jason Cohen | Jason Cohen(人名保留原文) |
| Jason Knight | Jason Knight(人名,保留原文) |
| Jeff Fedor | Jeff Fedor(人名,保留原文) |
| Jeff Patton | Jeff Patton(人名,保留原文) |
| Jez Humble | Jez Humble(人名,保留原文) |
| John Smart | John Smart(人名,保留原文) |
| Jon | Jon(人名,保留原文) |
| Josh Arnold | Josh Arnold(人名,保留原文) |
| Klaus | Klaus(人名,保留原文) |
| Lego | Lego(公司名,保留原文) |
| Maggie Crowley | Maggie Crowley(人名,保留原文) |
| Marty Kagan | Marty Kagan(人名,保留原文) |
| Mary | Mary(人名,保留原文,此处为假设举例用名) |
| mental models | 心智模型 |
| meritocracy | 精英主义 |
| NewBank | NewBank(巴西数字银行,保留原文) |
| newsletter | newsletter(已作为通用名词保留原文) |
| Nicole Forsgren | Nicole Forsgren(人名,保留原文) |
| North Star Playbook | North Star Playbook(专有名称,保留原文) |
| Northstar framework | Northstar 框架 |
| NPS | NPS(净推荐值,Net Promoter Score,保留缩写) |
| objectivist | 客观主义者 |
| opportunity solution tree | 机会解决方案树 |
| org chart | 组织架构图 |
| pair programming | 结对编程 |
| playbook | playbook(已作为专有名词通用) |
| POS | POS(销售终端,Point of Sale,保留缩写) |
| product evangelist | 产品布道师 |
| product mindset | 产品思维 |
| product sense | 产品直觉 |
| product teams | 产品团队 |
| product-led growth | 产品驱动增长 |
| professional services | 专业服务 |
| red team | 红队测试(有意识地挑战和反驳自身决策的做法) |
| reps | 反复练习(此处指团队在小范围内反复实践交付和学习闭环的过程) |
| Satya Nadella | 萨提亚·纳德拉 |
| Shane | Shane(人名,保留原文,指 Shane Parrish,The Knowledge Project 主持人) |
| Simon Wardley | Simon Wardley(人名,保留原文) |
| skin in the game | 利益绑定 |
| Spencer | Spencer(人名,保留原文) |
| strong opinions loosely held | 强观点,弱执念 |
| Teresa Torres | Teresa Torres(人名,保留原文) |
| test-driven development | 测试驱动开发 |
| The Culture Map | 《The Culture Map》(书名,保留原文) |
| Toast | Toast(公司名,保留原文) |
| user story mapping | 用户故事映射 |
| vertical SaaS | 垂直 SaaS |
| Westrum topology | Westrum 拓扑模型 |
| Working Backwards | 《逆向工作法》(Amazon 相关书籍) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
是什么区分了最高绩效的产品团队 | John Cutler (The Beautiful Mess)
访谈记录
从内省开始
John Cutler: 假设你是一位创始人,正在纠结是该在流程上投入更多,还是在人员上投入更多。首先要做的是内省。你真正相信的是什么?你相信什么,你身边的人相信什么,你怎么才能成为一个言行一致的领导者?说实话,你可以稍微偏离一下自己的舒适区,但不会走得太远。你不可能从一个以流程驱动的、唯才是举的某类人,一下子变成”我要创办一家集体主义公司,所有事情都靠共识决策”——你做不到这种转变。但我认为一切始于自我认知,然后人们才能形成自己真实的领导风格,在此基础上做一些弹性调整,并接纳其他视角。
节目介绍
Lenny: 欢迎来到 Lenny’s Podcast。我是 Lenny,我的目标是帮助大家更好地掌握构建和增长产品这门手艺。我会采访世界级的产品负责人和增长专家,从他们在构建和扩展当今最成功公司过程中积累的宝贵经验中学习。今天的嘉宾是 John Cutler。John 是互联网上最多产、最受喜爱、资历最深厚的产品智慧写作者和分享者之一,正如你将在本期开头听到的,得益于他在 Amplitude 独特的角色,他与全球大量产品团队和产品经理有过合作。多年来我从 John 的文章中学到了很多,也经常分享他的内容,因此能和 John 深入交流对我来说是真正的荣幸。我预料到了这种情况,而且它确实发生了——这期成了我做过的最长的一期,老实说,我们还可以继续聊很久。
我们聊了是什么区分了最高绩效的产品团队和表现欠佳的产品团队,在公司内部推动真正变革需要什么,为什么你应该对网上看到的框架和工具保持怀疑,为什么表现不佳的团队失败的方式都差不多,而高绩效团队成功的方式却各不相同,以及更多内容。我相信你会喜欢这期节目,迫不及待想让你们听到。那么,在短暂的赞助商广告之后,我为大家请出 John Cutler。
(广告已跳过)
正式对话开始
Lenny: John Cutler,欢迎来到节目。
John Cutler: 谢谢邀请我,Lenny。
Lenny: 我对你的印象就是 John Cutler 这个全名。只叫你 John 感觉怪怪的。你有这种感觉吗?另外,大家会因为你的 Twitter 用户名叫你 John Cuttlefish 吗?
John Cutler: 对,John Cuttlefish。我昨天才知道,有一位著名的 DJ 叫 Jon Cutler,没有 H,所以我不知道玩浩室音乐的人是不是知道这个。嗯,我觉得跟大多数叫 John 的人一样,大家会叫我 Cutler 或者 JC 之类的,不过叫 John 也行,或者 Cuttlefish,你可以直接叫我 Cuttlefish,没问题。
Lenny: 你之前说过——我们在这之前聊天时你提到——你玩音乐,所以那个 DJ 其实就是你吗?
John Cutler: 不是,不过那确实挺有意思的。实际上昨天有个人在 Twitter 上私信我说:“兄弟,我不知道你现在职业发展怎么样,但我真的很喜欢你早期的作品。” 如果我真是那位 DJ Jon Cutler 就酷了。我写歌、玩摇滚音乐之类的,不是那种浩室 DJ。
Lenny: 好吧,这可以是你职业生涯的下一个阶段,我们稍后再聊。但我只想说,我对这次对话无比期待。我一直希望能做这期节目,现在你刚好在工作之间有空档,我们终于找到机会了。我有一种预感,这会是我们做过的最长的一期,因为有太多我想问你的,也有太多你有条件接触到的有趣内容可以分享。所以,希望你为一场马拉松式的长谈做好准备。
John Cutler: 当然,我准备好了。这很令人兴奋。我现在正在休假,两份工作之间,所以这是我今天最开心的事。你想聊多久都行。
Lenny: 好,八个小时,来吧。
John Cutler: 太好了。
Amplitude 的独特角色
Lenny: 那么,我想我们可以从你在 Amplitude 担任的那个独特角色开始聊——你在大约四年后刚刚离开这个岗位。这个角色最有趣的地方在于,它让你接触到了数量惊人的产品团队和产品经理,这是我见过的、或任何其他职位无法比拟的。你能聊聊你在 Amplitude 的这个角色,以及与这么多产品团队和产品经理合作是什么样的体验吗?
John Cutler: 当然可以。首先,我几乎清楚地记得 Amplitude 的 Sandhya 联系我、向我提出这个角色设想的那一天。我非常感谢 Sandhya,还有 Justin、Matt Althauser、Spencer 以及整个团队,因为从一开始,这确实是一个相当奇怪的角色。他们开始有越来越多的客户不再是传统创业公司或成长期创业公司,他们需要想办法以一种能被这些公司接受的方式,向更广泛的产品群体传递专业知识和洞见。怎么说呢,他们觉得这个奇怪的想法也许可行,真的很感谢他们的信任。
John Cutler: 不过,我的正式头衔是产品布道师(product evangelist)。我觉得自己并不完全契合这个角色,但这就是我们的头衔。基本上我的工作就是每天早上醒来,做一些与 Amplitude 产品本身有交集的事情,但核心目标是帮助我们的客户提升水平,或者说提升更广泛的产品社区的水平。我把他们称为现有客户和未来客户。这就是我每天的心态——我要么在和一个现有客户交流,要么在和一个未来客户交流。产品转型正在全球各地发生,这只是时间问题,他们最终都会成为 Amplitude 的客户,所以我应该尽力帮助他们变得更优秀,用不同的专业知识去支持他们。
但我日常的大部分时间花在倡导不同的工作方式上,做辅导、做工作坊。我和 Jason 合作编写了 North Star Playbook,他是联合撰稿人。我们做了大量一对一辅导 session。我还有一种叫”产品治疗 session”的东西,就是我早上起来,然后浸泡在人们当天遇到的各种问题里。我确实和成百上千的人做过交流,为成千上万的人办过工作坊,做过的演讲更是远超这个数字,实际上有好几万人听过我的演讲。所以,这是一段非常疯狂的经历。从组织架构上来说,我主要汇报给市场和产品营销部门,后来有一段时间我转到了我们的产品团队,当时我们正在推进教育工作,最终这部分工作移交给了客户成功团队,我又回到了市场部门。所以技术上说,我汇报给市场部门。
但我确实记得入职那天,大约两三周后,我们举行了全员年度启动会,会上有一个很大的演讲,讲的是我们的目标是成为”值得信赖的专家”(trusted expert)。这句话在我整个任职期间一直回响在耳边——布道师的职责就是用值得信赖的专业知识去帮助提升整个行业。而在一个像分析产品这样的产品中,有产品分析本身,但还有许多与之交叉的工作方式。所以大体上就是我的角色。这确实是一个相当疯狂的角色。
Lenny: 这太疯狂了。你基本上就是一个免费的产品团队教练。你走进去,帮助他们提升构建产品的方式,然后 Amplitude 就……你需要学会如何和数据打交道,Amplitude 可以帮助你变得更加数据驱动。我想这大概就是核心思路吧。
John Cutler: 对,挺有意思的。我经常和我们专业服务(professional services)团队开玩笑。是这样的,如果你是一家 SaaS 公司,我觉得有时候你会设一个专业服务团队。在 Amplitude,尤其是我们的理解是,公司投入了资金,这相当于建立了利益绑定的关系(skin in the game)。他们付钱与其说是购买专业服务,不如说是为了获得一种问责机制和专业知识的获取渠道。所以我经常和那个团队的 Jenna 开玩笑说,也许我们应该把这些工作坊都商业化。我知道 Gibb 和其他一些人,他们做 North Star 工作坊收费不菲,而我们却在那儿免费做。
所以也许本可以有另一套策略,但我们基本上都是免费做的。有时候我还给自己惹了麻烦。疫情期间有一次,我们说,“怎么办?没法出差办工作坊了。“然后我就在我的 newsletter 里写了句,“有人想要工作坊吗?“结果突然之间,我们的销售团队不得不面对怎么处理这 120 条线索的问题。处理起来还挺有意思的。
不过总的来说,这确实是一个独特的角色。我确实建议 SaaS 公司考虑设立类似的角色,但这其中有很多微妙的细节。我们可以之后分享一些链接,是我对做得对和做得不对的地方的反思。但最终我认为,你不应该依赖某几个个体。你应该把布道师看作是围绕你社区的同心圆,而其中一些人恰好拥有更多的专业知识。我们的内部团队非常棒,Ibrahim、Justin、Abbie,还有 Sandhya 在公司的时候,每个人都是倡导者,每个人都有可能成为布道师。只是一天只有那么多小时。所以你可以把你的社区想象成一层层同心圆式的布道师和倡导者网络。关键在于你怎么设计才能让它运转起来。所以,推荐这个做法。有点棘手,但确实是很好的一个举措。
Lenny: 听起来可以写一篇未来的文章,讲讲在公司没有 John Cutler 的情况下怎么做到这一点。你说你和上百个团队合作过。能不能大致给一些数字——你和多少家公司合作过,在这个阶段职业生涯中你觉得你和多少产品经理交谈过。
John Cutler: 天哪。
数据与规模
Lenny: 在你职业生涯的这个阶段。
John Cutler: 让我想想。在四年间,可能做了超过 800 次一对一的领导层对话。在高峰期,一年做了 150 场工作坊,然后第二年又重叠了,加起来大概 200 多场,但平均下来大概每年 100 场,总共三四百场工作坊吧。强度很大。然后还有各种大会演讲和其他活动。我试过统计总数,导出了所有 Google 日历邀请,试图逐一分类。但你也得认识到,我们在 North Star Playbook 上做的事情,在 Amplitude 真的是一个团队协作的成果。
我记得好像是 Sandhya,当时我们三天后要去签下一个客户,他们在寻求我们值得信赖的专业知识,她就临时拼凑了一个工作坊,想出了”产品的三个游戏”(three games of product),这是一种非常巧妙又很酷的方式来描述你的 North Star 输入和 North Star 应该是什么样的。这推动了整个进程,然后他们写了一篇博客文章。
如果你搜索 North Star,就能找到 Sandhya 的那篇文章,写得非常好。然后我们的 CSM(客户成功经理)开始学习怎么做这个工作坊,我们说”应该为此写一份 playbook”。发展到后来,你去 LinkedIn 上看,人们会说”我们在用 Amplitude 的 North Star 框架”,我每次都要出来纠正,“不,我们没有发明这个东西。你们应该去看 Sean 的内容,或者去看以前做过这个的其他人。“但重点是,这些东西都是在时间中逐步演进出来的。它不是某个一拍脑门的营销活动。
内容是如何打造出来的
我们的留存 playbook 和参与 playbook 也是一样的。我刚到 Amplitude 的时候,人们会拍那些 playbook 放在办公桌上的照片发给我们,大家觉得”这不过是一份营销内容,他们是怎么弄出来的?“我做了些调研,发现我们的客户成功团队从与客户直接合作中积累了 110 页的留存和参与研究,然后一位 PM 和一位非常出色的内容作者 Archana 负责精炼,让它变得易读,然后我们做了 ARC(Amplitude Research Certification)。所以它不是凭空出现的。人们觉得 Amplitude 的这些内容资产像是变魔术一样冒出来的,但实际上……这家公司里充满了对这些领域充满热情的专家,这些内容经过了测试、迭代、测试、迭代、扩展、测试、投入实践、再投入实践,这才是你为公司打造这种旗舰级、基石级内容的方式。你不可能某天打个响指就变出来。所以我想特别指出这一点。所有这些都是巨大的团队协作成果。
Lenny: 离开 Amplitude 之后,你现在的感受如何?我猜你正经历着各种跌宕起伏的情绪吧。
John Cutler: 天哪。首先,巨大的感激之情,这一点一定要说——很棒的人,很棒的客户。想象一下,如果你是个产品迷,今天跟 Amazon,明天跟 IKEA,后天跟 LEGO,然后是 Intercom,接着是一个两个人的创业公司,然后又是 Figma。所以这真的是一辈子可能只有一次的经历。事实上,如果我是付费顾问,我根本不可能有这样的机会。还有一点,这里存在一种选择偏差。如果你是顾问,客户是主动找上门来跟你合作的,但在 Amplitude,很多时候我只是跟那些需要获取专业支持的团队交谈,不一定是冲着我来的。所以很多时候我无法主导对话的方向。有时候会觉得,糟了,我这方面做得不好,这个人思考问题的方式跟我很不一样。
所以,是的,充满感激。但我也得说,那段经历有时候确实非常沉重——我儿子出生三个月后我开始这份工作,然后疫情就来了,每天你都在吸收来自各团队的焦虑和注意力。你今天见一位即将离职的领导,五天后又见一群试图在疫情中保住自己团队的人,他们正在推翻之前所有的工作。是的,我经常拿”产品心理咨询”这事开玩笑,但我经常下午两三点结束一天的工作,然后又得接着做下一场。早上五点起来做 EMEA 的工作坊,五点到七点,两小时的工作坊,休息一下,再做一场两小时的工作坊,然后跟一位领导聊他们这边一切都要崩了的事情,然后再跟另一位领导聊。而我同时还是 Amplitude 内部团队的一员,所以我可能还要去参加自己团队的会议,处理我们自己面临的挑战,等这一切结束,已经是下午四五点了。彻底精疲力尽。但能做这些事情,也是一种幸运。
这段经历也给我留下了几个关键的教训,我们后面可能会聊到。第一,你会接触到很多不同的公司,它们用截然不同的方式取得了几乎相似的结果。它们的行为方式不同,所处的环境背景不同——疫情也好,经济形势也好。你会看到疫情爆发,然后跟五十家公司讨论应对其带来的影响。所以挺有趣的,我跟 Amplitude 的同事开玩笑,他们说”我们自己也一团糟”,我就说,“是啊,而且我还看到另外五十家公司怎么应对各自的一团糟。“这就是背景环境的力量。
地域差异也非常令人着迷。我跟一个驻印度的团队开会,那种热情和好奇心——房间里没有一个倦怠的人,没有一个人说”这些都见过了,做过了,绩效评估周期什么时候结束啊?“之类的。全是全力以赴的热情和对知识的渴望。那些日子真的很棒。所以,是的,聊起来话很多,但说实话,在某种意义上离开确实是一种解脱,因为维持那种高强度需要承受太多压力了。至于我的下一步计划,实际上我几周后要去 Toast 工作,我跟那里的一位领导 Craig Daniel 保持联系很久了,一直很欣赏他在 Drift 做的事情。
但我觉得在这四年中我逐渐意识到,我想把重心转回来,把大部分精力投入到帮助自己的公司上。Toast 增长非常快,各种数字都在以百、以千计地攀升,而且他们不只是 POS 业务,他们还有不同的业务线,比如客户服务、后台办公等等。Amplitude 是一个非常横向的产品,你仔细想想的话,它几乎是一条斜线,什么都要涉及,做得人脑子都要转不过来了,所以我很想回到垂直 SaaS。Santa Barbara 这里有一家叫 AppFolio 的公司,我挺喜欢在那工作的,我对垂直 SaaS 一直有特殊的感情。但我现在想的是,把精力投入到内部团队一段时间,重新回到这个方向。所以我会在内部帮助赋能产品团队,做的差不多还是那些事情,但这次是在一家公司的内部。这会是一个很有意思的转变。
Lenny: 你提到了好多我想深入聊的话题,而且你也说了你接下来要去哪里,这本来也是我要问的,太好了。谢谢你都覆盖到了。另外我还想说,Toast 真幸运,能招到 John Cutler。恭喜他们。
John Cutler: 噢,是我幸运才对。天哪,Toast 是一颗宝石。前几天我跟 Craig 开玩笑说,“我真不知道 Toast 内部竟然在搞这么多东西。“
拥抱混乱
Lenny: 太棒了。好的,在我们深入聊你提到的那些话题——公司之间的文化差异、最优秀的团队做对了什么等等——之前,我其实,你也注意到了,我在 Twitter 上问了大家应该问你什么。你在 Twitter 上有很多粉丝,收到了大量问题,其中有一个还挺尖锐的,我想简单聊一下。Jason Cohen 指出,你在 newsletter 和推文中分享的很多东西,往往没有一个明确的”你应该这么做”的建议,或者一个可以直接拿去用的具体建议。它有点乱——不过这倒也合适,因为你的 newsletter 就叫 A Beautiful Mess。所以我的问题是,你为什么选择在写作、思考和建议中拥抱这种混乱?
John Cutler: 我回想了一下,这个 newsletter 简直就像一个情绪乐队——The Beautiful Mess,太焦虑了,再怎么贴切都不为过……如果我有一支乐队——我十六岁的时候并没有情绪乐队,但如果有的话,我一定会叫它 The Beautiful Mess。所以这大概跟我的性格是一脉相承的。其实我真的很感谢 Jason 指出这一点,事实上在今年年底,我向读者发了一篇文章说,“嘿,以下是我在琢磨的事情——比如我输出内容的可操作性、产品建议的多样性——这对我很重要,“还有就是做一个怪人是什么感觉。我们每个人都有自己那些奇怪的执念去做这些事情。那么,拥抱这些东西意味着什么?所以 Jason 提出这个问题的时机非常好,也许我可以先聊聊这个 newsletter 的背景和我当时想要做什么。
产品建议的三大视角
所以我觉得,我做的第一件事是四年前,我大致扫描了一下产品建议的领域,注意到了三点。首先,有三种视角非常普遍。再次声明,我要做一个大大的免责——这并不是对这些特定视角的任何评判,更多是我注意到了很多这样的倾向。第一种是,要取得成功——或者说成功的定义——是工具、技能、心态。所以这是一类比较特定的东西。第二种,在世界观方面,我们也提到了国际化的世界观,但有很高比例的产品建议有一种根基——你猜它扎根在哪里——它扎根在精英主义这个理念上。成功主要取决于个人能力,高度个人主义。我们在美国其实意识不到自己有多个人主义,直到你跟其他国家的团队开会,才会发现我们在考虑团队应该怎么搭建这类问题时,可以有多么个人主义。
John Cutler: 然后我觉得我注意到的第三点是,这些建议往往是非常脱离语境的,而且我这么说其实完全是好意。它们被优化成确保可以落地执行,让人拿走就能用。这也是我很喜欢你输出的内容、也很喜欢播客上很多嘉宾的原因——他们会把这些东西非常具体地铺展开来。所以回顾一下,那些工具、技能、心态,确实说得通,对吧?谁不想要让自己变得更好的工具呢?实际上,很多我喜欢的播客——这个我们后面可以聊——都是那种”我们要给你最好的人使用的工具和策略”。所以我也真的很喜欢这类内容。
关于第二点,成功主要取决于个人能力和工作岗位这种观念。比如伟大的领导者、高绩效团队、十倍人才(10x people),诸如此类。还有产品思维这个东西,有点像你要么有要么没有,或者你发展得出来就发展得出来,发展不出来就算了。很神秘。所以,再说一次,我会把这些东西过一遍,然后想想它们对我有什么启发。我心里有一部分觉得,“好吧,这类东西已经很多了,但去拆解这些东西背后发生的那些动态,这样的内容可能没那么充裕。”
关于精英主义和个人主义的部分,基本上就是认为人会升到顶层,因为他们最努力、工作最刻苦,最好的公司雇佣了他们。有顶级公司,有二线公司。所以这是非常层级化的观念。而当我在 Amplitude 越来越深入地研究这些东西时,我就觉得,“等等,这个观念同时有对的地方也有不对的地方,有真实的一面也有不真实的一面。“所以这也是我想要去探索的。至于脱离语境的建议,我越来越明显地注意到,人们试图在不合适的语境中套用工具,有时候反而比什么都不做效果更差。
总之,我把它当成一个产品来思考——“好吧,我的机会在哪里?有很多很好的建议,非常可操作。没办法,我们在美国就是比较个人主义的,所以这些建议可能真的让人很有共鸣,而且它确实很可操作。“然后我就想,“好吧,那我特定的角度是什么?“所以我思考了我想要探索的三个方向。第一个是,我们确实是在这些复杂适应系统(complex adaptive systems)中工作的,所以我在这个方向上挖得特别深。
我们工作的环境里,有大量相互依赖的因素。我们不在封闭系统中工作。比如说,你在湾区,你就在一个叫湾区的更大系统中,而这个系统又在加州这个更大的系统中,加州又在美国这个更大的系统中。你的团队是公司里众多团队中的一支。这些系统是非线性的——就像巴西一只蝴蝶扇动翅膀引发龙卷风那种效应。所以我想确保在 The Beautiful Mess 里我们能把这些东西深入挖掘出来。
第二点是,我对公司里那些奇怪的反直觉动态简直毫无抵抗力。我不知道是怎么回事,但我就是特别喜欢。举两个例子吧。一个是,我对高在制品(high work in progress)这个概念非常着迷——不管是个人层面还是团队层面。明明知道如果你同时少做一些事情,效率会更高,但团队却总是给自己塞满工作?所以在 newsletter 里,我想探索这类问题——为什么,当一群人理性上都知道不应该把自己堆满工作的时候,那些非常聪明、有能力、有热情的人,在个人生活和团队中还是会把自己堆满工作?他们到底在优化什么?这是反直觉方面的一个例子。
另一个例子是关于战略的。每家公司都有所谓的三大支柱,CEO 拥有这么清晰的三大支柱看起来非常聪明,但所有人走出会议室之后都在想,“我不知道我们在做什么。“这是另一个反直觉的例子。所以这是第二个方向,反直觉的东西。我喜欢复杂的那些东西。然后坦白说,我觉得还有一点就是我想帮助那些像我一样奇怪的人。我真的很容易被触动。人们会说——“但这可能是被 Jason 触发的”——他说”为什么?带着解决方案来,不要只带问题。“这是我的致命弱点。我喜欢系统思维这些东西。总之长话短说,我想帮助像我一样的人。我喜欢复杂性的东西,喜欢这些奇怪的反直觉动态。然后我觉得,那种非常确定论式的建议已经有人代表得很好了。
Lenny: 这个解释非常好。一方面是市场需要什么、我就交付什么,另一方面是你的大脑是怎么运作的——这两者之间有一种平衡。
John Cutler: 我很喜欢人们会去扫描市场然后说,“人们想了解优先级排序,所以我要向全世界讲优先级排序。“我真的很欣赏这一点。实际上,我羡慕、也嫉妒那些能稳定产出这类内容的人。有趣的是,在我的涂涂画画式写作中,我可能也给过这样的框架,只是我没太去刻意想它,就是顺其自然地进入了这些话题。这其中始终有一种平衡。我的一个理解方式是:要把任何事情做成,我们都需要对世界做一些简化。关键在于区分。
回到复杂问题这个话题,我认为关键的区别在于过度简化和聚焦之间的差异。面对一个非常复杂的问题,你可以过度简化它,这不太好;但你也可以面对一个复杂问题然后说,“你知道吗?我需要把一些变量固定下来。除非我们固定一些变量,否则不会有任何进展。“对我来说,这就是我一直在玩的平衡——到底要固定多少变量,才能确保人们能从中获得一些价值。我不知道你是不是这样,但这就是我的张力所在。不过你写的都是非常可操作的内容,所以我真的很钦佩,也很嫉妒。
Lenny: 我尽力了,但我也羡慕那种非得把所有事情都归纳为非常具体、简单结论的做法。我最近那篇帖子其实就是在做一种平衡——我写的是”病毒式传播很大程度上是个神话”,我在最后加上了”很大程度上”这个词。然后我就想,“我是不是干脆直接说病毒式传播完全是个神话?“但不行,事实上并不是完全的,所以我没法走那么远。
John Cutler: 你看,这挺乱的。
Lenny: 挺乱的。
John Cutler: 我就喜欢这样。在建议的光谱上,我的每一篇文章都会说”很大程度上”、“也许”、“看情况”,所以我们每个人都有空间向另一个方向伸展一下。
高绩效产品团队的差异化因素
Lenny: 换个话题,回到更大的图景上来聊聊 John Cutler。你接触过的产品团队和产品经理大概比绝大多数人都多,你绝对处于接触过、交谈过、观察过产品团队内部运作的人的前 1%。我有很多想深入聊的,第一个就是关于你发现的高绩效团队的区别所在。让我问一个非常简洁的问题,看看会聊到哪里:如果你必须把它归结为一件事,你觉得最高绩效的产品团队最大的区别在哪里?
John Cutler: 首先声明,他们可是前 1%,超级超级高效,能悬浮,能……没有情绪。不,我开玩笑的。好吧,我来从我的角度回答这个问题。首先,我有一个朋友 Josh Arnold,他有一个非常好的原则,在我和众多团队交流的经验中也得到了验证,他称之为反向安娜·卡列尼娜原则。在《安娜·卡列尼娜》中,托尔斯泰的核心观点是”不幸的家庭各有各的不幸,而幸福的家庭都是相似的”,而他说产品团队恰恰相反——实际上运转失灵的公司都是相似的,而那些运转良好、绩效更高的公司可能千差万别。
这一点让我印象深刻,因为你要么能看到容易识别的反模式,我承认在我职业生涯早期,大概五六年前,我的内容主要是识别那些让人觉得”你怎么知道我们公司就是这样运作的?“的东西,而我的回答就是”我就是知道”。甚至 Spencer 和我之间还有过这么一件事。我在 Twitter 上发了条内容,Spencer 给我发消息说”John,这是在说 Amplitude 吗?“我说”兄弟,不是。这就像 Carly Simon 那首歌一样,Spencer。你可能觉得这首歌写的是你,但其实不是。“就是这样。你要么有非常容易识别的反模式,要么有一些高层次的原则,比如你们必须彼此信任,或者必须做某些类似的事情。
但公司实现那些高绩效目标的方式可能千差万别、大相径庭、完全不同。我们先把这个作为基本前提,这也是为什么这个问题很难回答的原因。一个很好的例子就是优秀的产品领导力。我们需要优秀的产品领导者。但你去观察不同的产品领导者,会发现有些人是那种谦逊、好奇的服务型产品领导者,他们话不多,只是用这种方式培育整个系统。但你知道吗?还有一些非常成功的公司,他们的领导者就是强势、主导型的,喜欢辩论。我需要能跟我辩论的人。这只是其中一个例子,说明实现优秀领导力有多种路径。
再举个例子——然后我会开始逐一列举这些东西,希望这样更有条理。
Lenny: 挺好的,继续。
John Cutler: 你会接触到很多优秀的团队,而更好的团队能更快地做出更好的决策。这是一个高层次的说法,我跟你说这个的时候你可能想”这不是废话嘛,我当然知道”。但如果你想清楚什么是好的决策,你需要什么?你需要信息,多元化的视角很有价值,你需要能够分析数据。你可能还需要在这个领域有一些真功夫、专业能力。通常你还需要一个明确的目标——你在优化什么?没有目标很难做出决策,仅仅为了做决策而做决策是很难的。
这些是基本要素,但都还不是特别有意思,对吧?你会觉得”哦,你说做决策需要信息,这不太有启发性”。但如果想想三家公司——我们甚至可以一起玩个游戏。我给你两个,你给我第三个。假设公司 A 完全拥抱了一套极其严谨的决策流程,非常流程驱动——你做这个,你做那个,我们对决策进行红队测试,我们找人来反驳,我们有特定的机制。也许这就是他们实现好决策的方式。公司 B,也许他们就是追求那种模糊的、多元视角的方式。他们不太流程驱动,但通过确保在合适的时间、合适的场景下让合适的人产生偶然的连接,从而做出非常好的决策。
这两种方式背后都有非常成功的公司。嗯,还缺什么?Lenny,你也想想。有严谨的流程驱动方法,也有那种强调即兴协作的方法。还有什么其他方式能让一些公司持续做出非常好的决策?
Lenny: 我想到的是一种非常自上而下的 CEO 驱动模式——这就是我们要做的事,这就是路线图。
John Cutler: 完全正确。所以问题来了,我坐在那里,那些非常理想主义的产品经理会说”你必须要有赋能的团队,你必须把决策权下放到最底层”,而我心想”嗯,那家公司做得挺好的,而 CEO 就是告诉所有人该做什么,事实上,他们吸引来的恰恰是不介意这种方式、认同他们愿景的人。“你能找到喜欢流程驱动方法的人,也能找到喜欢其他方式的人。这就是同一个原则的不同实现方式。接下来我会讲几个原则,我只是想先把这一点说清楚——我提到的每一个原则都可能有几种不同的实现路径。
公司结构与战略的一致性
你注意到的第一件事是,那些非常高绩效的公司,其公司结构与当前战略之间具有高度的一致性。这是一个结构性的问题。我认为在初创公司阶段,一切都很流动,战略也在不断变化,所以他们有灵活的结构。但随着公司成长,问题本身有一种物理规律会开始追赶上来——他们的资金方式、激励机制、组织架构,甚至技术架构都在支撑着他们的战略,相互呼应。我之所以提到这一点,是因为你可能拥有非常优秀的团队——你见过那些精英中的精英组成的团队——但他们就在战略与结构不匹配的问题上苦苦挣扎,再多的”让我们赋能员工”或者任何其他手段都无法让他们摆脱困境。
所以你需要什么?你需要一个战略,然后围绕它搭建匹配的结构。这跟说……你问我在他们做得好的时候观察到了什么——实现这一点的具体战术可能因公司而异,但你看到的是这个本质。我认为第二点,如果我老实说的话,就是”强观点,弱执念”——即在坚定信念和灵活调整之间存在一种平衡:他们相信某些东西,也许是产品的力量,也许是与客户建立连接的力量,也许是关键的战略方向,甚至相信胜局已定只需要比空间里所有人都快,甚至相信需要像 Amazon 那样直接走极致低价路线。
他们有一种固执的、强烈持有的信念,同时又与之平衡的是能够灵活放下执念的能力。我在一次又一次的会议中观察到这一点——那些看起来正处于高绩效状态的团队,会在某些事情上非常固执,即使在短期内看起来不合常理,他们也会坚持做下去。我认为这是另一个特点。我认为与此相关的,在产品领域,就是对产品力量的核心信念。Jeff Bezos 说过,今天的成功是三年前就开始启动的。产品是一座层层叠加的蛋糕,你在不断叠加决策——你现在的成功,是过去这些年累积决策的层层叠加。
做出卓越产品的信念
你可以尽情去合理化这一切,但归根结底,往往是因为创始人或其他参与其中的人亲眼见证过那种可能性——因为这其中需要一次信念的飞跃,而且这种信念的飞跃,无论多少数据、多少 A/B 测试、多少理性分析,或者多少用电子表格算出的 ROI 数学,都帮不了你。事实就是如此。我一次又一次地注意到这个规律:对于打造一个九分水准的产品与七分或六分水准的产品之间到底需要付出什么,人们总是带着一种近乎非理性的信念。我认为这是另一个要素。我还有几个类似深度的观察。
领导层的一致性
领导层的一致性绝对是其中之一——也就是说,言行一致、表里如一。我觉得这是最有趣的一点之一,因为它很大程度上关乎做真实的自己,并且不为此感到难为情。我们大概都认识那种直言不讳、强势地认为公司就应该按某种方式运作的人,他们设定了这种调性,这种一致性——他们的行动和言语相互匹配。当你这样想的时候,事情就更说得通了。相比之下,那种嘴上说”我们要赋能团队、信任客户”,但实际行动却对不上的公司,就缺乏这种一致性。我认为这一点——一致性——是其中之一。
技能与经验的适配
好,以上是那些高层次的要素。我觉得你一定还得加上技能和经验——这些确实很重要。我认为很多公司经常遇到的一个问题是,如何看待自身所需的技能。分享一个我们在 Amplitude 的挑战:你可以把 Amplitude 看作只是又一家 B2B SaaS 公司,或者只是一家分析公司。但我们在搭建团队时面临的一个挑战是,如何在以下两者之间划定界限——一种是过去十年一直做 B2B SaaS、对所做的事情驾轻就熟的人,另一种是能够拥抱这种奇特问题的人:既要做自下而上的推动,又要做自上而下的推动;既身处产品领域,又要应对一个混乱的空间。要做成这些事,你需要更有战略性,因此技能显然需要在具体环境中加以权衡适配。
然后就是其他方面的基本功——他们懂得如何构建软件,东西不会出问题,能够低风险地做实验。他们有良好的习惯。我可以一直说下去。希望听到我这个思考过程对你有帮助。但我觉得所有这些的总结就是,我提到的那些最重要的要素看似是常识,问题在于如何在你自己的公司中真正落地。我最近在读那本关于 Amazon 的《逆向工作法》,里面有一章讲他们的 bar raisers 机制,我分享给我伴侣看——她是一家公司的人力资源负责人。她说:“这其实就是常识性的招聘。他们讲的不过是消除招聘中的偏见、建立标准、将标准与岗位挂钩,以及不急于求成。”
这些看起来如此常识化的事情,实际上很难做到他们那个程度。我不知道你有没有注意到这一点,但很多建议都是常识——但这并不意味着容易落地。
Lenny: 是的,而且把它作为公司的一个非常重要的价值观,单是这一点本身就有很大的力量。就把它叫做 bar raisers——
John Cutler: [听不清]。我用一个公司举例。我之前提到过这里圣巴巴拉的一家公司 AppFolio,创始人 Klaus 和 Jon 创办了那家公司——那是一家非常出色的公司,一家令人赞叹的垂直 B2B SaaS 公司。他们在讲述创办 AppFolio 的故事时说:“我们要找到一个资金流向的地方,我们要非常贴近客户,我们要……”他们本身是工程师,但已经领悟到了客户开发的真谛——贴近客户、服务客户,而不是对每一个技术决策都过度精雕细琢。他们很早就接受了测试驱动开发、结对编程等理念,因为他们相信质量是……你永远不应该为质量担忧。他们就是相信质量不应该成为被牺牲的东西,这是常态。产品就是要能正常运作。
他们相信这是可以做到的。仔细想想,这些问题一直是被争论的——“我们该不该承担技术债务?客户接触要做多少?“这两位创始人基本上就是说:“就这样,这两件事我们不妥协。“他们因此在业务上做得非常好。
高绩效团队的构成要素
Lenny: 这是一个我想跟进的话题——文化和价值观的力量之类的东西。但在那之前,让我先总结一下你刚才分享的前五个属性和特征,然后我有一个分为两部分的问题。我把这些记下来了。基本上,你发现的那些在构建产品和软件以及运营产品团队方面最擅长的公司所具备的特质是:第一,所做的事情与战略之间的一致性。第二,强观点,弱执念。第三,对产品力量的信念。第四,领导层的一致性——他们的建议与言语和行动相匹配。第五,就是构建他们正在构建的东西所需的技能和经验。
John Cutler: 还有对具体环境的适配能力。对,没错。
天赋 vs 文化的难题
Lenny: 我有一个两部分的问题。第一,如果画一个饼图来看什么促成了成功,你认为单纯就”他们雇佣的人”这一项,占多大比例?相关的问题是,你能不能把一个团队改造成高绩效团队?这种情况会发生吗,还是说通常他们就是那个样子,他们的文化和创始人就是那样的,真的很难改变?
John Cutler: 饼图的问题,这就是难点所在。这确实是一个万亿美元级别的问题,所以我并没有一个确切答案。不过我有几点想法。我们已知什么?我们已知的是,你可以把一群天才放在一个房间里,如果没有一致的领导层和一致的组织结构,他们也会失败。好,所以我们知道这个问题的一端存在一个上限。我们还知道问题的另一端——如果没有人做过这件事,谁知道呢?因为有多少创业公司是由从未做过这件事、但充满激情去做某件事的人创立的?他们确实犯了很多错误。当然,有人会说:“好吧,失败了三次之后,我来告诉你我们需要怎么做才能成功。“所以也许他们需要先失败几次。
但如果正确的东西到位了,你是可以做到的。另外一个数据点:很多以高绩效著称的公司,基本属于两类之一。要么公司里每一个人都是经过极其严格筛选的、在各自领域堪称天才的人;要么他们有一种文化,让员工待上三四年、五六年,甚至七八九年,在其中一步步建立自己的职业生涯。这些公司集中了大量技能精湛的人,但他们有一种培养人的天赋——他们擅长把拥有一些原始潜质的人带进来,然后让他们变得非常擅长自己的工作。我不会给出一个百分比数字。我只想指出,我认为最大的挑战在于我们都需要审视自己的偏见。
John Cutler: 我也有偏见。四五年前,我会说,个人能力不重要,全是环境的问题。Twitter 上一直有人这么说,他们会说:“糟糕的管理毁掉一切,能力不重要,你应该能带着任何人做任何事。“我以前就是那种人。而且我做事的时候有一种人文主义的倾向,所以我非常愿意相信……我总是那个说”我们应该给他们第七次机会”的人。我知道自己这样做是对的。但我也会建议,光谱另一端的人也可以稍微移动一下,接受一些其他的观点。那些人会说:“嗯,百分之百取决于能力。我们要全部招 A 级选手,一切都会如预期般顺利。“或者他们反正把一切都归结到领导层头上。所以出了任何问题,他们就说:“这件事发生在这个人的任期内,所以他就是个失败者。”
但总体来看,有多少公司会把一连串高度合格的人招进某个部门,然后每一次都失败?我不知道。这个问题我没有答案,但我认为每个人都可以从挑战自己的舒适区中受益,包括我自己。
Lenny: 我喜欢这个说法。这是一种乐观的视角——任何人都可以改变,任何人都可以进步。不要觉得事情就是不可能的。
John Cutler: 去试一试,然后你能不能创造一个一致的环境,让改变有可能发生。坦率地说,我们也许稍后也会聊到这一点,有很多曾经如日中天的公司现在不再辉煌了。高绩效不是一种你达到后就拥有的状态,它实际上是一个连续体,你始终在……我们的个人生活也是如此。我们意气风发的时候觉得自己无所不能,然后走到某个节点又跌回谷底,觉得自己什么都不懂,感受那些低谷。这就是我对这个问题的看法。
人才、流程与市场的权衡
Lenny: 回到第一个关于人的问题,也许你刚才已经回答了,但你觉得一切是不是都取决于人——取决于你雇佣了谁,以及顶层由谁来领导并最终决定了公司的结果?还是说你的意思是,有时候是那些杰出的正确人才,有时候是流程,有时候是市场——
John Cutler: 是后者。我觉得这就是为什么我把那个东西叫做”美丽的混乱”。因为我们都有确认偏误。我们会指着一个公司说……让我举个例子。萨提亚·纳德拉和微软。你可以说,很显然这里有一个人,他非常谦逊、非常有能力的领导者。但我设想在未来的某个时点,会有关于这段时期的书出版,他们会说:“嗯,确实有他的因素。但你知道他做了什么吗?他清退了一些不合适的人,创造了保护空间,并启动了几个关键的战略举措,让一切得以推进。“现在设想微软没有它所拥有的那些丰富的人才储备,或者没有那些完善的结构,又或者没有其传统中好的部分——再说那些不好的部分也在很长一段时间里发挥了作用,但也许它们开始变得有些过时,使他们在竞争中处于不利地位。
即便在那个情况下,你可以崇拜那位领导者所做的一切,但要实现这一切,需要很多事情同时发生。有一种观点叫做伟人理论,这是我经常谈到的一个概念——伟人理论认为,成功是这些具有高度影响力的、高度有效的个体的结果,在很多情况下是男性,你可以通过这些英雄式的人物来解释历史。这是一种常见的叙事方式。很多人以这种方式解读历史。但我想说的是,同样地,换一个角度来看,事情的真相要混乱得多,你不能把一切都追溯到这些单个的英雄人物身上。我只是在我们深入讨论的过程中呈现双方的观点。不过,假设你是一个创始人,你在思考:“我应该更多地投资于流程,还是更多地投资于人才?”
首先要做的是自我审视。你真正相信什么?不是你认为世界上其他人相信什么——我认为世界运行的规则是这样的——而是你自己相信什么,你身边的人相信什么,你如何成为一个前后一致的领导者?你知道吗?你可以稍微偏离自己的舒适区一点,但你不会走得太远。你不会从一个以流程驱动、信奉精英主义的某某人,一下子变成”我要创办一个集体主义的公司,所有事情都靠共识决策”。你不会那样做。但我认为这一切始于自我认知,然后人们由此形成自己真实的领导风格,再适当地调整,去拥抱其他视角。这就是我对这件事的看法。
Lenny: 这让我很有共鸣。这让我想到一些公司,尤其是在过去几年里,因为市场在拉动它们,一切都顺风顺水,增长疯狂。你会以为是创始人、是 CEO 带来了这样的结果。但当市场下行时,一切就不工作了。我觉得这是一个非常好的例子,说明不一定都是人的原因,可能只是其他因素让你觉得一切都很顺利。
John Cutler: 人确实很重要。有些人对特定公司有超乎寻常的影响力。一个很好的例子是,人们忘记了一点,比如领导者或 CEO 手中也有大量的正式结构性权力可以用来推动变革。所以没错,那些伟大的领导者、天才领导者,他们确实拥有更多的调节杠杆。但即便如此,他们也不是最终的老板。你知道吗?还有董事会,还有投资人。你去跟任何一个 CEO 聊,他们都会说:“你以为我是一把手。我上头也有人管着我。“这永远是一个混合体。这就是我的看法。
Lenny: 这也就是为什么如果事情不顺利,他们的屁股是第一个挨板的。
John Cutler: 对,没错。
价值观与文化是底层的织物
Lenny: 回到你刚才谈到价值观和文化时我想到的一个问题——有趣的是,你的清单里并没有提到诸如强大价值观、强大文化的威力和重要性之类的东西。你是不是觉得这些并不是必不可少的?你怎么看——
John Cutler: 不,我觉得它更像是构成其他那些东西的底层织物。它是创造一致性的织物。围绕什么保持一致?如果文化就是我们正在做的事、我们的行为方式,而我们的行为方式在某种程度上是我们信念体系、文化和价值体系的产物,那也许我只是把这些东西理所当然地当作那些具体事项的底层基础了。但这里有一个细微差异很重要的例子。我就拿 Amplitude 来说。我们有一些价值观,我们有 HOG——谦逊、主人翁意识和成长型思维——去做这些事情。
主人翁意识在个人主义文化中的定义,和在集体主义文化中的定义会非常、非常不同。我在公司中发现的是……当然我们也在沟通这一点上挣扎过,而且我觉得我们在传达自己在这个问题上的立场方面做得还不错,但很多时候人们写出这些文化文档,就像在说”这就是我们的文化,我们讲究主人翁意识”。光说”我们相信主人翁意识”其实没说什么——如果不加上……我们做得比较好的地方,以及 Spencer 等其他人做得比较好的地方,是去讲述那些体现这种主人翁意识的具体行为,那才能告诉你文化到底是什么。也许我刚才回答那个问题的时候,把这个当成了理所当然。但我猜测,在所有这些事物下面,确实有一套信念和价值观在支撑着。
“这一刻真的运转得很好”
Lenny: 回想你这些年合作过的公司——你不想回答也可以——但当你想到那些文化最好的公司,或者在产品构建方式上最出色的公司,你会想到谁?
John Cutler: 我会提到一些公司,但我不会提大家预期中的那些。我只想提一些让我觉得”这一刻真的运转得很好”的瞬间——不是因为过程很轻松——我就是觉得,这一刻真的运转得很好。
Lenny: 嗯。
John Cutler: 而不是因为过程轻松。Lego 有一位负责人叫 Angela。每次和她交谈,我就觉得这个人真的把事情理得明明白白。这件事非常难。这家公司正在转型。他们手握全世界最庞大、最具标志性的品牌之一。我单独提她一个人。是的,这里有各种复杂的情况——不容易,也不光鲜。从任何角度看都算不上高绩效——你拿一个硅谷小公司来比当然没法比。做 Lego 这样的公司很难,几千人要一起构建东西,要把一个标志性品牌转变为跟数字化相关的东西。但我就是想为她点个赞。
这就是我对这个问题的回答。我想到的更多是这样一些瞬间——我会感叹”哇,这玩意儿真难,条件也不理想”——但人们每天还是来上班,这个房间里有一群极其善意的人。而且你知道吗,他们工作的成果甚至可能在他们任职期间都看不到。
一些大型公司可能需要十年时间才能真正完成转型。所以我不知道,当你问那个问题时,我想到的更多是我与团队共处的那些具体瞬间,或者我之前跟你提到的印度那个团队——每个人都非常谦逊等等。所以……
Lenny: 太好了。
John Cutler: 嗯,我不会列举太多名字。
Lenny: 不,这样很好。
John Cutler: 就是为 Angela 喊一声,她做得非常棒。
Lenny: Angela 加油。这让我想起一个想问的问题——不同国家产品团队之间的文化差异。你谈到了印度,谈到了 Lego。你发现不同国家的产品团队运作方式、公司运作方式有什么主要差异?比如加州、巴黎、澳大利亚之间的对比?
各国产品团队的文化差异
John Cutler: 嗯,再次说明,我并不是这方面的专家。我觉得 Erin Meyer——或者 Meyer,我不确定她名字怎么读——写过那本《The Culture Map》。你应该去读读那些人的著作,他们在这方面的见解比我深刻得多。但我个人注意到的几点:首先是个人主义和那种我称之为近乎社区主义的氛围之间的区别。
个人主义的理念,与团队作为一个共同体共同协作的理念。这是其一,你到不同的地方会明显感受到这一点。比如在美国,你会遇到这样的情况:有一个工程经理,他在跟团队里每一个工程师单独协商项目分配,每个人都想拿到能晋升的项目。
整个局面变成:不是 PM 和团队一起工作,而是 PM 跟工程经理之间讨价还价,确保每个人都能分到自己的”明星项目”。没有人在真正协作,没有结对编程,也没有类似的做法。这是另一个话题了。但这种高度个人主义的做法,在特定环境下可能确实有效。
实际上,它可能恰恰适合那种每 18 个月或 24 个月就换一拨人的环境——因为你只需要往这台机器里再塞一个齿轮,让它运转、让它增长就行。这是一个极端的例子,但如果你拿它和世界其他地方比较,很多地方更以共识驱动为导向。团队把自己视为一个整体,拥有共同的团队目标。
他们有共同的团队目标。当然,即使在湾区,也有一些公司更偏向集体主义氛围。所以说这仅仅关乎世界不同地区,也不完全准确。所以我觉得,是的,集体主义与个人主义这个维度确实很重要。我还认为某些文化更加等级导向。
在某些地方,人们会对层级表现出更多的尊重,信息流动遵循特定方式。一些公司因此倾向于变得更加官僚化。而一些国家的情况是——层级仍然很高,但更像是”你,管理者,这件事你负责,你来决定”。所以并不是规则从上往下流动,而只是一个比较大的组织架构图。这些都是我想到的一些差异。嗯,就是这样。
大多数 PM 并不在硅谷型公司
Lenny: 这和你经常谈到的另一个话题密切相关——互联网上以及书籍、我们这种 newsletter 中的很多建议,都是面向硅谷类型的科技创业公司的。
John Cutler: 对。
Lenny: 而实际上,大多数 PM 并不在那样的公司工作。他们中很多人正在经历转型。
John Cutler: 是的。
Lenny: 他们试图改变自己的文化运作方式。我猜你合作的很多公司都在努力达到那个目标,而很多建议对他们来说其实并不适用。在这方面你有什么发现?关于正在经历这种转型的公司,你学到了什么?
非硅谷公司的转型挑战
John Cutler: 设身处地站在那些公司的角度想,就像我说的,我最有收获的一些交流恰恰来自这些非硅谷公司。当然,我在和湾区以及美国其他公司交流时也学到了很多东西。我认为首先要记住的是——我们先拿那些大公司来说,大型企业——就是要认识到它们在转型过程中面临着多大的结构性惯性。所以我确实认为其中一些结构性问题是它们可以避免的,但也有一些结构性问题本身就是游戏的一部分。
比如,它们的处境可能是:管理层中没有任何人有过产品交付经验。同时他们也认定事情只有一种做法。当然,在很多高绩效公司里,我有朋友去那些公司工作,他们会说:“不,这里没有人改变规则,我们在 Amazon 就是这么做的”之类的。同样的事情也发生在这些公司里——只有一种做事方式。它们有那种疯狂的年度预算周期和规划周期,或者可能有一个庞大的 IT 产业复合体,它们正试图将其改造转型。总之,我的意思是,这些公司中太多都有结构性因素,使得它们很难直接套用那些被给到的建议。所以我觉得首先要想到的,就是如何为那些正在进行转型的大公司调整这些建议。
在小范围内积累实践经验
我觉得值得注意的有几点。第一,在这些特定情境下,练习次数很重要。在许多这样的公司里,他们应该专注于创建一些小区域或小团队,让团队能够在其中反复练习他们需要掌握的东西。相当于一个缩小版的环境。当然创新实验室存在各种问题,这种想法本身也有不少问题,但能够创造一些小据点让团队在其中反复练习,这个思路是重要的。
Lenny: 你说的练习是指交付——交付产品?
John Cutler: 交付和学习,走完整个闭环。他们能不能走完正在做的完整闭环?另一个相关的问题是,大多数这类公司需要正确地理解框架。他们会读到关于某些框架的内容,或者某些公司做或不做什么。我觉得对这些公司来说,很多公司把采纳框架本身当成了最终目标。他们就盯着这一点。有时候可能你写了一篇文章,比如”Figma 是怎么工作的?“,他们会说:“我们用这些框架。”
Lenny: 对。
John Cutler: 然后这家公司就说:“那我们也得用这些框架。“而我对框架的看法是,它们更像是一种辅助工具,更像是一种学习工具,团队用它来保持自己的节奏。但关键是,当这些工具不管用时,那些公司应该重新发明自己需要的东西。
框架不是终点
所以我认为这是这些公司可以受益的一点——我们已经进入了数字化转型或大公司范畴的讨论了。但回到你最初的问题,我认为你需要结合具体语境来看待来自硅谷的建议。那是创业公司。那些公司有一套自己的运作传统。它们中很多只是为第一波大规模增长做了高度优化。它们从未真正被颠覆过。唯一的挑战来自规模增长,而不是作为一个拥有全球影响力的大型品牌或全球性企业被新事物所颠覆。它们遇到的问题——虽然不是全部,因为这确实很难——但主要集中在规模化上。所以它们是围绕这个问题来优化的。
而且它们中很多是纯粹的数字产品公司。所以我觉得这也是很多大型网约车和外卖集团正在意识到的问题。他们会说:“哦,这比我们想象的要难得多。“当你要处理的是运送人员、物流等事务时,复杂程度会高出一个数量级。我不知道这是否有助于解释我在这方面的看法,但我的意思是:你必须对建议进行调整,同时也需要承认,对于其中一些公司来说,确实存在一些结构性的惯性阻力,它们正在努力克服。其中很多公司或许需要从小处着手来调整建议,而不是以为自己可以照搬所有框架,或者安装所有那些公司正在用的东西。
Lenny: 这是非常非常好的建议。我想正在收听的听众中可能就有人在这样的公司工作。感觉这里有两面:一面是,首先要有一种意识——这可能在我们这里行不通,我们不会成为 Figma。
John Cutler: 对。
Lenny: 先接受这一点。另一面是,这对我来说也是个很好的反思——我可能正在造成一些伤害,人们读了一篇”Figma 如何打造产品”的文章,然后我没有加一句”这可能不适合你的公司”。
John Cutler: 但也可能是可以的。我经常谈到这一点。我确实认为这里存在一种基本的归因偏差:那些高绩效公司的人没有意识到运气和惯性在其中发挥了多大作用;而那些大公司里——或者说那些认为”我们做不到那样”的公司——则高估了自己组织中的系统性阻力,低估了实际的可能性。
你想想看,我们在生活中也经常这样。我们看到别人非常成功,就会说:“嗯,但我的情况是这样的。“而当事情对我们有利时,我们会觉得:“我是个天才,我在这件事上是个天才。“当事情顺利时,一切归功于自己的能力;当事情不顺利时,就是体制的问题,是其他人的无能。
成功的光谱
所以我确实认为机会是存在的。还有一点,公司之间存在一个巨大的光谱。我们往往把一些大型企业放在光谱的一端,把那些现代产品公司放在另一端。但我之前提到过澳大利亚那家管道公司。你去接触这些公司,你知道吗?它们的收入相当于五十家创业公司的总和。它们做得一点也不差。一点也不差。而且你知道吗,它们实际上在做有趣的事情。Amplitude 的一个客户——Anheuser-Busch,有一个叫 BEES 的产品。BEES 基本上是一个酒类分销应用,它实际上是全球最大的 B2B 公司之一。Anheuser-Busch 说了什么?“因为疫情,我们要分销啤酒。“于是他们开始做这个。而且我觉得它实际上开始更多地被用于物流领域。
你是那些国家里的一家小杂货店,你可以通过它来订购啤酒。所以我认为我们倾向于把这个世界描绘成:一边是大型老牌企业,另一边是敏捷的新型公司,但实际上中间有各种各样的形态。另一个例子是,很多在 2000 年到 2008 年间创立的科技公司,目前基本正处于第三幕或第四幕阶段,第二或第三或第四幕,收购了大量公司,正在努力消化整合。
它们可能正在尝试跨越所有收购来的不同业务,推行产品驱动增长模式。你知道吗?这些公司实力强劲,绝非等闲之辈,但要做这件事确实非常困难。或者拿我们 Amplitude 来说,我们有很多客户——不是老牌 FinTech,也不是最新的那种——它们赚得盆满钵满,而且正在拥抱这一套东西。再对比一下,我曾在巴西的 NewBank 做过一次大型的 Northstar 工作坊,更准确说是一次辅导,当时房间里只有十五个人,而现在他们已经是一家巨型企业了。
所以我认为我们倾向于用现代产品采纳的程度来划分公司。有高绩效公司和低绩效公司,但实际上存在着极其丰富的多样性,不同的公司乘着不同的浪潮,在不同的时间采纳不同的实践。其中很多公司在做着非常扎实、谦逊、优质的工作,只是在应对当时的特定环境。
所以我认为每个人都绝对应该了解 Figma 怎么用,比如说。然后我们需要努力传播 Angela 和她团队的故事,或者一些你根本意想不到的公司的故事。圣巴巴拉这里有一家公司,他们做的是制冷——用 AI 为工业设施做制冷。那里的负责人 Carrie,那家公司是我认识的最好的领导者之一。
创始人之一 Jesse 是哈佛的博士生,懂 AI,在做这些事情。我其实非常鼓励很多产品经理去想一想:尤其是在当前的经济环境下,那些不起眼的行业里,有哪些正在大展拳脚的小公司?就像这家,就在阳光明媚的圣巴巴拉。所以我不知道。我觉得比高绩效、低绩效的光谱要丰富得多。外面有一整个宇宙般丰富多彩的公司世界。
值得关注的人
Lenny: 你在说的时候,我在想——像你和 Marty Kagan 以及其他少数几位,跟大量各种各样、形形色色的产品团队合作过,而不仅仅是硅谷的团队。我很好奇你是否还有其他觉得听众应该关注的人名,尤其是对那些可能在非硅谷类型团队工作的人。Marty Kagan 是我首先想到的,但我不知道你还有没有其他人。如果没有也没关系。
John Cutler: 嗯,有几位,但我觉得我应该回去整理一份完整名单给大家。可能会很有意思。也许我把它当作一个待办事项来……
Lenny: 好。
John Cutler: 列出几位来。
Lenny: 我们会放在节目备注里。
John Cutler: 我给你举个例子,有一个人叫 John Smart,他写了一本书叫 Better, Sooner, Safer, Happier。他之前应该是在 Barclays Bank 工作的——英国应该是这么念的吧。他领导了一场转型。后来我觉得他出来做了咨询。这个人聊天特别棒。
他非常非常谦逊,关于那本书的内容。那本书真的很有意思。跟 John 聊的时候我注意到的是,他所解决的问题复杂度的量级,以及他为了在一家老牌银行里至少让某一部分转型运作起来所需要推动的一切。我觉得有大量像他这样的人存在。我可能会列一个名单,也许后续再补充几份名单。
Lenny: 好。
John Cutler: 能够做这件事的人。然后我确实认为还有像 Teresa Torres 这样的人,他们总结出了一套通用的方法。你可以用她的方法教授产品思维的某个要素,比如机会解决方案树,或者持续发现这样的东西,无论你的公司处于什么阶段都能找到可操作的切入点。我对这类方法非常敬佩,因为它们更具普适性,而不是某种非常晦涩的小众活动。
Lenny: 太棒了。好的。我们会尽量把你整理出的完整名单放到节目备注里。
John Cutler: 嗯。
给产品经理的建议
Lenny: 我一直问了很多很具体的问题。我想给我们一个稍微拉远视角的机会。
John Cutler: 好。
Lenny: 看看你还有什么更广泛的建议可以给产品经理和产品社区。感觉你目前处于这样一个反思阶段——在跟所有这些公司合作之后,你有了更多时间来思考。所以我很好奇,当你想到”这是我想要分享的建议”时,什么会浮现出来。
John Cutler: 对。我觉得回到之前说的反复练习这件事,现在外面有一股令人应接不暇的海量优质信息流,我也贡献了一部分,你也贡献了一部分。真的,想想看这是什么样的时代。你简直可以……
Lenny: 对。
John Cutler: 听各种播客。你想听什么就听什么。
Lenny: 是啊。
John Cutler: 这相当了不起。我当时在想,我看到你发了关于 Andrew Huberman 的那个段子,关于谁提供那种生活小窍门之类的。这种内容绝对有它的位置。我就想有个人总结一下,我早上起床到底该干什么。
Lenny: 对。冰水浴。
John Cutler: 怎样才能更健康。
Lenny: 晒太阳。对。
John Cutler: 是的。我今天已经晒过太阳了。为了准备我们今天的对话,我在看屏幕之前先晒了太阳。
Lenny: 等等,真的吗?
John Cutler: 对。
Lenny: 太好了。
John Cutler: 我把它写在我的习惯追踪器里了——每天先晒太阳再看屏幕。对,我有块手表……我正在休假,正处于两份工作之间。所以基本上全在关注健康。
Lenny: 对。在优化自己。
John Cutler: 但我认为你需要记住,这是一项技能,而技能等于知识乘以实践,中间还受到你的环境、你养成的习惯、你的动力以及具体因素的影响。所以我觉得我在 Amplitude 与学习体验设计师合作时学到了很多——我们倾向于认为这只是我们吸收的知识量和收听的播客数量的函数。但实际上关键在于走通这个循环。所以在 Amplitude,我们有这样一个数据驱动的产品闭环,我们会教授它——基本上就是:你需要一个策略,你需要建立定性的模型,你需要给这些模型加上度量。比如 Northstar 框架就是一个定性模型的例子。你需要给模型加上度量,想清楚你怎么做的。
你需要确定优先聚焦哪里,你需要设计赌注,你需要衡量这些赌注的影响。然后你需要把学到的经验循环反馈到策略中,回到你的模型中,回到你排优先级的方式中,等等。它能帮你找出你目前在哪里比较薄弱。
环走的薄弱环节与职业发展
John Cutler: 举个例子,你需要一个策略,没有它什么都不会发生。但即使你有出色的策略,如果不用合适的模型来展开它,也没人能排优先级。这些都做对了,但如果你不设计任何赌注,什么都交付不了,这就有问题了。这些都做对了,但你不知道你发布的任何东西的影响是什么。甚至这些都做对了,但你没有把学到的东西在公司内部循环反馈回去,你依然不会成功。这就是我所说的”闭环”的意思。
所以对于你的职业生涯,我认为人们应该关注的一件事,也是他们在分享内容时应该考虑的——我们分享了大量的知识内容和辅助工具,知识加辅助工具,可能还有一点点激励性的内容,比如某个人是怎么成功的、怎么做到的之类的。但如果你想想自己的职业发展,就想想你能把这个闭环走多少圈,你在往里面投入什么。因为我担心人们被知识塞得满满当当,甚至有种……我遇到一些管理者,他们感觉被建议行业给打趴了。他们觉得自己永远不够好,无法企及某个公司的水准,或者觉得自己的公司永远不够好,比如他们无法赋能团队,就是没法照搬任何人的建议。所以我觉得人们在自我折磨,而我认为有些人应该把注意力转移到:把那些知识用起来,让你的团队把这个闭环走起来,或者让你的职业生涯把这个闭环走起来,或者让你的公司把这个闭环走起来——这大概是一个相当稳妥的选择。这是我能想到的一件事。
Lenny: 我对制造了其中一部分问题负有一定责任……
John Cutler: 对,我也是。
Lenny: 我给人们的建议是,不要觉得自己需要读完所有送到眼前的内容。而是等到你真正需要用到那个东西的时候再说。比如我现在在做 SEO,很好。我把那篇关于 SEO 的内容存下来了,我现在就去实践它。就像是一种即时学习,因为这样你学得好得多,而不是”天哪,我得把所有东西都塞进脑子里,以防哪天用得上。“
播客的知识定位价值
John Cutler: 完全同意。我觉得可以这样想——想想你听的播客,那些内容几乎像是……你常常不知道自己不知道什么。所以我觉得挑战在于,如果你做产品经理做了有一段时间了,你没办法把所有东西都装进脑子里。我就不行。比如说定价吧。我知道定价是一个领域,我知道有些人在定价方面非常厉害。我知道如果有人跟我说”你就这样定价就行了”,我的直觉会告诉我”你不知道自己在说什么,因为我知道这里面远不止你刚才说的那些”。你会逐渐建立起对各个领域的直觉,你会知道有些人专门研究这些。你需要涉猎了解一些。这就是播客的美妙之处——你的认知可能会被颠覆,然后它会留在你脑海深处。你会意识到”有些人在这个领域知道得非常多”,而不是像某些创始人那样认为自己能独自搞清楚一切,觉得”不,这其实是个专门领域”。
定价是个专门的领域。你知道吗,会议设计也是个专门的领域,有人专门研究它。服务设计、交互设计、策略,这些都是。这是在你说的基础上的延伸——我认为,尤其是刚入行的时候,去接触那种入门级别的课程,去听那位天才讲师的讲解,确实是有价值的。就像大学新生的时候——我记得,我后来辍学了——你会看到那位天才教授,你什么都听不懂,但你知道那是一个领域,然后它会引导你做事的方式。所以我觉得你应该在这些之间找到平衡。但正如你所说,归根结底,你总得把这些东西运转起来才行。
Lenny: 对。
John Cutler: 怎么去落地。
Lenny: 然后只需要知道当你需要的时候它就在那里。找一种方式把它存起来。
John Cutler: 对。
Lenny: 存下来。也许甚至只需要相信 Google 会帮你找到。
John Cutler: 对。
在节奏缓慢的公司中推进闭环
Lenny: 沿着这条线再问一个问题——你谈到了走通这些闭环的重要性。但在有些公司,你真的很难做到,公司节奏很慢,非常瀑布式,规划周期特别长。你对于那些说”我想更频繁地走闭环,这个建议真的很好”的人有什么建议吗?
John Cutler: 第一点是,你往往低估了在那家公司里你实际上能走的闭环有多少。人们直接举手放弃了。我试着辅导过这样的人,我觉得我们做得还不错,但我第一句话就是:“别直接举手说一切都完蛋了。“至少先记录下来,“到底是什么情况”。
哪怕上面有人说”做 X”,你至少可以说”好的,选定的方案是 X。如果 X 是五个备选方案之一,那一页纸的方案说明应该长什么样?“把那一页纸写出来。去找那位高管说:“我知道您让我做这个,但如果这个方案有效还是无效,我们会观察到什么?我是来帮您做这件事的。“很好,你就有了一些指标来衡量你在做的事。轻轻推动一下就好,就做一点点小事。嘿,没人阻止你把你所有的潜在假设和风险都写下来。哪怕有人说”别管那些了,你就去把东西做出来”,你至少走完了这个流程的每一步。
我觉得人们低估了这一点,因为那些环境让人感觉像是僵化的、刻板的,于是他们就直接放弃。但我想说的是,在现有的条件下做事,因为你最不想要的就是两三年后有一个工作机会,而你只能耸耸肩说”我在一家一团糟的公司待过”。你这样做并不是在尊重自己的经历。所以我想说的是,这又回到了我关于基本归因偏差的观点。这难吗?难。在那些硅谷公司更容易吗?也许未必。我跟其中很多公司聊过,也是一团糟。
但你有空间在自己的范围内把事情往前推一推吗?大概率是有的。再回到系统层面来说——有些人确实因为各种原因没有离开自己公司的特权,这是真的。很多事情可以同时成立。但这并不意味着你不能尝试,几乎可以边工作边积累自己的作品集。因为如果你等了两年,你会觉得那段时间就是一片模糊、一团糟。而机会可能就在你日常工作中,在你推进事情的过程中存在着。
Lenny: 我很喜欢你的建议充满了乐观和赋能感,而不是那种”事情就是这样”的态度。而且你说的顶级公司也可能一团糟、一切都在走下坡路——这非常真实。尤其是在高速增长的公司里,你就是……
John Cutler: 对。
Lenny: 持续变化。也非常混乱,东西一直在出问题。
John Cutler: 而且也有些人就是默认事情只能这样。我想说,我用的一个模型是把公司的问题分为慢性和急性两类。尤其是在过去一年里,你会遇到一批面对相同经济环境的公司。我可以告诉你,不,并非所有公司的问题程度都一样。
也不是说所有高绩效公司就一定处处美好、全是鲜花。确实有些公司把慢性问题逐步解决了,从而能够从容应对急性压力;而另一些公司则深陷急性问题之中无法去做那些该做的事。所以,又是那句话,两件事可以同时成立。没错,产品领域没有什么是完美的。但确实有些公司比其他公司更健康。
一个例子就是,那些积极应对疫情的公司,和那些数着日子等疫情结束的公司,差别巨大。这样的例子我反复见到,大概涉及 15 到 20 家公司。那些有意识地设计疫情应对方案的公司,和那些说”就让经理们自己处理吧,随便怎样,我们扛过去就行”的公司相比,效果好了一个数量级。
也许股价未必反映了这一点,但员工的幸福感是真的不同。他们会比那些觉得”一切会回归正常,我们把所有组织设计决策推迟到某个未来日期再说”的公司走得更远、更强。所以我不知道这是否能说明什么是高绩效,但高绩效公司的特点是,他们看到了存在的威胁,然后采取了深思熟虑的、协调一致的步骤来构建自己的应对方案。这只是其中一个例子。
产品思维应拆解为可教授的具体技能
Lenny: 太棒了。我们把话题带偏了一点。我记得你正要讲第二个建议。
John Cutler: 对,我觉得——嗯,好吧,有一件事,确实最近让我有点烦……我就直接说让我烦的事情吧——
Lenny: 来吧。
John Cutler: 我个人不太认同——我以前经常使用”产品直觉”、“产品思维”这类词。今年我个人在努力做的一件事,就是把这些东西拆解为真正的技能和能力。如果你想想”产品直觉”到底是什么,它可能是:建模问题的能力、系统思维、在不确定条件下做决策、引导工具的使用、观察竞争生态并发现某些东西的能力——也许确实有一点直觉的成分在里面,比如”我想帮助客户”之类的。但我认为我在有意识地把这些东西拆解成可以被教授的具体能力。
这肯定会是我在 Toast 的工作中很重要的一部分。我最不想做的就是跟人说”你要么有产品思维,要么没有”。一个很好的例子,前几天我和 Craig 聊天,谈到在某些环境中存在一种”能不能”和”该不该”的分野,我特别喜欢这个框架。有些人完全锁定在”能不能”上——他们是极度务实的人,所以会说:“我们能不能做这个?考虑到技术债和其他约束条件,这事可行吗?“而另一些人则会走进来说:“我们该不该做?如果在这里应该做什么?如果那些约束都不存在,我们应该怎么做?“所以很容易……我和 Craig 开玩笑说,你很容易就走上一条路,把人分成”能不能型”和”该不该型”,“高能动性的人”和”低能动性的人”,这种人那种人。
但更有意义的做法是去思考:“没错,可能有一点性格因素在里边,但那个’该不该’型的人在具体情境中运用了哪些技能?“也许是某种程度的系统思维,也许是观察环境并能把当前策略和最优策略解耦开来的能力。所以这是让我很兴奋想去做的一件事。当然还有很多其他事情——多元的视角、多元的心智模型,也许和你这样的人合作,把这些更多元的内容提升起来……我真的很希望某个在 X 公司工作的人能够说:“那位领导者我能产生共鸣,他们正在应对的挑战和我们公司面对的挑战一样。“我希望他们能拥有那样的榜样。
让更多人看到真实的行业榜样
Lenny: 比如把那些不在 Twitter 上但真正在做事的人呈现出来。
John Cutler: 对,而且不是我们在这里讨论的这些人。不是说这些特定的领导者,而是能有人说”那位领导者……”我最近跟一个人聊天,我在 newsletter 里写过这件事,她当时很沮丧。她说:“我关注这个领域的一些人,我知道自己的信念是什么,也知道那个人的信念我并不完全认同。但传递给我的信息是,在科技行业出头的唯一方式就是拥有那些信念。John,是这样吗?你需要相信这些东西吗?“在这个案例中,那是一种非常个人主义的、非常精英主义的、拼命往前冲的氛围——我尊重那位思想领袖输出这些观点,但这个人并不认同。如果仅此而已也就罢了,但她问的是:“这个环境里有我的位置吗?我需要牺牲自己的信念才能往前走吗?”
我告诉她了我所知道的一些公司。我跟她提到了 Carrie,就是我刚才说到的那位,她一直在小公司里推动多元化建设。我跟她提到了不同公司的不同领导者——“嘿,有些公司是真的有团队氛围的,有些公司是那种氛围的。“然后她说:“知道这些真的太好了。“所以我想在接下来一年里做的一件事,就是确保人们有榜样可以参照——不是像我这样在那儿讲话的人,而是真正的……也许在我的新角色中我可以成为某些人的榜样,但理想情况下,应该有那些他们能产生共鸣的领导者榜样。那就太好了。
Lenny: 太棒了,我很喜欢。我觉得你光是聊这件事本身就已经在产生影响了。这个播客我一直在努力做的一件事,就是不仅仅邀请我们在 Twitter 上天天看到的那批人,而是请很多大家从未听说过的人。如果你有推荐的人选,我们线下一定要聊聊。我很希望能做越来越多这样的事。
John Cutler: 好的。
如何在工作之余保持写作
Lenny: 所以这些显然是你在这段反思期里正在思考的一些事情。我很好奇你是否会继续写作、继续你的 newsletter,也许出版更多书,然后更广泛地说——你如何在工作之余挤出时间来写作?因为很多人一直在好奇这个问题。我想听听你有什么建议。
写作的热情与创作冲动
John Cutler: 我显然对写作非常着迷,我觉得这和我的一些背景有关——我以前很投入音乐和歌曲创作,其实是类似的事情,我就是喜欢写大量的歌。我喜欢创作时那种兴奋感。在音乐方面,就是你录制一个小样然后把它发出去。我觉得大家正确地注意到的一点是,因为我有全职工作,有时候到了周四晚上,孩子终于睡了,已经凌晨一点了,我就会想,“我得把这篇文章写出来。“所以有时候文章看起来会有点粗糙,甚至我会刻意强调我不给出答案,因为已经凌晨两点了,我不想再给出答案了,我想睡觉去做这些事情。
所以我觉得我希望做的一件事是,也许更加刻意地去尝试提供至少一些用于应对混乱的心智模型。市面上确实有这类东西,比如有一个概念,是一种理解系统和决策问题的方式——你面对的是一个清晰的系统、一个复杂的系统、一个错综复杂的系统,还是一个混乱的系统?我喜欢这类东西,因为它能帮我实现两个目标。第一,我想给人们一些可操作的东西,让他们能够应对自己的处境,但同时又不会消除特定情境中的复杂性。所以在这方面我有一些榜样。Simon Wardley 这个人做那种映射,我觉得很棒。还有其他一些技巧,我想去借鉴,也许发展出一些自己的方法,帮助人们获得可操作的东西,同时拥抱混乱,如果这说得通的话。
领导力的自我意识金字塔
比如我最近写了一个叫”领导力的自我意识金字塔”的东西。这是一个简单的模型,但可以深入,我正希望它能深入。思路是这样的:一开始我们对自己一无所知;然后上一个层次,我们开始有了自我意识,但相信整个世界的运转方式和自己一模一样;再往上一层,你相信世界有不同的想法,但你仍然认为自己的方式是最好的方式。举个例子,我记得有一次跟一位高管聊天,他说:“人们留下来只是因为他们的经理和钱。仅此而已。“我说:“所有人都是这样?“他说:“是的。""你相信这一点吗?""是的,因为所有人都相信这一点。这是物理定律一样的东西。“而我站在那里想,“天哪,我加入一家公司是因为它的使命之类的。”
所以他们卡在第二层,相信”是的,世界有不同的想法,但我绝对是对的。“然后随着你往上走,你会变得更加意识到存在其他有效的观点;到了顶层,你大概是这样的——“不,你不要否定自己、抛弃自己是谁,但你意识到世界上这是一笔巨大的财富,存在多元的观点,你可以把它们汇聚在一起做非常了不起的事情。“所以这就是我最近写的东西的一个例子,它是一个复杂的话题,但我试图让它更具可操作性。这是一方面。
另一件事是利用我积累的所有那些东西。我想大概有七八百篇帖子,也许九百篇。
Lenny: 哇。
John Cutler: 之前我有一整个博客在写这些东西。然后我有数百张框架图,还有五六十场在 YouTube 上的演讲,以及在 Amplitude 做的所有那些 mural 画板——这是一种不同的模式。所以我觉得我可以用这些素材整合起来,让它对人们来说更具可操作性,给人们一个近乎 Cutler 内容的元指南,这样他们就不会只是恰好看到我凌晨一点写的东西然后想,“又是那种东西。""该死,你没给我 NPS 的替代方案。这 newsletter 太烂了。“说实话,如果我偶然刷到那个 newsletter,我自己也会这么说。所以这些是我对内容方面的一些想法,我肯定不会停止做这些、分享这些东西。所以,对接下来这一年我很期待。
在全职工作中写作
关于写作的问题,我想说,有一份全职工作、而且大部分工作是内部的情况下,我显然需要尊重我的团队。回到 Spencer 那件趣事,他说,“你在写 Amplitude。“我说,“不,兄弟,我不是在写 Amplitude。每家公司都有那种问题。“但如果我和人们一起工作,我显然不能说”不”,我不能说”哦,你经理太差了”。Craig 会看到那些的。但我可以做的是,我真正兴奋的是,我工作的一部分将涉及大量的写作和教学——我希望能跟公司协商好,让我可以分享一些不是太具体的公司内容,而是更普适的东西。Toast 有五个不同的业务线,有那么多的人,所以每天都是一次学习。我希望这些能以不同方式激发我的工作。
Lenny: 太棒了。我猜你可能会把你的 newsletter 改名为 The Beautiful Mess,稍微没那么混乱。
John Cutler: 对,Jam and Toast。The Jam and Toast 决定。加一个词。
Lenny: 美味。
John Cutler: 对,就是这样。2023 年。
Lenny: 还有,你说话的时候我在想,一个由 John Cutler 内容驱动的 ChatGPT 那种聊天机器人,也许可以试试。
ChatGPT 与多元视角
John Cutler: 哦,那会很有趣。是的,我算是有点着迷。我喜欢 ChatGPT,因为我喜欢让一个受海明威启发的开发者和一个受托尔斯泰启发的开发者讨论如何解决一个 GIT 问题。这就是我最近着迷的东西——当你了解 ChatGPT 的工作原理时,你可以让它做出一些非常有趣的事情。回到世界观的讨论,它其实真的很有效。这是一个非常可操作的建议:如果你觉得自己深深扎根于某种立场,比如说,我不知道,也许你是一个硬核的客观主义者,或者你信奉个人主义,你可以直接在 ChatGPT 里输入,“用五种不同的世界观来解读这个情境。“然后它就会给出人文主义的视角、社区主义的视角、集体主义的视角等等。总之,这方面它是一个有趣的工具。真的很酷。
Lenny: 确实很棒。我们在对话中勾选了聊 AI 这个框,最近非常非常热门。
John Cutler: 没错。加分。
Lenny: 加分。在进入我们精彩的快问快答环节之前,最后一个问题,我想回到大家在 Twitter 上问你的那些问题。有一个问题我特意留了下来,是 Jeff Fedor 提出的,他的问题是——“在你两份工作之间的这段时间,有什么话是你一直想说但之前不能说的?”
John Cutler: 这个问题好。有一件事要说的是,在 Amplitude 的时候我其实不太需要自我审查,这算是这份工作的一个美妙之处。我大概六年前写了一篇博客叫《如何判断你是否在一家功能工厂工作》。我一直以来,这一直是我的兴趣所在——关注成果、关注影响。所以我并没有真的需要隐藏什么。那我能说什么呢?比如定性数据的力量,但连 Spencer 也在讲这个,他说在 Amplitude 早期你可以大量依赖定性数据。所以这也不算什么有争议的观点。有趣的地方在于,确实没什么不能说的,我之所以能畅所欲言,部分原因是我每天接触那么多团队,所以我谈论的事情从来不针对 Amplitude,绝对不是。
我觉得如果有一件事我想改变的话——而且我觉得公司内部也不会有太多人不同意——就是在实施分析时我经常看到的一个反模式:人们一上来就搞一个庞大的实施项目。他们想把所有事件都实施到位,把这当成一个大工程。再说一次,我觉得这在内部也不算太有争议,但我可能会更加强烈地建议大家:直接用我们的免费计划,先跑 20 个事件,之后删掉也无所谓,因为你连自己不知道什么都还不知道。你会看到一些非常合格的公司,花好几个月来回拉扯,试图把他们每一个问题、每一个需要的指标、所有相关的东西全部文档化。
我看着他们这样做,我理解他们为什么这么做,但我真的很想摇醒他们——当然我不会真的这么做,因为那就意味着我在公开评论每天打交道的客户。我就想摇醒他们:“把你公司的开发者拉过来跟我坐三个小时,我们先 Hello world 几个事件,你这段时间其实一直在获取价值。“再说一次,我觉得 Amplitude 的人不会不同意,但我不打算整天说这个,因为这多少有点贬低那些确实想要做大实施的客户。所以这算是分析领域比较内部的话题,但这正是我想对 Jeff 说的。
Lenny: 很棒,很好的回答,而且还给出了可操作的建议。怎么样?
John Cutler: 是的,可以做到。你只需要找到它。你给我发条消息说:“你有没有针对这个的可操作建议?“我估计某个地方有,只是可能没来得及整理出来。
Lenny: 好建议。你会收到很多私信的。好了,我们进入精彩的快问快答环节。我有五个问题,我直接一个个过,你想到什么就说什么。准备好了吗?
John Cutler: 好了好了,完全准备好了。
推荐书籍
Lenny: 你最常推荐给别人的两三本书是什么?
John Cutler: 这个挺容易的,因为最近推荐的基本是同一类的。我很喜欢《How to Measure Anything》这本书,副标题是关于寻找商业中无形事物的价值,作者是 Douglas Hubbard。我喜欢这本书的原因是,在 Amplitude 经常有人跑来说:“我们竞争对手都在量什么?我们想知道到底该量哪个指标。“再说一次,我是在跟你一起笑,因为我知道你写过那种帖子——“以下是你应该追踪的确切指标”。我很尊重那些帖子,那是你的价值所在,都很好。但 Hubbard 提醒你的是:你到底为什么要度量这些东西?是为了降低关键决策的不确定性,或者为了达成你手头的某些目标。读这本书重要的原因,第一,你会发现一个真正注重行动力的人已经把这件事想透了,他给了你一个思考框架。
第二,他真正挑战了一个观念:在不确定性条件下做决策时,你只需要把不确定性降低到可接受的程度,就能做出下一个需要做的决策。我们从来没有——人们说”产品是科学”,它其实更像一门艺术,像一场正在进行的博弈。你永远不会拥有完整的信息来做决策。所以我觉得这本书能很好地提醒大家,在思考度量和指标时要更有创造力,而不是认为度量和指标就是照搬所有人都在用的那套指标。
第二本应该是 Accelerate。Nicole Forsgren、Gene Kim、Jez Humble 合著的,这大概是世界上关于影响绩效的因素最好的书之一。它建立在大量……已经出了六年,不对,我不确定,已经出了挺久了,十年了?他们做了 DORA 报告,就是他们每年做的大规模调查,一两万、三四万人参与的那种。Nicole Forsgren 是一位非常出色的科学家。所以他们的研究结构很严谨,会对”什么等于绩效”以及”各项实践如何贡献于绩效”提出假设。
然后他们随着时间不断更新。我觉得 Google 后来收购了 DORA,具体怎么整合的我不太清楚。但那本书非常棒,教你如何思考”绩效”这个概念,因为里面包含了诸如 Westrum 拓扑模型之类的内容——你的公司是官僚制运作还是……还有一些文化层面的要素,同时也涵盖了你正在做的各种实践。所以当你想思考”我该如何建模绩效”时,这是一本很棒的书。而且它也很实用,你可以直接把书里的东西拿来改善你的开发实践和日常工作。
第三本,最后一本,我真的很爱这本书——Jeff Patton 写的关于用户故事映射(user story mapping)的书。我很欣赏 Jeff Patton 做的事情。他拿了一个极其简单的想法:你可以把客户旅程铺展开来,然后从中切出一条横截面去开发。他给出了一个相当基础直接的方法来做这件事。但我告诉你,我会去那些 Jeff 一年前去培训过的公司,他们仍然在兴奋地谈论”用户故事映射”。他本人非常谦逊,绝不会夸大这个方法的价值。他会说:“对,就是一个旅程地图加几张便利贴而已。“但我总是这样,当有新人刚入行做产品管理时,我会说:“嘿,这是一本看似简单的书。你会学到一个非常基本的想法,但它能教会你很多关于产品的知识。“这三本就是我能想到的。
Lenny: 超棒的推荐,我最喜欢那种我没听说过但听起来非常厉害的书。你在推荐冷门好书这个框上打了勾。谢谢。下一个问题。除了你正在录的这个,你最喜欢的播客是什么?
John Cutler: 我……我孩子四岁了,我其实不太花时间听播客。我真的属于那种很轻度的听众——比如 Shane 给我发了链接,我才会去听 The Knowledge Project。你知道吗,就是那种被推荐了才听的人。偶尔我会一口气刷一堆,但我确实很喜欢一个节目——我其实一直在回听 Maggie Crowley 之前在 Drift 时做的播客的老节目。她的嘉宾阵容很好,我很喜欢 Maggie 的视角,也喜欢她请的嘉宾。所以有时候我会翻回去听一些老播客。另外 Jason Knight 会做一些很棒的 meme 之类的东西,他的播客也很有意思,我有时会听。不过说实话,我真的不是一个重度播客听众。我比较喜欢去找那种已经停更一段时间的播客,比如 Maggie 的那个,然后把所有嘉宾的节目补上,因为我觉得那个确实很棒。
Lenny: 太棒了。Jason,很高兴听到你这么说。下一个问题:你最近最喜欢的电影或电视剧是什么?
John Cutler: 天哪,还是那句话,我有孩子。什么都看不了。有一部叫《Sunny Bunnies》的,就是一群毛茸茸的小兔子。那部真的不错。还有一个动画片叫 Booba,他是个很搞笑的角色。我喜欢 Booba。
Lenny: 好的,我相信这些对有家庭的人会很实用。
John Cutler: 硬核产品人该看的电影。真的,这些能大幅提升你的水平。
Lenny: 嗯,我相信这里面总有可以学到的东西。还剩两个问题。你最喜欢在面试时问别人什么问题?
John Cutler: 哦,我比较喜欢的一个做法是——我会先问行为类问题,比如”跟我讲讲某次经历”,但然后我会追问:“假设我现在正在面试一个和你共事过的人。现在请你站在他/她的角度,就同一个情境来回答。“比如我会说:“Lenny,跟我说说你遇到的一次逆境,你怎么处理的,怎么跟团队协作解决的。“然后你会把整个过程讲一遍,给出你的回答。
然后在讲述的过程中,你可能会提到某个跟你共事的人,我就会说:“现在想象你是你刚刚提到的 Mary,你会怎么回答这个问题——特别是关于你的那部分?“我觉得这能展现出很有趣的自我认知。很多人回答问题时会把自己塑造成故事里的英雄,其他人都是配角。但如果你追问他们:“从你合作者的视角来看,这个故事是什么样的?“我觉得这就很有意思了。
Lenny: 很棒。
John Cutler: 所以它本质上还是一个行为面试问题。我确实觉得行为面试是正确的方式,如果你追问得够深,真的能挖掘出故事的深度。但我觉得挑战一下候选人,看看他们的思维有多灵活、能否换位思考,这挺有趣的。我不知道从 HR 的角度来看这算不算正确做法,但我很喜欢。
Lenny: 我也很喜欢。最后一个问题——你提到你有孩子。关于养育孩子,别人教过你最好的一课是什么?
John Cutler: 每天都是挑战。我就觉得,孩子吃饱了的时候表现就是更好。把小孩当作一个产品来看——你”喂”了这个产品,一切就都好起来了。你要是不喂,什么都崩了。所以随身带零食。这就是我给大家的全部建议。
Lenny: 非常实用。看看你,处处都是可操作的建议。
John Cutler: 对,拿去吧。
Lenny: John——我觉得我现在可以叫你 John 了——感觉刚真正认识了你。你就像那种”我现在叫 John 了”的感觉。我们达到了目标,我想这会是我做过的最长的一期节目。太棒了。John,我们到尾声了。最后两个问题:如果大家想了解更多、联系你、向你提问,在哪里可以找到你?第二个,听众怎样才能帮到你?
John Cutler: 我还是蛮常用 Twitter 的,不过 LinkedIn 也可以。Twitter 上我是 John Cuttlefish,LinkedIn 上就是 John Cutler。我觉得我希望能从大家那里收到的是——推荐一些我们应该多听听他们声音的人。我觉得这会非常有帮助。即使在我现在的角色中,我也想启动一个嘉宾演讲系列,邀请人来跟我们的团队交流。所以我觉得这会是我可以推进的事情。
Lenny: 太好了。John,非常感谢你来参加。我为你正在开启的新旅程感到兴奋,我也期待也许过个一两年我们能做一次后续访谈,聊聊你在这人生新阶段学到了什么。
John Cutler: 我真的很喜欢这个节目,谢谢你的邀请。
Lenny: 太棒了。谢谢,John。
非常感谢你的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcast、Spotify 或你最喜欢的播客应用上订阅。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到往期所有节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Better, Sooner, Safer, Happier | Better, Sooner, Safer, Happier(书名,保留原文) |
| Andrew Huberman | Andrew Huberman(人名,保留原文) |
| Angela | Angela(人名,保留原文) |
| Anheuser-Busch | Anheuser-Busch(公司名,保留原文) |
| anti-pattern | 反模式 |
| AppFolio | AppFolio(公司名,保留原文) |
| ARC | ARC(Amplitude Research Certification,保留缩写) |
| bar raisers | bar raisers(Amazon 的招聘质量把关机制,保留原文) |
| Barclays Bank | Barclays Bank(公司名,保留原文) |
| BEES | BEES(Anheuser-Busch 的 B2B 分销平台名称,保留原文) |
| can/should divide | ”能不能”/“该不该”的分野 |
| Carly Simon | Carly Simon(人名,保留原文) |
| Carrie | Carrie(人名,保留原文) |
| collectivist | 集体主义的 |
| communitarian | 社区主义的 |
| confirmation bias | 确认偏误 |
| consensus driven | 共识驱动的 |
| continuous discovery | 持续发现 |
| Craig | Craig(人名,保留原文) |
| CSM | 客户成功经理(Customer Success Manager) |
| data informed product loop | 数据驱动的产品闭环 |
| DORA | DORA(DevOps Research and Assessment,保留缩写) |
| Douglas Hubbard | Douglas Hubbard(人名,保留原文) |
| Drift | Drift(公司名,保留原文) |
| EMEA | EMEA(欧洲、中东和非洲地区,保留缩写) |
| Erin Meyer | Erin Meyer(人名,保留原文) |
| feature factory | 功能工厂(指只关注输出功能而非实际成果的团队/公司) |
| fundamental attribution bias | 基本归因偏差 |
| Gene Kim | Gene Kim(人名,保留原文) |
| gig | 工作/职位(口语用法) |
| gold plating | 过度精雕细琢(在技术决策上做超出必要的过度优化) |
| great man theory | 伟人理论 |
| happy plate | 舒适区(原文为口语表达,指让自己感到舒服的状态/区域) |
| high agency | 高能动性 |
| horizontal | 横向的 |
| house music | 浩室音乐 |
| individualistic | 个人主义的 |
| inertia | 惯性(在此处指组织中的结构性惯性/阻力) |
| Jason Cohen | Jason Cohen(人名保留原文) |
| Jason Knight | Jason Knight(人名,保留原文) |
| Jeff Fedor | Jeff Fedor(人名,保留原文) |
| Jeff Patton | Jeff Patton(人名,保留原文) |
| Jez Humble | Jez Humble(人名,保留原文) |
| John Smart | John Smart(人名,保留原文) |
| Jon | Jon(人名,保留原文) |
| Josh Arnold | Josh Arnold(人名,保留原文) |
| Klaus | Klaus(人名,保留原文) |
| Lego | Lego(公司名,保留原文) |
| Maggie Crowley | Maggie Crowley(人名,保留原文) |
| Marty Kagan | Marty Kagan(人名,保留原文) |
| Mary | Mary(人名,保留原文,此处为假设举例用名) |
| mental models | 心智模型 |
| meritocracy | 精英主义 |
| NewBank | NewBank(巴西数字银行,保留原文) |
| newsletter | newsletter(已作为通用名词保留原文) |
| Nicole Forsgren | Nicole Forsgren(人名,保留原文) |
| North Star Playbook | North Star Playbook(专有名称,保留原文) |
| Northstar framework | Northstar 框架 |
| NPS | NPS(净推荐值,Net Promoter Score,保留缩写) |
| objectivist | 客观主义者 |
| opportunity solution tree | 机会解决方案树 |
| org chart | 组织架构图 |
| pair programming | 结对编程 |
| playbook | playbook(已作为专有名词通用) |
| POS | POS(销售终端,Point of Sale,保留缩写) |
| product evangelist | 产品布道师 |
| product mindset | 产品思维 |
| product sense | 产品直觉 |
| product teams | 产品团队 |
| product-led growth | 产品驱动增长 |
| professional services | 专业服务 |
| red team | 红队测试(有意识地挑战和反驳自身决策的做法) |
| reps | 反复练习(此处指团队在小范围内反复实践交付和学习闭环的过程) |
| Satya Nadella | 萨提亚·纳德拉 |
| Shane | Shane(人名,保留原文,指 Shane Parrish,The Knowledge Project 主持人) |
| Simon Wardley | Simon Wardley(人名,保留原文) |
| skin in the game | 利益绑定 |
| Spencer | Spencer(人名,保留原文) |
| strong opinions loosely held | 强观点,弱执念 |
| Teresa Torres | Teresa Torres(人名,保留原文) |
| test-driven development | 测试驱动开发 |
| The Culture Map | 《The Culture Map》(书名,保留原文) |
| Toast | Toast(公司名,保留原文) |
| user story mapping | 用户故事映射 |
| vertical SaaS | 垂直 SaaS |
| Westrum topology | Westrum 拓扑模型 |
| Working Backwards | 《逆向工作法》(Amazon 相关书籍) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)