扩张 Duolingo、拥抱失败与洞察拉丁美洲科技生态 | Gina Gotthilf
Scaling Duolingo, embracing failure, and insight into Latin America’s tech scene | Gina Gotthilf
Gina Gotthilf: Communication is constantly underrated.
And communication isn’t about being able to convey a message, it’s about being able to convey a message in a way that the listener receives it, and understands it, and remembers it. And that’s really hard to do.
One of the things I’ve helped employ at Duolingo that I think is still there today, it’s definitely not just me, it was an amazing team, is a unique voice. And what that means is not just another language learning app where we give you instructions and you follow directions.
There is always a quirk, like it’s unexpected. The way we talk to you is a little bit funny. It doesn’t take ourselves too, seriously and it makes the person receiving this message feel something. Again, it’s about how you make people feel. And you feel like either you giggle, or you’re like, wait what? They just did what? And using that to your benefit.
The Future of LatAm Tech
Lenny: Today my guest is Gina Gotthilf. Gina is most known for leading growth and marketing at Duolingo, helping take them from 3 million to over 200 million users, primarily through organic and non-paid growth channels, which we explore in depth.
She also worked on the Mike Bloomberg presidential campaign, where she oversaw a historic digital ad budget, and she shares learnings from that experience. She also led growth in community for Tumblr in Latin America.
Currently, she’s the co-founder and COO of Latitude, which is a company dedicated to helping build the next generation of iconic tech startups in Latin America. In our wide-ranging conversation, Gina shares a ton of new insights and tactics on how Duolingo grew early on, how they grow today, and most interestingly, what they did to become one of the very rare successful consumer subscription businesses.
We also talk about how every life and career has an A-side and A B-side. Also, why PR and brand are way underappreciated by most startups. She shares a bunch of stories of failed experiments, and also some of her biggest wins. Also, why Latin America is so interesting right now as a hub for startups and for innovation. Also, there’s a bit of philosophy sprinkled in, and a bunch of real talk.
This was such a fun conversation. Gina is delightful. I am excited for you to learn from her. With that, I bring you Gina God Gotthilf, after a short word from our sponsors.
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Gina, thank you so much for being here. Welcome to the podcast.
The A and B Sides
Gina Gotthilf: Lenny, I’m so excited to be here. It’s been awesome to see how you’ve built this, and just how far it’s gone. Thank you for inviting me.
Lenny: Really appreciate that. I’m more excited to have you on the podcast. And I know you just came off hosting a massive event somewhere in Latin America, I think you had 5,000-something people. You had Ben Horowitz keynoting.
And I wanted to start with the talk you gave. I think you described it as people having this A-side and B-side to their life, kind of like a record as an A-side and B-side. So could you just share what it was this conference? And then two, kind of just briefly share this concept as much as you can
Life’s Side B Story
Gina Gotthilf: For sure, and thanks for that Lenny.
Look, I think for those of us here in the US, I became an American last year. I love the US. I’ve been here for 19 years. It’s hard to imagine just how much is going on south of the border. There’s actually 660 million people living across Latin America, and it’s an economy of $6 trillion.
And Brazil is a huge market, just in terms of sheer size, over 200 million people. And also in terms of where the ecosystem is. I am Brazilian, so I am Latin American, even though sometimes Brazilians are not sure if they are Latin American because we speak Portuguese.
And so the future of the region really matters to me. And helping people get the opportunities that I’ve had, in terms of access to information and resources that could help them build scalable, very successful startups, can really change the economy across the board. I believe in that much more than I believe in government, and whether we’re going to vote this guy or that guy next.
And so that’s sort of the impetus for the company. The conference was a conference put together by my company. I’m a co-founder. We’re three, Brian, Yuri, and I. We put this conference together to bring together the top entrepreneurs, operators and investors across Latin America, but also people who are interested in investing in the region, of which there are more and more here in the US and abroad.
More than 5,000 people came. We had over 70 speakers. It was across two days. We had amazing people like Ben Horowitz, who never gave a talk, or did a fireside specifically for and about Latin America and the opportunity. But we also had incredible founders who you, in terms of US operators, may not be as familiar with.
But if you’ve ever heard of Rappi, it’s a really important delivery company in Latin America. So the founder of Rappi flew down from Miami for that. And then we had VCs from a lot of the top names that you’ve heard here in the region as well. And then a lot of unicorns. We’ve had a lot of unicorns in the region.
So they were all there. And the idea was to share learnings along the way, successes and failures, so that people can skip by not making the same mistakes as others. And I was asked to open both days. And then the first day, the opening talk that I ended up giving was this concept that I really like, which is the A-side and the B-side of a story. Which is that if you are old like me, and maybe you Lenny, I think we’re similar age, you remember what a CD or what a mixtape was like. And we had the A and the B-side.
We are very encouraged in our lives, especially professionally, to talk about our A-sides all the time. Because that’s what impresses people, that’s what opens doors, that’s what allows us to keep growing and it’s so important. It means that a lot of what you hear in podcasts and on stage ends up being the Instagramable version of someone, or a company, or a country’s trajectory. It’s just the highlights.
And when I talk about my A-side, it’s very impressive. I did things like we’ll talk about, I met President Obama, I worked on the Mike Bloomberg presidential campaign. I helped Duolingo scale from three to 200 million users. I worked with Tumblr, helping them scale in Latin America. Andreessen Horowitz invested in my company, et cetera.
But between all of those highlights, there were so many B-moments that get shoved under the rug because it’s just easier for me and it’s more impressive for others. But I really like to highlight those. Because I think that most of us have a lot of B-moments every day, every week, every month and every period of our lives. And it’s easy to think that things aren’t just not going to work out for us because we’re in one of those B-moments, if we don’t recognize them as moments.
And the story I ended up telling was how, much I have these A and B-sides that I don’t talk about my B-side so much. Latin America also has A and B-sides. Because it’s really easy to focus on, it’s dangerous, we’re behind the governments are a mess. There’s financial insecurity.
But there’s a lot of A side in there, and a lot of the A-side is the opportunity we have in terms of tech. Because in terms of percentage of GDP that tech occupies compared to other markets, it’s very promising. We’re at one third of India, one 10th of China, one 30th of the United States. Meaning that tech companies can grow a lot so that they occupy that space in terms of the GDP, which is believable. So that was the concept of the talk and the reason for this conference.
Lenny: I love this concept. We’re going to talk, as you expected about a lot of your A-side stuff. Is there any example of a B-side story of your life that would be interesting to share?
A Turbulent Career Beginning
Gina Gotthilf: Look, I think those are the most interesting, because they’re funny or ridiculous. But I’ll just say that I had a lot of B-sides and I still do. For example, I had no idea what I wanted to do. I actually, I thought I wanted to be an actress. I either wanted to be that person in SeaWorld who goes like this with a dolphin, this was before SeaWorld was canceled. Or I wanted to be an actress. But then my parents convinced me that I was probably not going to succeed because the odds weren’t in my favor.
I applied to schools. I didn’t get into any Ivy League, I didn’t get into any of the top schools I wanted to go to. When I got to college, I actually ended up dropping out because I got so depressed, incredibly depressed. Couldn’t get out of bed, depressed.
Ironically, I dropped out of Reed College, which is the same college that Steve Jobs dropped out of. So I was just destined for greatness. I knew it at that moment.
Lenny: It all makes sense looking backwards, as he said.
From Rock Bottom to Duolingo
Gina Gotthilf: Totally. I was dropping out, being like, yes, this is exactly the path. No, I was miserable. I thought there was no path forward.
And when I finally went back and graduated, the college counselor looked at my curriculum and said, “What have you even done with your life? There’s nothing to show for.” And it was shocking. Because I was always the overachiever who wanted to do the maximum curriculum, and ace all of my classes, and do whatever. I did three diplomas in high school, the international, the American, the Brazilian. My one learning there that has stuck with me, and I think can work for other people too, is that it’s not just about doing things that actually matter, and learning. It’s about being able to tell the story, and it’s about understanding what other people perceive as valuable.
I’m not talking about net value. But I’m talking about, if you want to grow in the world, it’s understanding that psychology of how humans react to what you’re showing them. So that was one lesson.
But then I went on to, I applied to a hundred companies. I didn’t hear back from most of them. I finally got an internship at kind of like a tier B-slash-C digital marketing agency in New York City, because I wanted to live in New York so badly. And they forgot to apply for my visa on time, so I lost my visa and had to go back to Brazil.
And then I ended up leaving that organization to go work for another one. And I won’t even go into the details of the shadiness of that company that I worked for, but then they ended up laying me off. So I lost my visa again, had to go back home. Found another opportunity, got fired that time. So there was just a lot of rockiness in my start that I don’t think you would imagine when you see someone up on stage leading a conference for 5,000 people. That, I think, is important.
And even when I started working for Tumblr, I was like, this is it. I made it. This is a really interesting company. This is going to work out. That was super rocky because it was an early stage startup. So for example, they couldn’t figure out how to wire money to Brazil. So I was not paid for six months. And at one point me and my colleagues were trying to get money out of the teller to pay contractors, because we had no money to pay them. And we borrowed money from people. And finally they also laid me off because they decided to sell to Yahoo.
And then I had to figure out, what am I going to do? No one’s going to hire me. I’ve been fired and laid off so many times. This is all before I started an agency to help US-based tech companies and startups grow in Latin America, because I figured I was in this really great place to make that happen.
And it eventually worked for, well-known companies such as Duolingo. At the time, they weren’t well known. They were a tiny little startup. They didn’t have an Android app. And that’s how I started working with Duolingo. Because their head of marketing connected with someone they had worked with at Flickr and said, “I noticed Tumblr grew a lot in Brazil last year. Can you recommend a company or an agency to help?” And they said, this girl. And I was 26.
And so that’s how they connected me with Duolingo, and I started helping them grow in Brazil as a consultant. They were like, this is great. Can you help us grow in Chile, Argentina? And I was like, yes.
They were like, how about Mexico? And I was like, yes. Did I know anything about these places, Lenny? Did I know people there? No, but you can figure it out.
And then they ended up asking me to come on full-time, do that across the world. In Japan, China, Korea, Turkey, Spain, France, et cetera. And then to own growth, which ended up meaning communications, social media, government partnerships, anything to grow.
And then eventually became an AB testing growth engine with engineers, and PMs, and designers of which I knew nothing about. And even after that, I left Duolingo five years later, didn’t know what to do with my life. You’d think, oh wow, you have it figured out now. You left Duolingo, you have the world in front of you.
And I’m like, maybe I can finally go work for nonprofits, which is what I actually wanted to do in the first place. Tried my hand at that, had a couple of experiences before going to work for the Mike Bloomberg campaign.
Working for the Mike Bloomberg campaign is impressive, but you know what? Mike Bloomberg didn’t win. He’s not the president. So that was not a successful campaign, if you really look at it. And yeah, latitude seems like it’s a really promising path. But there’s A days and B days.
So it’s just a lot of that, and just staying resilient, and believing in yourself, and getting back on the horse when you fall on your face.
The Bloomberg Campaign Experience
Lenny: Amazing. That’s such an important message. I think one of the threads from what you’re describing, something that I think about a lot, is people kind of underestimate how long their career is. There’s just so much time to do stuff, and for things to start to work.
This is going to sound really fancy, but I think Marcus Aurelius has this quote about how our life is actually very long, we just use it really badly. And we just waste a lot of our time.
Gina Gotthilf: Wow. I think you’re so right, Lenny and I love that. Because people are going around being like, life is short, life is short. But that’s so true. We waste so much time. But also I think we don’t recognize how much opportunity we have in front of us. And as a 26-year-old, I definitely thought my career was over. I was like, I blew it. And looking back, it’s funny.
Don’t Rush Your Career
Lenny: Yeah, I know exactly what you mean. I spent nine years at my first job, at a random company in San Diego in a startup. And I was like, what am I doing here so long? And it turned out that was really useful for the thing I did next. And then eventually, wow, things started to really take off.
So I think that’s a really good lesson for people, just for a long time. This is my fourth career. I’ve switched careers many times. I was an engineer, then I was a founder, then I was a product manager. And now I’m whatever this is, whatever you call this thing.
Paid Ads in the Bloomberg Campaign
Gina Gotthilf: Okay, cool.
Lenny: Yeah.
Landing Page Optimization in Practice
Gina Gotthilf: I guess me too. I was an operator. I was a consultant. Well, I was an employee, I was a consultant. Then I was an operator, which is a fancy way to say employee at a startup. And then, now I’m a founder and a VC. And an angel, and whatever this is.
Lenny: Awesome, awesome. So I think that’s a really important takeaway. Just, there’s a lot of time to do stuff. And don’t stress if things aren’t moving as fast as you want.
I want to try to bounce around between A side and B side in this conversation, that’d be a cool framework. And so we’re going to definitely talk about Duolingo, and a little bit more about Latin America.
I wanted to touch on this Mike Bloomberg story. So what I understand from your experience there is, you deployed a historic amount of money into paid ads as a part of that campaign. I am just curious what you learned from running paid ads at that scale for a campaign or just broadly.
Emotion in Visual Design
Gina Gotthilf: So we deployed historic amounts of money in the campaign. It wasn’t me, Gina, personally.
Lenny: It wasn’t just you spending that money, yeah.
The Duolingo Growth Story
Gina Gotthilf: I think that’s important to share. So my Bloomberg presidential campaign was spending roughly a million dollars a day. Which is crazy. And you can do a lot with a million dollars a day.
Lenny: It’s good to be Google.
Obsession With the Mission
Gina Gotthilf: It’s good to be Google. But yes, it’s good to be Facebook. I’ll share what I think is most useful here, and also what my experience ended up being.
Which is, they brought together a lot of great talent from across the US, especially in terms of tech. This is an organization called Hawk Fish, that they started working with the Mike Bloomberg. Basically, he created it. I don’t know, it was embedded in there.
There were a lot of us who had large eagles, and had been sharks in our previous organizations, who had to figure out how to come together and work and in a very short amount of time. That was a very interesting experience, because it’s hard to do that. It’s not just important to be great and smart, but it’s also important to understand how to most effectively deploy your resources and talent across an organization.
And that sort of takes a little bit of time to happen. And for a presidential campaign, I find that very hard to do, from that one experience. That said, it also meant that when you’re looking at the paid ads, and the fact that we were deploying this massive amount of money, there were a lot of cooks in the kitchen when it came to figuring out exactly what we were going to do with those ads.
And how we were going to target them, and what are the campaigns we’re going to run, and what’s the copy, and what’s the design? And after maybe a few days there, I realized that my best bet in terms of actually adding value was not to be another cook in the kitchen trying to figure that out, but to move into the next step of the journey, which nobody was paying attention to.
Which is, once you click on an ad, you land somewhere. And then whatever happens there is super important. Because if people then take the action you want them to take on that landing page, or don’t, is definitive. But everyone spends all of their effort and money on the ads. And I think that this is true of almost everything. We forget to think about the step-by-step in growth, and what that experience looks like. And even just the second or third screen in an experience are as, if not more, important than the first one. Because that’s where your “leaky buckets” can happen.
So if you’re able to 2X the effectiveness of a landing page, you are able to actually, in a compounded way, increase the effectiveness of that first ad. So I spent a lot of time going rogue and figuring out how to make landing pages. Because the designers and the copywriters were all allocated to the actual ad.
So I was just there being like, I’m going to do copywriting and design, and figure out how we can increase these conversion rates. And the cool thing about that level of dollar deployment is that you’re able to reach statistical significance very quickly.
Whereas in a company like Duolingo, where you already have a lot of users and you can reach statistical significance on an AB test within two weeks, at the Mike Bloomberg presidential campaign on a landing page, we could see that three times a day, so four times a day.
So I would be able to do something and be like, oh wow, this has a 3% conversion rate. And then get approval for a new version and deploy it and then be like, okay, we’re at 6% now. And then actually improve. There was one day where I brought one page from three to 12% conversion rate with statistical significance. So that’s, I think, the biggest benefit of having those dollar amounts.
I think the drawback, and that’s the same for startups that have a lot of money to spend, is you start going a little wild in terms of like, oh, the world’s our oyster. We can do whatever we want. And you lose sight a little bit about effectiveness, which is where growth is so magical.
Simplicity and Frugality
Lenny: What was that change on the landing page you did that increased conversion so much, do you remember?
Organic Over Paid Growth
Gina Gotthilf: None of this is going to blow anyone’s minds, I think, because it’s very best practices. But it’s easy to overlook when you’re so focused on so many different steps of a process. The first one is making it mobile-optimized.
People who are working, are working on their computers, on desktop computers, even today. We forget that most people are looking at pages on our phones. And that has been the case for a while, and I think it’s just increasing. So you need to make sure that that experience of looking at something on your phone, whatever your phone is, is great.
And what that means is from a landing page perspective, super simple. First, the core copy, the message and button need to be above the fold. Or, if you’re not going to keep the button above the fold, which I still recommend, but if you’re not going to do that for whatever reason, then you need to have a very clear indicator that there’s something to scroll towards on your page.
The second thing, applies to both desktop and mobile, is people skim. And copywriters don’t like to believe that, much like journalists don’t like to believe that people just read headlines. It’s just how it is. People are busy and lazy, myself included.
So you can write all of this beautiful messaging that you’ve thought through, but if people are not going to read it, it doesn’t matter. So you have to approach a landing page with that perspective in as much as possible.
And so for me, what makes something particularly skimmable is first restricting copy a lot. And even copy that seems short is probably not short enough. Second, so people normally like to have a title, some sort of subtitle, and then an image and a button. Those are kind of core pieces of some sort of landing page experience. Having the title and the button speak to each other is really cool. Because if people only read the title and the button, they got it.
It can’t be like, “Wouldn’t you like the next President of the United States to blah blah blah?” And then a whole explanation of what. And then the button is like, I don’t know, apply. Whatever, right? It’s like, apply for what? Now I have to go read the thing and I didn’t get it.
So just keeping those two things super speaking to each other. And then of course, making sure that that landing page speaks to the ad experience. And that’s something that I think people do pay some attention to.
Finally, there’s an element of emotion to it. Which I didn’t get super deep in, but just very basic. My job was to create a landing page that made people … So it was actually, funnily enough, before Covid hit the US. And then Covid hit the US. Half the people in the campaign got Covid on our sad goodbye Mike Bloomberg party. And I had already bounced, and I left New York. I was scared. I was like, the city’s going to be a Petri dish.
And I spent months trying to convince the whole United States, as much as I could, that Covid was going to hit the United States. And there were going to be a lot of deaths unless we had a different president. And so I, of course, convinced myself very effectively that we were in grave danger.
And so to do that, we had images in the background of different sorts, Mike Bloomberg and whatever. But fear really inspires people, and that’s just a truth about human psychology. Especially when it comes to a presidential campaign.
So having dark colors like black, having Trump in sort of a black scenario, kind of looking down and looking a little menacing is more powerful than having Trump looking ridiculous, for example. In the context of, we need to take action, otherwise there will be deaths because of this.
So it depends on the concept, but don’t underplay the importance of understanding how people are going to feel when they see something, and whether that’s going to lead them to take action. Keeping it super, super simple.
Because also the other thing I see is a lot of images. It is like, no, the image can’t distract from your core message. It has to be a background thing that aids in the digestion of that message.
Early Startup Advice Summary
Lenny: I feel like all these startups are going to start adding Trump, menacing Trump to their landing pages because they worked for you guys.
Obsession With the Product
Gina Gotthilf: Well, they’re going to alienate 50% of the American population.
Lenny: True. There’s a few other things I wanted to dig into. One is obviously Duolingo, so let’s just spend some time here.
So it’s really interesting. With my newsletter, I’ve written over 200 posts. The number one, most popular post of all time, did not expect this, was about the story of Duolingo. And the way that the team reignited growth after it started to plateau.
This was by Jorge Mazal.
The Failed Badge Experiment
Gina Gotthilf: Mazal.
Unexpected Wins From Badges
Lenny: Mazal, okay, cool.
Gina Gotthilf: Jorge Mazal, yes.
Trusting the Power of Intuition
Lenny: Okay, there’s the right pronunciation. And so…
There’s the right pronunciation. And so clearly, there’s a lot of interest in the Duolingo story. And you were there before Jorge. You were there really early. I think you were there from 3 million users to 200 million. That’s what I hear you describe it as.
Gina Gotthilf: That’s right. That’s my claim to fame.
Lessons From the Indian Market
Lenny: Great. That’s a large growth trajectory. So one thing I wanted to ask broadly is it feels like B to C subscription apps never work. They never last. There’s so few success stories of consumer subscription apps. There’s Duolingo there, Calm maybe, but I don’t know, it feels like it’s slowing down, Headspace, Grammarly. And there’s a few that are okay, but most die. I guess I’m mostly curious, what is it that you think Duolingo did right to make it basically and continue to thrive, even these days?
The Organic Growth Playbook
Gina Gotthilf: Very few people really believed that we were going to make it, not surprisingly. Even though we had this amazing team, et cetera, now it looks almost obvious, it’s like B to C language learning just seems so niche. And plus education, there’s no money in education. It’s been stuck for so long. And what I kept hearing, “You guys, did you hear about Rosetta Stone? This solution already exists.” So I think that there are a couple of things that really made Duolingo’s success, which are very hard to replicate.
Number one, an obsession for the mission. That sounds cliche. I think a lot of founders and startup people like to talk about the mission, and I get it, and I think it’s real. But I really mean it, because this obsession for solving a problem for hundreds of millions of people, and the problem wasn’t just a vitamin. It was a problem in the sense that if you don’t know English in today’s world, your opportunities to get out of your socioeconomic zone are very diminished. More specifically, you can double or triple your income potential by learning English in a developing market like Latin America. And there are lots of those around the world. That belief that education should be free and that people should have access to that opportunity, not just in developing countries, but of course, also in the US really drove the organization in a way that drove how we built our marketing, how we spoke to our users, how we designed the experience, how we put barriers in front of taking decisions that would actually impact that mission. It helped our users rally around the business. It helped us hire the best people even if we were based in Pittsburgh and couldn’t necessarily pay the Google dollars. So it’s really hard to measure the importance of just really being obsessed about that mission. But I speak to a lot of education founders, ed tech founders, and I am very biased probably because of this experience. I will say that I had one of those, what’s it called, the experiment where they looked at all of the shots that some plane got when it came back from war and then started fixing the plane. There’s a name for this. And then they realized that-
Lenny: I forget the name, but it’s the pictures. The pictures are famous with the red dots.
Brand Communication in Practice
Gina Gotthilf: You shouldn’t fix those spots because if they got back, they survived, they were missing the plane that fell. So I got to ride in a plane that survived. So I have, oh, it’s called survivor bias, maybe?
Lenny: That sounds right.
Duolingo’s Unique Copywriting Style
Gina Gotthilf: I have survivor bias, but I really believe in this-
Lenny: Survivorship bias.
Sad Duo and Brand Tone
Gina Gotthilf: Survivorship bias. So if I speak to a founder and I can tell that they’re building an ed tech because they believe that they will be able to make money from it, there’s nothing wrong with making money, nothing. I want to make money. I think it’s a capitalist world that we live in, and it’s fine, but just that drive is what brings people to you, and it’s what leads you to make long-term thinking decisions that really end up mattering. And it’s what allowed us in many ways to grow organically versus with paid ads, which I think is crucial for an early stage tech startup. It’s not the only thing, but I think it’s one of them that’s super important.
Lenny: Just to follow that thread, that’s something that I actually found. I wrote a post about this looking into of the ones that made it, what did they do consistently across them all? And one is just stay very lean and scrappy for a long time. Because to your point, it’s so hard to build a big business, and you can’t afford, like you said, the best people, you can’t pay them as much as everyone else. So essentially it’s just a long time of just being very lean and scrappy. That was the most consistent pattern across all these B to C subscription apps.
Brand DNA Behind TikTok Success
Gina Gotthilf: Agree. And that’s number two. When I was hired by Duolingo as a consultant and as an employee, my mandate was make Duolingo grow. Here is no budget. I had no budget. And people are shocked. They’re like, “Oh, but when did you turn on the ads?” We’re like, “We just didn’t.” Because I know this is between you and me, Lenny, I actually am quite bad at paid ads. It’s just not a muscle that I ever developed.
Lenny: We won’t tell anyone.
Global Scaling: Humanity Over Differences
Gina Gotthilf: I’m only good at … huh?
Lenny: We won’t tell anyone.
Unique Struggles of LatAm Founders
Gina Gotthilf: Please keep this a secret. I think I could develop that muscle if one day I need it, but I’m particularly good at thinking about organic growth because I’ve had to, because that’s what Tumblr and Duolingo required of me. And the logic behind it was, listen, with Duolingo, we started monetizing the platform very late, and it was a luxury because we had so much venture capital money to sustain us for a while. But we had some bets that we made in the early days that we thought were going to help really sustain the company, like translations that didn’t end up panning out. And then the Duolingo English test that we started developing really early with Burr Settles, an amazing guy who basically was developing this test, we realized that was going to be super long-term. We didn’t start really charging for subscriptions or having ads until, I don’t know exactly, but something like year three.
So we didn’t have an LTV, which meant that having a CAC made no sense. So that’s number one. You need that CAC-to-LTV ratio that everyone talks about. That’s an important thing. But it’s more than that. First, I think there’s the CAC-to-LTV ratio thing. The second thing is that even if you have a low CAC, I was just talking to an entrepreneur this morning, he was like, “Oh, we were able to hit a 10-cent CAC.” And I’m like, “Yeah, but that grows.” As you start targeting more people, the low hanging fruit dry out, and you end up having to pay more money. And then once you have those users coming in because of those paid ads, you can’t cut it off because you still need that growth, because you’re trying to prove to your investors that you’re growing, or you need those users in order to continue AB testing or whatever. Then you become completely dependent, and it’s really hard to turn it off. So it’s almost like an addiction, that as much as you’re able to limit in the beginning, the better.
And the third thing is that I really believe that … I don’t believe. I think we all know at this point that the most important thing for the growth of anything tech, maybe in general, is retention. Of course, you need acquisition, but retention is important. And I simplify it a little bit because retention, I don’t think of it in terms of like, wow, I must retain this user. It’s like, is this thing valuable or not? That’s what retention is to me. Either it’s actually providing real value or it’s not. If it’s providing real value, people stick around. It’s as simple as that.
And if you don’t force yourself to pay attention to retention and finding the users to whom this is the most useful really early on, you risk convincing yourself of metrics and glossing over some of this other important stuff, which means that even if you succeed at acquisition, you’re just not going to succeed long-term because those users fall through. And you won’t really understand why because you were building retention based on acquired users that weren’t the ones who weren’t necessarily going to … And I don’t mean to say that I don’t believe in paid at all. I think paid has its value, I think especially when it comes to testing. Sometimes you don’t have as many users as you need to run statistically significant tests. But with paid users you could, or you could just use paid ads to understand messaging and images and even value prop. On a landing page, that’s super valuable. Or you find an amazing niche, and you know exactly who your target users are, and you figure out a way that makes sense. But then again, I would argue that if you found your perfect user and where they are, you should go figure out a way to get them organically, because if you can really provide them value, they would come and they would stay.
Latitud: The LatAm Startup OS
Lenny: So far I’ve heard be really focused around a mission and be very clear about what you’re trying to achieve. Two is just very low spend, essentially don’t expect to grow this into venture scale business. Focus on a sustainable profitable business for as long as you can and constrain your spend basically. And then third is this focus on retention, which I think is a really important point. And this is true for any app you’re building, but I think especially true for consumer business where people are just like, “Nah, this is cool. Okay, what’s next? Okay, let’s check out Snapchat.”
Gina Gotthilf: Totally. And I was going to have a different three, but I think it’s related, so maybe we can add it as three B or four.
Unique Advantages of LatAm Founders
Lenny: Three B. Let’s do it.
Gina Gotthilf: An obsession for the product. Again, sounds obvious but isn’t. When we look back to products that existed before the internet, before the app store, you built this thing, you made it, and then you tried to convince people to buy it. That was it. So look, I made a chair, this is a beautiful chair. And then you spend all this money trying to get it out into the world, and people buy the chair. And you hire all these salespeople, and you hire an amazing marketing agency, and you try to sell the chair. It’s no longer at all that because products are constantly in motion and evolving. And unless you’re able to own that data and understand what it can tell you, you’re never going to win.
So I hear a lot of people come to me and say, “Gina, Gina, we built Duolingo for this.” And I’m like, “Okay, cool.” And then they show it to me, and it looks exactly like Duolingo. And I’m like, “Okay, cool.” And then I’m like, “How did you get to this design?” They’re like, “Oh yeah, we used Duolingo.” So I’m like, “Great.” But then as I started talking to them, I understand they don’t have the engineers and PMs there looking at Mixpanel or whatever it is that they’re using every day, understanding how every single change is leading to other changes that enables them to ask the questions and come up with the hypotheses that allow them to get to the next step. So it’s almost like they just copy-pasted something.
You know how I think of that? It’s like those students who are able to copy the best student’s answer on the math test, and then they get frustrated that they didn’t get an A because the work wasn’t there, but they copied the answer. But if you don’t know how to do the work, you get another math question and you’re not going to get it right. And so that I think still misses, and I would venture to say most early stage tech startups out there. It’s certainly the case in Latin America, where people think they can outsource the code or outsource the growth, and they’re not just looking like hawks at the quality of the data and statistical significance and running hypotheses and questioning them. And that rigor is a culture at Duolingo that was there from day one before me and continues to be there today.
WhatsApp and Leapfrog Growth
Lenny: Amazing. So I think if a listener is trying to build a subscription consumer app, I would suggest just rewind and listen to that again. I think there’s so much gold there. And in my experience, I get a lot of decks because I do a bunch of angel investing. I just discount consumer subscription apps because they never work, except when they do once in a while. And so my advice is if you’re building something in this space, just listen to exactly what you just said. There’s a lot of important stuff, and actually internalize it. Stay really lean, stay really focused, obsessed with retention, obsessed with making sure the product is solving the problem you’re going after.
Gina Gotthilf: I’m so glad that you agree, Lenny. I really admire you. So it makes me very happy.
Top LatAm Opportunities to Watch
Lenny: Well, we’re both happy then. I wanted to switch to the B side, and I’m curious, what’s a mess-up or a big mistake maybe that you made or your team made that was like, “Oh, wow, that was a big waste of time?”
Bodily Autonomy in the Internet Age
Gina Gotthilf: Look, a lot of things didn’t work out. More than 50% of our AB tests didn’t work out. We made bets that didn’t make sense. I will say, though, that in the spirit of A and B sides, I, and think in general, we are really good at forgetting the B stuff. I talk so much about all the stuff that worked that it’s hard to remember all of those moments that didn’t actually work. And the thing that I tend to talk about, which is this mistake that we made as the growth team, is almost like one of those, when you get asked in an interview, “What’s your biggest weakness?” And you’re like, “I’m a perfectionist.” It’s one of those things that actually makes you sound good because it’s the story about how my team really wanted to implement badges. We spent a lot of time playing all the games that were popular at the time, trying to understand how those gamification growth hacks that we could find in those apps would potentially overlay onto Duolingo and how we would do that.
And badges was just pervasive in all of the top games. And so it seemed like a no-brainer. But since we ranked all of our experiments in terms of ROI and return being how many users we think we’re going to get from this, DAUs and time investments, it never made sense to focus on this, because we thought that the time sink would be too high. So I actually ended up not letting the team run this experiment for six months so that we focus on lower hanging fruit. So that’s a mistake on my end. Then we decided to run this experiment in the most lean way possible. We’re like, “You know what? There’s MVPs, there’s minimum viable experiments. We don’t have to run a whole badges thing. We can just do something more simple and actually see if that leads to growth in an interesting way, and then we’ll know.”
And we ran this very simple experiment that was like, “You sign up and then you get a badge.” And it was like this girl with a balloon, I don’t know, she was happy or whatever. And of course, in retrospect, it led to no results, because no one is proud of signing up. It’s not an exciting moment, and you don’t even have badges to collect. You can’t show it to other people. None of the things that make badges compelling were there, but we were like, “Well, we does it. It didn’t work.” And then we moved on. So we moved on for another, I don’t know, eight months, and we didn’t look back. And then when we did look back, first of all, at that point, we discovered that we hadn’t been dogfooding, which also was embarrassing.
Looking back, we hadn’t been dogfooding in the growth team. We’d just come up with hypotheses. We were super careful about prioritizing them and making sure that we were doing the best possible write-ups and all these things. But the dogfooding piece just, I didn’t come from a product background. I was a marketer, and I didn’t really understand the term dogfooding. But when we had a conversation, we were like, “You know what? If we had just tested that, we would have all known that this was a super lame badge.” And I was like, “Why are we not testing our experiments?” And so that became part of our practice.
It’s still relevant. I just had a conversation yesterday with engineers at Latitude. I haven’t explained what we’re building yet. Maybe we’ll get there. But I was talking yesterday to engineers at Latitude, and they’re awesome. In terms of product team, we have have the number eight employee at NewBank. You might have heard of NewBank, but it’s this massive banking fin tech in Latin America, and we have people from other fin techs, and then we have this guy who’s a lead PM at Twilio, and I was explaining to them why we should be dogfooding. And they were all like, “Oh yeah, we should dogfood.” It’s just easy to forget stuff like that.
So that was a mistake that we could have probably gotten to the growth that we got to with badges much earlier on. And not only did we get to growth with badges, but it became this amazing treasure trove of opportunity. Because once you have badges and people want them, you can now ask people to do anything like go find friends, go buy things, whatever it is. And so we impacted almost all metrics across the company positively, including some we hadn’t expected, but it’s easy to talk about a mistake that ended up being a win. So that’s why I compared it to the interview thing in the beginning. But we tried making Duolingo a social app really early on and failed. It was called Duels, DuoDuels. You could duel.
A Life Motto
Lenny: Very clever.
The Ship of Theseus
Gina Gotthilf: I know. We were clever, but people didn’t use it, and we didn’t figure out why. We tried making a Duolingo for Schools platform. We couldn’t get it to pick up. I went and launched Duolingo in China, and it got downloaded by a million people in the first day, and then the app got blocked because of the government, and then we couldn’t figure out what to do. And then everyone rated the app one star because it didn’t work, and so then we had a lot of trouble actually recovering from that. We launched Duolingo in India and didn’t realize because we couldn’t have unless we went there, which we finally did, that most people set their phone UI in India to English, because typing in Hindi is hard, and of course there’s a lot of languages throughout India. And we were making it so that when you downloaded Duolingo, whatever UI your phone was set to, we offered not that language for you to learn. That was your base language.
So we were telling people learn French, Spanish, German from English, and they were all trying to learn English, so they didn’t find what they were looking for and they left. There were so many mistakes, and luckily I think we were able to bounce back from most of them in terms of how Duolingo is doing today.
Easter Egg: Lenny’s Atheist Website
Lenny: Man, there’s so much there. That was awesome. I like that you’re like, “Oh, I don’t remember any of my failures.” And then like, “Oh, here’s all these awesome stories.” That was great. Just one thread there that comes up again and again in this podcast is the dogfooding piece, especially I think people don’t trust their gut and personal instinct enough. I think a lot of times PMs are just like, “I need to do user research to understand what we should be doing.” Versus just use the thing, see what feels wrong and keeps you from being excited and really trust that. I find that more and more. I don’t know. When I read a thing and when I’m writing, I’m just like, “Oh, I don’t like that. I should change that. I don’t need to run this by three people.” So I think that’s a really good lesson there. Just don’t underestimate the power of you just using it and relying on instincts and feelings you have when you’re trying to use it.
Gina Gotthilf: Totally. And that’s so hard to do, especially when you’re young. And I think I’ll add that, especially when you’re female as well, or maybe other minorities. It’s just really hard to trust your instinct because you’re constantly telling yourself, do I really know anything or am I just being lucky? But you have to, and I think that forcing yourself to pretend that you know answers and just finding out what this pretend person who would know all the answers would think is really helpful because it helps you develop your point of view, your voice, and to trust yourself, even when you’re working on something that you don’t fully understand.
As in we’re building a banking platform at Latitude, I was looking at it, and they were having trouble understanding why people were having problems with wires. And I told them all about how I’m an idiot when it comes to wires, and I make these mistakes A, B, C, because I don’t match the line. It’s like, whatever. There’s all this information you’re supposed to input, and sometimes the information you get is not in the same order. And they’re like, “Wow.” And I’m like, “This is just me as a user making dumb mistakes.” But that is our forte. When you’re able to understand that when you don’t get something, probably other people don’t get it too at scale.
Episode Listening Guide
Lenny: Absolutely. It’s like if you’re thinking about asking a question in class, many people are thinking of that same question, and they will appreciate you asking it. The other thing that stood out there, so the Hindi mistake you made, I actually made the same mistake with my podcast recently. I was noticing that the second biggest market of listeners is in India. So I’m like, how do I lean into that and help people in India find this podcast even better? So I added subtitles in Hindi to a number of the episodes and tweeted it being, “Oh, look at me go, I’m going to make this so great for people in India.” And everyone’s like, “We don’t need this. We prefer English. People in tech in India, we know English.”
Gina Gotthilf: That’s true.
Lenny: “This is even harder.” They’re like, “I can read a lot faster in English, so please don’t do this.” So that was a really good learning-
Gina Gotthilf: There’s so many languages in India.
Lenny: That, too.
Gina Gotthilf: Really, it’s crazy how people don’t speak the same languages across the whole country, but also it means that people in India are fluent in so many different languages.
Lenny: We live, we learn. I want to go back to the A side and just a couple more questions about Duolingo. You said that most of the growth was organic and you basically had to grow it organically. Is there anything that you can share that worked really well? Because everybody wants to grow organically through word-of-mouth. Is there anything tactical you did that really helped Duolingo that other startups can do and try?
Gina Gotthilf: Absolutely. So first of all, I would actually say that AB testing and product-led growth is organic growth, because you’re not spending money on it. And so the first thing that you can do, no matter what stage your startup is, is make sure that you are not overlooking the importance of people in your product team who really know how to evaluate data and how to use that and learn. And if you’re too early stage, you’re not looking at 5% growth, you’re looking at 20, 30% growth opportunities. But I think that’s number one.
Number two, actually, this is something I might have said is something that Duolingo did really well, but I think it goes hand-in-hand with mission. But throwing the mission thing aside, brand and PR. So the importance of building a lovable brand that really resonates with people and makes people feel something and want to stand behind an idea that’s bigger than themselves is not easy to do, but possible and core to being able to increase word-of-mouth.
So at the bottom of this is the mission, which is Duolingo, the mission was always originally to bring free language education to the world, then to build the best education to make it accessible to everyone. I don’t know how they’re wording it today, but that’s something most people can get behind. It doesn’t matter if you think Bloomberg or Trump should be president. Do you think everyone should have access to great education? Most people would say yes. And so that’s much more powerful than, do you want to download an app and learn a new language?
So if you’re able to have that and things that you really believe in about what you’re building that’s changing lives or impacting the world, even if it is just helping business people do their jobs better in a way that’s going to improve their lives and their ability to make a living, or it’s going to improve a company’s ability, whatever it is, the bigger idea behind it and focusing on creating something that people like, whichever your audience is. It might be a more serious audience and something like Duolingo, but for Duolingo it meant we have this owl, the colors, and then the way that the owl talks and the notifications and the emails that you get and the product experience.
All of that ties back into how people feel about your brand, which makes it so that people are more likely to talk about it, which makes it so that you are much more likely to get a reporter to write a story about you, if you have something that’s meaningful outside of like, “Hey, TechCrunch, did you know that my app grew by 20% last month?” They’re like, “I don’t care.” But if you’re able to tell a story about people whose lives are completely transformed or something like that, that’s much more interesting and has played an important role in, honestly, my work at Tumblr, at Duolingo, not my Bloomberg presidential campaign, but definitely Latitude as well.
Lenny: That’s amazing. I was going to ask, what does that actually mean, and how do you build a lovable brand? And so what I’ve heard so far is there’s this personality and voice that was really fun that you all lead into make it not just a generic translation app. It’s like, oh, this is really fun and interesting. And then this other piece is these stories of transformation.
Gina Gotthilf: Yeah, there’s more, there’s more. So I think a brand that stands for something, that truly stands for something, that’s where the mission piece comes in.
Lenny: How do you communicate that? How do you people even know that the brand stands for that?
Gina Gotthilf: So that has to be an integral part of your communication. In the early days, we tested a lot of stuff on social media. We made, again, mistakes. At one point we were posting photos of our team on Facebook being like, “Check out the behind the scenes.” Guess what? No one cares. But we had a calendar, this is very tactical, but a social media calendar where one post a week is about effectiveness, because we knew that proving that Duolingo was an effective way to learn a language and actually having data behind that moved the needle. So making sure that was part of our communication in terms of our social media calendar, in terms of the PR pitches that we were making, in terms of whatever we were able to communicate out into the world, and then make sure that one post a week was something about the mission and what we were actually trying to accomplish.
But it also got embedded into a lot of things. For example, when we were testing screens to get people to convert into paid users on Duolingo, we found that including something like, “By paying for Duolingo, you’re making language learning accessible to millions of people,” that actually improved the metric. People cared enough to make the payment. So it really can be anywhere. In addition to that, I love copywriting, and I believe that communication is constantly underrated, and communication isn’t about being able to convey a message. It’s about being able to convey a message in a way that the listener receives it and understands it and remembers it. And that’s really hard to do. And one of the things I’ve helped employ at Duolingo that I think is still there today, it’s definitely not-
I’ve helped employ at Duolingo, that I think is still there today, it’s definitely not just me, we’re an amazing team, but I’ve helped employ that I’ve used at Latitud in other places is a unique voice and what that means is exactly what you said, Lenny, not just another language learning app where we give you instructions and you follow directions. There is always a quirk. It’s unexpected. The way we talk to you is a little bit funny. It doesn’t take ourselves too seriously and it makes the person receiving this message feel something. It’s about how you make people feel and you feel like either you giggle or you’re like, “Wait, what? They just did what?” And using that to your benefit. We use that a lot at Latitud today as well in terms of especially our newsletter, just self-deprecating humor and that’s what’s helped us grow so quickly in Latin America in such a short amount of time. People identify with it, they see themselves as part of that. Again, much like the mission versus your company, and I’m a consumer.
Lenny:
Mercury also goes beyond banking to provide you with access to the foremost investors, operators and tools. Visit mercury.com to join over 100,000 startups on Mercury, the powerful and intuitive way for ambitious companies to bank. Mercury is a financial technology company, not a bank. Banking services provided by Choice Financial Group and Evolve Bank & Trust members FDIC. Is there an example of that, kind of like a message you remember for either from Duolingo or from even Latitud or something that worked that was really funny or different?
Gina Gotthilf: Look, I think for Duolingo we constantly looked at every copy we wrote and asked, “Could this have been written by other companies? Could this have been any other company or is it Duolingo? What makes this Duolingo?” And it was tough because the more people you hire who come from other backgrounds, they’re not used to that style and they might even think it’s unprofessional or whatever. You’re like, “Nope, this is the Duolingo way.” So, it helps figuring out, exactly what does that voice, what does it sound like? What are some words that it tends to use? Why yes, why not? What’s too much, what’s too little? In terms of specific examples, this is something that I didn’t write myself, but I wrote a lot of notifications for Duolingo for the passive-aggressive messages that I’m sure people have received, which started and then became a meme and then Duolingo used as well, but the whole, “This doesn’t seem to be working. We’ll stop sending them for now,” message, which you got after five days of inactivity. In addition to that message, around the same time we decided to send an email to people in New Year’s because that’s when people make a resolution to do things and we wanted them to make learning a language a resolution for the year. So, we created an email and it had Sad Duo because there was… I don’t know if the screen is still there, I haven’t used Duolingo in a while, but there was always a screen of Duo really sad when you fail something and that [inaudible 00:53:24]-
Lenny: Duo the owl.
Gina Gotthilf: Duo is the owl, sorry. The green owl will cry and we A/B tested the size of the puddle and the number of tears that came out of his eyes in terms of effectiveness. So, we used Sad Duo in one of those emails and then someone picked it up on Twitter and the passive-aggressive message and this Sad Duo, they started making their own versions, which was like, “Study now or Duo will eat a poisoned loaf of bread,” or, “The next email will be a funeral e-vite,” things like that.
And so that’s an example, I think, to me, which can now be seen very much throughout Duolingo’s brand where we could have just said, “Oh no, this is a PR disaster. We need to go back to being this friendly, nice little fluffy thing that everyone loves.” Instead being like, “No, we get that people think this is funny and we’re just going to run with it,” because using the Duo voice, it gives us the permission to do that because we’re not square, we’re not going to do that thing that you read in the textbook in school. We’re kind of going to play along with it.
Lenny: That’s an incredible lesson. It reminds me of this famous Duolingo meme that I’m sure you’ve seen where someone shared these… They got these two notifications in a row, I just pulled it up here, where first they got this Duolingo push notification, “It looks like you forgot your Spanish lessons again, you know what happens now,” and then the next push was from their security system, “Intruder alert, backdoor, proceed with caution,” and I imagine Duolingo even leaned into that, I think when this started spreading.
Gina Gotthilf: 100%, and it wasn’t an easy decision because of course a lot of people in the company were really concerned about the brand image and, what are people doing and how do we revert this, that kind of thing. So, it was a bet that we made where we’re just going to, “No, we’re going to lean into it because that’s what having this unique voice means. It’s about getting it. It’s about being part of something bigger. It’s about connecting with people outside of just teaching them a word a day,” or whatever it is. And with Latitud, I think we do that all the time in our newsletter and it’s a lot of self-deprecating humor for Latinos and using expressions that could be almost offensive, but they’re not in terms of Latinos only, but also the tech world, making fun of being a tech founder and the things that we do that we think are okay and it’s just a lot of that where I think I would call it irreverent.
It’s a tough line, it’s a lot easier to be, I think, a copywriter in a place that doesn’t want to do that because the lines are a lot clearer and you don’t have to take as many risks, but it’s so less fun, which I think makes it so less fun for the user because people are used to getting emails from their banks with corporate lingo that you don’t understand, but if they get an email from their bank that’s funny, ironic, but also very informative, that’s a bank email I’m going to read.
Lenny: I think that’s a really good lesson. Part of this is just taking a risk. I think that’s one of the big takeaways here is just take some risks. We had Lulu Cheng on the podcast who is a huge advocate of that. She is a PR comms person that’s worked at Substack and Blizzard now, and that was her advice to people-
Gina Gotthilf: Take risks?
Lenny: Take risks, do things that are a little controversial because that’ll get attention. I definitely want to talk about Latitud, just a couple more questions on Duolingo. One is, today feels like one of the most interesting things about Duolingo is their TikTok presence and it feels like they’re doing so well, kind of leaning into exactly what you’re talking about, just being really silly and different with the owl especially. I guess the question there is just, what is it that you think allows for that? Is it just this very special social media person they hired that was just incredibly good at this thing and being irreverent as you said, or is there something else that contributes and allows a company to win in social media the way that Duolingo has?
Gina Gotthilf: Look, I haven’t met the person who does a TikTok and they’re fantastic. I definitely don’t want to demerit their work. It’s awesome, I don’t think it’s easy to do, especially on a consistent basis. So I think, yes, finding someone who gets humor, who gets the platform, who’s able to produce content quickly, but also reacts to learnings, all of that is not easy to do. However, I do think that everything we just talked about is at the bottom of that because if Duolingo didn’t have this unique voice and leaned into the humor and wanted to be irreverent as a brand and was so focused on connecting with people where they were and ready to take risks that might seem maybe unorthodox, especially in terms of education, then an opportunity to build a TikTok like that wouldn’t exist. So it’s both, and I think it goes back to the brand DNA, it goes back to the culture of the company and to the attention, as I said, to every single text that was published and whether or not it wasn’t the right voice or not.
It has to do with having those conversations with the executive team where you talk about who is Duo and what are they like and how do they talk and what do they sound like and is this a Duo thing to say, is this not a Duo thing to say? And committing to this idea that you’re going to be remembered, that you’re going to do things that sometimes are going to rub people the wrong way, and you’re not just going to sit squarely in one place. I think that opens the possibility for a TikTok like the one that Duolingo has today to exist, but again, whoever’s running the TikTok, you’re amazing.
Lenny: That’s such a good lesson. A lot of people are looking at Duolingo, we need to find that person at our company. And what you’re saying is it takes a lot more than that. That person is not going to have a good time if the culture of the company isn’t set up to be that… To have that approach to try to just take risks and be irreverent, so that’s a really good point. One final question around internationalization, you said that you helped drive internationalization of Duolingo, and I read somewhere that one of the learnings you had there was essentially treat everyone the same almost across countries, which I think people think is the counter. They should often like, “No, we should be super personalized for every country we’re in.” What did you learn there?
Gina Gotthilf: I think this is very controversial because not only is it the case that when you’re working in regulated industries, maybe in more B2B situations, looking at specific countries is important. Looking at specific countries and elements of these countries are important, especially when you’re looking at, I don’t know, laws and if you need legal differences and there’s a lot of things that make countries different is what I’m trying to get. However, humans are very similar and we think we’re very different. I don’t think we’re that different. I think that maybe we were brought up differently, and so for example, in Brazil we like to dance. In Mexico, we like to dance salsa, in some places it’s okay to hug and other places it’s not okay to hug. Yes, there are cultural differences and it’s important to love everyone and to adapt, et cetera, but a lot of these differences when it comes to core human behavior are that final 5% of understanding people.
And if as a startup, whether it be early stage, but as a startup you focus too much on those marginal differences between groups of people, you can run the risk of making big mistakes, which is making too many changes too soon and learning very little and adding crazy amounts of code complexity and overall organizational complexity to what you’re building. And with Duolingo, because it was a consumer app, because we weren’t dealing with a lot of regulatory issues, except for China where we had to watch out for certain words and phrases, in general, people want to learn a language and people learn a certain way and people use apps a certain way. So, there’s a lot of commonality. We just found that by treating the world as one, and whenever we deployed an A/B test or tried something new in terms of marketing, we would just look at it as like, “Well, if this worked here, it will work there and we should just try it out everywhere,” which meant every time I went and launched Duolingo new market, I got the same feedback.
Whatever country it was, “Here, it’s different. People are different. You don’t understand and what you’re doing is not going to work and here’s why you need to change.” And if we had actually listened to that, it would cause all kinds of problems. In our country, we think that green is a negative color, owls are poorly seen as an animal, or here people think that free things are actually of low value, they like things that are expensive. Oh, people here really like free things and I’m like, “Everyone likes free things.” They’re like, “Oh, in this country…” Whatever, so yes, I think that countries are different, but it’s more important to realize that people like to think they’re different and people like to think their countries are different and highlight those because it makes them feel special, unique. We’re all special and unique in all of our amazing ways, but this is not necessarily it.
And when you’re trying to be super cautious of your resources, you have to ignore some of that because then you’re able to roll out things once, which is important, but in addition to that, every new A/B test you want to run or every new hypothesis you have, if you now have a version of your app that’s different in Mexico, in China, in India, whatever, you’re going to have to run that test and whatever change you have in all of those versions, and then you just start having all of these different versions of the app everywhere and good luck managing that in terms of code, in terms of processes, in terms of personnel, in terms of costs, and most importantly in terms of time because now every single experiment or hypothesis is going to take you way longer to be able to deploy, and time is almost more important than money when you’re a startup. So, it’s important to keep things super simple, and this was something that we did that actually ended up paying off with few exceptions like India and China.
Lenny: That is such cool advice. It reminds me of a quote that I think of that a friend of mine shared once, “Life is maintenance. Anything you add to your life is just something you’re going to have to maintain from that point forward,” and similar in products. Any time you add new code, you’re going to maintain that code forever, and the more you can not add anything new and not make things really different, the easier everything gets. People forget that. It’s like, “Oh, we’re just going to spend a bunch of time to make it awesome in China or Brazil,” and then, oh, they have to maintain that forever and every you feature has to…
Gina Gotthilf: And it’s an 80/20, so just focus on what will get you the 80 and not the 20. And then when you have the luxury of focusing on the 20, then you can.
Lenny: So, speaking of different cultures and people being different but not that different, you pivoted your career basically to focus on Latin America. First of all, why did you decide to do that? That’s a pretty unique path and what pulled you there?
Gina Gotthilf: So Lenny, I don’t see it as a pivot because as we were joking in the beginning, I’ve been an employee, I was an operator there at early stage startups and now I’m a founder and I’m a VC, so I’m still kind of in this little stack of roles that we have in our little tech ecosystem. And in my time working with Tumblr and my agency and Duolingo, I had the pleasure of speaking with entrepreneurs all over the world, in part because I started getting some media because of the work that I’ve been doing starting at Tumblr, so a lot of entrepreneurs reached out to me, but also because I became a mentor for an organization called Endeavor, which is global. So, I started working with entrepreneurs in Japan and Brazil on my free time, just mentoring. And I know that the opportunity for growth in terms of tech in Latin America is huge because first of all, the opportunity for growth in tech is huge all over the world, meaning there’s just more and more to do.
There’s more pieces of our lives that can become more efficient or better or cheaper by making them digital in some way, shape or form because digital products scale. We are behind when it comes to that in terms of Latin America, and our economy is also not doing super great right now. There’s a number of things that make it tougher to succeed in Latin America, but make the outcome of potential success much higher. And simply put, there’s a lot of low hanging fruit because a lot of what has already been digitized and productized in the US and more developed markets just hasn’t in Latin America. And every time I took these calls, I would think like, “Well, this is not very efficient for me to be doing this one-to-one call. I feel very good about myself, I feel great, and this entrepreneur learned a lot, but I wish I could do this more at scale.”
And also it doesn’t seem like this is what’s going to help this entrepreneur succeed. Maybe it’s a little bit of advice, but it’s like… And not only that, but I had a lot of experiences where I would mention something about growth that I had learned and that would blow the entrepreneur’s mind. And I would think, “Why do I know this, but not this entrepreneur who honestly is smarter and more ambitious than me?” Oh, it’s because I’ve had a career in Silicon Valley. It’s because I’ve gotten to work with some of the best people in the world and I have access to this information just free flowing in my way all the time, and we take it for granted. So, how can we make this more accessible to Latin America’s entrepreneurs, so that they can have access to that? What else is hard to get access to that could really get in the way?
Oh, like access to capital. So, what’s the VC in the angel ecosystem looking like and what can we do that can actually impact that at scale? And then there’s other pieces of the ecosystem that are missing, like if you’re going to start a company, you have to incorporate it. It sounds super boring, but Brazil is one of the countries that takes the longest time to incorporate a company in the world, but then if you’re going to get investment, you probably can’t get investment in your Brazil entity because investors are like, “I don’t know anything about Brazil, and sounds like a lot of employers get sued by their employees and lose,” which is totally true, “And there’s all this liability. I feel much more comfortable investing in a Delaware company.” So then entrepreneurs are like, “Oh man, now I have to create this entity in Delaware. I don’t even know where that is and what’s the C-core? What’s this other thing?”
So, there’s just stuff that needs to happen for Latin Americans that we don’t think about here, “Silicon Valley” talking about it as in the cloud in the US and developed markets, but also then you’re able to raise money, how do you get money down to your country? That’s not simple at all. How do you think about the FX transactions and not get screwed in the process and who’s going to do it? And so anyway, there’s a number of these things that make it super hard. And so, that’s some of the problems that we wanted to solve.
Why it matters to me? I’m Brazilian, I’m Latin American, and I know that I had all of the opportunities in the world. I went to an American school, I got to go to school in the US, I got to work with some of the best tech companies in the world, and 99.9% of people in Latin America will not have these opportunities. And so for me, if I don’t use this privilege to somehow make a huge impact where I came from, that will last, then I kind of wasted my life. So, that’s why this matters so much to me, and I met my co-founder, Brian Requarth at On Deck. If you’ve heard of On Deck before, I’m a big fan.
Lenny: I’m wearing On Deck socks right now. Yeah, I am.
Gina Gotthilf: I love their socks, and I just had a conversation with them yesterday. I am a big fan of what they built. I met Brian doing On Deck… I actually was thinking of starting a completely different company, but also focused on community. As we were talking about, people want to find connection, and I think that there’s a lot of business opportunity there, but I met my co-founder and he was working with our third co-founder, Yuri, who was actually the guy… We joke he’s the guy who builds things.
He’s the CTO, he actually knows how to build and started talking about what it is that we can do to make an impact in the speed at which tech startups succeed in Latin America because we think we can have a huge impact on the GDP of the whole region, developments, job opportunities, and so on and so forth. So to me, that’s what motivates me. It’s like figuring out how I can use my time as leverage to make the biggest impact possible in terms of socioeconomical mobility for people in the world and focusing on the part of the world that I came from made the most sense.
Lenny: So you referenced this company, that you started Latitud. Maybe just describe briefly, just broadly, how do you pitch what Latitud does to folks that might find it useful?
Gina Gotthilf: I will, and I still do a pretty bad job with pitching it, but the pitch is basically we’re building the operating system for Latin American early stage tech startups, and what that means is that building a startup is hard anywhere, but it’s extra hard in Latin America for some of the reasons that I outlined. Some of the things that we decided to solve for are one, it’s super lonely to be a founder. And if you’re able to meet great founders who are just a step ahead of you in anything, be it in product or growth or marketing or incorporation or finances, you can save yourself so much time from trying to read books and Google if they can just tell you what to do or connect you with the right person, that if we were able to connect these people meaningfully, we could make a huge impact.
So, that’s number one, it’s lonely. And number two, you build a startup in Brazil and you’re like, “Wow, this is working. I’m going to go to Silicon Valley.” I’ve seen this happen a lot in the past decade, and Silicon Valley is a completely different place. The US, it’s a different place, the competition’s different. 3% of people in Brazil only, and that varies in Latin America, speak English. So, the likelihood of you being taken seriously is low. Your chances of success are low, but at the same time, Latin America has so much in common as a region, but we don’t actually actually see that if we’re Latin Americans. We just think we’re countries, especially Brazilians don’t think that they’re part of the rest, and Mexicans don’t think about Brazil. It’s so far, look at it on the map. In the US you’re like, oh Latin America.”
But if you’re there, it’s just not at all connected, but the opportunities of growth are huge and dependent on whether you meet the right people are able to open doors and understand that our problems are so similar that a solution for one part of this region could potentially be great for another part of the region. I’m not doing a great job of pitching, but in addition to it being lonely and it being difficult to find the right resources and really trustworthy knowledge, it’s really hard to raise capital and it’s really hard to do things like incorporate and bring your money down, et cetera. So, that’s what we do. First, we have a fellowship program. We have 1,500 entrepreneurs who got in, we run four cohorts a year, about 600 applicants per, and so you get in and you get access to all of these resources we’ve put together.
You get to find out what everyone thinks about other investors in the region because I think it’s important to disseminate that information. You get access to introductions to investors through each other and advice and events. In addition, we have a fund, so we’ve invested in 100 startups and we’re raising our second fund now. It’s going to be around 30 million cap, so that’s another thing. So we invest, you figure out your investment game, but you might become one of our investments as well. And in addition, we have products that make it a lot easier to navigate the super, in my opinion, boring and frustrating stuff behind starting a company that you don’t want to think about it as an entrepreneur because you’re trying to solve a problem and build a team and build a product.
You’re not trying to figure out what’s the best incorporation method and how to open a bank account in the US and how to figure out the foreign exchange prices and bring the money down and how to manage that money or how to stay compliant in your country, and then in two other jurisdictions, if you have a Delaware and a Cayman. So, we do all of that for you and make it easy through a dashboard we built, a bank that we built, and so on and so forth. So, it’s not an easy to describe business because it’s kind of an ecosystem play. We’re trying to elevate the tech ecosystem in Latin America, and it’s a lot of moving parts.
Lenny: You basically help them do everything, which is what I’m hearing, and it sounds like you’d be a fool not to take advantage of this. The customers essentially are founders in any Latin America country, is that right?
Gina Gotthilf: Founders in Latin America, but we also have a lot of US-based founders who are building for Latin America because they understand that the opportunity there is huge.
Lenny: Awesome, and then what is the arrangement? Do you take equity if they join the program? Is it free?
Gina Gotthilf: We don’t, joining the program is free. You just have to be able to get in. For a number of reasons, we just don’t want to deter anyone who’s amazing from being part of this community, and so that’s why we made that decision. If we invest, we take equity. If you choose to use our products, that’s a paid thing. So, you can choose what makes sense for you.
Lenny: Something I wanted to ask about is what is it that Latin American founders and companies are uniquely good at? Is there kind of a thread across Latin American startups that are like, oh, they’re so good at this area, pay attention here?
Gina Gotthilf: In general terms, startup founders have to be really scrappy and resourceful and resilient. Latin Americans tend to be very scrappy, resourceful, and resilient because of just the realities in which we were brought up in. We have words for that that we don’t have in English and Portuguese in Spanish, which is like dancing around things and figuring out things when you don’t have other solutions. So, I think that’s something that we see a lot. In terms of what we’re really good at, I would say first of all, there’s opportunity in every single vertical in Latin America because it’s such a wide open field, so there’s opportunity everywhere.
It’s not that we’re particularly good at FinTech, for example, but if you look at the FinTech opportunity in Latin America right now, it’s so hot and there’s so much money and there’s so much happening because of the huge problem of people not having access to bank accounts or access to credit, or just all of the bureaucracy that exists in trying to get those things or to make payments and so on and so forth. So, there’s just huge opportunity there. I’m trying to think what else-
So there’s just huge opportunity there. Trying to think what else I would highlight. Ah, Lenny, you talked about B2C. I think again, because there’s so much open field, there’s so much opportunity when it comes to B2B, especially when you’re talking about SMBs. There’s a lot of small and medium businesses doing things on paper, so figure out what they are and how you can make them not on paper and deploy them effectively. So I think that’s an advantage we have.
Other than that, I wouldn’t highlight anything in particular. I think that there’s amazing people all over the world. It’s just a matter of what are the opportunities that exist. And because there’s so many opportunities that are Latin America specific or that are emerging market specific, which means that if they work in an emerging market in Latin America, they could work in other emerging markets. And you know what? Most of the world is not developed markets and understanding what it’s like to not have access to amazing wifi and iPhones and all the things that we have access to, that can be a huge advantage because that’s the reality that most of the population lives in. And that’s a huge TAM.
Lenny: That makes me think about WhatsApp. And one of the reasons they made it is they were just obsessed with making the app incredibly small and fast. And they started, I think with international markets and then that just ended up being an amazing app so fast and so easy to use.
Gina Gotthilf: And still, and now there’s things being built on top of WhatsApp. We just invested in a company called Leadsales, and they basically turn your WhatsApp into a CRM, which is amazing because so much business is being done on WhatsApp, and that’s not the case here in the US. So you want to understand that you can build something for that. And there are other markets that are using WhatsApp for which that’s also going to be useful. And the other thing is I think that emerging or developing markets tend to sometimes skip over things because we’re so behind.
So for example, there’s examples of these in India and in some countries in Africa where, I don’t know, the desktop was skipped, people just went straight to mobile. I think we can see these catapult opportunities because then when you start building something and you didn’t even build for the previous version of whatever it is that was being used because in the US or more developed market, you had access to them, then you are in a way at an advantage. So I’m excited to see how that plays out in the next few years, and I’m particularly curious to see how that plays out when it comes to AI.
Lenny: One last question around Latin America. It’s going to be a broad question. What do you think people should be paying attention to, whether it’s specific companies you want to call out, big companies that are doing great or just trends or patterns, what do you think people should be paying attention to? Anything you want to shout out?
Gina Gotthilf: Lenny, the truth is I would love to call out all of our portfolio companies. I believe in all of them, and there are some of them that are growing incredibly impressively. One of them is Pomelo, which is a FinTech platform for FinTechs that is just grown incredibly. To me, it’s more about paying attention to Latin America. I think for the US, that’s already a lot. I don’t think people know what’s going on below the border, I have no idea what Brazil is like, but paying attention because it’s not just a place that’s behind and trying to catch up. It’s a place where the opportunity to make a lot of money exists. It’s a higher risk region because of all the political and economic instability. But given the scenario that we’re in right now, which is that we’re still behind in terms of all the solutions that we know will be built to give people access to health, to education, to financial services, et cetera.
But we actually have a lot of money flowing into the region in terms of venture capital. We have the best talent we’ve ever had because now we’ve had, I forget how many, but a lot of IPOs that came from Latin America and unicorn companies, people who have worked at those companies or who have worked places like Duolingo are coming back to build now, know what they’re doing. And so there’s a number of things that have come together that make now a really exciting time to build a startup in Latin America and to scale it. So from an investment perspective, I just think that there’s a lot of hot opportunities now in terms of knowing what’s a good opportunity versus not. I think the same rules probably apply to those anywhere else, which is most importantly, the entrepreneur. Does this person know what they’re talking about?
Do they have an unfair advantage in terms of knowing what a problem that exists and knowing how to solve it in a way that others couldn’t do? They have access to the best talent in the world, not just in the region that will actually join them and build the best thing possible. And yeah, what’s the TAM? And not just what they put on the slide, but what you actually believe the TAM to be. So that’s what I would say. I think everyone’s looking at FinTech and Latin America right now. It’s hot, it’s profitable. Money is where the money is, but I’m super excited about what happens with health and education in particular because I think that that has the power to truly transform the region in a massive way.
At Latitud, I think I mentioned in addition to FinTech, we tend to invest a lot in B2B SMB platforms that are helping businesses scale and work more effectively because there is a huge need for that and there’s an opportunity to build. And I think that that can have an impact on the region. So I think that would be my advice. It’s a little broad, but other than that, if not, I would just now sit here and tell you 15 companies that we love at Latitud and I won’t.
Lenny: Well, we can point people to your portfolio page on your website.
Gina Gotthilf: I would love to highlight our portfolio companies. Maybe I’ll just send you a list or something. I don’t know.
Lenny: Perfect. We will figure out a way to share that. With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. Gina, are you ready?
Gina Gotthilf: I’m ready, Lenny.
Lenny: What are two or three books that you’ve recommended most to other people?
Gina Gotthilf: The one book I recommend because I truly, it really changed the way I think about things. It taught me a lot about a discipline I had never really thought much about, but also because I think it makes me sound smart and it’s a really short book, so it’s easy to get through is The Design Of Everyday Things. For me, that was the first time that I realized that design wasn’t just this sort of cool thing that some people were into and they had to get and it made things beautiful. It was about understanding how everything is designed and how to think about design and usability.
So for someone like me who didn’t have any experience in product before, I think it could be transformative. And then the second book, it has nothing to do with what we do. I recommend Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search For Meaning because at heart I’m a philosopher and I tend to think a lot about life, the meaning of life and what differentiates one life from the next and how to live a good one. And no matter what profession we choose that continues to be important. So those are my recommendations.
Lenny: What is a favorite recent movie or TV show that you really enjoy?
Gina Gotthilf: So first of all, I love Succession, but I don’t think we have to go into that. One that was recommended to me by a friend who I very much admire was Mike Krieger, co-founder of Instagram is How to with John Wilson. It’s a really weird TV show that I would’ve never found if it wasn’t for him. But the premise is basically this guy, I think he’s a filmmaker and he’s awkward and it’s cool that he’s awkward. It’s just his style and he decides to make a TV show about creating to help people who are really worried or scared of doing something and helping them prepare for that moment in their lives.
So for example, someone is really scared of telling their friends that they lied about how many college degrees they had or whatever that they said they had a master’s degree, but they didn’t. And it’s now been five years and it’s not the debate club, but I forget what it is, but something that requires some sort of intellect and he doesn’t want to confront the group. And so he recreates everything that could possibly happen that day in order to make this easier. Or another one about having kids. Someone’s really scared about making the decision about whether or not they want to have kids. So it’s kind of a documentary, but it’s not. It’s awkward. It’s weird, but it’s so good. And then I would say White Lotus, just like so good.
Lenny: I do that song to my new child often because it’s so funny.
Gina Gotthilf: My husband and I do it at home.
Lenny: Lot is a recurring,
Gina Gotthilf: Yeah,
Lenny: Yeah. I’m not going to do it, but it’s a recurring favorite on this podcast. So we had a short drinking game where every time someone said, White Lotus, we drink. So I’m going to have some tea here real quick.
Gina Gotthilf: Okay. I’m sorry to be predictable, but like I said-
Lenny: No its great.
Gina Gotthilf: We humans are a lot more similar than we’d like to think. What’s amazing Lenny is just my realization more and more of how much this is true because I like to think of myself as unique much like everybody else. And then I started seeing that all of these really creative decisions I made are what all of the other millennial white girls did. It’s just fascinating. Oh, I like whatever, mid-century modern furniture. Oh, you know what? Actually, I’ll tell you what movie is my favorite one? Bo Burnham’s Inside. I love-
Lenny: Oh my God,
Gina Gotthilf: I don’t know if that’s a movie, but I’m in love with Bo Burnham. My husband knows about this. I know all of the songs and what is it? White Girl’s, Instagram? White Woman’s Instagram. Such a good song. That’s what I’m talking about.
Lenny: Also, I’ve been re-listening to How is the best case scenario, Joe Biden,
Gina Gotthilf: They’re going to make me vote for Joe Biden. I was singing this to my parents. They didn’t get it.
Lenny: That’s amazing. We’ll link to that video, that movie. It’s even after COVID, it’s incredible. Anyway, I was actually going to say that first show you mentioned, I think it’s called The Rehearsal, maybe there’s a different title.
Gina Gotthilf: Oh my gosh, you’re right. So he has two shows and one of them is called How To and the other one is called The Rehearsal. And you’re right, I am recommending the rehearsal. I have also seen How To, which are shorter episodes where he films in New York and he just goes like How to find a parking spot. And then it takes him on this down a rabbit hole of how cars are made or parking in the city. But it’s also very good. But I prefer The Rehearsal.
Lenny: And Nathan Fielder’s the guy behind all this who’s incredibly hilarious. He has a new show, actually I think it’s on HBO with John Wilson or something that he’s producing or it’s this other guy. He’s going around talking about stuff in New York and I think he’s a producer.
Gina Gotthilf: That’s the one I’m talking about. That’s How To with John Wilson.
Lenny: Oh, there we go. So I think he’s behind that. Okay, look at us. We’re figuring things out.
Gina Gotthilf: We are figuring things out. So I think he has maybe a new season.
Lenny: Think season two. I haven’t started that one yet. Anyway, here we go. We’re going to keep going. What is a favorite interview question that you like to ask candidates that you’re interviewing?
Gina Gotthilf: Why do you want to work here is what I really like to ask because it tells me a lot. Of course, everyone wants a job. People could just be like, because I want a job and it seems like you guys pay well and whatever. I think this is a good next step in my career, but I want to know if this person knows what it is that we do, if they did a minimum level of research and if they connect with our mission because we’re going to talk about mission a lot and I don’t want them to gloss over it and to make decisions that are short-term thinking that go against our mission because of the reasons I mentioned with Duolingo. So I think that’s one, it’s not very unique, but I think gives you a lot of information. And then I would say, what are you world-class at and how do you know that you’re at that?
And the second part is almost more important. What are you world class at? It’s okay if someone says, look, I’m working on becoming world class at whatever, and this is why I think I’m great at it or whatever. But the second part is important because it tells me if people actually care about metrics, and I don’t care what the metrics are, but just how do you know this to be true? It has to be more than like, “Oh, because my boss loves me,” or “Because my mom told me,” “because I gave a talk,” or whatnot or whatever I want to hear, “I’m proud of having accomplished this.” And maybe if you have some numbers to show, that’s also really important.
Lenny: What is a favorite product that you recently discovered that you really like?
Gina Gotthilf: I have not been trying any products, I would say. So nothing to recommend. I would say though that I am very curious to try these gut health tests that are out there now or microbiome ones. I’m really interested in how little we know about our body and how tech can actually help democratize this information. And going on a tiny rant. I’m also feeling very resentful of doctors right now because we’ve always lived in a world in which doctors are sort of like these authorities and we must just believe whatever it is that they tell us, and we rely on them for information that is crucial to our survival.
But we’re now in a world where we can Google things and that’s even more scary because you have to know how to filter that information really well and you don’t find explanations to things. But doctors don’t like you Googling because they say it’s scary, but also because they don’t like being questioned. I think we’re finally coming to a place where a lot of these devices that can give you great information about your body so that you understand your nutrition and very core things about ourselves that we don’t today are becoming accessible to a lot of people just to the population. It’s still expensive but we’re getting there, and I think that will be magical. So I will call out the company Levels by my friend Sam Corcos because I think that what they’re doing is awesome.
Lenny: Next question. What is a favorite life motto that you like to think about? Come back to share with other people.
Gina Gotthilf: One is “This too shall pass.” And I will tell you this one right now is particularly meaningful to me right now because I’m going through a really tough moment because I have long COVID and lost my taste and smell, and it might be long-term. So, but I think it applies to the A/B thing that I was talking about when everything in life is moments except for a couple of diagnoses. And so, “This too shall pass,” is something I say to myself a lot. The second one is also not particularly motivational, but I really believe in it, which is, “Fake it till you make it.” That’s something I’ve held onto for a long time. And even today, I don’t mean lie. I don’t mean pretend to be something that you’re not, but it’s almost like a way to overcome imposter syndrome and by opening rooms for yourself to be who you want to become so that you enable opportunities to become that.
And I’m not saying lying, but early in my career, I did fake it until I make it from the point of view of not saying no to things. When companies were saying to me being like, “Hey, can you help us grow without a budget like Tumblr,” right? I was 25, 26. I was like, “Yeah, and then go figure it out.” And when Duolingo turned to me and said, “Hey, can you be head of growth?” And I didn’t know what growth was and I had to Google and find Andrew Chen’s blog, I read it and I found out and I just said, “Yes,” and then kept going with that. So fake it till you make it as kind of that for me.
But even today I have a lot of imposter syndrome, which I actually think is not imposter syndrome, is just acknowledging that I don’t know a lot. My team says I have too much self-deprecating humor that actually puts the company down. It puts me down. So fake it till you make it to me means knowing how to stand in front of your team or a reporter or Lenny in a podcast and almost like being that person that you would like to be or being your best self. You could call it whatever you want, but I think it can really help you get out of the little hole that you would put yourself into and limit opportunities for yourself.
Lenny: Amazing. This question elicits so many interesting insights and stories. I appreciate you sharing all that. Final question. You majored in philosophy, if I’m not mistaken. I’m curious, do you have a favorite philosopher or someone that most influenced the way you think about the world?
Gina Gotthilf: I use a lot of philosophy in my day-to-day, but it’s not because I have deep knowledge, it’s because I have light knowledge that I draw on that helps people think I’m smart and relates to ideas. I often talk about Theseus’s ship, to me that allegory is one of the most interesting ones because it’s about identity and building and whether if the allegory is like the ship-
Lenny: No, please share.
Gina Gotthilf: So Theseus is on this journey. I think he leaves Crete and he’s going somewhere else and he’s on a boat. And then over the course of the trip so many things happen. They’ve hit so many waves and they have storms that they have to replace planks, and re-sow the sail and by the time they arrive at the next port, nothing on the ship is the same as it was before. They’d replace every single plank. They’d replace all the masts, they’ve replaced all the sails. And so the question is, is this the same boat that left the dock? And to me, that’s a really interesting concept around transformation and what it means to have an identity that exists over time, even when so much of us or so much of a company or so much of a country changes, and what is that core identity?
And to me that shapes I think a lot of ideas because it’s a cool allegory and it resonates a lot. But yeah, so I would say at this point I embarrassingly have very cursory knowledge of philosophy. I could probably remember a lot of it if I went back to it, but I don’t use it in my day-to-day, and I would love to take time off at some point and go study, but I’m also embarrassed to admit that I’m not a person who just finishes work is completely depleted and then wants to bury my face in a philosophy book. I would like to acquire all of this philosophy knowledge, but I want to watch White Lotus. Or if I’m going to force myself to work out, I’ll listen to an audio book that makes me feel good about myself, and it’s a fiction one.
Lenny: I think this is actually a great example of exactly what you’re talking about, where we change and we are not necessarily the same person we were. That makes sense that you’re not obsessed with philosophy having finished that a while ago and now working on something totally different.
Gina Gotthilf: Yeah, I think I still am because I consider myself to be very existential. I’m an atheist, so I like to find meaning. It’s not like it doesn’t exist so much for me, and I think about the big questions and I am interested in philosophy. I’m just not interested enough to make time and effort for it in my life right now.
Lenny: As a hidden gem. At the end of this episode, I’ll share, I’m also an atheist and I actually ran a website called atheistspot.com. It was like a Reddit for atheist news. I went to conferences.
Gina Gotthilf: What does it do? We didn’t see God again today, still no God to be found.
Lenny: Yep. The funniest thing is we had Google AdWords on there and the ads were based on the stories around different religions, and it says all like christianmingle.com, the atheistspot.com. Anyway, Gina, we covered so much ground. What an amazing episode. I learned a ton from you. I’m so excited for people to hear this. Two final questions. Where can folks find you online if they want to reach out and how can listeners be useful to you?
Gina Gotthilf: Yes. Okay. Thanks, Lenny. So people can find me online if you want to see just ridiculous posts. That’s where my Instagram is, and my Instagram is impressive because I’m Gina on Instagram. Yes, I am just Gina.
Lenny: Wow.
Gina Gotthilf: So that’s super impressive. You won’t even find it when you look for me because you’ll see all these other Gina’s, but it’s just at Gina. That’s me. I do share some professional things as well there too, but I think it’s my more entertaining channel. You can find me on LinkedIn. I’m a little more serious on LinkedIn. I have a photo with Obama, which will certainly impress you, so find me. Gina Gotthilf on LinkedIn.
Lenny: So many stories we haven’t covered.
Gina Gotthilf: I know I’m Gina G on Twitter, and that’s probably, you know what? I did a Harry Stebbings podcast and then that got me 600 followers on TikTok, but I’ve never posted, but maybe at some point. I feel self-conscious, but I think I could be a good TikToker because I think I’m amusing.
Lenny: Well, you’re not going to get followers by saying there’s nothing good there. I think if you want people, they’ll follow you. You should tell them it’s going to be great there.
Gina Gotthilf: Come see my amazing contact content on TikTok. I will definitely start posting it soon, and you can influence what kind of content will be there because I’m listening to my followers right now, and then how you can be useful. Look, if you know of an amazing founder in Latin America, if you are an amazing founder in Latin America, or if you are in touch with VCs who are interested in this, then definitely tell them about Latitud. You go to latitud.com. Do not misspell Latitud. It doesn’t have an E at the end. That’s because latitude in Spanish is latitud. However, it’s also because we couldn’t buy latitude.com with an E, but now that’s what it is and it’s grown a ton, so get in touch, join the fellowship, join our community. We’re particularly useful by the way to us people who are interested in getting plugged into Latin America, because if you get in, you just meet all the top people in one fell swoop, and that helps you make friends relationships, find clients, find your business partners, and understand the ecosystem in a hacky way.
Lenny: Amazing. Gina, thank you so much for being here. Bye everyone.
Gina Gotthilf: Goodbye everyone.
Lenny: Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| A/B test | A/B 测试 |
| above the fold | 首屏可见区域 |
| Andreessen Horowitz | Andreessen Horowitz(知名风投机构,保留原文) |
| Andrew Chen | Andrew Chen(知名增长领域博主、投资人,保留原文) |
| angel investing | 天使投资 |
| atheistspot.com | atheistspot.com(Lenny 曾运营的无神论者社区网站,保留原文) |
| B2C | B2C(Business to Consumer,企业对消费者) |
| Ben Horowitz | Ben Horowitz(知名投资人,保留原文) |
| Blizzard | Blizzard(游戏公司暴雪,保留原文) |
| Bo Burnham | Bo Burnham(喜剧演员、电影制作人,保留原文) |
| brand | 品牌 |
| brand DNA | 品牌 DNA |
| Brian | Brian(联合创始人,保留原文) |
| Brian Requarth | Brian Requarth(Latitude 联合创始人,保留原文) |
| Burr Settles | Burr Settles(人名,保留原文) |
| C-corp | C-corp(美国 C 型公司法人形态,保留原文) |
| CAC | CAC(Customer Acquisition Cost,用户获取成本,保留原文) |
| Calm | Calm(冥想类应用,保留原文) |
| Cayman | 开曼(开曼群岛,海外公司注册地) |
| conversion rate | 转化率 |
| Covid | 新冠(新冠疫情) |
| CRM | CRM(Customer Relationship Management,客户关系管理,保留原文) |
| DAUs | DAUs(Daily Active Users,日活跃用户,保留原文) |
| deck | deck(商业计划书,pitch deck 的简称,保留原文) |
| Delaware | Delaware(美国特拉华州,保留原文) |
| dogfooding | dogfooding(内部试用自己开发的产品) |
| DuoDuels | DuoDuels(Duolingo 早期社交对战功能名,保留原文) |
| Duolingo | Duolingo(语言学习平台,保留原文) |
| ed tech | ed tech(教育科技,保留原文) |
| Endeavor | Endeavor(全球性创业者支持组织,保留原文) |
| fellowship | fellowship(创业培训项目,保留原文) |
| FinTech | FinTech(Financial Technology,金融科技,保留原文) |
| Flickr | Flickr(图片社交平台,保留原文) |
| gamification | 游戏化 |
| Gina Gotthilf | Gina Gotthilf(嘉宾,Duolingo 前增长负责人,保留原文) |
| Grammarly | Grammarly(写作辅助工具,保留原文) |
| growth hacks | 增长黑客手法 |
| Harry Stebbings | Harry Stebbings(知名播客主持人,保留原文) |
| Hawk Fish | Hawk Fish(竞选技术组织,保留原文) |
| Headspace | Headspace(冥想类应用,保留原文) |
| How to with John Wilson | How to with John Wilson(HBO 纪录片式剧集,保留原文) |
| imposter syndrome | 冒名顶替综合征 |
| IPO | IPO(Initial Public Offering,首次公开募股,保留原文) |
| Jorge Mazal | Jorge Mazal(人名,保留原文) |
| landing page | 落地页 |
| Latitud | Latitud(Gina Gotthilf 联合创立的拉丁美洲创业投资机构,保留原文) |
| Latitude | Latitude(公司名,保留原文) |
| Leadsales | Leadsales(将 WhatsApp 转为 CRM 的拉丁美洲创业公司,保留原文) |
| leaky bucket | 漏水桶(用户流失的比喻) |
| Lenny | Lenny(播客主持人,保留原文) |
| Levels | Levels(Sam Corcos 创办的连续血糖监测公司,保留原文) |
| low hanging fruit | 容易获取的用户(原文意为”低垂的果实”,比喻容易实现的目标) |
| LTV | LTV(Life Time Value,用户生命周期价值,保留原文) |
| Lulu Cheng | Lulu Cheng(人名,PR 和传播专家,保留原文) |
| Man’s Search For Meaning | 《活出生命的意义》(Viktor Frankl 著作) |
| Marcus Aurelius | Marcus Aurelius(罗马皇帝、哲学家,保留原文) |
| meme | meme(网络梗,保留原文) |
| Mike Bloomberg | Mike Bloomberg(政治人物,保留原文) |
| Mike Krieger | Mike Krieger(Instagram 联合创始人,保留原文) |
| Mixpanel | Mixpanel(数据分析平台,保留原文) |
| MVP | MVP(Minimum Viable Product,最小可行产品,保留原文) |
| Nathan Fielder | Nathan Fielder(喜剧演员、制作人,保留原文) |
| NewBank | NewBank(拉丁美洲金融科技公司,保留原文) |
| newsletter | newsletter(通讯订阅邮件,保留原文) |
| niche | 利基市场 |
| Obama | Obama(美国前总统,保留原文) |
| On Deck | On Deck(创业者和职业发展社区平台,保留原文) |
| organic growth | 有机增长 |
| paid ads | 付费广告 |
| PM | PM(Product Manager,产品经理,保留原文) |
| Pomelo | Pomelo(拉丁美洲 FinTech 平台,保留原文) |
| portfolio companies | 被投公司 |
| PR | PR(Public Relations,公共关系,保留原文) |
| product-led growth | 产品驱动型增长 |
| Rappi | Rappi(拉丁美洲外卖配送平台,保留原文) |
| Reed College | Reed College(美国文理学院,保留原文) |
| ROI | ROI(Return on Investment,投资回报率,保留原文) |
| Rosetta Stone | Rosetta Stone(语言学习软件,保留原文) |
| Sam Corcos | Sam Corcos(Levels 创始人,保留原文) |
| SeaWorld | SeaWorld(海洋主题公园,保留原文) |
| SMB | SMB(Small and Medium Business,中小企业,保留原文) |
| statistical significance | 统计显著性 |
| Steve Jobs | Steve Jobs(科技人物,保留原文) |
| Substack | Substack(内容发布平台,保留原文) |
| Succession | 《继承之战》(HBO 剧集) |
| survivorship bias | 幸存者偏差 |
| TAM | TAM(Total Addressable Market,总可达市场规模,保留原文) |
| The Design Of Everyday Things | 《设计心理学》(设计领域经典著作) |
| The Rehearsal | The Rehearsal(Nathan Fielder 的 HBO 剧集,保留原文) |
| Theseus’s ship | 忒修斯之船(古希腊哲学悖论,关于身份同一性的经典寓言) |
| Tumblr | Tumblr(社交平台,保留原文) |
| Twilio | Twilio(云通信平台,保留原文) |
| value prop | 价值主张 |
| VC | VC(Venture Capital,风险投资,保留原文) |
| Viktor Frankl | Viktor Frankl(心理学家、大屠杀幸存者,保留原文) |
| White Lotus | 《白莲花》(HBO 剧集) |
| wires | 转账电汇(银行 wire transfer 的简称) |
| word-of-mouth | 口碑 |
| Yahoo | Yahoo(科技公司,保留原文) |
| Yuri | Yuri(联合创始人,保留原文) |
| 独角兽 | 独角兽(指估值超过十亿美元的创业公司) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
扩张 Duolingo、拥抱失败与洞察拉丁美洲科技生态 | Gina Gotthilf
访谈文稿
Gina Gotthilf: 沟通的重要性总是被低估。沟通不仅仅是能够传达信息,而是能够以听众接收、理解和记住的方式传达信息。这真的很难做到。
我在 Duolingo 帮助推行的一件事——我觉得至今仍在,当然这绝不仅是我一个人的功劳,当时有一个很棒的团队——就是打造独特的声音。这意味着我们不是又一个只会给你指令、让你按部就班的语言学习应用。总会有一些古灵精怪的东西,出人意料的设计。我们和你说话的方式带点幽默感,不会太把自己当回事,让接收信息的人产生某种感受。说到底,这关乎你让人感受到了什么。你要么会心一笑,要么心想——等等,什么?他们刚才干了什么?并把这转化为你的优势。
Lenny: 今天的嘉宾是 Gina Gotthilf。Gina 最为人熟知的经历是负责 Duolingo 的增长和营销,帮助用户数从 300 万增长到超过 2 亿,主要依靠有机增长和非付费增长渠道——这一点我们会深入探讨。她还在 Mike Bloomberg 的总统竞选团队工作过,负责管理一项创历史规模的数字广告预算,她分享了从那段经历中学到的东西。她也曾负责 Tumblr 在拉丁美洲的增长和社区运营。
目前,她是 Latitude 的联合创始人兼首席运营官,这家公司致力于帮助拉丁美洲打造下一代标志性科技创业公司。在我们广泛而深入的对话中,Gina 分享了大量关于 Duolingo 早期如何增长、如今如何增长的新见解和策略,最有趣的是,他们是如何成为极少数成功的消费者订阅业务之一的。
我们还聊到每个人的生活和事业都有一面 A 面和一面 B 面。为什么 PR 和品牌被大多数创业公司严重低估。她分享了一堆失败实验的故事,也有一些最大的成功案例。为什么拉丁美洲作为创业和创新中心现在如此引人关注。对话中还穿插了一些哲学思考,以及不少大实话。
这是一次非常有趣的对话,Gina 让人很愉快。我很期待你们从她身上学到东西。接下来,请收听我对 Gina Gotthilf 的访谈。
对拉丁美洲科技生态的展望
Lenny: Gina,非常感谢你能来。欢迎来到播客。
Gina Gotthilf: Lenny,我非常激动能来这里。看到你把这个播客做成现在这样、走到这么远,真的很棒。谢谢你邀请我。
Lenny: 非常感谢。我更高兴你能上我的播客。我知道你刚刚在拉丁美洲某个地方主办了一场大型活动,好像有五千多人参加,Ben Horowitz 还做了主题演讲。我想从你在那场活动上的演讲聊起。我记得你提到了人们的生活有一面 A 面和一面 B 面,就像唱片有 A 面和 B 面一样。能不能先介绍一下这场大会是什么?然后简单分享一下这个概念?
Gina Gotthilf: 当然,谢谢 Lenny。我觉得对于我们这些身在美国的人来说——我去年入了美国籍,我很爱美国,在这里住了十九年了——很难想象边境以南正在发生多少事情。拉丁美洲有六亿六千万人口,经济总量达六万亿美元。巴西是一个巨大的市场,光从规模上看就有超过两亿人口,从生态系统的发展阶段来看也很重要。我是巴西人,所以我是拉丁美洲人,尽管有时候巴西人自己都不太确定自己算不算拉丁美洲人,因为我们说的是葡萄牙语。
所以这个地区的未来对我来说真的很重要。帮助人们获得我曾拥有的机会——获取信息和资源来帮助他们建立可扩展的、非常成功的创业公司——可以真正改变整个地区的经济。对此我的信念远比对政府的信念更深,也比我们在下一次选举中投这个人还是那个人更深。
这就是创办这家公司的初衷。那场大会是由我的公司组织的。我是联合创始人之一,我们三个人——Brian、Yuri 和我——一起策划了这场大会,把拉丁美洲最顶尖的创业者、运营者和投资人汇聚在一起,同时也吸引了那些对投资该地区感兴趣的人,这类人在美国和海外越来越多。超过五千人到场,七十多位演讲嘉宾,历时两天。我们请到了像 Ben Horowitz 这样的大咖,他此前从未专门为拉丁美洲做过演讲或对谈。当然还有许多令人惊叹的创始人——如果你是美国科技圈的运营者,可能对他们不太熟悉。但如果你听说过 Rappi,那是拉丁美洲一家非常重要的外卖配送公司,Rappi 的创始人专门从迈阿密飞过来参加。我们还邀请了许多你听说过的一线 VC,以及大量的独角兽公司——这个地区已经涌现了很多独角兽。
A面与B面
Gina Gotthilf: 他们都来了。大会的初衷是分享一路走来的经验教训,包括成功和失败,让大家不必重蹈别人的覆辙。我被邀请为两天的会议做开场。第一天,我最终做的开场演讲是我非常喜欢的一个概念——故事的A面和B面。意思是说,如果你像我一样年纪不小了,也许你也是,Lenny,我觉得我们年纪差不多——你会记得 CD 或混音带是什么样的。它有 A 面和 B 面。
我们在生活中,尤其是在职业领域,一直被鼓励只谈论自己的 A 面。因为那才是令人印象深刻的东西,是打开门路的东西,是让我们不断成长的东西,它太重要了。这意味着你在播客和舞台上听到的大量内容,最终都只是某个人、某家公司或某个国家发展轨迹中那个适合发 Instagram 的版本——只是高光时刻。
说到我的 A 面,确实很耀眼。我做过一些我们接下来会聊到的事情——我见过奥巴马总统,参与过 Mike Bloomberg 总统竞选活动。我帮助 Duolingo 从三万用户增长到两亿用户。我和 Tumblr 合作,帮助他们拓展拉丁美洲市场。Andreessen Horowitz 投资了我的公司,等等。
但在这些高光时刻之间,有太多被扫到地毯下面的 B 面时刻,因为这样对我更轻松,对别人也更有冲击力。但我真的很想突出这些时刻。因为我们大多数人每天、每周、每月、人生的每个阶段都有很多 B 面时刻。如果我们不把它们识别为”时刻”,就很容易觉得一切都不会好起来了,因为你正处在某个 B 面时刻中。
我最终讲的故事就是关于我这些 A 面和 B 面的——我其实不太讲自己的 B 面。拉丁美洲也有 A 面和 B 面。因为人们很容易只盯着负面:那里很危险,我们发展落后,政府一团糟,金融也不稳定。
但其中其实有很多 A 面,而科技领域的机会正是 A 面之一。因为与其他市场相比,科技占 GDP 的比例非常令人期待。我们目前是印度的三分之一,中国的十分之一,美国的三十分之一。这意味着科技公司还有很大的增长空间,可以在 GDP 中占据应有的份额,这是可以预见的。这就是那场演讲的核心概念,也是举办这场大会的原因。
Lenny: 我很喜欢这个概念。正如你所预料的,我们会聊很多你 A 面的故事。你有没有哪个 B 面的故事觉得分享出来会很有意思?
人生的B面故事
Gina Gotthilf: 说实话,我觉得这些才是最有意思的,因为它们要么好笑,要么荒唐。我只想说我有过很多 B 面时刻,现在也依然有。比如,我完全不知道自己想做什么。我其实一度想当演员。我要么想当 SeaWorld 里那种和海豚一起表演的人——那是 SeaWorld 还没被抵制之前的事——要么就想当演员。但后来我父母说服了我,说我大概率不会成功,因为胜算不在我这边。
我申请了学校,没有被任何常春藤录取,也没有进入任何我想去的顶尖学校。上了大学之后,我实际上最终退学了,因为我得了严重的抑郁症,极其严重,严重到无法起床。
讽刺的是,我从 Reed College 退学了——这正是 Steve Jobs 当年退学的那所学校。所以我觉得自己注定要成就一番伟业,那一刻我就知道了。
Lenny: 回头看一切都说得通了,正如他所说。
Gina Gotthilf: 完全正确。我退学的时候心想,对,这就是我要走的路。不,我痛苦极了,觉得前方没有任何出路。
后来我终于回到学校并毕业了,大学的升学顾问看了我的课程履历说:“你这辈子到底都做了些什么?什么都拿不出来。“这太令人震惊了。因为我一直是那个什么都想做到最好的超额完成者——修最多的课程,所有课都拿 A,什么都想做到极致。我在高中拿了三个文凭——国际的、美国的、巴西的。我从中得到的一个一直受用的教训,也是我觉得对其他人可能同样适用的,就是:光做真正有意义的事情、光学习还不够,关键还要会讲故事,要理解别人眼中什么是重要的。
我说的不是内在价值。我说的是,如果你想在这个世界上往上走,就要理解一种心理学——人类对你展示给他们的东西会作何反应。这是我学到的第一课。
颠沛流离的职业生涯起点
后来我继续前行,申请了一百家公司,大多数都没回音。最后我终于在纽约拿到了一个实习机会,是在一家大概只能算二三梯队的数字营销公司,因为我太想住在纽约了。结果他们忘了按时帮我申请签证,于是我的签证作废,只好回了巴西。
后来我离开了那家公司去了另一家。那家公司的那些猫腻我就不细说了,但后来他们把我裁了。于是我又失去了签证,只能再次回家。又找到一次机会,这次直接被开除了。所以我起步阶段经历了很多波折,这些大概是你在舞台上看到一个人主持五千人大会时想象不到的。我觉得这一点很重要。
即使在开始为 Tumblr 工作的时候,我心里想的是:就是它了,我终于出头了。这是一家很有意思的公司,一切都会好起来的。但那段经历也超级波折,因为那是一家早期创业公司。比如,他们连怎么把钱汇到巴西都搞不清楚,所以我六个月没有拿到工资。有一次我和同事们试图从银行柜台取钱来付给承包商,因为我们根本没有钱支付他们。我们到处借钱。最后他们还是把我裁了,因为他们决定把公司卖给 Yahoo。
从低谷到 Duolingo
然后我不得不想,接下来该怎么办?没人会雇我了,我被开除、被裁员那么多次。这一切都发生在我创办那家帮助美国科技公司和创业公司拓展拉丁美洲业务的代理公司之前。我之所以做这个决定,是因为我意识到自己正处于一个得天独厚的位置来促成这件事。
它最终成功了,客户包括像 Duolingo 这样知名的公司。当然那时候他们还不知名,只是一家小小的创业公司,连 Android 应用都没有。这就是我开始和 Duolingo 合作的契机。他们的市场负责人联系了一个之前在 Flickr 共事过的人,说:“我注意到 Tumblr 去年在巴西增长了很多,你能推荐一家公司或代理机构来帮忙吗?“那个人推荐了我。那年我二十六岁。
就这样,他们把我介绍给了 Duolingo,我开始以顾问身份帮助他们拓展巴西市场。他们说,这太好了,你能帮我们拓展智利和阿根廷吗?我说,可以。
他们又问,墨西哥呢?我说,可以。Lenny,你问我当时了解这些地方吗?在那里认识人吗?不认识,但你可以自己去摸索。
后来他们邀请我全职加入,在全球范围内做这件事——日本、中国、韩国、土耳其、西班牙、法国等等。然后让我负责增长,最终这意味着要管传播、社交媒体、政府合作——一切能推动增长的工作。
从运营到增长引擎
后来这逐渐发展成了一个拥有工程师、PM 和设计师的 A/B 测试增长引擎,而这些我完全不懂。即便在那之后,我五年后离开了 Duolingo,也不知道自己接下来要做什么。你可能会想,哇,你现在应该什么都搞清楚了吧。你离开了 Duolingo,整个世界都在你面前。
我就想,也许我终于可以去非营利组织工作了,这才是我最初真正想做的事。我试了试,经历了几个不同的事情,然后去了 Mike Bloomberg 的竞选团队工作。
Mike Bloomberg 竞选团队的经历
在 Mike Bloomberg 竞选团队工作听起来很厉害,但你知道吗?Mike Bloomberg 没有赢。他不是总统。所以如果你认真看的话,那次竞选并不成功。Latitude 看起来也是一条很有前景的路。但日子有好有坏。
就是很多事情都是这样,要保持韧性,相信自己,跌倒了再爬起来。
Lenny: 太棒了。这是一个非常重要的信息。我觉得你刚才说的有一条线索,也是我经常思考的,就是人们低估了自己的职业生涯有多长。其实有大量的时间去做各种事情,让各种事情慢慢起步。
说起来可能有点装,但我觉得 Marcus Aurelius 有一句话,说我们的生命其实很长,只是我们用得太糟糕了。我们浪费了太多时间。
Gina Gotthilf: 哇,我觉得你说得太对了,Lenny,我很喜欢这句话。因为大家都在说,人生苦短,人生苦短。但你说得对,我们浪费了太多时间。而且我觉得我们也没有意识到面前有多少机会。作为当时一个 26 岁的人,我真的觉得自己的职业生涯已经结束了。我觉得自己搞砸了。现在回头看,挺搞笑的。
Lenny: 对,我完全理解你的感受。我在第一份工作待了九年,在圣地亚哥一家不知名的创业公司。我当时就想,我在这里待这么久到底在干什么?但结果那段经历对我后来做的事情非常有用。然后慢慢地,哇,事情开始真正起飞了。
所以我觉得这对大家来说是一个很好的教训——给自己很长的时间。这是我的第四个职业了。我换过很多次职业。我做过工程师,然后做过创始人,然后做过产品经理。现在就是,不管现在这个叫什么。
Gina Gotthilf: 好吧,挺酷的。
Lenny: 对。
Gina Gotthilf: 我觉得我也是。我做过运营,做过咨询。嗯,我做过员工,做过咨询。然后做了运营,这是在创业公司当员工的一种好听的说法。然后,现在我是一个创始人,也是一个 VC。还做天使投资,还有现在这些。
职业生涯漫长,不必焦虑
Lenny: 太棒了。所以我觉得这是一个非常重要的收获——你有大量时间去做事情。如果事情进展没有你想的那么快,不要焦虑。
我想在这次对话中在 A 面和 B 面之间来回跳,这会是一个很有意思的框架。所以我们肯定会聊到 Duolingo,也会聊一些关于拉丁美洲的内容。
Mike Bloomberg 竞选中的付费广告
我想聊聊 Mike Bloomberg 的这段经历。据我了解,你在那次竞选中投放了历史级别的巨额资金用于付费广告。我很好奇,在那个规模上为竞选投放付费广告,你学到了什么?或者更广泛地说,你学到了什么?
Gina Gotthilf: 竞选确实投放了历史级别的资金,但不是我 Gina 一个人花的。
Lenny: 不是你一个人花的,对。
Gina Gotthilf: 我觉得这一点需要说清楚。Mike Bloomberg 总统竞选团队每天大约花费一百万美元。这很疯狂。一天一百万美元,你能做很多事情。
Lenny: 做谷歌的感觉真好。
Gina Gotthilf: 做谷歌的感觉真好。但说实话,做 Facebook 的感觉更好。我来分享一下我觉得最有用的部分,以及我的经历到底是什么样的。
就是,他们从全美各地召集了大量优秀人才,尤其是在科技方面。有一个叫 Hawk Fish 的组织,他们开始跟 Mike Bloomberg 合作。基本上是他创建的。我也不太清楚,反正是嵌套在里面的。
我们中很多人在之前的组织里都是鹰派人物,是独当一面的角色,必须想办法在极短的时间内聚在一起协同工作。那是一段非常有意思的经历,因为做到这一点其实很难。仅仅聪明和优秀是不够的,还需要理解如何在组织中最有效地配置你的资源和人才。
这需要一点时间来磨合。而对于总统竞选来说,我觉得这非常难做到,至少从我的那一次经历来看是这样。话虽如此,这也意味着当你去看付费广告,考虑到我们在投放这么大规模的资金时,在决定广告到底怎么做这件事上,厨房里的厨师太多了。
怎么定向,跑什么营销活动,文案写什么,设计怎么做?在那里待了几天之后,我意识到,如果要真正创造价值,我最好的选择不是成为厨房里又一个指手画脚的人,而是转移到整个流程中没人关注的下一步。
就是,当你点击一个广告后,你会落在一个页面上。然后那里发生的事情非常重要。因为用户在落地页上是否采取了你希望他们采取的行动,是决定性的。但所有人都把精力和预算花在了广告本身上。我觉得这几乎适用于所有事情。我们总是忘记去思考增长中一步一步的流程,忘记每个环节的体验是什么样的。甚至仅仅是体验中的第二屏、第三屏,都跟第一屏一样重要,甚至更重要。因为那就是你的”漏水桶”发生的地方。
所以如果你能把落地页的效果提升两倍,你实际上是以复利的方式提升了第一个广告的整体效果。所以我花了很多时间单打独斗,自己去琢磨怎么做落地页。因为设计师和文案人员都分配给了广告本身。
我就待在那里,自己写文案、做设计,想办法提升转化率。在那种资金投放规模下,很酷的一点是你能非常快地达到统计显著性。
而在 Duolingo 这样的公司里,你本身已经有很多用户,一个 A/B 测试需要两周才能达到统计显著性。而在 Mike Bloomberg 总统竞选的落地页上,我们一天就能看到三次结果,甚至四次。
所以我做完一个改动就能看到,哦哇,这个转化率是 3%。然后获批一个新版本上线,一看,好,现在到 6% 了。然后继续改进。有一天我把一个页面的转化率从 3% 提升到了 12%,而且有统计显著性。所以我觉得这就是拥有那种资金规模最大的好处。
我觉得缺点——这对拥有大量资金可花的创业公司也一样——就是你开始有点飘了,觉得天下都是我们的,想做什么就做什么。你会逐渐忽视有效性,而有效性恰恰是增长最神奇的地方。
Lenny: 你当时对落地页做了什么改动让转化率提升了那么多,你还记得吗?
落地页优化的具体实践
Gina Gotthilf: 我觉得这些东西不会让任何人感到惊艳,因为都是非常基础的最佳实践。但当你同时专注于流程中太多不同环节时,很容易就会忽视这些。第一点就是做好移动端优化。
在上班的人用电脑、用桌面端工作,即使到今天也是如此。但我们忘了大多数人是用手机在看页面的。这种情况已经持续一段时间了,而且我认为只会越来越明显。所以你需要确保在手机上——不管是什么手机——浏览的体验是非常好的。
这意味着从落地页的角度来说,要超级简单。首先,核心文案,也就是主要信息和按钮,需要在首屏(above the fold)可见。或者,如果你不想把按钮放在首屏——我仍然建议放——但如果你出于某种原因不打算这么做,那你就需要一个很清晰的指示,告诉用户页面上有内容可以向下滚动去看。
第二点,桌面端和移动端都适用——人们只会扫视。文案人员不愿意相信这一点,就像记者不愿意相信人们只看标题一样。但事实就是如此。人们又忙又懒,我自己也不例外。
所以你可以写出所有精心构思的漂亮文案,但如果人们不会去读它,那就毫无意义。你必须尽可能带着这种认知来设计落地页。
对我来说,要让内容便于扫视,首先就是要大幅精简文案。即使看起来已经很简短的文案,可能还是不够短。其次,通常人们喜欢有一个标题、某种副标题,然后一张图片和一个按钮。这些是落地页体验的核心组件。让标题和按钮彼此呼应非常关键。因为如果人们只读了标题和按钮,他们就已经get到了。
不能是这样的——“你难道不希望下一任美国总统怎样怎样怎样?“然后一整段解释是什么。然后按钮写的是”申请”之类的,对吧?申请什么?现在我还得回去读那些内容,我还是没搞明白。
所以要让这两者紧密呼应。当然,还要确保落地页与广告体验一致。这一点我觉得人们确实会注意一些。
情绪与视觉设计
最后,还有一个情绪的层面。我没有深入讲,但最基本的——我的工作是做一个落地页让人们……说起来也挺好笑的,那是在新冠袭击美国之前。然后新冠袭击了美国。竞选团队一半的人在我们那个凄凉的和 Mike Bloomberg 告别派对上感染了新冠。而我已经提前离开了纽约。我害怕了,我觉得这座城市会变成一个培养皿。
我花了好几个月时间,竭尽所能地想让全美国相信新冠即将袭击美国,除非我们换一位不同的总统,否则会有大量死亡。当然,我也非常有效地把自己说服了——我们正处于极度危险之中。
为了做到这一点,我们在背景中放了各种不同的图片,Mike Bloomberg 的之类。但恐惧确实能激发人的行动力,这是人类心理学的客观事实。尤其在总统竞选的语境下。
所以使用黑色这样的暗色调,把 Trump 放在一个暗色的场景里,微微低头俯视,看起来有点威胁感,这比让 Trump 看起来滑稽可笑更有力量。在”我们需要采取行动,否则会有人因此丧命”这样的语境下。
所以这取决于具体的概念,但不要低估理解人们看到某样东西时的感受的重要性,以及这种感受是否会驱使他们采取行动。保持超级、超级简单。
因为我看到的另一个问题是图片太多。不行,图片不能喧宾夺主,偏离你的核心信息。它必须是一个辅助性的背景元素,帮助人们消化那个信息。
Lenny: 我感觉这些创业公司都要开始在落地页上加上 Trump 了—— menacing 的 Trump——因为在你们这里效果很好。
Gina Gotthilf: 嗯,那样会疏远 50% 的美国人民。
Lenny: 确实。还有几个我想深入聊的话题。其中一个当然是 Duolingo,我们就在这上面多花点时间。
Duolingo 的增长故事
我的 newsletter 写了超过 200 篇文章。有史以来最受欢迎的、阅读量第一的那篇,完全出乎我意料——是关于 Duolingo 的故事。讲的是这个团队在增长开始趋于平缓之后,如何重新点燃增长。
那篇文章是 Jorge Mazal 写的。
Gina Gotthilf: Mazal。
Lenny: Mazal,好的。
Gina Gotthilf: Jorge Mazal,对。
Lenny: 好的,发音对了。显然,大家对 Duolingo 的故事非常感兴趣。而你比 Jorge 更早就在那里了。你真的很早期就在了。我听你描述过,你见证了从 300 万用户到 2 亿用户的阶段。
Gina Gotthilf: 没错。这是我最引以为豪的经历。
Lenny: 太棒了。这是一个非常庞大的增长轨迹。我想问的一个宏观问题是——B2C 订阅应用感觉从来没有成功过。它们从来长久不了。消费者订阅应用的成功案例少之又少。Duolingo 算一个,Calm 也许算,但我觉得它也在放缓,Headspace、Grammarly 也还行。有几个还算可以,但大多数都死掉了。我主要好奇的是,你觉得 Duolingo 做对了什么,才能做到今天并持续蓬勃发展?
Gina Gotthilf: 很少有人真的相信我们能成功,这也不奇怪。尽管我们有这样一个出色的团队等等,现在回头看几乎觉得是理所当然的——B2C 语言学习看起来太小众了。再加上教育领域,教育里没有钱。这个领域停滞了太久了。而我不断听到的是,“你们这些人,听说过 Rosetta Stone 吗?这个解决方案已经存在了。“所以我认为 Duolingo 的成功有几个关键因素,而这些因素非常难以复制。
使命的执念
Gina Gotthilf: 第一,对使命的执念。这听起来很老套。我觉得很多创始人和创业圈的人喜欢谈论使命,我理解,也觉得这是真的。但我真的很认真的,因为这种执念是为了解决数亿人的问题,而且这个问题不是什么可有可无的东西。在当今世界,如果你不懂英语,你摆脱自身社会经济阶层的机会会大大减少。更具体地说,在拉丁美洲这样的发展中市场,学会英语可以让你的收入潜力翻倍甚至三倍。世界上有很多这样的地方。“教育应当免费”、“人人应有平等获取机会”——这个信念不仅适用于发展中国家,当然也适用于美国——正是这种信念驱动着整个组织,影响着我们做营销的方式、与用户沟通的方式、设计产品体验的方式,以及在做出可能影响使命的决策前设置怎样的障碍。它帮助我们的用户凝聚在产品周围,帮助我们在地处匹兹堡、不一定能开出 Google 级别薪资的情况下招到最优秀的人才。所以,对使命的真正执念有多重要,真的很难量化。但我接触过很多教育领域的创始人、ed tech 创始人,我可能因为这段经历而有很大的偏见。我想说,我经历了那种——叫什么来着——那个实验,他们观察一架从战场飞回来的飞机上所有的弹孔,然后开始修补飞机。这个有个名字。然后他们意识到——
Lenny: 我忘了名字,但就是那些图片。那些标注了红色弹孔的图片很出名。
Gina Gotthilf: 你不应该修补那些位置,因为能飞回来的,说明它们挺住了,那些被击中后坠毁的飞机你没有看到。所以我搭上了一架幸存回来的飞机。所以我有——哦,这叫幸存者偏差,maybe?
Lenny: 听起来是对的。
Gina Gotthilf: 我有幸存者偏差,但我真的相信这一点——
Lenny: Survivorship bias。
Gina Gotthilf: 对,幸存者偏差。所以如果我跟一位创始人聊天,我能看出他做 ed tech 是因为他相信能从中赚到钱——赚钱本身没有任何问题,一点都没有。我也想赚钱。我认为我们生活在资本主义世界,这很正常——但那种驱动力才是吸引人们走向你的东西,才是引导你做出具有长远意义的决策的东西,而这些决策最终真正重要。也正是在很多方面,它让我们能够靠有机增长而非付费广告成长——我认为这对早期科技创业公司至关重要。这不是唯一的因素,但我认为这是其中极其重要的一个。
精简与节俭
Lenny: 顺着这个话题说,这其实也是我发现的一个规律。我写过一篇文章,研究那些成功的 B2C 订阅应用,看它们做对了什么,有什么一致性。其中一点就是:在很长一段时间内保持极度精简和节俭。因为就像你说的,做大一个生意太难了,你请不起最优秀的人,开不出别人那么高的薪水。所以本质上就是很长一段时间内保持极其精简和节俭。这是所有成功的 B2C 订阅应用中最一致的规律。
Gina Gotthilf: 同意。这就是第二点。当年 Duolingo 聘请我担任顾问和员工时,我的任务是让 Duolingo 增长。给我的预算是——零。我没有任何预算。人们都很震惊,他们会问,“那你们什么时候开始投放广告的?“我们的回答是,“就是没有。“因为这件事就咱俩之间说说,Lenny,其实我相当不擅长付费广告。那块肌肉我从来没练出来过。
Lenny: 我们不会告诉任何人的。
Gina Gotthilf: 我只擅长……
Lenny: 我们不会告诉任何人的。
Gina Gotthilf: 请替我保密。我想如果有一天需要的话,我也能练出那块肌肉,但我特别擅长思考有机增长,因为我不得不擅长,因为 Tumblr 和 Duolingo 都需要我这样做。背后的逻辑是这样的——Duolingo 很晚才开始平台商业化,这其实是一种奢侈,因为我们有大量的 VC 资金支撑了一段时间。但我们在早期做了一些押注,以为能真正支撑公司的发展,比如翻译功能,最后没有成。然后我们又很早就开始开发 Duolingo English Test,跟 Burr Settles 一起,他是个很厉害的人,基本上是他在开发这个考试。我们意识到这将是一个极其长期的投入。我们大概到第三年左右才开始真正收取订阅费或投放广告。
有机增长优于付费广告
所以我们没有 LTV,这意味着有 CAC 也毫无意义。这是第一点。你需要那个大家都在谈论的 CAC 与 LTV 的比值,这确实很重要。但不仅如此。首先,有 CAC 与 LTV 比值的问题。其次,即使你的 CAC 很低——我今天早上刚跟一位创业者聊过,他说,“我们把 CAC 做到了 10 美分。“我说,“是的,但那个成本会涨的。“随着你覆盖越来越多人,容易获取的用户被消耗完,你最终不得不花更多钱。而一旦那些通过付费广告引来的用户进来了,你就没法停掉了,因为你仍然需要增长——你要向投资人证明你在增长,或者你需要这些用户来继续做 A/B 测试之类的。然后你就变得完全依赖付费广告,很难关掉。它几乎像一种成瘾,一开始你能控制的越多越好。
第三点,我真的相信——不,我觉得我们到这个时候都知道了:任何科技产品增长的最重要的因素——也许不仅限于科技——是留存。当然,你需要获客,但留存至关重要。我把这个问题稍微简化一下,因为说到留存,我不是那种”我必须留住这个用户”的思路,而是——这个东西有没有价值?这就是留存对我的意义。它要么真正提供了价值,要么没有。如果它在提供真正的价值,用户就会留下来。就这么简单。
如果你不逼自己在早期就关注留存,找到那些觉得你的产品最有用的用户,你就有可能被指标自我催眠,忽略掉一些重要的东西。这意味着即使你在获客上成功了,长期来看也不会成功,因为那些用户会流失。而你甚至不太明白为什么,因为你基于付费获客的用户来优化留存,但那些用户未必是真正会留下来的人。我并不是说完全否定付费广告。我认为付费广告有它的价值,尤其是在测试方面。有时候你没有足够的用户来跑出统计显著性的测试,但通过付费获得的用户可以;你也可以用付费广告来测试信息传达、图片,甚至是价值主张。在一个落地页上测试,这非常有价值。或者你找到了一个绝佳的利基市场,清楚地知道目标用户是谁,并且找到了一种划算的方式。但话说回来,我会说如果你找到了完美的用户以及他们所在的地方,你应该去想办法有机地获取他们,因为如果你真的能提供价值,他们会来的,也会留下来的。
早期创业建议总结
Lenny: 到目前为止,我听到的建议是:第一,紧紧围绕使命,对自己要实现的目标非常清晰。第二,就是极低的支出——基本上不要期望把它做成 VC 规模的生意,尽可能久地专注于一个可持续的、盈利的生意,核心就是控制开支。第三就是对留存的关注,我觉得这是一个非常重要的点。这对任何你正在开发的应用都成立,但我认为对消费者业务尤其如此,因为用户就是那种心态——“嗯,这个挺酷的。好吧,接下来呢?好吧,我们去看看 Snapchat。”
Gina Gotthilf: 完全同意。我原本准备了另外三个不同的建议,但我觉得跟你的话题相关,所以也许可以作为第三条的补充,或者第四条。
Lenny: 第三条补充。来吧。
对产品的痴迷
Gina Gotthilf: 对产品的痴迷。同样,听起来显而易见,但其实不然。回想互联网和 App Store 出现之前的产品,你做出了这个东西,然后试图说服人们去买它。仅此而已。你看,我做了一把椅子,这是一把漂亮的椅子。然后你花大量钱把它推向世界,人们买了这把椅子。你雇佣了大量的销售人员,雇佣了一家了不起的营销机构,试图卖掉这把椅子。但现在已经完全不是这样了,因为产品处于持续的运动和迭代之中。除非你能够掌握那些数据并理解它告诉你的信息,否则你永远不会赢。
有很多人来找我,说,“Gina,Gina,我们为这个领域做了一个 Duolingo。“我说,“好的,不错。“然后他们展示给我看,看起来跟 Duolingo 一模一样。我说,“好的,不错。“然后我问,“你们是怎么得到这个设计的?“他们说,“哦,我们用过 Duolingo。“我说,“很好。“但随着我开始跟他们深入交谈,我发现他们没有工程师和 PM(产品经理)每天盯着 Mixpanel 或者他们使用的任何工具,去理解每一个改动如何引发其他变化,使他们能够提出问题、形成假设,并走向下一步。所以他们几乎只是复制粘贴了某个东西。
你知道我怎么看待这件事吗?就像那些能把数学考试中成绩最好的同学的答案抄下来的学生,然后因为没有拿到 A 而沮丧——因为中间的过程不存在,他们只抄了答案。但如果你不知道怎么做过程,再给你一道数学题你还是做不对。我认为这一点在大多数早期科技创业公司中仍然缺失。在拉丁美洲尤其如此,人们觉得可以把代码外包出去,或者把增长外包出去,而不是像鹰一样紧紧盯着数据质量、统计显著性、不断跑假设并质疑它们。而这种严谨性是 Duolingo 的一种文化,从第一天起就存在——在我加入之前就已经有了,直到今天依然如此。
Lenny: 太棒了。我觉得如果某个听众正在尝试做一个订阅制消费者应用,我建议他倒回去把刚才那段再听一遍。这里面有太多干货了。根据我的经验,因为我做一些天使投资,我会收到很多 deck(商业计划书)。我基本上对消费者订阅应用直接打折,因为它们几乎从不成功,除了偶尔有那么一次。所以我的建议是,如果你正在这个领域创业,就按照刚才说的去做。里面有很多重要的东西,而且要真正内化它。保持非常精简,保持非常专注,痴迷于留存,痴迷于确保产品真正解决了你要攻克的那个问题。
Gina Gotthilf: Lenny,我很高兴你同意这些观点。我非常钦佩你,所以这让我很开心。
Lenny: 那我们俩都很开心。我想转到 B 面话题。我很好奇,你或者你的团队犯过什么大错或者搞砸的事情吗?就是那种”哇,那真是白白浪费了好多时间”的情况?
失败的徽章实验
Gina Gotthilf: 说实话,很多东西都没成功。我们超过 50% 的 A/B 测试都没有成功。我们做过不合理的押注。不过我要说,按照 A 面和 B 面的精神,我——而且我认为总体上我们都是——真的很擅长忘记 B 面的东西。我讲了太多成功的东西,以至于很难记住那些其实并没有奏效的时刻。而我经常讲的一个故事,也就是我们增长团队犯的这个错误,几乎就像面试中被问到”你最大的缺点是什么?“时你回答”我是个完美主义者”那种情况——它其实是那种反而让你听起来不错的错误。因为它是关于我的团队有多想实现徽章功能的故事。我们花了大量时间玩当时流行的各种游戏,试图理解那些游戏化增长黑客手法,看看能否将它们叠加到 Duolingo 上,以及我们该怎么做。
徽章在所有热门游戏中无处不在,所以看起来简直是理所当然的事。但由于我们按照 ROI(投资回报率)对所有实验进行排序——回报的标准是我们认为能带来多少用户(DAUs,日活跃用户)以及时间投入——所以专注在这个上面从来都不合理,因为我们认为时间成本会太高。所以我实际上在长达六个月的时间里不让团队跑这个实验,以便我们专注于容易获取的用户。这是我犯的一个错误。后来我们决定以最精简的方式跑这个实验。我们说,“你知道吗?有 MVP(最小可行产品),也有最小可行实验。我们不需要做一个完整的徽章系统,我们可以做更简单的东西,看看它是否能以有趣的方式带来增长,到时候我们就知道了。”
我们跑了一个非常简单的实验,就是”你注册了,然后你得到一个徽章”。就是一个拿着气球的女孩的图片,我不知道,她看起来很开心之类的。当然,事后来看,这没有带来任何结果,因为没有人会为注册这件事感到自豪。那不是一个令人兴奋的时刻,你甚至没有其他徽章可以收集,也没法展示给别人看。让徽章有吸引力的所有要素都不存在,但我们当时的结论是,“嗯,试过了,没用。“然后我们就继续前进了。我们又过了大概八个月没有再回头看这件事。等到我们回头看的时候,首先,我们发现我们一直没有在做 dogfooding(内部试用自己的产品),这也很令人尴尬。
回想起来,我们增长团队一直没在做 dogfooding。我们只是提出假设,极其仔细地排列优先级,确保我们做了最好的方案文档和所有这些事情。但 dogfooding 这一块——我没有产品背景,我是个做营销的,不太理解 dogfooding 这个概念。但当我们有一次讨论时,我们说,“你知道吗?如果我们当时测了一下,我们所有人都会知道那是一个超级糟糕的徽章。“我就想,“我们为什么不测试自己的实验呢?“于是这变成了我们实践的一部分。
这一点至今仍然适用。我昨天还跟 Latitude 的工程师们讨论了这件事。我还没有介绍我们在做什么,也许后面会说到。但我昨天跟 Latitude 的工程师们聊天,他们非常棒。产品团队方面,我们有 NewBank 的第八号员工。你可能听说过 NewBank,它是拉丁美洲一家大型金融科技银行。我们还有其他金融科技公司的人,还有一位 Twilio 的首席 PM。我在跟他们解释为什么我们应该做 dogfooding。他们都说,“哦对,我们应该 dogfood。“但就是很容易忘记这些事情。
徽章的意外收获
所以那是一个失误,我们本可以更早地通过徽章实现后来的增长。而且不仅仅是通过徽章实现了增长,它还变成了一个惊人的机会宝库。因为一旦你有了徽章,而且人们想要它们,你就可以让人们去做任何事情——去找朋友,去买东西,什么都行。于是我们几乎正向影响了公司所有的指标,包括一些我们没预料到的。不过,谈论一个最终变成好事的失误总是容易的。这也是为什么我一开始把它比作面试那件事。但我们很早就尝试把 Duolingo 做成一个社交应用,结果失败了。它叫 Duels,DuoDuels。你可以和别人对战。
Lenny: 很巧妙。
Gina Gotthilf: 我知道。我们确实很聪明,但没人用,我们也没搞清楚原因。我们尝试做了 Duolingo for Schools 平台,没能推广开来。我去中国发布了 Duolingo,第一天就被下载了一百万次,然后 app 就被政府屏蔽了,我们也不知道该怎么办。然后所有人都给 app 打了一星,因为它用不了,所以我们很难从那个困境中恢复过来。我们在印度发布了 Duolingo,但我们没有意识到——除非亲自去那里,我们才最终去了——印度大多数人把手机界面设成英文,因为用印地语打字很困难,而且印度确实有很多种语言。我们当时的设置是,当你下载 Duolingo 时,手机界面设成什么语言,我们就不提供那个语言让你学习。那个语言就是你的基础语言。
所以我们告诉人们从英语开始学法语、西班牙语、德语,但他们都想学英语,所以他们找不到自己想要的东西就离开了。犯了太多错误,幸运的是,就 Duolingo 今天的发展来看,我觉得我们大多数都恢复过来了。
相信直觉的力量
Lenny: 天哪,这里面信息量太大了,太棒了。我喜欢你一开始说”哦,我不记得我有什么失败”,然后接着”哦,这里有一堆精彩的故事”。真好。刚才提到的有一条线索,在这个播客里反复出现,就是 dogfooding 这件事,尤其是我觉得人们不够信任自己的直觉和个人判断。很多时候 PM 就会说,“我需要做用户研究来搞清楚我们应该做什么。“而不是直接去用那个东西,看看哪里感觉不对、哪里让你提不起兴趣,然后真正信任这种感觉。我发现越来越是如此。我在读自己写的东西的时候,就会觉得”哦,我不喜欢这个,我应该改掉它”,我不需要拿去让三个人过目。所以我觉得那是一个很好的教训。不要低估你自己使用产品的力量,以及你在使用时的直觉和感受。
Gina Gotthilf: 完全同意。而且这真的很难做到,尤其是当你年轻的时候。我觉得我还想补充一点,尤其当你是女性,或者其他少数群体的时候。真的很难相信自己的直觉,因为你不断在问自己,我是真的懂什么,还是只是运气好?但你必须这样做。我觉得强迫自己假装知道答案,然后去想”一个什么都知道的人会怎么想”这个做法非常有帮助,因为这帮助你形成自己的观点、自己的声音,并信任自己,哪怕你在做自己并不完全理解的事情。
就像我们现在在 Latitude 做银行平台,我在看的时候,他们一直搞不明白为什么人们在转账电汇时遇到问题。我跟他们讲我在转账方面有多蠢,我会犯 A、B、C 这些错误,因为我对照不上那行信息。就是,不管怎样,你要输入很多信息,有时候你拿到的信息顺序又不一样。他们就说”哇”。我就说,“这就是我作为一个用户在犯蠢。“但这就是我们的优势。当你能够理解,当你搞不懂某件事的时候,可能其他人也在大规模地搞不懂。
印度市场的教训
Lenny: 完全同意。就像你在课上想问一个问题,很多人也在想同一个问题,他们会感谢你提出来的。刚才还有一个让我印象深刻的,你说的那个印地语的失误,我最近在播客上犯了完全一样的错误。我注意到第二大听众市场在印度。所以我就想,怎么才能更好地帮印度的人发现这个播客呢?于是我给很多集加了印地语字幕,然后发推特说,“看我的,我要让印度听众体验更好。“结果所有人都说,“我们不需要这个。我们更prefer English。印度做科技的人,我们都会英语。” “这个反而更难。“他们说,“我读英文快多了,所以请不要这样做。“所以那是一个很好的教训——
Gina Gotthilf: 印度有太多语言了。
Lenny: 那也是。
Gina Gotthilf: 真的,这个国家的人居然不都说同一种语言,太不可思议了,但这也意味着印度人精通很多种不同的语言。
Lenny: 活到老学到老。我想回到 A 面的问题,关于 Duolingo 还有几个问题。你说过大部分增长是有机的,基本上你必须靠有机增长来发展。有什么你可以分享的、效果特别好的做法吗?因为所有人都想通过口碑实现有机增长。有没有什么 Duolingo 做过的、其他创业公司也可以尝试的具体策略?
有机增长的方法论
Gina Gotthilf: 当然有。首先,我其实认为 A/B 测试和产品驱动型增长就是有机增长,因为你没有在花广告费。所以无论你的创业公司处于什么阶段,你能做的第一件事,就是确保你没有忽视产品团队中那些真正懂得如何评估数据、如何利用数据并从中学习的人的重要性。如果你还处于非常早期的阶段,你不应该看 5% 的增长机会,而应该看 20%、30% 的增长机会。但我觉得这是第一点。
第二点,其实这可能是我说过 Duolingo 做得特别好的一件事,但我认为它跟使命是紧密相连的。不过先把使命这件事放一边——品牌和 PR。建立一个让人喜爱的品牌,一个真正能与人产生共鸣、让人有所感触、愿意站在一个比自己更大的理念背后的品牌,这不容易做到,但它是可能的,而且对于促进口碑传播至关重要。
这一切的底层是使命。Duolingo 的使命最初一直是向全世界提供免费的语言教育,后来变成打造最好的教育并让所有人都能获得。我不知道他们今天怎么表述的,但这是大多数人都能认同的事情。不管你认为 Bloomberg 还是 Trump 应该当总统,你是否认为每个人都应该获得优质教育?大多数人会说是的。所以这比”你想下载一个 app 学一门新语言吗?“要有力得多。
Gina Gotthilf: 所以如果你能拥有这样的信念——你所构建的东西正在改变生活、影响世界,即便它只是帮助商务人士更好地完成工作,从而改善他们的生活和谋生能力,或者提升一家公司的能力,不管是什么——背后的更大理念,以及专注于创造人们喜欢的东西,无论你的受众是谁。你的受众可能比 Duolingo 的更严肃一些,但对 Duolingo 来说,这意味着我们有了这只猫头鹰、这些颜色,然后是猫头鹰说话的方式,你收到的通知、邮件,以及整体的产品体验。
所有这些都联系着人们对你品牌的感受,这让人更愿意谈论你,也让你更容易让记者来写你的故事——前提是你有超越”嘿 TechCrunch,你知道吗,我的 app 上个月增长了 20%“这种东西的意义。他们会说,“我不在乎。“但如果你能讲述那些生活被彻底改变的人的故事,那就有趣得多,而且说实话,这在我 Tumblr 的工作中、在 Duolingo 的工作中都发挥了重要作用——不是我在 Bloomberg 总统竞选中的工作,但在 Latitude 肯定也是的。
Lenny: 太棒了。我正想问,打造一个让人喜爱的品牌到底意味着什么,具体怎么做?到目前为止我听到的是,你们有一种非常有趣的个性和语调,你们全力投入其中,让它不只是一个普通的翻译 app,而是让人觉得”哦,这真的很好玩、很有意思”。另一部分是那些关于改变的故事。
Gina Gotthilf: 对,还有更多。我认为一个品牌必须代表某种东西,真正代表某种东西——这就是使命发挥作用的地方。
Lenny: 你怎么传达这一点?人们怎么知道品牌代表什么?
品牌沟通的具体做法
Gina Gotthilf: 这必须成为你沟通中不可分割的一部分。早期我们在社交媒体上测试了很多东西。我们也犯了错误。有一次我们在 Facebook 上发团队的照片,说”看看幕后花絮”。你猜怎么着?没人在乎。但我们有一个日历——这个非常具体——一个社交媒体日历,每周有一篇帖子是关于效果的,因为我们知道证明 Duolingo 是一种有效的语言学习方式,并且背后有数据支撑,这是真正能推动增长的。所以要确保这是我们沟通的一部分——在社交媒体日历中,在我们做的 PR 推介中,在我们对外传递的所有信息中。然后确保每周有一篇帖子是关于使命的,关于我们真正想实现的事情。
但它也嵌入到了很多东西里。比如,当我们测试那些引导用户转化为付费用户的界面时,我们发现加上类似”通过为 Duolingo 付费,你正在让数百万人能够学习语言”这样的话,确实改善了指标。人们愿意为此付款。所以它真的可以出现在任何地方。
除此之外,我很喜欢文案写作,我相信沟通的价值一直被低估。沟通不是能够传达一条信息,而是能够以听众接收、理解并记住的方式传达信息。这真的很难做到。我在 Duolingo 推行了一样东西——我认为至今还在——
我在 Duolingo 推行了一样东西,我认为至今还在。当然绝对不是我一个人的功劳,我们有一个很棒的团队。我在 Latitude 和其他地方也用过的,就是一种独特的声音。它就是你刚才说的那样,Lenny——不是又一个语言学习 app,给你指令你照做。而是总有一点出其不意,有点小怪趣。我们跟你说话的方式有一点好笑,不太把自己当回事,让收到信息的人能有所感触。关键在于你让人感受到什么——要么你会笑出声,要么你会想”等等,什么?他们刚才做了什么?“然后把这种东西为你所用。我们在 Latitude 今天也大量运用这一点,尤其是我们的 newsletter——自嘲式幽默,这就是帮助我们在拉丁美洲在如此短的时间内快速增长的原因。人们认同它,觉得自己是其中的一部分。再说一次,就像使命之于你的公司——而作为一个消费者,我就是其中之一。
(广告段落已跳过)
Lenny: 有没有具体的例子?比如你记得的 Duolingo 或者甚至 Latitude 的一条信息,那种特别好笑或者与众不同的?
Duolingo 的独特文案风格
Gina Gotthilf: 我觉得对于 Duolingo,我们每次写文案时都会问自己:“这段话能不能由其他公司写出来?能不能是任何其他公司,还是只能是 Duolingo?什么让它成为 Duolingo 的?“这其实很难,因为你 hire 的人越来越多,他们来自不同的背景,不习惯这种风格,甚至可能觉得不够专业。你得说,“不,这就是 Duolingo 的方式。“所以搞清楚这个声音到底是什么样的——听起来像什么?倾向于用哪些词?为什么用,为什么不用?什么程度算过分,什么程度还不够?这些很有帮助。
说到具体例子,这个不是我亲自写的,但我为 Duolingo 写过很多通知——那些被动攻击性的消息,我相信很多人收到过。它一开始出现,后来变成了一个 meme,Duolingo 也跟着用了起来。就是那条”看起来这不太管用。我们暂时不再发送了。“——在你连续五天不活跃后收到的消息。
除了那条消息之外,差不多同一时期,我们决定在新年时给人们发一封邮件,因为那是人们下决心做事情的时候,我们想让他们把学一门语言作为新年决心。所以我们做了一封邮件,里面有”悲伤 Duo”——因为当时……我不知道那个界面还在不在,我已经有一阵子没用 Duolingo 了,但以前你失败的时候总有一个 Duo 非常伤心的界面,那个——
Lenny: Duo 就是那只猫头鹰。
“悲伤 Duo” 与品牌调性的建立
Gina Gotthilf: Duo 就是那只猫头鹰,抱歉。那只绿色的猫头鹰会哭泣,我们还对水坑的大小和它眼睛里流出眼泪的数量做了 A/B 测试,看哪个效果更好。所以,我们在其中一封邮件中使用了”悲伤 Duo”,然后有人在 Twitter 上注意到了这件事,那条被动攻击性的消息加上这个悲伤 Duo,人们开始自己做各种版本,比如”现在就学习,否则 Duo 会吃掉一块有毒的面包”,或者”下一封邮件将是一场葬礼的电子邀请函”之类的。
我认为这是一个很好的例子——现在在 Duolingo 的品牌中随处可见——当时我们本可以说,“哦不,这是一场 PR 灾难,我们需要回到那个人人喜爱的友好、可爱、毛茸茸的形象。“但我们选择了,“不,我们明白人们觉得这很好笑,我们就顺着这个方向走。“因为运用 Duo 的语气,给了我们这样做的许可——我们不是死板的企业,我们不会做你在学校教科书上读到的那种东西。我们就是要跟着玩下去。
Lenny: 这是一个非常好的经验。这让我想到那个著名的 Duolingo meme,我相信你一定见过——有人分享了……他们连续收到了两条通知,我刚找出来了:首先是 Duolingo 的推送通知,“看起来你又忘记学西班牙语了,你知道接下来会发生什么”,然后紧接着第二条推送来自他们的安全系统,“入侵警报,后门,请谨慎行事。“我猜当这件事开始传播的时候,Duolingo 甚至更进一步借题发挥了。
Gina Gotthilf: 百分之百的,而且这并不是一个容易的决定,因为公司里很多人确实很担心品牌形象,担心人们在做什么、我们怎么扭转这种情况之类的。所以这是我们下的一步赌注,我们就决定,“不,我们要顺势而为,因为拥有这种独特的声音就意味着这样。它意味着你懂这个梗,意味着你参与了更大的东西,意味着你与人们的连接不止于每天教他们一个单词。“在 Latitude,我觉得我们的 newsletter 里也一直在做同样的事情——大量针对拉美人的自嘲式幽默,使用那些可能近乎冒犯但其实并不冒犯的表达(仅限于拉美人之间的语境),同时也调侃科技圈,比如嘲笑作为科技创业者的那些我们自认为没问题但其实很可笑的行为。我觉得可以称之为一种不敬——不拘一格的那种。
这是一条很难把握的线。我觉得,在一个不想这么做的公司里当文案其实容易得多,因为界限清晰得多,你不需要冒那么多风险。但那样也少了很多乐趣,我觉得这对用户来说也少了很多乐趣,因为人们已经习惯了收到银行发来的充满企业套话、让人看不懂的邮件,但如果他们收到一封来自银行的邮件,既有趣、带有讽刺,又非常有信息量,那种银行邮件我才会去读。
Lenny: 我觉得这是一个非常好的教训。这里面有一部分就是敢于冒险。我想这是这里最重要的收获之一——就是去冒一些险。我们之前请过 Lulu Cheng 来做播客,她就是这一点的坚定倡导者。她是做 PR 和传播的,先后在 Substack 和 Blizzard 工作过,她给人们的建议就是——
Gina Gotthilf: 去冒险?
Lenny: 去冒险,做一些有点争议性的事情,因为那样才能获得关注。我确实想聊聊 Latitude,不过关于 Duolingo 再问几个问题。其中一个就是,现在 Duolingo 最有趣的事情之一就是他们的 TikTok 表现,他们做得非常好,恰好就是沿着你说的那个方向——用那只猫头鹰做一些非常搞笑、与众不同的东西。我想问的就是,你觉得是什么让他们做到这一点的?仅仅是因为他们找到了一个非常厉害的社交媒体运营人员、一个特别擅长这种不拘一格风格的人,还是有其他因素让一家公司能像 Duolingo 这样在社交媒体上取得成功?
TikTok 成功背后的品牌基因
Gina Gotthilf: 说实话,我没见过负责 TikTok 的那个人,但他们的表现非常出色。我绝对不想贬低他们的工作,太棒了,我觉得这并不容易做到,尤其是持续保持水准。所以我认为,是的,找到懂幽默、懂平台、能够快速产出内容、同时又能根据反馈调整学习的人——这一切都不容易。但是,我确实认为我们刚才讨论的所有内容是这一切的根基,因为如果 Duolingo 没有这种独特的声音,没有拥抱幽默,不想做一个不拘一格的品牌,没有如此专注于在人们所在的地方与他们连接,没有准备好承担可能看起来不那么正统的风险——尤其是在教育领域——那么打造这样一个 TikTok 的机会根本就不存在。所以两者缺一不可,而且我认为这要追溯到品牌 DNA,追溯到公司文化,追溯到——正如我所说——对每一条发布的文字的关注,以及判断它是否符合正确的品牌声音。
这需要跟高管团队进行那些对话,讨论 Duo 是谁、他是什么性格、他怎么说话、他听起来像什么、这像不像是 Duo 会说的话、这不像 Duo 会说的话?还要 commit 到这个理念:你要让人记住你,你有时会做一些让人不舒服的事情,你不会老老实实地待在一个四平八稳的位置上。我认为正是这些,才让 Duolingo 今天拥有这样一个 TikTok 成为可能。不过再强调一次,运营 TikTok 的那个人,你真的很厉害。
Lenny: 这个教训太好了。很多人看着 Duolingo 说,“我们也需要在公司里找到那样一个人。“而你的意思是,这远远不够。如果公司的文化没有建立起来——没有那种敢于冒险、不拘一格的氛围——那个人是不会好过的。这是一个非常好的观点。
国际化经验:人性比差异更重要
最后一个关于国际化的问题。你之前说你推动了 Duolingo 的国际化,我在某处读到你在那里的一个经验,基本上是——几乎对所有国家的人一视同仁。我觉得很多人会认为这恰恰相反,他们通常觉得”不,我们应该为我们所在的每个国家做高度个性化的本地化。“你在那里学到了什么?
Gina Gotthilf: 我觉得这个观点很有争议性。因为不仅是在受监管行业,或许在更多 B2B 的场景下,关注特定国家确实很重要。关注特定国家以及这些国家的各种要素确实重要,尤其是当你涉及——我不知道——法律相关的内容,当你需要处理法律差异的时候,确实有很多东西让国家之间有所不同——这是我想表达的意思。然而,人类其实非常相似,只是我们自以为非常不同。我认为我们并没有那么不同。也许我们的成长方式不同,比如在巴西我们喜欢跳舞,在墨西哥我们喜欢跳萨尔萨,有些地方拥抱是可以的,有些地方拥抱是不可以的。是的,存在文化差异,关爱每一个人、做出适应等等都很重要,但当涉及到核心的人类行为时,这些差异只是理解他人的最后那 5%。
作为一家创业公司,不管处于早期还是什么阶段,如果你过度关注人群之间那些边际差异,就有可能犯大错——那就是过早地做太多改变,学到的东西却很少,同时给产品带来疯狂的代码复杂度和整体组织复杂度。而 Duolingo 因为是一个 B2C 应用,又不需要处理太多监管问题——除了中国,我们在那里需要注意某些用词——所以总体来说,人们想学语言,人们以某种方式学习,人们以某种方式使用应用。这里有大量的共同点。我们发现,只要把世界当作一个整体来对待,每当我们上线一个 A/B 测试或尝试新的营销方式时,我们就这么看:“好吧,如果在这里管用,在那里也会管用,我们到处试试就行了。“这意味着每次我去一个新市场上线 Duolingo,我都会得到同样的的反馈。
不管哪个国家都是:“我们这里不一样。人不一样。你不懂,你做的这些东西在这里行不通,你需要这样那样改。“如果我们真的听了这些,就会引发各种各样的问题。“在我们国家,绿色是负面的颜色,猫头鹰这种动物不受待见”,或者”这里的人觉得免费的东西其实没什么价值,他们喜欢贵的东西”。哦不对,“这里的人非常喜欢免费的东西”——我就说,“大家都喜欢免费的东西啊。“他们会说,“哦,在我们这个国家……”算了,不管了。是的,我认为国家之间确实有差异,但更重要的是要意识到,人们喜欢觉得自己不同,人们喜欢觉得自己的国家不同,并且强调这些差异,因为这让他们感到特别、独一无二。我们每个人确实都以各自了不起的方式特别而独一无二,但这并不一定是那个地方。
当你需要精打细算地使用资源时,就必须忽略其中一些东西,因为这样你才能一次性地在全球部署功能,这很重要。除此之外,每一个你想跑的新的 A/B 测试、每一个新的假设——如果你现在有一个在墨西哥、中国、印度各不相同的版本——你就必须在所有这些版本上分别跑测试、分别做改动,然后你到处都有各种不同版本的应用,代码层面、流程层面、人员层面、成本层面,祝你好运吧。最重要的是时间层面,因为现在每一个实验或假设的部署都要花更长时间,而对创业公司来说,时间几乎比金钱更重要。所以保持极度简单很重要,这是我们做的事情之一,事实证明除了印度和中国少数例外,这个策略是划算的。
Lenny: 这条建议太棒了。这让我想起朋友曾经分享过的一句话:“生活就是维护。你给生活增加的任何东西,从那一刻起就是你要一直维护的。“产品也一样。每当你新增代码,你就要永远维护那些代码,你能不增加新东西、不让东西变得太不一样,一切就越轻松。人们经常忘记这一点。他们会说,“哦,我们花一堆时间让中国或巴西的体验变得超棒”,然后——哦,他们得永远维护那些东西,每个新功能都得……
Gina Gotthilf: 这就是一个 80/20 的问题,专注于能给你带来 80% 收益的部分,而不是那 20%。等你有余力关注那 20% 的时候,再去处理也不迟。
Lenny: 说到不同文化和人们虽不同但其实也没那么不同——你基本上把职业重心转向了拉丁美洲。首先,你为什么做出这个决定?这是一条很独特的路径,是什么吸引你的?
Gina Gotthilf: Lenny,我不觉得这是一个转向。因为正如我们开头打趣时说的,我做过员工,在早期创业公司做过运营,现在我是创始人,同时也是 VC,所以我一直都在我们这个小科技生态系统的这堆角色里。在 Tumblr、我自己的机构以及 Duolingo 工作期间,我有机会和世界各地的创业者交流。部分原因是我因为在 Tumblr 开始的工作逐渐获得了一些媒体关注,很多创业者主动联系我;另外也因为我在一个叫 Endeavor 的全球性组织做导师。所以我开始在业余时间和日本、巴西的创业者做一对一指导。我知道拉丁美洲科技领域的增长机会巨大,因为首先,科技增长的机会在全球范围内都很大——我们生活中有越来越多的环节可以通过数字化的方式变得更高效、更好或更便宜,因为数字产品能规模化。而拉丁美洲在这方面是落后的,我们的经济目前也不太景气。有很多因素让在拉丁美洲成功变得更困难,但也正因如此,一旦成功,潜在的回报要高得多。简单来说,这里有大量容易获取的用户——很多在美国和更发达市场已经被数字化、产品化的东西,在拉丁美洲还没有。每次我和创业者通电话,我都会想:“这样一个一对一的电话对我来说效率不高。我感觉很好,创业者也学到了很多,但我希望能更大规模地做这件事。”
而且,这种一对一指导似乎也不是帮助这位创业者成功的关键。也许能给一点建议,但也就那样了。不仅如此,我有很多次经历——我提到一些关于增长的经验,创业者听了之后大为震惊。我就会想:“为什么我知道这些,而这位明明比我更聪明、更有雄心的创业者却不知道?“哦,因为我在硅谷工作过。因为我有机会和世界上最优秀的人共事,这些信息就自然而然地源源不断地流向我,而我们把这些视为理所当然。那么,我们怎样才能让拉丁美洲的创业者更容易获取这些知识,让他们也能接触到?还有什么东西很难获取、可能真正成为阻碍?
哦,比如资金。那么 VC 和天使投资的生态是怎样的,我们能做什么来大规模地推动它?然后生态系统里还有其他缺失的部分——比如你要创业,就得注册公司。听起来超级无聊,但巴西是全球注册公司耗时最长的国家之一。而你要融资的话,可能无法用巴西实体来融资,因为投资者会说:“我对巴西一无所知,听起来员工起诉雇主的案例很多而且经常输——这完全是真的——还有这么多法律责任。我更愿意投资一家特拉华州的公司。“然后创业者就说:“天哪,现在我还要去特拉华州注册一个实体。我连那在哪里都不知道,C-corp 是什么?这又是什么东西?“
拉丁美洲创业者的独特困境
Gina Gotthilf: 所以,拉丁美洲创业者需要解决的问题,我们在这里——“硅谷”,也就是以美国和发达市场的云端视角——根本不会想到。而且即便你成功融到了资,怎么把钱转到你所在的国家?这一点都不简单。你怎么处理外汇交易而不在这个过程中被坑?谁来帮你做这些?总之,有大量这样的问题让事情变得超级困难。而这些,正是我们想要解决的一部分问题。
为什么这件事对我如此重要?我是巴西人,拉丁美洲人,我知道自己拥有了世界上最好的机会。我上了美国的学校,在美国接受教育,有机会和世界上最优秀的科技公司合作。而拉丁美洲 99.9% 的人不会有这些机会。所以对我来说,如果我不利用这份特权去为我来的地方创造持久的巨大影响,那我的人生就白费了。这就是为什么这件事对我如此重要。我在 On Deck 认识了我的联合创始人 Brian Requarth。如果你听说过 On Deck 的话,我是他们的超级粉丝。
Lenny: 我现在正穿着 On Deck 的袜子。真的,我没开玩笑。
Gina Gotthilf: 我超爱他们的袜子,昨天刚和他们聊过。我对他们构建的东西非常欣赏。我在做 On Deck 的项目时认识了 Brian……其实我当时在想创办一家完全不同的公司,但也是围绕社区的方向。就像我们之前讨论的,人们渴望建立连接,我认为这里面有巨大的商业机会。但我遇到了我的联合创始人,他当时正和我们的第三位联合创始人 Yuri 合作——Yuri 其实就是那个人……我们开玩笑说他是”那个造东西的人”。
他是 CTO,真正懂得怎么构建产品。我们开始讨论,能做些什么来加速拉丁美洲科技创业公司的成功速度,因为我们认为自己可以对整个地区的 GDP、发展、就业机会等等产生巨大影响。所以对我来说,这就是我的动力所在——就是弄清楚如何把我的时间当作杠杆,在全球范围内尽可能产生最大的社会经济流动性影响,而聚焦在我来自的那部分世界,是最合理的选择。
Latitud:拉丁美洲创业的操作系统
Lenny: 你提到了你创办的这家公司,就是 Latitud。也许可以简单描述一下,你怎么向可能觉得它有用的人推介 Latitud 是做什么的?
Gina Gotthilf: 我来说说,不过我到现在推介得还是挺糟糕的。大致的推介语是这样的:我们在为拉丁美洲早期科技创业公司构建一个操作系统。这意味着,在任何地方创办公司都很难,但在拉丁美洲更难,原因就是我刚才提到的一些。我们决定解决的几个问题,第一,做创始人非常孤独。如果你能遇到那些在任何方面——不管是产品、增长、营销、公司注册还是财务——比你领先一步的优秀创始人,你就能省下大量时间,不用去啃书、 Google 搜索,他们直接告诉你该做什么,或者把你介绍给对的人。如果我们能让这些人建立有意义的连接,就能产生巨大影响。
所以,第一,孤独的问题。第二,你在巴西做了一家公司,觉得”哇,这个模式跑通了,我要去硅谷”。过去十年我见过很多这样的情况,而硅谷是一个完全不同的世界。美国是一个不同的地方,竞争格局也不同。巴西只有 3% 的人会说英语——拉丁美洲各国比例不一。所以你被认真对待的可能性很低,成功的概率也低。但与此同时,拉丁美洲作为一个地区有很多共同点,但我们拉丁美洲人自己却意识不到这一点。我们只觉得自己是各自的国家——尤其是巴西人不觉得自己和其余地方有什么关系,墨西哥人也不会想到巴西。太远了,看看地图就知道。在美国人看来,“哦,拉丁美洲嘛。”
但如果你在那儿,你会发现它根本不是连通的。但增长机会是巨大的,而这取决于你能否遇到对的人、能否打开门路,以及能否意识到我们的问题如此相似——为这个地区某个地方找到的解决方案,可能对另一个地方同样有效。我推介得不太好,但除了孤独、难以找到合适的资源和真正可信的知识之外,融资也非常困难,像公司注册、把钱转下来这类事情也很麻烦。所以这就是我们做的事。首先,我们有一个 fellowship 项目。已经有 1500 名创业者入选,我们每年运行四个批次,每批大约 600 名申请者。你入选后就能获取我们整合的所有这些资源。
你可以了解大家对区域内其他投资者的评价,因为我认为传播这类信息很重要。你可以通过彼此获得向投资者的引荐、建议和参加活动的机会。此外,我们还有一支基金,已经投资了 100 家创业公司,目前正在募集第二支基金,规模大约 2500 万美元,上限 3000 万。这又是一项。所以我们做投资,你理清你的融资策略,但你也有可能成为我们的投资组合之一。除此之外,我们还有产品,让那些在我看来超级无聊又令人沮丧的创业行政事务变得简单——作为创业者,你不想去想这些东西,因为你忙着解决问题、组建团队、打造产品。
你不想去研究最佳的公司注册方案是什么、怎么在美国开银行账户、怎么搞清楚外汇价格、怎么把钱转下来、怎么管理这些资金,或者怎么在你的国家保持合规,以及如果你在特拉华和开曼还有实体的话,还要在另外两个司法管辖区保持合规。这些我们全帮你搞定,通过我们搭建的仪表盘、我们建立银行功能等等,让一切变得简单。所以这不是一个容易描述的生意,因为它更像一个生态系统的玩法。我们在试图提升整个拉丁美洲的科技生态系统,有非常多的组成部分。
Lenny: 基本上你帮他们做所有事情,这就是我听到的。听起来不用这个服务就太傻了。客户基本上就是拉丁美洲各个国家的创始人,对吗?
Gina Gotthilf: 主要是拉丁美洲的创始人,但我们也有很多总部在美国、但为拉丁美洲市场构建产品的创始人,因为他们明白那里的机会巨大。
Lenny: 太好了。那合作模式是怎样的?加入项目的话你们会拿股权吗?还是免费的?
Gina Gotthilf: 不会,加入项目是免费的。你只需要能入选就行。出于多种原因,我们不想让任何优秀的创业者因为费用而被挡在这个社区之外,所以我们做出了这个决定。如果我们投资了,那会拿股权。如果你选择使用我们的产品,那是付费的。所以你可以根据自己的需要选择适合的部分。
拉丁美洲创业者的独特优势
Lenny: 有个问题我想问一下——拉丁美洲的创始人和公司有什么独特擅长的地方?在拉丁美洲的创业公司中有没有某种共性,比如”他们在这方面特别厉害,值得关注”?
Gina Gotthilf: 总体来说,创业公司的创始人必须非常精打细算、善于变通、百折不挠。拉丁美洲人往往非常精打细算、善于变通、百折不挠,这完全是因为我们成长环境中的现实所致。我们有一些形容这种情况的词,是英语里没有的,葡萄牙语和西班牙语里都有,大致意思就是在没有其他解决方案的时候,周旋应对、另辟蹊径。所以我觉得这是我们经常看到的一种特质。至于我们真正擅长什么,首先我想说的是,拉丁美洲的每一个垂直领域都存在机会,因为这里是一片广阔的待开发领域,到处都有机会。
并不是说我们特别擅长 FinTech,但如果你看看拉丁美洲现在 FinTech 的机会,它非常热门,有大量资金涌入,有大量动作在发生,因为这里存在一个巨大的问题——人们无法获得银行账户或信贷,或者获取这些东西以及进行支付等操作时面临种种繁文缛节。所以那里的机会非常巨大。让我想想还有什么要补充的……
那里的机会确实非常巨大。让我再想想还有什么值得特别提到的。对了,Lenny,你提到了 B2C。我觉得同样地,因为这里有太多待开发的领域,B2B 方面的机会也非常多,尤其是面向中小企业(SMB)的领域。有大量中小企业还在用纸质方式处理事务,所以找出他们在做什么、如何让他们不再依赖纸质、并有效地部署数字化方案——我觉得这是我们的一个优势。
除此之外,我不会特别突出任何其他方面。我觉得全世界到处都有优秀的人才,关键在于存在什么样的机会。因为有很多机会是拉丁美洲特有的,或者是新兴市场特有的,这意味着如果某个模式在拉丁美洲的新兴市场行得通,那它在其他新兴市场也可能行得通。你知道吗?世界上大部分地区并不是发达市场,而理解那种没有优质 WiFi、没有 iPhone、无法接触到我们习以为常的各种事物是什么样的体验——这可能是一个巨大的优势,因为这才是大多数人口所处的现实。而这本身就是一个巨大的 TAM。
WhatsApp 与跨越式发展
Lenny: 这让我想到了 WhatsApp。它之所以成功,原因之一就是他们执迷于让应用变得极其小巧、快速。他们最初就是从国际市场起步的,最终做出来了一个快得令人惊叹、极其易用的应用。
Gina Gotthilf: 而且现在还有很多构建在 WhatsApp 之上的产品。我们刚刚投资了一家叫 Leadsales 的公司,他们基本上把你的 WhatsApp 变成了一个 CRM,这非常棒,因为大量的商业活动是在 WhatsApp 上完成的,而美国的情况并非如此。所以你要理解,你可以为此构建产品。而且还有其他市场也在使用 WhatsApp,这对他们同样有用。另外一点是,我觉得新兴市场或发展中市场有时会因为落后太多而跳过某些阶段。
比如在印度和一些非洲国家就有这样的例子——桌面端被跳过了,人们直接进入了移动端。我觉得我们可以看到这种”弹射”式的机会,因为当你开始构建一个产品时,你甚至不需要为之前的旧版本做适配——在美国或更发达的市场,人们经历过那些旧版本,所以某种程度上你反而处于优势地位。所以我非常期待看到接下来几年这种情况会如何发展,尤其是当 AI 领域出现类似的机会时,我特别好奇。
值得关注的拉丁美洲机会
Lenny: 关于拉丁美洲最后一个问题。这个问题会比较宽泛。你觉得人们应该关注什么?可以是具体的公司、做得好的大公司,也可以是趋势或模式——你觉得人们应该关注什么?有什么想特别提名的吗?
Gina Gotthilf: Lenny,说实话我很想把我们的所有被投公司都提一遍。我对它们全都很有信心,其中一些的增长速度令人惊叹。其中一家叫 Pomelo,是一个面向 FinTech 的 FinTech 平台,增长极其迅猛。对我而言,更重要的是关注拉丁美洲本身。我觉得对于美国人来说,做到这一点就已经够了。我觉得人们并不了解边境以南正在发生什么,不知道巴西是什么样的——但请多加关注,因为这里不仅仅是一个落后的、努力追赶的地方。这里是一个存在大量赚钱机会的地方。当然,由于各种政治和经济的不稳定,这里风险也更高。但考虑到我们目前的处境——我们在医疗、教育、金融服务等方面仍然落后,但我们知道这些解决方案迟早会被构建出来,让人们获得应有的服务。
但实际上,现在有大量风险投资资金正在流入这个地区。我们拥有有史以来最优秀的人才,因为现在已经有不少来自拉丁美洲的 IPO 和独角兽公司了,曾在这些公司或 Duolingo 这样的地方工作过的人正在回来创业,他们知道自己在做什么。所以有诸多因素汇聚在一起,使得现在成为在拉丁美洲创业和扩张的一个非常令人兴奋的时期。从投资的角度来看,我认为现在有很多热门机会。至于如何判断一个机会的好坏,我觉得和其他任何地方的标准大概是一样的,其中最重要的是看创业者本人——这个人是否真的懂自己在说什么?
他们是否拥有不公平优势,是否了解某个问题的存在,并且知道如何以一种别人做不到的方式去解决它?他们是否能吸引到世界上最优秀的人才,而不仅仅局限于本地区,来真正加入他们并打造最好的产品?还有,TAM 到底有多大?不是他们放在 PPT 上的那个数字,而是你真正相信的 TAM。这就是我想说的。我觉得现在所有人都在看拉丁美洲的 FinTech——它很热,它很赚钱,钱就在有钱的地方——但我特别期待的是医疗和教育领域会发生什么,因为我认为这两个领域有力量真正大规模地改变整个地区。
在 Latitud,我想我之前提到过,除了 FinTech,我们还大量投资于面向中小企业的 B2B 平台,帮助它们更有效地扩张和运营,因为这方面的需求极其巨大,而且存在构建产品的机会。我认为这可以对整个地区产生深远影响。所以这就是我的建议。有点宽泛,但除此之外,如果不加以限制的话,我会坐在这里给你列 15 家我们在 Latitud 钟爱的公司,不过我不会这么做。
Lenny: 那我们可以引导大家去你们网站上的被投公司页面看看。
Gina Gotthilf: 我很想介绍我们的被投公司。也许我之后发你一份名单之类的。
Lenny: 好,我们会想办法把这些信息分享出去。那么接下来,我们进入令人兴奋的快问快答环节。Gina,准备好了吗?
Gina Gotthilf: 准备好了,Lenny。
Lenny: 你最常向别人推荐的两三本书是什么?
Gina Gotthilf: 我推荐的一本书是《设计心理学》(The Design Of Everyday Things),因为我真心觉得它改变了我思考事物的方式。它让我学到了一个我以前从未认真想过的学科领域,而且我觉得读这本书会显得我很聪明——它真的很短,很容易读完。对我而言,这是第一次意识到设计不只是某些人热衷、觉得必须拥有、能让东西变美的很酷的事情。它是关于理解一切事物是如何被设计的,以及如何思考设计和可用性。
所以对于像我这样之前没有任何产品经验的人来说,我觉得这本书可能会带来质变。第二本书和我们做的事情完全无关——我推荐 Viktor Frankl 的《活出生命的意义》(Man’s Search For Meaning)。因为我骨子里是个哲学家,我常常思考人生、人生的意义、是什么让一个人生不同于另一个人生,以及如何活出美好的一生。无论我们选择什么职业,这件事始终重要。以上就是我的推荐。
Lenny: 最近最喜欢的电影或电视剧是什么,你特别喜欢的?
Gina Gotthilf: 首先,我很爱《继承之战》(Succession),不过我觉得这个不用多说。另一部是一位我很敬佩的朋友——Instagram 联合创始人 Mike Krieger 推荐给我的,叫《How to with John Wilson》。这是一部非常奇怪的电视剧,如果不是他推荐,我绝对不会发现它。它的基本设定是这样一个家伙——我想他是个电影制作人,他很 awkward,但他 awkward 得很酷,这就是他的风格——他决定做一档节目,帮助那些对做某件事感到非常焦虑或害怕的人,帮他们为人生中的那个时刻做准备。
比如,有个人非常害怕告诉朋友们自己谎报了大学学位数量——比如说自己有硕士学位,但其实没有。已经过了五年了,不是辩论俱乐部,我忘了具体是什么,但总之是某种需要一定智力的活动,他不想面对这个群体。于是这个人就模拟那天可能发生的一切场景,好让事情变得更容易。又或者另一集关于要不要孩子——有人对是否要孩子这个决定非常恐惧。它有点像纪录片,但又不是。它很 awkward,很怪,但真的很好看。然后我会说《白莲花》(White Lotus),就是太好看了。
Lenny: 我经常对我的新生儿唱那首歌,因为太好笑了。
Gina Gotthilf: 我和我老公在家也会唱。
Lenny: 《白莲花》是个反复出现的——
Gina Gotthilf: 对——
Lenny: 对。我不会唱的,但它是这个播客上的常客推荐。我们之前有一个简短的喝酒游戏,每次有人提到 White Lotus 我们就喝一杯。所以我现在赶紧喝口茶。
Gina Gotthilf: 好吧,很抱歉这么容易被猜到,但就像我说的——
Lenny: 没关系,这很好。
Gina Gotthilf: 我们人类比我们愿意承认的要相似得多。Lenny,让我越来越惊叹的就是这一点有多真实,因为就像所有人一样,我喜欢觉得自己是独特的。然后我开始发现,我做的所有这些自认为很有创意的决定,其实和其他千禧一代的白人女孩做的完全一样。这太有趣了。哦,我喜欢什么中世纪现代风格的家具之类的。哦,你知道吗?实际上我告诉你我最喜欢的一部是什么——Bo Burnham 的《Inside》。我太爱——
Lenny: 天哪——
Gina Gotthilf: 我不知道那算不算电影,但我爱上了 Bo Burnham。我老公知道这件事。我会唱里面所有的歌。有一首叫什么来着?《White Woman’s Instagram》?那首歌太好了。我说的就是这个。
Lenny: 还有,我最近一直在循环听那首 “How is the best case scenario, Joe Biden”——
Gina Gotthilf: “They’re going to make me vote for Joe Biden.” 我还把这首歌唱给我父母听,他们完全没 get 到。
Lenny: 太搞笑了。我们会在节目备注里附上那个视频、那部电影的链接。即使在新冠之后看,它依然令人惊叹。不过我其实想说,你提到的第一部节目,我想它叫《The Rehearsal》,可能有个不同的名字。
Gina Gotthilf: 天哪,你说得对。他有两部节目,一部叫 How To,另一部叫 The Rehearsal。你说得对,我推荐的是 The Rehearsal。我也看过 How To,那是更短的剧集,他在纽约拍摄,就是讲”如何找到一个停车位”之类的,然后就一路深入到汽车是怎么制造的、城市停车是怎么回事之类的兔子洞。也挺好的,但我更喜欢 The Rehearsal。
Lenny: Nathan Fielder 是这一切背后的主创,他超级搞笑。他实际上有一部新剧,我想是在 HBO 上,和 John Wilson 合作的还是什么,他是制片人,另一个人在纽约到处转、聊各种事情。
Gina Gotthilf: 那就是我说的那部。就是 How To with John Wilson。
Lenny: 哦,原来如此。所以我觉得他是背后的推手。好吧,看看我们,我们自己理清了。
Gina Gotthilf: 我们确实理清了。我想他可能有新的一季了。
Lenny: 应该是第二季。我还没开始看。好了,我们继续。你最喜欢问面试候选人的问题是什么?
Gina Gotthilf: 我真正喜欢问的是”你为什么想在这里工作”,因为它能告诉我很多。当然,每个人都想要一份工作。人们可能就直接说,因为我想找份工作,看起来你们薪酬不错,我觉得这是我职业发展的好下一步。但我想知道这个人是否了解我们是做什么的,是否做了最起码的调研,是否与我们的使命有共鸣——因为我们会经常谈论使命,我不想让他们对此敷衍了事,然后做出违背使命的短期决策,就像我在 Duolingo 那段提到的原因一样。所以这个问题虽然不太独特,但我觉得能给你很多信息。然后我会问:你在什么是世界级水平的?你怎么知道自己达到了那个水平?
第二部分几乎更重要。“你在什么是世界级水平的?“如果有人说,听着,我正在努力成为某某领域的世界级水平,以下是我为什么觉得自己很擅长——这完全没问题。但第二部分很重要,因为它告诉我这个人是否真正在意指标。我不在乎是什么指标,但你如何知道这是真的?不能只是”哦,因为我老板喜欢我”,或者”因为我妈告诉我的”、“因为我做过一次演讲”之类的。我想听到的是”我为自己达成的成就感到自豪”,如果能有一些数据来证明,那也非常重要。
Lenny: 最近发现并真正喜欢的 favorite 产品是什么?
Gina Gotthilf: 我最近没有在尝试什么新产品,所以没什么可推荐的。不过我会说,我非常好奇现在市面上那些肠道健康检测,或者微生物组检测。我对我们对自身身体了解之少感到着迷,也着迷于科技如何能真正帮助民主化这些信息。稍微发点牢骚——我现在对医生也很有怨气,因为我们一直生活在一个医生就像是权威的世界里,我们必须相信他们告诉我们的一切,我们依赖他们获取对生存至关重要的信息。
互联网时代的身体自主权
Gina Gotthilf: 但我们现在所处的世界,什么东西都可以 Google,这甚至更可怕,因为你要学会很好地过滤这些信息,而且很多时候找不到解释。医生不喜欢你 Google,他们说这很吓人,但也是因为他们不喜欢被质疑。我认为我们正在进入一个新的阶段——很多能够提供关于你身体重要信息的设备,让你了解自己的营养状况以及关于自身的核心知识——这些我们今天还不了解的东西——正在变得对大众越来越可及。价格仍然不便宜,但我们正在接近那个目标。我认为那将会是非常了不起的事情。所以我想提一下我朋友 Sam Corcos 创办的公司 Levels,我觉得他们正在做的事情非常棒。
人生格言
Lenny: 下一个问题。你最喜欢的人生格言是什么?经常回想、也愿意分享给他人的那种。
Gina Gotthilf: 一个是”这一切终将过去。“我现在说这个特别有感触,因为我正在经历一段非常艰难的时期——我得了长新冠,失去了味觉和嗅觉,而且可能是长期的。但我认为这句话也适用于我之前谈到的 A/B 测试那种思路——生命中一切都是暂时的,除了少数几个诊断结果之外。所以”这一切终将过去”是我经常对自己说的话。第二个也不是特别励志,但我真的很相信,就是”Fake it till you make it(假装直到你真正做到)。“这句话我坚持了很久。即使是现在,我的意思也不是撒谎,不是假装成你不是的人,它更像是一种克服冒名顶替综合征的方式——通过为自己打开空间,让你成为你想成为的人,从而创造机会去实现它。
我不是在说撒谎,而是在我职业生涯早期,我确实是以”不拒绝”的方式 fake it till you make it 的。当有公司来找我,说”嘿,你能不能像帮 Tumblr 那样,帮我们在没有预算的情况下实现增长?“——那时候我二十五六岁,我就说”可以”,然后自己去想办法。当 Duolingo 找到我说”嘿,你愿意来做增长负责人吗?“我根本不知道增长是什么,还得去 Google 搜索 Andrew Chen 的博客,读了他的文章才搞明白,但我还是直接说了”好”,然后就这么一路走了过来。所以 fake it till you make it 对我来说就是这个意思。
但即使是现在,我还是有很多冒名顶替综合征,虽然我其实觉得那不完全是冒名顶替综合征,只是承认自己不知道的东西很多。我的团队说我有太多自嘲式幽默,实际上会让公司士气低落,也让自己低落。所以 fake it till you make it 对我来说意味着——懂得如何站在你的团队面前,或者一个记者面前,或者在 Lenny 的播客上,几乎就像成为你想成为的那个人,或者展现最好的自己。你可以随便怎么称呼它,但我认为它确实能帮你走出那个自我设限的小坑,不再为自己限制机会。
Lenny: 太棒了。这个问题每次都能引出这么多有洞见的回答和故事。感谢你分享这些。最后一个问题。如果我没记错的话,你的专业是哲学。我很好奇,你有最喜欢的哲学家,或者对你看待世界的方式影响最大的人吗?
忒修斯之船
Gina Gotthilf: 我在日常生活中经常用到哲学,但这不是因为我对哲学有深入的了解,恰恰是因为我只有浅层的知识,但可以信手拈来,让人觉得我挺聪明的,还能和各种想法产生关联。我经常谈到忒修斯之船(Theseus’s ship),我觉得那个寓言是最有趣的之一,因为它关乎身份、关于建设,关于如果这个寓言中的船——
Lenny: 不,请讲。
Gina Gotthilf: 好的,忒修斯在旅途中,我想他离开了克里特岛,要前往别的地方,乘着一艘船。在航行过程中发生了太多事情——他们经历了太多的风浪和暴风雨,不得不更换船板,重新缝制船帆。等他们抵达下一个港口时,船上的一切都和出发时不一样了。他们更换了每一块船板,更换了所有的桅杆,更换了所有的船帆。所以问题是:这还是当初离港的那艘船吗?对我来说,这是一个关于转变的非常有趣的概念——当一个人、一家公司或一个国家发生了那么多变化之后,什么意味着拥有一个持续存在的身份认同?那个核心身份是什么?
我觉得这塑造了我的很多想法,因为它是一个很精彩的寓言,也很容易引起共鸣。但是说实话,很惭愧,我现在对哲学只有非常粗浅的了解。如果我重新去学的话,可能还能想起很多,但我日常并不使用它。我很想找时间再回去学习,但我也不好意思承认——我不是那种结束工作后完全精疲力竭、然后还想把脸埋进哲学书里的人。我确实想获得所有这些哲学知识,但我也想看《白莲花》。或者如果我逼自己锻炼,我会听一本让我对自己感觉良好的有声书,而且一定是小说。
Lenny: 我觉得这其实恰好印证了你刚才说的——我们是在变化的,我们不一定是和以前一样的人。你学了哲学之后,现在在做完全不同的事情,不再对哲学痴迷,这完全说得通。
Gina Gotthilf: 对,我觉得我骨子里还是那个哲学人,因为我认为自己是非常存在主义式的。我是一个无神论者,所以我需要自己去寻找意义。意义对我来说并不是不存在的,我会思考那些大问题,我对哲学是有兴趣的。只是目前还没有兴趣到愿意为它腾出时间和精力的程度。
彩蛋:Lenny 的无神论者网站
Lenny: 作为一个隐藏的小秘密,在这一集结尾我分享一下——我也是无神论者,而且我其实运营过一个叫 atheistspot.com 的网站。它就像是面向无神论者新闻的 Reddit。我还去参加过会议。
Gina Gotthilf: 它是干什么的?“今天又没看到上帝,依然找不到上帝的踪迹”?
Lenny: 对。最搞笑的是,我们在上面放了 Google AdWords 广告,广告是根据不同宗教相关的故事投放的,结果 atheistspot.com 上全是 christianmingle.com 的广告。总之,Gina,我们今天聊了太多内容了。真是一期精彩的节目。我从你这里学到了很多,非常期待大家听到这期。最后两个问题:大家如果想联系你,在网上哪里可以找到你?听众怎样能帮到你?
Gina Gotthilf: 好的。谢谢你,Lenny。如果你想看我发的一些搞笑内容,可以关注我的 Instagram,我的 Instagram 挺厉害的,因为我在 Instagram 上的用户名就是 Gina。没错,我就是 Gina。
Lenny: 哇。
Gina Gotthilf: 是的,这很厉害吧。你搜的时候甚至找不到我,因为你会看到一堆其他的 Gina,但就是 @Gina,那就是我。我也会在那里分享一些职业相关的内容,但那是我比较娱乐的频道。你也可以在 LinkedIn 上找到我,我在 LinkedIn 上会正经一些。我有一张和 Obama 的合影,肯定能镇住你,所以来找我的话,LinkedIn 上搜 Gina Gotthilf 就行。
Lenny: 还有好多故事没来得及聊。
Gina Gotthilf: 我知道。我在 Twitter 上是 Gina G。说起来,我做了 Harry Stebbings 的播客之后,在 TikTok 上涨了 600 个粉丝,但我从来没发过内容。不过也许有一天会的。我有点不好意思,但我觉得我可以成为一个不错的 TikToker,因为我觉得我挺搞笑的。
Lenny: 你说上面没什么好内容,那肯定涨不了粉丝。你要是想让人关注,就得告诉他们上面会有很棒的内容。
Gina Gotthilf: 快来 TikTok 看我精彩的内容吧。我一定会很快开始发的,而且你可以影响我发什么类型的内容,因为我现在会听粉丝的意见,然后看怎么做得有用。说正经的,如果你认识拉丁美洲优秀的创业者,如果你自己就是拉丁美洲的优秀创业者,或者你接触过对拉丁美洲感兴趣的 VC,那一定要告诉他们 Latitud。访问 latitud.com 就行。不要把 Latitud 拼错了,结尾没有 E。因为西班牙语里的 latitude 就是 latitud。不过说实话,也是因为带 E 的 latitude.com 我们买不起,但现在已经这样了,而且发展得很好,所以联系我们吧,加入 fellowship,加入我们的社区。顺便说一下,对于那些想打入拉丁美洲生态的人,我们特别有用,因为一旦你加入进来,一下子就能认识所有核心人物,帮你建立人脉关系、找客户、找商业伙伴,以一种很高效的方式了解整个生态系统。
Lenny: 太棒了。Gina,非常感谢你来参加节目。大家再见。
Gina Gotthilf: 再见大家。
收听指引
Lenny: 非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅。也请考虑给我们评分或写一条评论,这对其他听众发现这个播客真的很有帮助。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于这个节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| A/B test | A/B 测试 |
| above the fold | 首屏可见区域 |
| Andreessen Horowitz | Andreessen Horowitz(知名风投机构,保留原文) |
| Andrew Chen | Andrew Chen(知名增长领域博主、投资人,保留原文) |
| angel investing | 天使投资 |
| atheistspot.com | atheistspot.com(Lenny 曾运营的无神论者社区网站,保留原文) |
| B2C | B2C(Business to Consumer,企业对消费者) |
| Ben Horowitz | Ben Horowitz(知名投资人,保留原文) |
| Blizzard | Blizzard(游戏公司暴雪,保留原文) |
| Bo Burnham | Bo Burnham(喜剧演员、电影制作人,保留原文) |
| brand | 品牌 |
| brand DNA | 品牌 DNA |
| Brian | Brian(联合创始人,保留原文) |
| Brian Requarth | Brian Requarth(Latitude 联合创始人,保留原文) |
| Burr Settles | Burr Settles(人名,保留原文) |
| C-corp | C-corp(美国 C 型公司法人形态,保留原文) |
| CAC | CAC(Customer Acquisition Cost,用户获取成本,保留原文) |
| Calm | Calm(冥想类应用,保留原文) |
| Cayman | 开曼(开曼群岛,海外公司注册地) |
| conversion rate | 转化率 |
| Covid | 新冠(新冠疫情) |
| CRM | CRM(Customer Relationship Management,客户关系管理,保留原文) |
| DAUs | DAUs(Daily Active Users,日活跃用户,保留原文) |
| deck | deck(商业计划书,pitch deck 的简称,保留原文) |
| Delaware | Delaware(美国特拉华州,保留原文) |
| dogfooding | dogfooding(内部试用自己开发的产品) |
| DuoDuels | DuoDuels(Duolingo 早期社交对战功能名,保留原文) |
| Duolingo | Duolingo(语言学习平台,保留原文) |
| ed tech | ed tech(教育科技,保留原文) |
| Endeavor | Endeavor(全球性创业者支持组织,保留原文) |
| fellowship | fellowship(创业培训项目,保留原文) |
| FinTech | FinTech(Financial Technology,金融科技,保留原文) |
| Flickr | Flickr(图片社交平台,保留原文) |
| gamification | 游戏化 |
| Gina Gotthilf | Gina Gotthilf(嘉宾,Duolingo 前增长负责人,保留原文) |
| Grammarly | Grammarly(写作辅助工具,保留原文) |
| growth hacks | 增长黑客手法 |
| Harry Stebbings | Harry Stebbings(知名播客主持人,保留原文) |
| Hawk Fish | Hawk Fish(竞选技术组织,保留原文) |
| Headspace | Headspace(冥想类应用,保留原文) |
| How to with John Wilson | How to with John Wilson(HBO 纪录片式剧集,保留原文) |
| imposter syndrome | 冒名顶替综合征 |
| IPO | IPO(Initial Public Offering,首次公开募股,保留原文) |
| Jorge Mazal | Jorge Mazal(人名,保留原文) |
| landing page | 落地页 |
| Latitud | Latitud(Gina Gotthilf 联合创立的拉丁美洲创业投资机构,保留原文) |
| Latitude | Latitude(公司名,保留原文) |
| Leadsales | Leadsales(将 WhatsApp 转为 CRM 的拉丁美洲创业公司,保留原文) |
| leaky bucket | 漏水桶(用户流失的比喻) |
| Lenny | Lenny(播客主持人,保留原文) |
| Levels | Levels(Sam Corcos 创办的连续血糖监测公司,保留原文) |
| low hanging fruit | 容易获取的用户(原文意为”低垂的果实”,比喻容易实现的目标) |
| LTV | LTV(Life Time Value,用户生命周期价值,保留原文) |
| Lulu Cheng | Lulu Cheng(人名,PR 和传播专家,保留原文) |
| Man’s Search For Meaning | 《活出生命的意义》(Viktor Frankl 著作) |
| Marcus Aurelius | Marcus Aurelius(罗马皇帝、哲学家,保留原文) |
| meme | meme(网络梗,保留原文) |
| Mike Bloomberg | Mike Bloomberg(政治人物,保留原文) |
| Mike Krieger | Mike Krieger(Instagram 联合创始人,保留原文) |
| Mixpanel | Mixpanel(数据分析平台,保留原文) |
| MVP | MVP(Minimum Viable Product,最小可行产品,保留原文) |
| Nathan Fielder | Nathan Fielder(喜剧演员、制作人,保留原文) |
| NewBank | NewBank(拉丁美洲金融科技公司,保留原文) |
| newsletter | newsletter(通讯订阅邮件,保留原文) |
| niche | 利基市场 |
| Obama | Obama(美国前总统,保留原文) |
| On Deck | On Deck(创业者和职业发展社区平台,保留原文) |
| organic growth | 有机增长 |
| paid ads | 付费广告 |
| PM | PM(Product Manager,产品经理,保留原文) |
| Pomelo | Pomelo(拉丁美洲 FinTech 平台,保留原文) |
| portfolio companies | 被投公司 |
| PR | PR(Public Relations,公共关系,保留原文) |
| product-led growth | 产品驱动型增长 |
| Rappi | Rappi(拉丁美洲外卖配送平台,保留原文) |
| Reed College | Reed College(美国文理学院,保留原文) |
| ROI | ROI(Return on Investment,投资回报率,保留原文) |
| Rosetta Stone | Rosetta Stone(语言学习软件,保留原文) |
| Sam Corcos | Sam Corcos(Levels 创始人,保留原文) |
| SeaWorld | SeaWorld(海洋主题公园,保留原文) |
| SMB | SMB(Small and Medium Business,中小企业,保留原文) |
| statistical significance | 统计显著性 |
| Steve Jobs | Steve Jobs(科技人物,保留原文) |
| Substack | Substack(内容发布平台,保留原文) |
| Succession | 《继承之战》(HBO 剧集) |
| survivorship bias | 幸存者偏差 |
| TAM | TAM(Total Addressable Market,总可达市场规模,保留原文) |
| The Design Of Everyday Things | 《设计心理学》(设计领域经典著作) |
| The Rehearsal | The Rehearsal(Nathan Fielder 的 HBO 剧集,保留原文) |
| Theseus’s ship | 忒修斯之船(古希腊哲学悖论,关于身份同一性的经典寓言) |
| Tumblr | Tumblr(社交平台,保留原文) |
| Twilio | Twilio(云通信平台,保留原文) |
| value prop | 价值主张 |
| VC | VC(Venture Capital,风险投资,保留原文) |
| Viktor Frankl | Viktor Frankl(心理学家、大屠杀幸存者,保留原文) |
| White Lotus | 《白莲花》(HBO 剧集) |
| wires | 转账电汇(银行 wire transfer 的简称) |
| word-of-mouth | 口碑 |
| Yahoo | Yahoo(科技公司,保留原文) |
| Yuri | Yuri(联合创始人,保留原文) |
| 独角兽 | 独角兽(指估值超过十亿美元的创业公司) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)