理解产品运营的角色 | Christine Itwaru (Pendo)
Understanding the role of product ops | Christine Itwaru (Pendo)
Connection with Ben Williams
Christine Itwaru:
Speaking as a former PM, I would not ever give up spending time with customers and watching their pain. That’s how I fell in love with product was I saw my internal customer 12 years back now fighting with the keyboard, fighting with the mouse, and I was just like, “Oh, my gosh. What’s this guy doing?”
What Is Product Operations
Lenny:
Welcome to Lenny’s Podcast where I interview world-class product leaders and growth experts to learn from their hard won experiences building and growing today’s most successful products. Today, my guest is Christine Itwaru. Christine is a long-time product ops leader at Pendo, a role that she transitioned into from product management. I’ve been hearing more and more about the rise of product ops and I’ve never really understood what the role was until I have this conversation with Christine.
We dig into what product ops people do day to day, where the line is between their role and product management, whether you should consider getting into the role, whether your company would benefit from product ops. We also have an interesting discussion around whether ops roles in general are a sign of inefficiency at your company. I learned a ton from this conversation and Christine is awesome. So, with that, I bring you Christine Itwaru after a short word from our wonderful sponsors.
Thousands of people apply to join this collective and I personally review and accept just about 10% of them. You won’t find a better place to hire product managers and growth leaders. Join almost 100 other companies who are actively hiring through this collective. if you’re looking around for a newer opportunity, actively or passively, join the collective. It’s free. You can be anonymous and you can even hide yourself from specific companies. You can also leave any anytime and you’ll only hear from companies that you want to hear from. Check out lennysjobs.com/talent. Christine, welcome to the podcast.
Christine Itwaru:
Thank you. I’m so happy to be here, Lenny.
The Rise of Product Operations
Lenny:
First of all, I just wanted to give a big thank you to Ben Williams who is a previous guest on this podcast who suggested you join this podcast and who connected us. We were chatting earlier and you said you have a story about Ben. So, what is that?
Christine Itwaru:
I do. Absolute thanks to Ben for connecting us. So, when he made the intro, I was super excited, one because it’s you, and two, because I love hearing from Ben. I was like, “Oh, great, he’s doing all these wonderful things and whatnot.” I just remember in that moment, my first conversation with Ben, which was really early in the days of starting product operations at Pendo and we were going through all these just really crazy things that he was going through and his team was a customer of Pendo at the time. He’s sitting there just staring and I was like, “Oh, you’re okay?” He was like, “Yeah, I’m fine. I thought that I was just throwing them off at every return.”
He said to me, “I bet you I’m not the only person who has these questions and I bet you I’m not the only person that’s thinking about all these problems that probably seem very normal and natural.” I don’t know. All of us are going through this. This is why I’m building product ops here. But what he said and he was just like, “I really think there are a lot more people that you need to talk to about this stuff.” It’s just full circle. I think he connected us and he was one of the reasons I started to say… One of the best things that my first boss product always told me was, “You have to find a way to give back.” When he said that to me, I was like, “I wonder if this is one of the ways that I can start to give back to the product community.”
The Summer of Product Operations
Lenny:
Awesome. Well, here we are, and obviously, we’re going to be talking about product ops. You’ve been in the product ops role for seemingly feels like as long as the role has existed. I’d love to know when you think the role actually and we’re going to talk about just when this spurred happened in product ops. I hate this term, but it feels like you’re a thought leader in the product ops space. I’ve never actually worked with anyone in product ops. I’ve never had a product ops team, so I have a ton of questions. I imagine many people listening also have and are also just curious about this emerging role.
So, what I’m hoping we do with our chat is to help people understand, “Do they need a product ops team? Would that be beneficial to their company? Whether people should be consider moving into product ops, whether they’re in PM or something else right now, and then just generally helping people understand this emerging role of product ops.” Does that sound good?
Christine Itwaru:
Yes, thank you, number one. That was really kind. Two, yeah, I’m happy to dive in. Yeah.
What Product Ops Actually Does
Lenny:
Okay, sweet. So, I think we have to start with the basics. What’s just the simplest way to understand the role of product ops, especially in relation to product management?
Christine Itwaru:
I’ve had many ways of describing this in the past and it generally centered around the ladder of what I’m going to tell you or the second part of this, but I’m breaking it down now into two simple things. One is it is a thing you do. Product operations for a VP or a head of product or a product manager is the creation of some system that allows you to thrive or allows your team to thrive in product management. The second is what we’ve seen more of over the last couple years, and it’s the more common definition.
The emergence of the role itself is why it’s so common. It’s a person or the people, the group of individuals who are strong partners to the product manager and then for more mature product ops teams end up people being more strategic advisors to the head of products. So, your CPO or your VP again. When it comes to data, qualitative, quantitative, anything that they feel can help the CPO or the head of product make more strategic decisions and well-informed decisions.
Building Processes in Product Ops
Lenny:
Got it. It feels like there’s been this big inflection and emergence of the role in the past couple years, past few years. I’m curious what you think triggered that and if that’s true, if it feels like it’s just emerged in the last couple years and then just like why do you think that has happened?
Christine Itwaru:
This is interesting, because as a former product manager and product leader, I don’t think that things are new. Absolutely. When I go back to the story about Ben, I’m like, “No, none of this stuff feels really interesting and it’s just stuff that we had to deal with in product.” So, the problems have always been there. I think maybe that is because I have a product background. So, I felt that pain very acutely, but I will say for the majority of people I always speak to who don’t have that product background, they’re coming from consulting or from technical success or from some other group marketing maybe, it does feel relatively new because they’re starting to dive into that space a little bit.
But I will say that for me in particular at Pendo, it was the summer of 2019 that this really picked up and I remember a colleague of mine, shout out to Shannon. He’s no longer with us, but he is one of the original people on the Pendo product team. He said, “I think this is the summer of the birth of product ops.” I just started laughing and he was like, “I’m telling you, it’s everywhere.” All of a sudden, everybody’s just like, “We need something. We need to make product better.” I thought that was awesome because we had already started talking about it.
[NEW_PARAGRAPH]So, it took me a bit to understand what was going on across tech that was making this thing so big. I’m very grateful because we have so many great customers that reach out and say, “Help us understand how you’re doing this.” I’m like, “Well, help me understand what’s going on.” So, for me, it went beyond the problems that we would solve as a product team with the Pendo product. It went into, “How can we help you as an organization solve pain that you’re feeling within your product team that trickles out to the business?”
Product Ops vs. User Research
Lenny:
That’s interesting. That was the summer of product ops. What happened there? Why was there a summer of product ops? Why was everyone starting to get excited and creating product ops teams?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I’ll dive in. The customers started to come up and we started to feel it a bit more and I felt like there was this huge need for a voice of customer management and synthesis of both this qualitative and quantitative data as a theme that I saw arising across our customer base or even just folks that were reaching out about this role as they saw Pendo was putting it down. There was a lot of pain around internal alignment in general, transparency to stakeholders up across your revenue team members. Then for a lot of people during this time, growth was a massive propeller of the need for product ops. I remember just sitting here in this office and getting these random…
Every industry almost was like, “Yeah, I’m thinking about doing this and I really need to do this, the pandemic, blah, blah, blah.” Because it was growth during the pandemic, especially within industries such as home furnishings and making their living space a whole lot better. All of a sudden, we started to see that rise, but we were all experiencing this massive amount of growth across some of these startups and really rapidly growing companies. We’re also moving more towards these product-led tactics, product-led growth. All of these things I feel like made this perfect storm for product operations to come in and start calming things down.
I personally believe there’s this natural evolution that happens at any mature function when it starts to grow in an industry and across an organization. So, think about marketing or sales. This just started to happen with product managers. For me, I was sitting there going, “Well, you can appoint a PM to liaise with other ops teams and the business, but at what risk?” Their product portfolio, the growth and adoption of their product, all these goals that they have to hit today in order to build a better tomorrow for their customers. So, I feel like that was the moment to say, “Okay, how do we give them the structure that they needed to thrive?” Because the CPO is in charge of so much more than product people have historically been in charge of, right?
I’ll probably talk about Marty Cagan several times here. I really do admire and respect him, and I think one of the things that he always talks about is future teams versus high performing teams and focusing on outcomes. CPOs went from deliver, deliver, deliver to really increased business metrics or just help drive the bottom line versus just really look at the product. You really have to figure out what that means for the product team at large.
Managing Product Tools
Lenny:
Got it. So, the way to think about this role, because I imagine most people haven’t ever had a product ops person in their company is there’s a slice of the PM role that companies are finding is valuable to put on a different person that has different skillsets that can take this endless load that PMs have. PMs have so many things to do and their job is so full of responsibilities that there’s a sliver of stuff that a product ops person can take off. I’d be curious too and feel free to comment on that, but I’m also curious, you mentioned a few specific things that the product ops folks do.
It’d be cool to just go through a bullet list of just those sorts of things, like you said, responsible for voice of the customer, pieces, alignment across stakeholders, whatever. If you could just go through some of those, that makes it really concrete I think for people to understand wow, this person that could have someone do all these for me, that’d be amazing.
Product Ops Beyond Just B2B
Christine Itwaru:
In some ways, I’ve got this question a lot from product managers who are concerned about the rise of this role or product leaders who are concerned that it was going to create some controversy or friction between product ops people and product managers. The way I’ve coached people to get around that is really, “What are your people responsible for? What are you holding them accountable to? Are you holding the product manager accountable to elevating these strategic insights so that they are going to elevate it to everyone else and then everyone else is going to go out there and build thing and drive the value or are you holding them accountable to truly understanding the customer in whatever way possible?”
Especially going on and talking to the customer, please don’t let anybody ever take that for granted. Really spending time with their engineers and the customers in order to drive a better experience. So, if they’ve got to spend all this time, which is our most valuable asset with those two entities, everything else still has to give. So, I think that yes, there was a point of friction, but I feel like now it’s been a nice change where I’m seeing people in products saying, “No, I want to do product ops now,” who was a former product manager. The second part of that, you said, let’s go through the list of tactical things. Yes, voice of customer management is definitely one of the things that we’re seeing more…
I don’t want to say mature because then I feel like I’m seeing mature of your peak, but the ones who have matured a bit, I feel like they are focusing more on the voice of customer elements. So, quantitative analysis, qualitative, bringing all of these different inputs that would traditionally be handled by product manager through looking across the aisle at their PM or looking at different data sources to the surface when they’re going through their product development lifecycle planning, and really figuring out too what that balance is. I think there’s an art. You can do voice of customer in two ways.
You can do it one in this process way where you’re feeding it to a really mature longstanding product team who has switchboard product or you have this voice of customer thing that you have to do for teams that are actually building something new. They’re really trying to move fast, so how do you really get them what they need in order to experiment and iterate on the next thing that they’re doing? That’s one aspect. Another one is tooling. We see this more for folks who don’t yet have tools under control in their product org. I’m not saying everybody has this, right? We had someone at one point handle whatever tools connected to Pendo and make sure that those systems are set up for maximum outcomes for the product manager.
So, Pendo’s connected to Salesforce. We’re connected to Looker. We’re connected to all these different. So, what does the product manager need to achieve out of all those things that ultimately drives our experience for Pendo ourselves? We get very meta here. That person was responsible for that. That’s all also a part of the data component. The other things that we’re seeing are more of along the lines of content strategy and being really intentional about making content and education a part of the product process and the delivery process. So, taking a look at how they maximize the outcomes from the outcome that the product manager is driving so that they can help increase retention, growth, and all of that good stuff for the product.
So, those are some of the things that we’re seeing. Then there’s also this component that happens or this piece of it that happens in the beginning when you’re standing a product ops for a product team that does not have much process in and that’s the process piece. That’s the bit that’s a bit controversial, because folks are like, “Is this just program management? Is this just a different flavor of agile?”
So, what we’re seeing is this, what are these folks doing? Are they managing and facilitating the product development lifecycle? Are they doing things with the rest of the organization? So I feel like this one’s a little bit up in the air. Some are actually agile facilitators as well, but I am seeing emergence of some companies that have the program management team under the product’s umbrella to help with this massive amount of things that they have to manage across the board.
Getting PMs to Accept Product Ops
Lenny:
Oh, that’s a really interesting point on the last piece. I want to dig in on that a little bit just to summarize what you shared. So, some of the key roles of a product ops person, there’s this voice of customer element and just to understand what you mean by that. The team is aggregating feedback from customers and feedback from the customer support and sales and things like that and sharing it with the product manager to give them clear conclusions and takeaways so that the PM doesn’t have to sit there and filter their data. Is that a way to think about it?
Christine Itwaru:
That’s one part of it. We actually developed this really cool way of doing it here at Pendo, which is the transparency is a word that we love here. What we found that there was just not this need for the revenue org to be transparent and say, “Hey, this is what we’re hearing. Product people, please listen,” or vice versa. Here’s what we’re doing for your customer. There was this interesting moment where we realized that our sales team was screaming for something and our success team was screaming for something else, but [inaudible 00:16:46] looking at something else. So, they’re all wonderful relevant things that our customers wanted, but we were like, “What if they’re aware that they’ve got all these amazing things and they’re talking about it separately?”
Our PMs, they would get the whole readout with us, but we brought those folks in a room together. It was really cool because I think our head of professional services team at one point was like, “Whoa, this could truly impact what we do from an onboarding perspective and now we have this data. Then how do we then strengthen this area and the product?” So, it wasn’t just about the components. So, I don’t know if other companies are doing it like that, but I was very proud of the way we ended up doing that here. But the PM got risk data, high-priority deals, feedback from our feedback product. What are we hearing from prospects versus paying customers. What segments are saying what?
All that stuff got fed over to the PM and then validated through our research team or disputed through our research team, which was really cool. This is a really good partnership with our research team. But on the other side, what was really nice too was we were able to educate our revenue team on behalf of the product team and say, “Guys, not everything requires a product change.” So if you’re saying there’s customers that have friction around this one area of this product, maybe it’s enabling. Maybe it’s something that we need to help you guys understand a little bit better so that you can make their experience better or maybe we need to help update. It’s just very simple things like that that just ended up coming up this voice of customer process.
What PMs Should Never Let Go
Lenny:
So essentially, it’s just finding ways to make the PM more focused and allow them to focus on the things they want to focus on and reduce workload. On the user research piece, so it feels like there’s user research coming in. PMs are involved, user research. There’s a research team. Where does the product ops team fit in there or is it focused on internal alignment, stakeholder feedback more versus external customer feedback?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah. Again, I’ll say these probably several times. Every company’s doing it in their own little bit of flavor. I’ll tell you that here and from a couple companies that I’m seeing outside of Pendo, our user research team sits with our UX team. They report into our head of UX and they are responsible for proactive research and making sure that we are aligning to our strategy and saying, “Okay, here’s what our folks are saying. Here’s why we’re going after this market or this new thing that we’re doing. Let’s start going out there and validating or checking with some of these key personas and what we need to do.” Then they are also a part of the ongoing development process or product development process.
So, testing stuff out, making sure that they’re doing user interviews, and all that good stuff. So, they sit as a partner to us. We work very closely together. Again, I’ll give you that example of voice of customer, which is we have all of this input coming in from our customer success or post-sales teams and we know we’re about to invest in our guides area of the product. We have all of these. What do we do with it? Well, we couple that with I’m personal responsible for NPS or I was for a very long time. I’m seeing a lot of noise around guides.
So, I take all of that, we pull it all together, and we give it to our head of research and say, “All right. Let’s all make sense of all this together. Is this something that is in line with the direction that the product team is going, the guides team, or is this something that we’re going to need to dig a little bit more into to see if their efforts right now where they’re growing are not where there should be going?”
Product Ops and Adjacent Roles
Lenny:
The other two bullet points, just to make sure I totally understand, you help with tooling. The product ops teams help, just optimize the tooling to build product. Is that a simple way to think about it, just make sure the product development process is efficient?
Band-Aid or Growth Signal
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, we partner with the program management team and the tools that they use for product development stuff. I would say it’s more, “What are the things that the product manager needs in order to be successful?” So, we look at Pendo, right? We do use our own product like I mentioned quite a lot. Salesforce is another thing, so how does that all plug into our own product and what data are we looking to get out of there? So, our PMs have a complete picture in Pendo. Tray is another one I mentioned. Zapier was another one that we had used. So, it’s more about the PM’s tool stack versus the PM’s planning tool stack if you want to draw that distinction.
When to Hire a Product Ops Team
Lenny:
Got it. Okay. That is helpful. Then content strategy, by that, you mean internal documentation to train sales and customer support or is there also help the product team build out product marketing content and things like that?
How a Bad Launch Spawned Product Ops
Christine Itwaru:
Neither or a bit. I guess what we have done is fed into both of those technical documentation. We use Zendesk as another tool, so we use Zendesk as another part of our tool stack to support our customers. So, a brand new feature comes out. Natural thing to do, let’s write up this thing in Zendesk, but it’s also about how we weave education into the product and we use Pendo again. Sorry, that’s all right. It’s actually really good tool. So, we do use Pendo guides and we just release our NPS themes. So, a pain in my team’s butt has been manual labor around NPS themes and qualitative data. So, we designed this experience for customers who are in this beta. So, that they can in the product understand what it is.
Then if they really need more, they can go out to the technical documentation, but it’s about the education for the customer. I mentioned earlier treating content is a part of the development lifecycle process. You really want to treat it as a part of definition of done. When you think about product-led growth and the emergence of that in particular over the last couple years, it’s all about creating that experience and keeps people in and helps them upgrade. So, they work alongside product marketing to develop these playbooks for what they’re doing in app to create less friction and drive more engagement.
Lenny:
Got it. Okay, that makes a lot more sense. Would it be safe to say that product ops is essentially for B2B companies where there’s all these internal stakeholders, sales, customer support, marketing, things like that and that’s the work that you can take off the product manager’s plate?
From Firefighting to Systemization
Christine Itwaru:
My personal experience and I think a lot of people would agree with me has led me to believe that’s not accurate. It’s emerged a lot more in B2B or I think we’ve seen it a lot more in B2B or at least people talking about it. I’m curious as to why and I wonder if it’s because we’re sharing because we’re all trying to go through this thing together serving each other and then the other is serving the customer. So, it’s not like, “Hey, you helped me figure this thing out.” I understand I was so lucky and I still am so lucky to work with so many people in my network, in our customer base to help them understand the role or determine whether they even needed this thing or not.
Without calling out names, there were some really big companies in retail and finance and some industries that you would not expect who are B2C, larger, well established companies who we all know and love and maybe not even love. Maybe the experience is bad for us. So, they also do have a lot more cross-functional engagement internally than we would even think of. So, I don’t know if it’s because we’re used to this world and we haven’t thought about that side of it, but it’s really interesting. I think the common thread is the cross-functional transparency and then transparency out to the customer.
So, I mentioned transparency is a big word for us, but readiness is another one and so readiness means a lot. You have your teams you need to get ready internally, but you really need to get customers ready for something new as well and everybody needs to feel aligned. So, it plays a massive part in what the product manager and the product team needs to consider, advocate for, deliver, and communicate about, I feel like no matter the size or industry.
Lenny:
I imagine a lot of PMs listening to this have this two minded view right now of on the one hand, somebody could take all his work off my plate. That’s awesome. On the other, it’s like, “Oh, okay, there’s another stakeholder that have loop into every meeting and they’re going to be doing this work that’s cool and important that I’m not going to get to do anymore.” That’s weird. What have you found is the best way to convince a PM to this is like, “Wow, this would make your life so much better”?
The Problem with Measuring Transparency
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I go back to that question that I have asked leaders when helping them stand this up, which is what are you looking at your PMs to drive and how are you measuring their success? That generally just helps everybody get on the same page really quickly. I’ve had customers or I’ve had folks come to me in the product community that say, “I’ve tried this and it’s just not going anywhere.” There’s resistance to the role because they feel like it’s stepping on too many toes and whatnot. Generally, I will tell you it’s because they still have a bit of buying in the top to get done.
I’m seeing that the most successful ones that are drawing the lines and showing that this role is valuable are the people that have their buy-in from their CEO or CPO at that level or their head of product and saying, “Hey, this is what this role means for you.” So, I don’t want to say it needs to be directive. I do want to say that you need to be able to articulate the value to somebody who’s heading up essentially businesses and saying, “Here’s what this role is going to drive for you at the end of the day.” The very mature product ops end up having people that are strategic advisors too, a product leader. So, once you can show that this is what you’ll also get as a result of me and this other person or me and this team doing this, it ends up being an easier conversation.
Product Ops vs. Product Marketing
Lenny:
What are a couple bullet points that are most effective to convince a product leader product op is going to make a big impact and benefit you and then just an ICPM who’s like, “I don’t want this person on my team”? What actually works there to get buy-in?
The Product Ops Career Path
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah. Number one, do you want your PMs to constantly be fielding questions from your revenue team when they could be spending time with customers? Yeah, you’re shaking your head. That one seems to be the one.
How to Break Into Product Ops
Lenny:
Yeah. Yeah, that’s a good one.
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I can count on one hand the companies who have blocked their product managers from speaking to customers and those companies are not product companies. I mean they do not believe in product management. They might say they do, but they don’t. So, that’s number one. Number two is how are you measuring your outcomes and where are you making this all transparent? Is this happening consistently across the board? So, one probably seeing product teams across so many different places is you might have somebody who’s really passionate and really good at doing this stuff for their own vertical and then it doesn’t scale.
So, how are you doing this at scale so that your stakeholders are building this trust in you and making sure that they get the best out of the product team at any given turn? I say those are the two bullet points that seem to stick the most is that quality time, giving the PM what they need, which is their time to be able to drive the outcomes for the customer.
Pendo’s Product Team Structure
Lenny:
What is it that you think a PM will never offload, if that makes sense? In your perspective, what’s like the core of a PM’s role versus maybe product ops for now and then maybe potentially other roles that take off some of the stuff on their plate?
Christine Itwaru:
Speaking as a former PM, I would not ever give up spending time with customers and watching their pain. That sounds really bad to customers. I’m sorry. That’s how I fell in love with product was I saw my internal customer 10, 12 years back now fighting with the keyboard, fighting with the mouse. I was just like, “Oh, my gosh. What’s this guy doing?”
I think it was an experience that some people might say, “Oh, I never want to be in that situation again because it made me feel very uncomfortable that my product is not doing for this person what it needs to,” but for me, it was, “How do I make this thing do what it needs to for this gentleman? How do I make this thing better?” I cannot see product managers saying, “I don’t want to be a part of that conversation.” Then you know what? I’m going to say it then don’t be in product.
Lightning Q&A Session
Lenny:
Love it. Yeah. I’m so curious what parts of the role get sliced off over time because I love that. That’s the core of it is just build great products that your customers want and use and want to pay for. Then what else can people help you with along the side? Because yeah, PM role is just crazy. There’s so many things going on.
Christine Itwaru:
It’s crazy how this article that I wrote, I dug into the history of product management and it’s like 100 years old not in its current form, but it’s about 100 years old and just the evolution of what product managers have historically been responsible for. Then if you think about just really sit down and think about what the world has turned into today and how much noise we have coming at us. We talked about put yourself onto not disturb mode and I learned a long time ago, put myself onto disturb mode. So, imagine having a partner that helps you filter that noise.
Small Change, Big Impact
Lenny:
Yeah, quite useful. Along those lines, I was going to go in a different direction, but as you mentioned that, there’s all these roles adjacent to PM. There’s program managers, project managers, agile product owners, and all and then now product ops. I guess before team has product ops, let me just ask this one straightforward question. Which of those roles generally does the thing that product ops can do for you? Is it the PM or is it one of these other roles?
Christine Itwaru:
It’s a PM. It’s PM. Yeah, it’s a PM and then I would say, because what I’m seeing in less mature product orgs who first bring in product ops, the first thing they ask them to do is streamline the planning process. So, I would say it’s a PM and maybe the agile. That’s probably what it is today. I feel like program management and agile are starting to get a little bit close to each other in what they do. So, it’s most of the PM stuff because we’re doing elements of their job that they have off to the side versus being able to focus on. But again, in lesser mature orgs, the first thing is, “How do I actually just get the people to plan the same way and give me the thing that they’re planning and doing?”
Closing Thanks and Contact Info
Lenny:
That’s interesting, what you said there, that maybe often a wedge to a product ops person joining their company maybe as a first product ops person is the planning, helping with the planning process. Is that what you find?
Christine Itwaru:
It could be. The only thing that distinguishes product operations folks from program managers and agile is that product operations people know, understand the product, the customer, and the inner workings of the business.
Lenny:
Cool. Yeah, Marty Cagan has some hot takes there about how product owners are never going to be great product managers. They don’t really understand the customer needs and building product in any way. That’s a whole other topic. I want to talk about the career path, but before we get there, I want to go in a spicy direction. So, Casey Winners, he is a guest on this podcast at one point. He wrote this hot take many years ago about this premise that operations in general often is a Band-Aid for inefficiency at a company.
Companies often hire a bunch of ops people to just solve a problem and often they’re much better ways to solve that problem. For example, tooling or a new process. His take is a person doing the thing often should be the last resort or it’s a temporary gap and then over time you should strive to find a more efficient way to solve that problem than people. I don’t think he’s saying ops people in general or not necessary. It’s an easy default. So, I’m curious what you think of that take. Generally, do you think product ops is this long term we’re going to need more and more of this or is there a different path that’s solving the problem that product ops? Spicy take warning.
Christine Itwaru:
Yes, I remember this. I’ll address that inefficiency comment first, right? I mentioned a little bit earlier as roles in any industry or I guess any role matures like marketing or sales, this ops thing ends up being this natural progression. It’s not just because the role itself is maturing. It’s also because the org is maturing. So, what I found and what I’m finding with customers is that ops alignment across companies is what often ends up keeping the companies moving and keeping everybody aligned. So, to say ops teams are generally a sign of inefficiency or the need for them is a sign of inefficiency is not always accurate, it’s generally a sign of growth and opportunity.
People are really just trying to stay in aligned and do the best for the people that are doing the thing, the product managing, the marketing, the selling within that org. Overall though, I will say I will agree with his points about getting in and maybe giving it off and using humans for other things. I wrote something recently and I highlighted something that he mentions here in this article and what he mentioned on your podcast, which is we as product ops want to and should be standing up whatever processes or systems are needed and then get out of the way so we can focus on driving more strategic value.
I keep mentioning that more mature product ops folks end up being a very good strategic advisor to leaders in product and to the product teams and that continues to be my belief. From day one, this has been my own personal goal for myself and for my team. I myself recently switched roles here at Pendo because I did what I said I was going to do, which was stand up the system, stand up the things that we knew we needed to do that were going to either be given off to another team or automated and then get the rest of the humans that are here to do the other strategic things for the product team.
Some of those are, “How do we increase retention? Like I mentioned, how do we focus on growth in this one area? How do we make the experience better in app? How do we do a better voice of customer management?” My energy now at Pendo is I’m able to now go towards more impactful things for not just the product team and the product community, but for our customers at large. So, I’m basically saying, “Look, I did what I needed to do and I’m ready to go.”
So I think that’s something though that people need to be very, very comfortable with, very comfortable with. If you change course and change your tune two, three years into doing this and you built this team, you’re like, “Here’s what you’re doing, manage this process,” people are going to lose their mind. Change is constant, but telling someone, “I no longer need you to do that,” it makes them a little bit nervous. So, for years when I was interviewing folks from my team, I made that one point abundantly clear to them, get into this role if you’re comfortable letting go of things and moving on to something that is well worth your time. The company’s going to change.
Our process is going to need to be tweaked. The company is going to change. Something’s going to need to be automated. We’re going to need to cut something else. Maybe ChatGPT is going to make things very clear that humans are not always going to be doing the same things and we need to focus our energy elsewhere, but people do need to get comfortable with that role.
Lenny:
I love that take. Generally, I think it aligns with what Casey’s saying. What I’m hearing is you may be a product person today doing a bunch of stuff. Your job in a sense should be to automate as much of that as you can and find more strategic higher level things you could be doing instead of sitting there connecting Salesforce to Zendesk and maintaining that. It’d be great in customer feedback in theory. That could be a tool that could do that for you. That’s part of the job. Is that roughly what you’re saying?
Christine Itwaru:
That’s exactly what I’m saying.
Lenny:
Beginning a SOC 2 report can be a huge burden, especially for startups. It’s time-consuming, tedious, and expensive. Enter Vanta. Over 3,000 fast-growing, companies use Vanta to automate up to 90% of the work involved with SOC 2. Vanta can get you ready for security audits in weeks instead of months, less than a third of the time that it usually takes. For a limited time, Lenny’s Podcast listeners get $1,000 off Vanta. Just go to vanta.com/lenny. That’s V-A-N-T-A.com/lenny to learn more and to claim your discount. Get started today.
Zooming out a little bit and building on the stuff we’ve been just talking about, what would you say are just signs that your company would benefit from a product ops team and that you’re a fit for building a product ops team?
Christine Itwaru:
I touched on this quite a bit, but that lack of transparency in many directions across, down. Sometimes people are on very transparent about, “Hey, this came up in planning and here’s what we need to do.” So it’s relevant for stakeholder management, getting stuck out to customers, internal teams, and making sure they’re aligned, revenue teams in particular.
That was the first thing we focused on at Pendo was really aligning our success org and our sales org to the product team. We monitored success just within… I think a quarter was the time-bound space that we had it in on quality of inbound to the product team. So, that was really cool. It was just more thematic questions around tell us what you guys do because our customers would benefit from this versus teach me how to do this thing.
Lenny:
I wanted to dig into the transparency piece. Is that the same point as the transparency piece or are those two different heuristics?
Christine Itwaru:
That’s transparency. Yeah, so what happened was we realized that we share this story actually quite openly and I’ll share it here again, which is one of the things that kicked off products for us was we had a really bad launch, a really, really bad launch. It was a moment in company history where we realized that there was not transparency across the aisle and there was this lack of readiness across the organization and out to customers for what was coming. It wasn’t this piece that folks say, “Oh, well, they didn’t know this was coming.” Well, there’s two things. There’s the knowing something’s coming and then there’s the knowing what to do with it.
You can use just some status keeping thing to say, “This is coming in Q4 and as we get closer, here’s the date,” but it’s what to do with it and how to position it and how to talk about it and all the things that was missing from it. It was really bad and it was my fifth week here. It was a moment of, “Well, I promised myself I’m going to let this happen.” That was one of the things where I said, “I’m going to start to focus a little bit more on product ops within this director position I had just as director of product.” Then I spun off and I think we need to do this thing and make it a bit more formal.
Lenny:
Just to dig it on a story a little bit, so I didn’t know this, so you were a product manager at Pendo. There was this bad launch and you recognize there’s this gap that maybe I could fill, that somebody needs to fill and that you want to take that on. Can you talk a bit more about that? It’s really interesting.
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah. They brought me in as their first director level. So, I was doing a bit of director plus a little bit of IC stuff because we were starting to build up our product team. Yes, that launch happened and the product area was under development for about eight months from what I can remember. I came in with the assumption and also knowing fully well that I’m a brand new leader in this product team and product people want ownership. They crave autonomy, they crave trust, and all of that good stuff. I know that firsthand. I did not want to jump in and say, “Have you done X, Y, and Z?”, especially in the first four weeks of me being there. Yeah, it did not go very well.
So, we recognized that we had more opportunity that we should have grabbed onto to test more with customers, to find feedback loops that were going to be healthy for the team and for our customers, to stand up ways for us to measure changes and impact of changes that this thing was making to our customers. This was the biggest launch in our company history since the launch of the product. So, it was a moment where we all sat down very openly and shared with each other what we all could have done better. It wasn’t just the product team.
So, I truly believe with a really healthy product operations person or team, you have that ability to impact change across the company. So, yes, we look at that story. I remember us sitting there and being, “One day, we’re going to look back at this story and we’re going to say, ‘Oh, yeah, I remember that.’” We do now four years later or four and a half years later, but yes, I felt really passionate about making sure that that didn’t happen.
Lenny:
The gaps you found are there’s just like this lack of internal alignment. Sales didn’t know what was going on. Customer support didn’t know what was going on. That felt like that’s where the gap was because that’s what led to this product ops opportunity, right?
Christine Itwaru:
Yes. There was a lack of alignment across again, they knew it was coming, they just didn’t know the extent of what to expect and how to prepare customers or prospects or the change the way that we should have. There was definitely training. There was stuff being done. It just could have been a whole lot better. So, there were gaps there. One more point was the piece after that was I love people. I love managing people. I love healthy team environment and dynamics.
As a product person, it means a lot to have that, because if you have direct reports, you obviously want them to be happy and healthy, but as a product person, you have this system around you even if you’re not having people that report into you where you feel ownership to make sure these people are healthy. I remember even in my early days of being a PM, I wanted my engineers to be super happy. I wanted them to be proud of work that they were doing and I wanted them to be comfortable letting go of things that we no longer needed.
I remember that moment looking around and looking at our engineers and seeing that they were like, “Hold on. What? Where do we go now? What do we do right now?” We wanted to take that moment and make it less about firefighting and more about being responsible and really customer obsessed. So, that was our moment or one of our moments for thinking about, “Okay, we might need product operations formalized here.”
Lenny:
It’s interesting that your mind went to product ops, because I think most companies would be like, “Oh, the product manager of this product screwed up. They didn’t communicate enough to ensure sales. They didn’t set up the marketing material well.” It often falls on the product team and the product manager. What made you realize, “Oh, this is a product ops role and I need to move into that role versus here we are”?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I didn’t say in that moment we need a product ops role. All I said in that moment was we need to create a system so that this doesn’t happen again. That goes back to my definition of what product ops is. It’s a thing and it is also a person or a group of people. It could be one or the other. So, I want to make sure we decouple that. It does not have to be humans. It can be that there’s a system being created that is from a strong product person who knows how to get this team to be healthy.
Lenny:
That’s a really good way of thinking about it. That clarifies it in a big way. Thank you. You were talking about transparency and just like a sign that maybe you need product ops. I think the thing that stuck with me there is just the quality of questions the product team gets from sales, right?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah. I get a lot of questions around, “I’m investing in this. How do I measure the effectiveness of the team, all of these things?” It’s really not easy to measure this in a quantitative measure just yet. Maybe one day, right? Actually, yes. Now one day, I feel like it might be coming sooner than we think. So, what we did was we looked at that transparency problem. We sent out this survey across both product managers and the sales and success teams and we said, “Where’s your time going, PMs? How much time are you giving on average to the revenue team to firefight? How much time do you with customers that’s quality time.”
[NEW_PARAGRAPH]Then on the flip side to the revenue team, how many times do you find yourself asking questions? We gave all of these one to five and blah, blah, blah, those sorts of things, so that we can figure out where to place our energy. We came up with this, “Okay, well, it seems like there’s a lack of transparency across the two groups. Let’s start with getting data out or information out to the revenue team from the product org.” We created this product digest. It’s like today and it’s matured quite a bit, but I go back to this whole people can know when they’re coming, but they need to know what it is they need to do with it. So, this thing was less about this thing’s coming next quarter, go tell your customers.
It’s more about here’s how you get ready for it, here’s how you get jazzed about, and then the handoff, which is probably the question you’re going to have at some point, which is, “What’s your line between PMM and products?” The handoff is that we don’t teach them to sell. We don’t teach them to position, but we know that the product intimately enough to help them understand the new value, to help them understand how to use the thing and to make sure that they’re hitting the ground.
Lenny:
Let’s ask that question. If there’s anything more, what is that line between product ops and product marketing?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I always say this and it and it’s worked. I haven’t seen anybody dispute it yet, but product marketing positions help the revenue team sell their lead gen for all of the outbound and the campaigns that they’re running. They are marketing. They’re helping you at the end of the day make this thing sound amazing and do the right things with it. For us, it’s about educating and it’s about helping our internal folks, our internal revenue team understand, “What is the added value? How do you now do this thing? How does this impact your role?”
We focus a bit on the customer success persona, for example, on Pendo. Customer success managers can go in. They can see their account health and what’s going on and blah, blah, blah. How does this impact you as a customer success rep and how do you then help your customers understand the value? Not hey, can you help us upsell this thing and here’s how you do it.
Lenny:
Great answer. Makes a lot of sense to me. Final topic, the career path of a product ops person. A lot of people listening to this podcast are either PMs today or I want to be PMs or thinking about becoming product manager, because PM can mean a lot of things. It’s interesting, there’s this new path that people can explore, product ops. I’m curious who you think might be a fit for the product ops role versus the product manager role. Someone deciding, “Oh, man, maybe I should go down this other route.” What do you think are just signs that maybe you’d be a better fit where you enjoy that route better?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I love that question because it makes me feel that this role has become embraced a bit more. What I hear questions like in the past, it was, “Do we need this role and how do we help get the buy-in?” Now it’s more the acceptance from a product manager to maybe want to even become this. I’m seeing more PMs, like I said, go into the space. So, it’s no longer being seen so much as a threat. It’s being seen as this partner. So, just one, I’ll say that I think if you’re someone like me who absolutely loves and I mentioned the story about the engineers and the team health and stuff, if you love creating that healthy team environment and one where there’s cross-functional collaboration and it fuels you to empower the team more, it’s a wonderful fit for you.
Again, I was a PM for years and I felt that pain so much and how much we had to do in order to make this small change and then figure out whether it’s valuable. I knew that there had to be a better way to get better outcomes to happen, but I also know that better outcomes don’t just mean for the product. It means better outcomes for the entire product team, for the customer experience at large, and ultimately for the business. So, I think that that’s one thing. If you’re curious and you really want to learn more about that side of the house, one of the beautiful things I saw was one of my products managers fall more in love with understanding the business as she was starting to assure in her product ops career. I thought that was really cool.
She had already had product background and she was like, “I want to understand the inner workings here so that I know how to help these people.” So the other thing is if you’re a PM having issues with the role that you’re currently in, I think you need to remember that you are there to solve problems. That’s a very simple thing that we talked about. What are the things that PMs won’t shed and shouldn’t shed and that go and talk to customers? We get to talk to customers in order to solve the problems, figure out the right problems to solve. You do that in product ops as well. You don’t have to go out to customers externally, but my customers and the people I speak to are internally. They are helping me understand the pain that the product team is tied to.
So, if you don’t love solving problems through building brand new features and building a product, then how can you help contribute to solving other ones? If you’re a true problem solver, think about whether you want to do that. So, if you know the pain, what can you do to build a better experience overall? You can ultimately impact your business.
Lenny:
Do you find most product ops people, at least at this point, are former product managers? What would be the pie chart of last job was product manager versus not of existing product ops people?
Christine Itwaru:
I got to put on a new survey. I do. I really have to put on a new survey. Initially, I saw a lot more folks moving in from management consulting, from customer success, from technical success. I haven’t seen anyone from sales move in yet, and I have seen a couple PMs. Now, that’s the day-to-day product ops manager. I will tell you that the people who are standing up the product ops orgs and being the first product ops hire at the leadership level are former product people.
I strongly advocate for product ops leaders to have done that role, to have actually had hands-on product experience building and understanding customer problems and feeling that pain, because you very quickly realize where to place your efforts and where your team’s efforts should go. That helps you from an efficiency perspective and the business knows you’re not just dilly-dallying.
Lenny:
That’s really interesting. That makes a lot of sense. Just the roles you named again, where product op people come from. You said customer success. What are the others again?
Christine Itwaru:
I have seen technical success. I’ve seen management consulting. The management consulting piece makes a ton of sense to me. I think there’s that data piece that they really like to lean into and advisory, and then the leadership ones coming in from product to leader roles. That’s been a happy change too, seeing a director say, “I now want to move into a position to coach the teams and to help build a stronger product team overall. I don’t feel like building product.”
Lenny:
Fascinating. For someone that’s like, “Wow, I want to do this job. This sounds rad,” what advice would you give for people to pursue this role and get a gig in product ops?
Christine Itwaru:
Well, one, it’s a good thing that there’s no shortage of these roles. I would say that there are a lot of these roles open out in the industry. Be intentional about what you want to do, because right now, it’s still in a bit of, “Well, what are we doing in product operations as a product management community?” There’s no consistency industry to industry, size to size, team to team. It is very different. So, really think about your strengths. Do you love data? Are you a person who thrives on being able to make beauty out of this mess that you’re seeing and advise people and help them understand maybe this is a direction that we should be going in?
Are you technical where you’re like, “No, I actually really enjoy doing the quantitative side of things,” and you truly enjoy working with data science teams and you really like to bring that data aspect to the product teams? You could probably find a mix of both. There are people who do like doing both of those things. Generally, I mentioned this and I keep saying it, standing up that system because you know that if you had it, you would’ve been a better PM.
I think that that’s a big thing there. If people realize that there’s a better way to do it and they no longer have to do it all but they can do a slice of it in order to drive efficiency for the organization, then start thinking about going out there and doing it. The other thing too is look at those roles and make sure that you fine-tooth comb those job descriptions. Some of them are very vague because they’re trying to figure it out on their own as well. So, the more you know what you want to do as a product person, the more you know what to lead out from these roles.
Lenny:
Are there red flags when you’re looking at a product job description of, “Hmm, this isn’t really the role you want”?
Christine Itwaru:
I think this is a red flag for any role. I mentioned that it’s really hard right now to put a number to the success of the role or on the success of the role, but if there’s no, “This is how you will be measured or this is what we’re looking at as a successful outcome for this person in this role,” I would say that’s probably a red flag. That’s table stakes people need to have on their job descriptions.
Lenny:
Final question. Something I try to get to with people from new companies that I haven’t talked to before is just to get a general sense of how the product org is structured at the company. Just because people are always curious, how do you structure product teams? So I guess broadly I’d love to hear just how is the Pendo team product team structured? What are the buckets? Then also, is their product ops person integrated into each cross-functional product team?
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I too love to learn about this. We’re broken into major areas of the business or revenue streams and we have general managers over those. The GMs actually sit in the product team, which is nice. All have PM background, all really, really experienced and incredible. We also have a head of growth, so there’s that component to it as well. Then you’ve generally got the senior directors. There are teams of product managers who are responsible for different areas in the product. So, we’ve got one product that’s our core product and very mature, broken down into different components there. We have a newer product where that’s just one straight product team versus having many different directors.
We do have a product ops person integrated into these teams. I’d say probably all of them at this point, but the key thing here is they share themselves across two or three teams. Something going through listeners’ minds right now is, “Christine, is there a ratio of product ops people to the team?” I would say that at one point, I felt like there might have been and I don’t think that’s the case anymore. Again, based on my experience and what I’m learning, we operate pretty lean and a lot of people are having to operate very lean right now. So, every few quarters, we look at our goals. We determine who or what goals need a product ops person and for what reason. We’re really intentional about it.
As an example, I use this saying respect the hustle with my team a little bit for the newer product that’s still finding its way. The last thing you want to do as a product, which for somebody who I had a legacy product in my last job, one that I was building from the ground up and one that I was just responsible for getting out the door, sun setting at some point, you don’t want anyone stifling creativity with any process or some time bound this or anything like that. So, the last thing you want to do is introduce something in there that feels like that you want them to hit the ground running.
So, we don’t over-index on things like a certain planning process or you need to get this to us because the other teams have. We need to know this thing by this timeframe. We’ll do what we need to do from there. That’s it. We’re also quicker with the data. Voice of customer stuff takes a little bit longer for a more mature product team or this is more like, “What are we learning right now and how quickly can we communicate this over to that team so they can iterate really quickly?”
Lenny:
Awesome. To come back to the structure just briefly, so you have GMs, business units. Within the business units, you have directors of product that report up to the GM within each and the directors or product have cross-functional product team that they operate that builds specific features and elements of the larger product. Then there’s a product ops person supporting some of these teams and they’re shared across teams. Got it.
Christine Itwaru:
You’ve got everybody rolls up to a CPO. CPO’s got all of this.
Lenny:
Christine, with that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. I’ve got six questions for you. I’m going to just fire them away. Does that sound good?
Christine Itwaru:
Yes, let’s do it.
Lenny:
Let’s do it. Two or three books that you recommend most to other people.
Christine Itwaru:
Classic is Inspired by Marty Cagan. It’s one of the reasons I really fell in love with the product. It’s inspirational. Leaders Eat Last, Simon Sinek. I really like that book too. That’s more leadership style and making sure you putting in your team first, which is something I strongly believe in. This is a plug, but I also really like the book and it’s very practical so it falls in that category, which is the Product-Led Organization by our CEO Todd Olsen. Really good book for right now, especially with people really going through this transformation.
There’s an old book that I have that’s sitting on that shelf. It’s Product Roadmaps Relaunched. It is really old. I mean I don’t want to date myself, but it’s almost 20 years old when I was in college. But it’s really, really valuable and I can reference it just for a quick yeah, I forgot about that from a communication perspective for a roadmap. This is really cool.
Lenny:
Favorite other podcast?
Christine Itwaru:
The Product Experience Podcast from Mind the Product. I really like that one. A little bit similar to this other favorite one I’m on right now, but lots of really good product people and just very practical advice too. For leadership, I like HBR IdeaCast. Again, I like to balance the business side and the people side of leaderships.
Lenny:
Favorite recent movie or TV show?
Christine Itwaru:
Because I have kids, my brain is flooded generally with kid shows. I would say this year, it was between the new Matilda movie, which is based on the Broadway production, which was based on the old Matilda movie, but it’s really, really good. Really well done. Then there’s this movie. I think it’s called Rise. Have you seen it? It’s about the Giannis… I cannot say, forgive me, his last name, but he’s on the Milwaukee Bucks, basketball player. It’s about overcoming adversity and just struggle and really pushing through and giving it your all. I think that one is really good. Add it to your list if you haven’t. It’s called RISE. TV, I have Food. I don’t have a favorite TV show. I’ve just finished watching White Lotus if that’s qualified.
Lenny:
It’s the most popular mentioned TV show on this podcast.
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I would say for TV in general, you give me anything food. I love cooking. I’ll cook an entire massive meal, three course, whatever, sit down, and eat it while I’m watching. Yeah.
Lenny:
Yum. Favorite interview question that you like to ask when you’re interviewing people?
Christine Itwaru:
If you could choose any career outside of what you’re doing, what would it be and why?
Lenny:
What do you look for in an answer there that tells you that this is a strong candidate versus not?
Christine Itwaru:
There are skills that are a part of that other role that I would lean into. So, if somebody were to ask me that question, I would tell you a chef. It’s about experience and it’s about constantly refining your craft and it’s about constantly looking to delight. I think that speaks to my love for product. It’s all about that end state for the customer. So, I always ask that question and I look to see, “What is it? Are they looking for fame? Are they looking for the temporary role?” It’s really telling. You dig into the qualities of what makes a good candidate for the other thing. You can figure out a lot.
Lenny:
Fascinating. If they’re watching this and learning the secret, that’s a good sign too. They’re doing the research.
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah.
Lenny:
Top five SaaS products that you love, use at work other than Pendo.
Christine Itwaru:
I got to say Pendo.
Lenny:
We already know. We already know that’s on the list.
Christine Itwaru:
Yeah, I love Miro. I love Miro so much. During the pandemic, this became an essential tool for so many teams. I brought it into our company and I was a big advocate, part of my last one as well, just the collaboration and connection. Figma along the same lines, I think Figma is really great at that for our design team and the rest of products. So, that one’s been really good. Seismic is one that I really like as well. That’s the content management system for our go-to-market teams. So, it really plays well into how do we make sure we give them what they need and the tool that they need to be in.
Gong is another one. I think Gong’s really great. I’ve watched them go from the early days and I think we were an early customer or we were using it early on. I think they’ve pivoted at some point or they’ve definitely updated messaging on the coaching for their teams and us being able to dig into the qualitative insights that we get on those calls of people is really good too. So, yeah.
Lenny:
Great list. Ones that people haven’t mentioned before, so that’s always fun. Final question, what’s something relatively minor that you’ve changed in Pendo’s product development process that has had a tremendous impact on the way that you build product?
Christine Itwaru:
This one’s going to sound really elementary or for some people really elementary, but for some people, they’re going to be like, “Uh-huh, I totally feel that.” Early on, we started bringing in engineers to customer meetings more and more and you don’t want to typecast or profile an engineer, but generally, they’re not raising their hand and being like, “Yeah, I’m going to come and join, blah, blah, blah.” They want to make sure they’re doing their job and building the experience, but it’s so simple and it’s so effective. When we started doing it, the response from the engineering team was great and then also it helped us dig into a different side of the customer while we were on call sometimes. Some of them were flies on the walls.
Some of them were actually engaging with the engineers and help them increase their confidence in speaking to customers. So, I don’t know. I feel like that just ended up changing a lot of the way that we started planning and making sure that their voice had a certain amount of weight or even more weight than it did before in the product development lifecycle. We respect their time. I remember some were very nervous and be like, “Oh, I got to do all this other stuff,” but they’re like, “Okay, I’ll try it.”
Then all of a sudden, they’re like, “Whoa, I really want to do this more and more.” But it’s just really being able to see that pain for them firsthand from a customer or the delight and frustration was very impactful. So, that’s my answer and I feel like if you’re not doing that as a product manager or product leader, then you better get on that train real fast because it’s life changing for the entire team.
Lenny:
That is an awesome answer. This is the first time I’ve asked this question. I think I’m going to make it a standard question now because I feel like we’re going to get all kinds of cool nuggets. So, thank you for starting it off with a bang. Christine, thank you so much for joining me. I learned more about product ops in an hour than I’ve learned in years and years of reading about it online.
Christine Itwaru:
Thank you.
Lenny:
So, thanks for making the time. Thanks for sharing all your wisdom. Two final questions. Where can folks find you online if they want to reach out, learn more, maybe ask you some questions about product ops and then how can listeners be useful to you?
Christine Itwaru:
They can connect with me on LinkedIn. You’ll put that up, I’m sure. Twitter, same. I’ve got my own site, so the productcraft.com. I started posting on product management products. I’m going to start doing some stuff on careers, all that good stuff. How can they be useful? So don’t laugh at me, people. I needed a Twitter reset and so I had that for 13 years and then I no longer did and now I took it. So, just help me rebuild over there and just get back on that site. That’s more immediate, but I would say help me understand what’s going on in product and product ops. I will continue to do things like this and share more about what I’m learning, but I need to learn more from other people as well. That’s an amazing, incredible part of my job that I’m about to do.
There’s just like a lot of pain right now all around us in the tech industry. I think about today and probably the next year or so. For people who are really questioning their next steps in their product careers, whether they stay in it, whether they move into something adjacent or relevant, they’re looking to sharpen their skills, maybe make a site pivot to ops, whatever it is. I’m really interested to just gather more data on this and see how it all plays out while also trying to see if I can make some connections. So, I’ve been able to do that. Full circle back to Ben, Ben did this for me and you. I think that it’s really important that the product community is smaller than we think. It’s large and it feels expansive, but it’s smaller than we think.
I think we’re all facing an interesting time where people may be, again, questioning that next move or struggling. It would just be amazing for us to share. So, cheesy as it may sound, product ops for me was an easy way to be able to connect the dot and be that partner, right? Talk about the transparency and alignment. If there’s a way that this community can help empower me to do more of that for all of you, I think that that would be incredibly helpful.
Lenny:
What a beautiful way to end it. Christine, thank you again for being here.
Christine Itwaru:
Thank you. This was so fun.
Lenny:
So much fun. Bye, everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcast, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| agile product owner | 敏捷产品负责人 |
| Casey Winners | Casey Winners(人名,保留原文) |
| CPO | 首席产品官 |
| cross-functional collaboration | 跨职能协作 |
| Giannis Antetokounmpo | Giannis Antetokounmpo(人名,保留原文) |
| GM | 总经理(General Manager) |
| go-to-market | 市场推广 |
| IC | 个人贡献者(Individual Contributor) |
| inbound | 入站反馈 |
| lead gen | 潜在客户开发(lead generation) |
| Marty Cagan | Marty Cagan(产品管理领域知名作者/顾问,保留原文) |
| Mind the Product | Mind the Product(产品管理社区/组织名,保留原文) |
| outbound | 对外推广 |
| Pendo | Pendo(公司名,保留原文) |
| PM | 产品经理 |
| PMM | 产品营销经理(Product Marketing Manager) |
| product digest | 产品摘要 |
| product leader | 产品负责人 |
| product marketing | 产品营销 |
| product ops | 产品运营 |
| product-led growth | 产品驱动增长 |
| product-led tactics | 产品驱动策略 |
| program manager | 项目管理经理 |
| project manager | 项目经理 |
| red flag | 危险信号 |
| revenue team | 营收团队 |
| success org | 客户成功团队 |
| switchboard product | switchboard 产品(具体产品/概念,保留原文) |
| thought leader | 意见领袖 |
| voice of customer | 客户之声 |
| VP | 副总裁 |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
理解产品运营的角色 | Christine Itwaru (Pendo)
理解产品运营的角色 | Christine Itwaru (Pendo)
文字记录
Christine Itwaru: 作为一个前产品经理,我永远不会放弃花时间与客户在一起,观察他们的痛苦。我之所以爱上产品,就是因为12年前我看到内部客户费力地敲键盘、折腾鼠标,我当时就想,“天哪,这个人到底在干什么?”
Lenny: 欢迎来到 Lenny 的播客,在这里我会采访世界级的产品负责人和增长专家,从他们打造和增长当今最成功产品的宝贵经验中学习。今天的嘉宾是 Christine Itwaru。Christine 是 Pendo 资深的产品运营负责人,她是从产品管理转型到这个角色的。我越来越多地听到产品运营的兴起,但在与 Christine 的这次对话之前,我一直没有真正理解这个角色到底是什么。
(广告部分已跳过)
Lenny: Christine,欢迎来到播客。
Christine Itwaru: 谢谢。很高兴能来,Lenny。
Lenny: 首先,我想特别感谢 Ben Williams,他是这档播客之前的嘉宾,正是他推荐你来上节目,帮我们牵了线。我们之前聊天时你说起有一个关于 Ben 的故事,是什么?
与 Ben Williams 的缘分
Christine Itwaru: 确实。非常感谢 Ben 牵线搭桥。他介绍我们认识的时候,我特别兴奋,一是因为是你,二是因为我一直很喜欢听到 Ben 的消息。我就想,“太好了,他正在做各种了不起的事情。“我立刻想起和 Ben 的第一次对话,那是在 Pendo 刚开始做产品运营的早期。他当时在经历各种棘手的事情,他的团队是 Pendo 的客户。他就坐在那里发呆,我就问,“你还好吗?“他说,“没事,我以为每次遇到问题只是我在瞎操心。”
他对我说,“我敢打赌,有这些疑问的人不止我一个,觉得这些问题很棘手的人也不止我一个,虽然这些问题可能看起来很正常、很自然。“我不知道,我们所有人都在经历这些。这就是为什么我在这里建设产品运营。但他当时说的那句话让我印象深刻——“我真的觉得你需要和更多人聊聊这些事情。“一切兜兜转转又连在了一起。他牵了我们这根线,也是我开始思考的原因之一……我产品领域的第一任老板跟我说过最好的一条建议就是:“你必须找到回馈的方式。“当 Ben 对我说那番话的时候,我想,“也许这就是我可以开始回馈产品社区的一种方式。“
什么是产品运营
Lenny: 太好了,所以我们今天在这里了。显然,我们要聊的是产品运营。你从事产品运营角色的时间,感觉几乎跟这个角色存在的时间一样长。我很想知道你认为这个角色实际上是什么时候出现的,我们也来聊聊产品运营兴起的过程。我挺不喜欢这个词的,但你在产品运营领域确实算得上一位意见领袖。我从来没有和做产品运营的人合作过,也从来没有组建过产品运营团队,所以我有一大堆问题。我想听众中很多人也有同样的疑惑,对这个新兴角色充满好奇。
所以我希望我们的对话能帮助大家弄清楚:“我所在的公司需要产品运营团队吗?这会对公司有帮助吗?人们是否应该考虑转入产品运营,不管他们现在做的是产品经理还是其他岗位?“还有就是帮助大家普遍理解产品运营这个新兴角色。听起来可以吗?
Christine Itwaru: 好的,首先谢谢你,这番话让我很受用。其次,我很乐意深入聊聊。
Lenny: 好的。那我们必须从最基本的问题开始。理解产品运营这个角色,尤其是它和产品管理之间的关系,最简单的方式是什么?
Christine Itwaru: 过去我用过很多方式来描述它,通常都是围绕我今天要告诉你的框架的第二部分展开的。但现在我把它拆解成两个简单的层面。第一,它是一种行为。对于副总裁、产品负责人或产品经理来说,产品运营就是创建某种体系,让你或你的团队在产品管理中如鱼得水。第二部分是过去几年我们看到的更普遍的定义。
由于这个角色本身的出现,这一定义变得更加常见。它指的是一个或一群人,他们是产品经理的有力合作伙伴,而对于更成熟的产品运营团队来说,这些人最终会成为产品负责人的战略顾问——也就是你的 CPO 或 VP。在数据方面,无论是定性还是定量的,以及任何能够帮助 CPO 或产品负责人做出更具战略性、更明智决策的信息,都是产品运营的关注范围。
产品运营的兴起
Lenny: 明白了。感觉过去几年这个角色出现了一个很大的拐点,迅速兴起。我很好奇你认为是什么触发了这一切,这个感觉是否属实——是否确实只是在过去几年才出现的,以及你认为为什么会发生这种情况。
Christine Itwaru: 这个问题很有意思,因为作为一个前产品经理和产品负责人,我不认为这些东西是新的。绝对不是。回到我讲 Ben 的那个故事,我就觉得,“不,这些事情都不算新鲜,就是我们做产品时必须面对的东西。“所以问题一直都在。我觉得可能是因为我有产品背景,所以对那种痛苦感受得非常深切。但我可以说,对于我交流过的大多数没有产品背景的人来说——他们来自咨询、技术成功或其他团队,也许是营销——进入这个空间开始深入探索的时候,确实会觉得它相对较新。
Christine Itwaru: 但我特别想说,对我来说在 Pendo,是 2019 年夏天这一切真正开始升温的。我记得我的一位同事, shout out to Shannon——他已经不在公司了,但他是 Pendo 产品团队的创始成员之一。他说,“我觉得这个夏天就是产品运营的诞生之夏。“我当时就笑了,他说,“我跟你说,到处都是这样。“突然之间,所有人都在说,“我们需要点什么。我们需要让产品变得更好。“我觉得这太棒了,因为我们已经开始讨论这件事了。
所以我花了一些时间才搞清楚,科技行业到底发生了什么,让这件事变得如此之大。我很感恩,因为我们有很多很棒的客户会主动联系说,“帮我们理解一下你们是怎么做的。“我就说,“那你们也帮我理解一下到底发生了什么。“所以对我来说,这已经超越了我们作为产品团队用 Pendo 产品去解决的那些问题,而是进入了,“作为一个组织,我们如何帮助你们解决产品团队内部正在经历的、并且向外蔓延到整个业务的痛点?“
产品运营之夏
Lenny: 有意思。那就是产品运营之夏。当时到底发生了什么?为什么会有一个产品运营之夏?为什么大家开始兴奋起来,纷纷组建产品运营团队?
Christine Itwaru: 好的,我来详细说说。客户开始找上来,我们自己也开始更多地感受到这一点。我觉得有一个巨大的需求在浮现——客户之声的管理,以及对定性和定量数据的综合分析,这是我看到的一个主题,在我们的客户群中甚至在主动联系我们讨论这个角色的人中间都在兴起。在内部对齐方面也有很大的痛点,包括对利益相关者的透明度,以及与收入团队成员之间的对齐。此外,对很多人来说,在那个时期,增长是推动产品运营需求的一个巨大引擎。我记得我就坐在这间办公室里,收到各种随机的消息……
几乎每个行业都在说,“对,我在考虑做这件事,我真的需要做这件事,疫情什么的。“因为疫情期间确实出现了增长,尤其是在家居装饰这类行业,大家都在改善自己的居住空间。突然之间,我们看到了这种上升,而且我们所有这些初创公司和快速增长的公司都在经历大规模的增长。与此同时,我们也越来越多地转向产品驱动策略、产品驱动增长。所有这些因素我觉得共同造就了一场完美风暴,让产品运营得以登场并开始平息混乱。
我个人认为,任何成熟的职能在行业中、在组织里发展壮大时,都会经历这种自然演进。想想市场营销或销售就知道了。产品经理身上也开始出现同样的情况。对我来说,我当时就坐在那里想,“好吧,你可以指派一个产品经理去跟其他运营团队和业务部门对接,但风险是什么?“他们的产品组合、产品的增长和采用率、他们为了给客户构建更好的明天而今天必须达成的所有目标。所以我觉得那个时刻就是在说,“好吧,我们怎么给他们提供蓬勃发展所需的结构?“因为首席产品官如今承担的职责,比历史上产品人承担的要多得多,对吧?
我可能接下来还会多次提到 Marty Cagan。我真的很钦佩和尊重他,我觉得他经常讲的一个话题是未来型团队与高绩效团队的区别,以及聚焦成果。首席产品官们从”交付、交付、交付”转向了真正提升业务指标,或者帮助驱动营收底线,而不再仅仅盯着产品本身。你真的需要想清楚这对于整个产品团队意味着什么。
产品运营具体做什么
Lenny: 明白了。所以理解这个角色的方式——因为我想大多数人可能从来没有在公司里配过产品运营人员——就是产品经理角色中有一块工作,公司发现把它交给另一个具备不同技能集的人是很有价值的,可以减轻产品经理无休止的工作负担。产品经理要做的事情太多了,他们的工作充满了各种职责,而产品运营人员可以承担其中的一小部分。我也很好奇——你可以对此发表看法——但你刚才提到了一些产品运营人员具体做的事情。
如果能直接列一个要点清单就好了,就像你说的,负责客户之声的部分、利益相关者之间的对齐等等。如果你能过一遍这些内容,我觉得会让大家非常具体地理解——“哇,如果能有一个人帮我做所有这些事情,那真是太棒了。”
Christine Itwaru: 在某种程度上,我经常收到产品经理的这个问题,他们对这个角色的兴起感到担忧,或者产品负责人担心它会在产品运营人员和产品经理之间引发争议或摩擦。我指导大家应对这个问题的方式是,“你们的人负责什么?你对他们的问责标准是什么?你是要求产品经理负责提炼这些战略性洞察,然后传达给其他人,让其他人去构建并创造价值?还是要求他们真正以各种可能的方式深入理解客户?”
尤其要走出去跟客户交流,请不要让任何人认为这是理所当然的。真正花时间与他们的工程师和客户在一起,以驱动更好的体验。所以如果他们要把大量时间——而时间是我们最宝贵的资源——花在这两个群体身上,那其他所有事情就必须有人来分担。所以我认为,是的,确实有过一段摩擦期,但我感觉现在情况已经有了很好的转变,我看到产品团队中有人说,“不,我现在想做产品运营了”——他们之前是产品经理。你提到的第二部分,我们来列一下具体的战术事项。对,客户之声管理确实是我们看到更多团队在关注的事情……
我不想用”成熟”这个词,因为那好像暗示成熟就是巅峰了,但那些已经发展了一段时间的团队,我觉得他们确实更多地聚焦在客户之声这个层面。比如定量分析、定性分析,把所有这些不同的输入整合起来——这些传统上是由产品经理在产品开发生命周期规划中,通过与同事交流或查看不同数据源来呈现的——同时也要搞清楚其中的平衡。我觉得这是一门艺术。客户之声的管理可以有两种做法。
一种是流程导向的方式,你把信息输送给一个非常成熟、长期运转的产品团队——他们有类似 switchboard 这样的产品;另一种是你需要为那些正在构建新东西的团队做客户之声的工作。他们要快速推进,所以你如何快速给他们提供所需的东西,以便他们进行实验和迭代?这是一个方面。另一个方面是工具管理。这在那些产品组织中还没有把工具管控起来的团队中更为常见。我不是说每个人都有这个问题。我们之前就有专人负责管理所有连接到 Pendo 的工具,确保这些系统为产品经理的最大产出而配置。
所以,Pendo 连接了 Salesforce,连接了 Looker,连接了所有这些不同的系统。那么,产品经理需要从所有这些东西中获得什么,才能最终驱动我们 Pendo 自身的产品体验?这变得非常”元”了。那个人就负责这些。这也都是数据层面的一部分。我们观察到的另一个趋势是内容战略方向——有意识地将内容和教育融入产品流程和交付流程中。也就是说,研究如何最大化产品经理所驱动的成果,从而帮助提高产品的留存、增长等一切好的指标。
产品运营中的流程建设
这些就是我们看到的一些趋势。还有一个部分,是在你为一个缺乏流程的产品团队搭建产品运营时需要面对的,那就是流程本身。这部分有点争议,因为人们会说,“这不就是项目管理吗?这不就是敏捷的另一种变体吗?”
所以我们观察到的是,这些人在做什么?他们是在管理和推动产品开发生命周期吗?他们是在与其他部门协同工作吗?我觉得这个方向还不太确定。有些人确实也在做敏捷推动的工作,但我确实看到一些公司把项目管理团队归到产品体系之下,来帮助他们处理大量需要统筹管理的事务。
Lenny: 哦,最后这一点非常有意思。我想深入聊聊这个,顺便总结一下你刚才分享的内容。产品运营人员的一些核心职责,其中就有客户之声这个维度——我想确认一下你说的具体含义。团队在汇总来自客户的反馈,以及来自客户支持、销售等部门的反馈,然后把它们分享给产品经理,给出清晰的结论和要点,这样产品经理就不必自己去筛选数据了。可以这样理解吗?
Christine Itwaru: 这是其中一部分。实际上我们在 Pendo 开发出了一套非常酷的做法,“透明”是这里我们很喜欢的一个词。我们发现,营收团队并不需要被要求才能做到透明,主动说”嘿,这是我们听到的,产品团队请关注”,反过来也一样——“这是我们在为你们的客户做的事情”。有一个很有意思的时刻,我们发现销售团队在为一个东西大声疾呼,客户成功团队在为另一个东西大声疾呼,但他们的关注点各不相同。这些都是客户真正想要的、非常有价值的东西,但我们就想,“如果他们知道彼此都在讨论这些很棒的事情,只是在分别地谈论,会怎样呢?”
我们的产品经理会从我们这里获得完整的报告,但我们也把这些人带到了同一个房间里。效果非常棒,我记得我们的专业服务负责人一度说,“哇,这真的可能影响我们从上手引导角度做的事情,现在我们有了这些数据。那我们怎么进一步加强产品的这个领域呢?“所以这不仅仅是关于各个组件的问题。我不知道其他公司是不是也这么做,但我对我们最终的做法感到非常自豪。产品经理拿到了风险数据、高优先级交易信息、来自我们反馈产品的客户反馈——潜在客户和付费客户分别在说什么,不同细分群体各自在说什么。
所有这些信息都汇总给产品经理,然后由我们的研究团队去验证或质疑,这真的很棒。这是与研究团队非常好的合作关系。而在另一面,同样很好的是,我们能够代表产品团队去教育我们的营收团队,告诉他们,“大家,并不是所有问题都需要通过产品改动来解决。“所以如果你说客户在产品的某个领域遇到了摩擦,也许这是一个启用的问题。也许我们需要帮助你们更好地理解一些东西,这样你们才能改善他们的体验,或者我们需要帮助更新一些东西。就是像这样简单的事情,在这个客户之声流程中不断涌现出来。
产品运营与用户研究的分工
Lenny: 所以本质上,就是找到各种方式让产品经理更加专注,让他们能聚焦在自己想做的事情上,减少工作量。关于用户研究这块,感觉有用户研究参与进来,产品经理也参与,还有研究团队。那产品运营团队在其中处于什么位置?是更侧重于内部对齐、利益相关者反馈,还是更侧重于外部客户反馈?
Christine Itwaru: 是的,我可能接下来会多次提到这一点——每家公司都在用自己的方式做。我可以告诉你我们 Pendo 的做法,以及我在 Pendo 之外观察到的几家公司的做法。我们的用户研究团队在 UX 团队中,向 UX 负责人汇报。他们负责前瞻性研究,确保我们与战略保持对齐,会说,“好的,这是我们的用户在说的。这是我们为什么要进入这个市场或做这个新方向的原因。让我们开始去跟一些关键用户画像验证或了解我们需要做什么。“他们同时也参与持续的开发流程,也就是产品开发流程。比如测试产品、进行用户访谈等等。所以他们作为我们的合作伙伴存在,我们之间合作非常紧密。
我再给你举一个客户之声的例子。我们有大量来自客户成功团队或售后团队的输入,而且我们知道即将在产品的 guides 领域进行投入。我们有所有这些信息,怎么处理?我们把这些和我个人负责的 NPS 数据结合起来——我很长一段时间都负责这个——我看到在 guides 方面有很多噪音。
所以我把这些全部收集起来,汇总之后交给我们的研究负责人,说,“好的,让我们一起来梳理这些信息。这是否与产品团队,也就是 guides 团队的方向一致?还是说我们需要再深入挖掘一下,看看他们目前的投入方向是否偏离了应该去的方向?“
工具管理
Lenny: 另外两个要点,我想确认我完全理解了——你们帮助管理工具。产品运营团队帮忙优化用于构建产品的工具,可以这样简单理解吗?就是确保产品开发流程高效?
Christine Itwaru: 是的,我们与项目管理团队以及他们用于产品开发的工具合作。我觉得更准确的说法是,“产品经理需要什么才能成功?“以 Pendo 为例,我们自己确实大量使用自己的产品。Salesforce 是另一个,那这些怎么接入我们自己的产品,我们需要从中获取什么数据?这样我们的产品经理就能在 Pendo 中看到完整的图景。Tray 是我提到的另一个。Zapier 也是我们之前用过的。所以这更多是关于产品经理的工具栈,而不是产品经理的规划工具栈——如果你想区分的话。
Lenny: 明白了,好的,这很有帮助。那内容战略,你指的是内部文档来培训销售和客户支持吗?还是也包括帮助产品团队制作产品营销内容之类的?
Christine Itwaru: 都不算,或者说两者兼而有之吧。我想我们所做的就是把技术文档融入到这两个方面中去。我们使用 Zendesk 作为另一个工具,所以 Zendesk 也是我们工具栈的一部分,用来支持我们的客户。比如一个全新功能上线了,很自然的做法是在 Zendesk 里写一篇文档,但同时也要考虑如何将教育内容融入产品本身——我们再次用到 Pendo。抱歉,又提它了。但它确实是个很好的工具。我们会使用 Pendo 的引导功能,而且我们刚刚发布了 NPS 主题功能。一直以来,我团队最头疼的就是围绕 NPS 主题和定性数据的大量手工工作。所以我们为参与 beta 的客户设计了一种体验,让他们可以在产品内部直接了解这个功能是什么。
然后如果他们确实需要更多信息,可以再去查看技术文档,但核心是关于对客户的教育。我之前提到过,要把内容作为开发生命周期流程的一部分。你真的应该把它纳入”完成定义”的一部分。当你想到产品驱动增长,尤其是过去几年它的兴起,核心就是创造那种能够留住用户并帮助他们升级的体验。所以产品运营与产品营销合作,共同开发这些应用内的操作手册,以减少摩擦、提升参与度。
Lenny: 明白了,好的,这样就清楚多了。是不是可以这样说——产品运营本质上是面向 B2B 公司的,因为这类公司有大量内部利益相关方,销售、客户支持、营销等等,而产品运营就是帮产品经理分担这些工作?
产品运营不只是 B2B 的专利
Christine Itwaru: 根据我个人的经验——我想很多人也会同意我的看法——我觉得这个说法并不准确。产品运营确实更多出现在 B2B 领域,或者说我们更多地看到它在 B2B 中被讨论。我很好奇这是为什么,我猜想是不是因为我们在 B2B 中更善于分享——因为大家都在共同经历同样的挑战,互相服务,然后一起服务客户。所以不像那种”嘿,你帮我搞定了这件事”的关系。我觉得自己很幸运——现在依然很幸运——能够与我的网络和客户群体中的这么多人合作,帮助他们理解这个角色,或者判断他们是否真的需要这个职能。
不提具体名字的话,有一些在零售、金融等行业的非常大的公司,以及一些你可能完全想不到的 B2C 公司——那些我们大家都熟悉、甚至可能并不喜欢的公司——也许我们作为用户的体验并不好。但它们内部同样有比我们想象中多得多的跨职能协作。所以我不知道是不是因为我们习惯了 B2B 这个世界,而没有去想另一面的情况,但这确实很有意思。我觉得共通的线索是跨职能的透明度,以及面向客户的透明度。
我之前提到过,透明度对我们来说是一个关键词,而”就绪性”是另一个。就绪性的含义很广——你需要让内部团队做好准备,但你也需要让客户为新的变化做好准备,而且各方都需要感到步调一致。所以无论公司规模或行业如何,这一点在产品经理和产品团队需要考虑、推动、交付和沟通的所有事项中都扮演着极其重要的角色。
如何说服产品经理接受产品运营
Lenny: 我猜很多正在听的产品经理此刻心情很矛盾:一方面,有人能把自己所有这些工作接走,太棒了;另一方面又觉得,“哦好吧,又多了一个利益相关方,每次开会都要拉上他们,而且他们在做的这些工作又酷又重要,但我自己却做不了了。“这感觉怪怪的。你发现最有效的方式是什么,才能让产品经理觉得”哇,这真的会让我的工作轻松很多”?
Christine Itwaru: 我会回到我在帮助领导者搭建这个职能时经常问的那个问题:你期望你的产品经理驱动什么?你如何衡量他们的成功?这个问题通常能让所有人很快达成共识。我遇到过产品社区里的人来跟我说:“我试过了,但就是推不动。“这个角色遇到了阻力,因为大家觉得它会踩到太多人的脚。一般来说,我会告诉你,这通常是因为在高层那里还有一部分认可工作没有完成。
我观察到,那些最成功的、能够清晰划定边界并证明这个角色价值的人,都是获得了 CEO 或 CPO——这个级别的人——或者产品负责人的认可,并明确表示”这就是这个角色对你的意义”。所以我不想说这必须是自上而下的指令,但我确实想说,你需要能够向那些实质上掌管业务的人阐述清楚这个价值——“以下就是这个角色最终能为你带来的成果”。非常成熟的产品运营团队最终会拥有能够成为产品负责人战略顾问的人。所以一旦你能够展示出”有了我和这个人,或者我和这个团队一起做这件事,你还能得到这些成果”,对话就会变得容易得多。
Lenny: 如果要列几条最有说服力的要点,来让产品负责人相信产品运营会带来重大影响、对他们有利——以及面对一个说”我不想让这个人加入我的团队”的产品经理——什么才真正有效,能让他们买账?
Christine Itwaru: 第一条:你希望你的产品经理不断应对来自营收团队的各种问题,还是希望他们把时间花在客户身上?——对,你在点头。这一条似乎总是最有效的。
Lenny: 对,对,这条很好。
Christine Itwaru: 我用一只手就能数出来那些禁止产品经理与客户交流的公司,而那些公司都不是产品驱动的公司。我的意思是,它们并不真正信奉产品管理。它们嘴上可能说信,但实际并不如此。所以这是第一条。第二条:你如何衡量你的成果?这些信息在哪里做到透明?这些实践是否在整个团队中一致执行?因为从不同地方观察产品团队,你可能经常会看到这样的情况——某个团队里有一个人特别有热情、特别擅长为自己的业务线做这些事情,但这就无法规模化。
所以,你如何做到规模化,让利益相关方对产品团队建立信任,确保他们在任何时刻都能从产品团队获得最好的支持?我认为这两条是最能打动人的——给产品经理他们最需要的东西:时间,让他们能够专注于为客户驱动成果。
产品经理绝不应放手的事
Lenny: 你觉得产品经理有什么工作是永远不会交给别人的?在你的视角下,产品经理角色的核心是什么——相对于产品运营,以及未来可能出现的其他角色来分担他们工作的情况?
Christine Itwaru: 作为前产品经理来说,我永远不会放弃与客户共度的时间、观察他们的痛苦。这话对客户来说听起来有点糟糕,抱歉。我之所以爱上产品管理,就是因为我看到了我的内部客户——大概是十到十二年前——跟键盘较劲、跟鼠标较劲。我当时就想:“天哪,这家伙在干什么?”
我觉得有些人可能会说:“天哪,我再也不想经历这种情况了,因为我的产品没能为这个人做到它该做的事,这让我非常不舒服。“但对我来说,我的反应是:“我怎么才能让这个东西为这位先生做到它该做的事?我怎么才能把它做得更好?“我无法想象产品经理会说:“我不想参与这种对话。“那你知道吗?那我就直说了——别做产品经理了。
Lenny: 说得好。我特别好奇这个角色随时间推移会剥离出哪些部分,因为我太认同你说的了——核心就是打造客户想要、会使用、愿意付费的伟大产品。然后其他事情让别人来帮你就行了。因为说实话,产品经理这个角色真的很疯狂,要做的事情太多了。
Christine Itwaru: 说来也巧,我之前写那篇文章的时候深入研究了产品管理的历史——它有大约一百年了,虽然不是现在的形态,但确实大约有一百年的历史了,产品经理历史上承担的职责经历了漫长的演变。你再想想,认真坐下来想想今天的世界变成了什么样,我们每天面对多少噪音。我们之前聊过要把自己调到”勿扰模式”,而我很多年前就学会了把自己调到”打扰模式”。所以,想象一下有一个伙伴来帮你过滤这些噪音。
产品运营与相邻角色的关系
Lenny: 确实很有用。顺着这个思路——我本来想聊另一个方向,但你提到这个让我想到了:产品经理周围有这么多相关角色——项目管理经理、项目经理、敏捷产品负责人等等,现在又有了产品运营。我想在团队引入产品运营之前,先问一个简单直接的问题:在那些角色中,产品运营能帮你做的事情,一般是由谁在做?是产品经理,还是其他某个角色?
Christine Itwaru: 是产品经理。就是产品经理。没错。而且我想说,因为我观察到在成熟度较低的产品组织中,他们第一次引入产品运营时,第一件事就是让他们去梳理规划流程。所以我觉得主要是产品经理的事,可能还有敏捷产品负责人那边的事。这大概就是目前的状况。我觉得项目管理和敏捷这两个角色在职能上开始有点趋同了。所以产品运营接手的绝大部分是产品经理的活儿——就是那些他们搁在一边、没法集中精力去做的事情。不过话说回来,在成熟度较低的组织里,第一件事永远是:“我到底怎么才能让所有人都用同一种方式做规划,把他们规划和执行的东西交给我?”
Lenny: 你刚才说的很有意思——公司引入第一位产品运营人员的切入点,往往可能是帮助他们梳理规划流程。是这样吗?
Christine Itwaru: 有可能是。但产品运营人员区别于项目管理经理和敏捷产品负责人的地方在于,产品运营人员了解产品、理解客户,也熟悉业务内部运作。
Lenny: 好。Marty Cagan 对此有一些犀利观点——他认为产品负责人永远不会成为优秀的产品经理,因为他们并不真正理解客户需求,也不懂怎么打造产品。这是另一个话题了。我想聊聊职业发展路径,但在那之前,我想聊一个有点尖锐的话题。Casey Winners 之前也上过这个播客。他很多年前写过一个犀利观点,大意是:运营这个职能,在公司里往往是对低效的一种创可贴。
公司经常招一大堆运营人员来解决问题,但往往有更好的解决方案,比如工具或者新流程。他的观点是,让一个人来做这件事应该是最后的选择,或者只是一个临时性的过渡——随着时间推移,应该努力找到比”堆人”更高效的方式来解决问题。他不是说运营人员总体上不需要,而是说这是一个太容易走的默认路径。所以我很好奇你怎么看这个观点。你觉得产品运营是长期来看会需要越来越多的职能,还是有其他路径可以解决产品运营正在解决的问题?先预警一下,这是个犀利话题。
产品运营是创可贴还是增长的标志
Christine Itwaru: 好,我记得这个。我先回应一下他关于低效的那个说法。我之前提到过,就像任何行业中的角色——比如营销或销售——随着角色的成熟,运营这个职能就会自然而然地出现。这不仅仅是因为角色本身在成熟,也因为组织在成熟。所以我的发现——也是我从客户那里看到的——是公司内部的运营协同,往往是推动公司持续运转、保持所有人步调一致的关键。所以说运营团队通常意味着低效,或者说对运营的需求意味着低效——这并不总是准确的,它通常是增长和机会的标志。
人们确实只是在努力保持对齐,努力为组织中真正在做事的人——做产品管理的、做营销的、做销售的——做到最好。不过总体而言,我同意他关于介入之后逐步交接、把人力释放到其他事情上的观点。我最近写了点东西,也提到了他在那篇文章和你的播客上所说的——我们做产品运营的人,应该建立起所需的各种流程和系统,然后退到一边,这样我们才能集中精力创造更大的战略价值。
我一直提到,更成熟的产品运营人员最终会成为产品负责人和产品团队非常好的战略顾问,这一直是我的信念。从第一天起,这就是我对自己和团队设定的目标。我自己最近在 Pendo 内部换了角色,因为我做到了我当初说自己要做的事——建立起系统,建立起我们知道需要做的事情——这些工作要么交接给其他团队,要么实现了自动化——然后让团队里的人去做产品团队其他更具战略性的事情。
比如:“我们怎么提高留存率?“我之前提到过。“我们怎么聚焦这个领域的增长?""我们怎么改善应用内的体验?""我们怎么做更好的客户之声管理?“我现在在 Pendo 的精力可以投向对产品团队、产品社区乃至更广泛的客户群都更具影响力的事情上。基本上我就是在说:“看,我完成了该做的事,我准备往前走了。”
不过我认为有一点人们需要非常、非常适应——非常适应。如果你在做了两三年之后改变方向、改口说:“这就是你们要做的事,管好这个流程”——而你已经组建了这支团队——那人们会疯掉的。变化是常态,但告诉一个人”我不再需要你做那件事了”,会让他们有点紧张。所以这些年来,每次我为团队面试候选人时,我都会把这一点说得非常清楚:如果你能接受放手、转向其他值得你投入时间的事情,那就来做这个角色。公司会变。
我们的流程需要调整。公司会变。有些东西需要自动化。有些东西需要砍掉。也许 ChatGPT 会很清楚地表明,人类不会一直做同样的事情,我们需要把精力投向别处——但人们确实需要适应这一点。
主持人: 我很喜欢这个观点。总体来说,我觉得这和 Casey 说的方向是一致的。我的理解是,你现在作为一个做产品的人,手里有一大堆事情要做,从某种意义上说,你的工作应该是尽可能把这些事情自动化,然后找到更具战略性、更高层次的事情去做,而不是坐在那里把 Salesforce 和 Zendesk 对接起来然后维护它。理论上来说,客户反馈如果能有工具帮你处理那就太好了。这本身就是工作的一部分。大概是这个意思吧?
Christine Itwaru: 我说的就是这个意思。
公司何时需要产品运营团队
主持人: 把视角拉远一点,在我们刚才讨论的基础上,你觉得一家公司在什么情况下会受益于设立产品运营团队,又是什么样的人适合去搭建这样的团队?
Christine Itwaru: 我之前提到了不少,但核心就是各个方向上——横向、纵向——都缺乏透明度。有时候人们在透明度方面做得还行,会说”嘿,计划中出了这么个事,我们需要这样做。“所以产品运营在利益相关者管理方面尤其重要,包括对接客户、协调内部团队,确保大家步调一致,特别是对营收团队来说。
我们在 Pendo 做的第一件事就是把客户成功团队和销售团队跟产品团队对齐。我们在一个季度的时间范围内监控客户成功团队向产品团队提交的反馈质量。这个效果很好,反馈从”教我怎么用这个功能”变成了更多主题性的问题,比如”告诉我们你们是怎么做的,因为我们的客户也会从中受益”。
主持人: 我想深入聊聊透明度这件事。你说的和刚才提到的透明度是同一个观点,还是两个不同的判断标准?
一次糟糕的产品发布如何催生了产品运营
Christine Itwaru: 是透明度的事,对。事情的经过是这样的——我们其实经常公开讲这个故事,我在这里再讲一遍——触发我们产品运营工作的导火索之一,是我们经历了一次非常糟糕的发布,真的非常糟糕。那是公司历史上的一个时刻,我们意识到跨部门之间缺乏透明度,整个组织乃至面向客户都没有为即将到来的东西做好准备。人们会说”哦,他们不知道这个要来了。“但其实这里面有两件事:一是知道有东西要来,二是知道来了之后该怎么做。
你可以用某种状态追踪工具说”这个功能第四季度要上线,时间越来越近了,日期定在这里。“但关键是你拿它做什么、怎么定位它、怎么跟外界谈论它——这些才是缺失的部分。那次真的很糟糕,而那是我来这里的第五周。我当时心想,“好吧,我答应过自己不会再让这种事发生。“正是那个时刻,我说,“我要在我这个产品总监的职位上多花点心思在产品运营上。“后来我独立出来,觉得我们需要认真做这件事,让它更加正规化。
主持人: 我想再多挖掘一下这个故事。我之前不知道这些,所以你当时是 Pendo 的产品经理,然后出现了这次糟糕的发布,你意识到有一个空白,也许我可以去填补,需要有人来填补,然后你主动承担了起来。能再多讲讲吗?这真的很有意思。
Christine Itwaru: 可以。他们请我来做第一个总监级别的人。所以我既要承担总监的职责,又要做一些个人贡献者的工作,因为我们当时正在搭建产品团队。是的,那次发布确实发生了,从我的记忆来看,那个产品方向大概开发了八个月。我加入的时候就清楚,而且也非常了解自己的处境——我是这个产品团队里一个全新的领导者,而做产品的人想要所有权,他们渴望自主权,渴望被信任,所有这些我都很理解,我自己就有切身体会。我不想一上来就说”你做了甲乙丙丁吗?“,尤其是我刚到的前四周。但结果确实不太好。
所以我们认识到,我们本应抓住更多机会去跟客户做测试,去建立对团队和客户都有益的反馈闭环,去搭建一套衡量变更及其对客户影响的方式。这是公司成立以来最大的一次发布,仅次于产品本身的首次发布。所以那个时刻,我们所有人都坐下来,非常坦诚地互相分享每个人本可以做得更好的地方,不只是产品团队的问题。
所以我真心相信,有了一个优秀的产品运营人员或团队,你就拥有推动全公司变革的能力。所以是的,我们回看那个故事——我记得当时大家坐在那里说,“总有一天我们会回看这个故事,然后说,‘哦对,我记得那次。‘“现在四年、四年半之后,我们确实会这样说了。但是的,我非常有热情确保那样的事情不再发生。
主持人: 你发现的空白主要就是内部缺乏对齐——销售不知道发生了什么,客户支持不知道发生了什么。感觉这才是空白所在,也正是它催生了产品运营这个机会,对吧?
Christine Itwaru: 是的。确实缺乏对齐——再说一遍,他们知道有东西要来,只是不知道程度如何、怎么给客户做准备、怎么给潜在客户做准备、或者怎么以应有的方式推动变革。当时确实有培训,也确实在做一些事情,只是本可以做得好得多。所以那些地方存在空白。还有一点就是,我之后意识到的是——我热爱人,我热爱管理人,我热爱健康的团队环境和团队氛围。
作为一个做产品的人,拥有这些是非常重要的,因为如果你有直接下属,你当然希望他们开心、健康,但作为做产品的人,你身边有一个系统——即使没有直接向你汇报的人——你也会觉得自己有责任确保这些人的状态是好的。我记得在我早期做产品经理的时候,我希望我的工程师们非常开心,我希望他们为自己正在做的工作感到自豪,我也希望他们能够坦然放下我们不再需要的东西。
从救火到系统化
Christine Itwaru: 我记得当时环顾四周,看着我们的工程师,发现他们一脸茫然,“等等,什么?我们现在怎么办?我们现在该做什么?” 我们希望抓住那个时刻,让它不再只是救火,而是更有担当、真正做到以客户为中心。所以,那就是我们的契机,或者说诸多契机之一,让我们开始思考,“好吧,我们可能需要在这里正式建立产品运营。”
主持人: 有意思的是,你的思路直接跳到了产品运营,因为我觉得大多数公司会说,“哦,是这个产品的产品经理搞砸了。他们没有充分沟通来确保销售端知情。他们没有把营销材料准备好。” 责任通常落在产品团队和产品经理身上。是什么让你意识到,“哦,这是一个产品运营的问题,我需要转向这个角色”,而不是觉得就是产品团队的问题?
Christine Itwaru: 我并不是在那一刻说我们需要一个产品运营角色。我在那一刻说的只是,我们需要创建一个系统,确保这种事不再发生。这就回到了我对产品运营的定义。它既是一种机制,也可以是一个人或一群人。两者可以是其中之一。所以,我想确保我们把这两件事解耦来看。它不一定要是人。它可以是来自一位懂得如何让团队保持健康状态的、有经验的产品人,所搭建的一套系统。
主持人: 这种思考方式非常好。很大程度上帮我把这个概念理清了,谢谢。你刚才谈到透明度,以及这可能意味着你需要产品运营的信号。我觉得让我印象深刻的一点,就是产品团队从销售那里收到的问题的质量,对吧?
衡量透明度问题
Christine Itwaru: 是的。我收到很多这样的问题,“我在这方面投入了资源,我如何衡量团队的效能,诸如此类?” 目前还很难用定量的方式来衡量这一点。也许将来有一天可以吧?实际上,是的。现在我觉得那一天可能来得比我们想象的要快。所以我们针对透明度问题做了一件事。我们在产品经理以及销售和客户成功团队之间发起了一项调查,我们问产品经理,“你们的时间花在哪里了?平均下来你们花多少时间帮营收团队救火?你和客户之间有多少高质量的时间?”
另一方面,我们也问营收团队,你们有多少次发现自己需要到处问问题?我们给所有这些都设了一到五分的评分标准等等,这样我们就能搞清楚应该把精力集中在哪里。我们得出了这样的结论,“好吧,看来这两个群体之间确实存在透明度缺失。那就从让产品团队向营收团队输出数据和信息开始吧。” 我们创建了一个产品摘要。它发展到现在已经成熟了很多,但我还是回到那个观点——人们可以知道什么时候有东西要来,但他们需要知道的是拿到之后该做什么。所以这个东西不太是”下个季度有这个功能,去告诉你的客户”。
它更多是关于——这是你如何做好准备的方式,这是你如何对此产生热情,然后就是交接的问题,这可能是你接下来会问的问题,就是”产品运营和产品营销之间的边界在哪里?” 交接的关键在于,我们不教他们怎么销售,我们不教他们怎么定位,但我们对产品足够熟悉,能帮助他们理解新的价值点,帮助他们理解怎么使用这个东西,确保他们能迅速上手。
产品运营与产品营销的边界
主持人: 我们就来问这个问题。如果还有要补充的,产品运营和产品营销之间的边界到底是什么?
Christine Itwaru: 我一直这么说,而且一直很有效,目前还没有人反驳过——产品营销负责定位,帮助营收团队销售,他们是所有对外推广和营销活动的前线。他们是做营销的,最终目的是帮你把这个东西包装得听起来很棒,并知道如何正确地使用它。而对我们来说,核心是教育和赋能,是帮助我们内部的人、内部的营收团队理解,“新增的价值是什么?你现在怎么做这件事?这对你的角色有什么影响?”
我们比较关注客户成功这个角色画像,比如在 Pendo 中,客户成功经理可以进入系统查看他们的客户账户健康状况等等。这对你作为客户成功代表有什么影响?你如何帮助你的客户理解这些价值?而不是说,嘿,你能帮我们向上销售这个东西吗,这是操作方法。
产品运营的职业路径
主持人: 回答得很好,我觉得完全说得通。最后一个话题,产品运营人的职业路径。听这个播客的很多人要么现在就是产品经理,要么想成为产品经理,要么正在考虑成为产品经理,因为产品经理这个词可以涵盖很多含义。有意思的是,现在出现了一条新的路径让人们去探索,那就是产品运营。我很好奇,你认为什么样的人更适合产品运营角色而不是产品经理角色?如果有人正在犹豫,“嗯,也许我应该走另一条路”,你觉得有哪些迹象表明你可能更适合、也会更享受那条路径?
Christine Itwaru: 我很喜欢这个问题,因为它让我觉得这个角色得到了更多的认可。我过去听到的问题是,“我们需要这个角色吗?怎么获得认可?” 现在更多的是产品经理甚至在考虑转型成为这个角色。我看到越来越多的产品经理进入这个领域。所以它不再被视为一种威胁,而是被视为合作伙伴。首先,我想说,如果你像我一样——我提到了那个关于工程师和团队健康的故事——如果你热爱营造健康的团队环境,热爱跨职能协作,并且赋能团队这件事让你充满动力,那这对你来说是非常合适的选择。
我做了很多年产品经理,我深切地体会过那种痛苦——为了做一个小小的改动需要付出多少努力,然后再去判断它是否有价值。我知道一定有更好的方式来实现更好的成果,但我也知道,更好的成果不仅仅意味着对产品而言,它意味着对整个产品团队、对整体客户体验、最终对业务都有更好的成果。所以我认为这是其中一点。如果你很好奇,真的想了解更多那个方面的运作,我看到一个让我觉得很棒的例子——我的一位产品经理在开始她的产品运营职业生涯时,对理解业务本身越来越着迷。
她已经有产品背景了,她说,“我想了解这里的内部运作机制,这样我才知道怎么帮助这些人。” 另一点是,如果你是一个产品经理,正在对你目前所处的角色感到困扰,我觉得你需要记住,你的职责是解决问题。这是我们之前聊过的很简单的一个道理。产品经理不能放弃也不应该放弃的事情是什么?去和客户交流。我们和客户交流是为了解决问题,找到应该解决的正确问题。在产品运营中你也做同样的事。你不需要去和外部客户交流,但我的客户、我交谈的对象都是内部的。他们帮助我理解产品团队所承受的痛点。
所以,如果你并不热爱通过构建全新功能和打造产品来解决问题,那么你能否以其他方式贡献力量来解决问题?如果你是一个真正的解决问题的人,不妨认真考虑一下这条路。所以,如果你了解那种痛苦,你能做些什么来构建一个更好的整体体验?你最终可以对业务产生深远的影响。
Lenny: 你觉得大多数产品运营人员,至少在现阶段,都是前产品经理吗?如果把现有产品运营人员的上一份工作画成饼图,“上一份工作是产品经理”和”不是”的比例大概是多少?
Christine Itwaru: 我得做一个新的调研了。我真的得做一个新的调研了。最初,我看到更多的是从管理咨询、客户成功、技术成功转过来的人。我还没见过从销售转过来的,倒是见过几个产品经理。这是从日常产品运营经理的角度来说。但我想告诉你们,那些搭建产品运营团队、作为第一个产品运营招聘加入的领导者级别的人,都是产品背景出身。
我强烈主张产品运营领导者应该亲身做过产品经理的角色,要有实际的产品经验,亲身构建产品、理解客户问题、感受那种痛苦,因为你会非常快地意识到应该把精力放在哪里,以及团队的努力应该指向哪里。这从效率角度帮助你,也让业务方知道你不是在瞎忙。
Lenny: 这很有意思,很有道理。能不能再列一下你刚才提到的,产品运营人员都是来自哪些岗位?你说了客户成功,其他的还有哪些?
Christine Itwaru: 我见过技术成功背景的,也见过管理咨询背景的。管理咨询这块对我来说非常合理——他们天然喜欢深入数据分析和提供咨询建议,然后领导层从产品条线转型过来。这也是一个令人欣喜的变化,看到有总监说,“我现在想转到一个能教练团队、帮助打造更强整体产品团队的位置。我不想再做产品了。“
如何入行产品运营
Lenny: 太有趣了。如果有人说,“哇,我想做这份工作,听起来太酷了”,你会给想追求这个角色、想在产品运营领域找到机会的人什么建议?
Christine Itwaru: 首先,好消息是这类职位并不缺。我想说行业中有很多这样的岗位在开放招聘。但你要对自己想做的事有明确的方向,因为现在产品运营还处于一个”我们在产品运营中到底要做什么”的阶段。不同行业之间、不同规模之间、不同团队之间都没有一致性,差异很大。所以要真正想清楚你的优势在哪里。你热爱数据吗?你是那种能在一片混乱中梳理出秩序、并给出建议、帮助团队理解”也许我们应该朝这个方向走”的人吗?
还是说你偏技术,“不,我其实很享受做量化方面的工作”,你真正喜欢和数据科学团队协作,喜欢把数据维度的洞察带给产品团队?你可能也能找到一个两者兼有的混合角色。确实有些人喜欢同时做这两件事。总的来说,我一直在强调的一点——搭建那个体系,因为你知道如果当初有它,你会是一个更好的产品经理。
我觉得这是一个很重要的出发点。如果人们意识到有更好的方式来做这件事,不再需要什么都自己扛,而是可以通过做好其中一部分来为组织提升效率,那就开始考虑走出去做这件事吧。另外一点,去看那些岗位时,一定要仔细研读职位描述。有些描述非常模糊,因为公司自己也在摸索。所以,你越清楚自己作为产品人想做什么,就越能从这些岗位中辨别出适合自己的方向。
Lenny: 在看产品运营的职位描述时,有没有什么危险信号,让人觉得”嗯,这可能不是你想要的角色”?
Christine Itwaru: 我觉得这对任何角色都适用。我提到过现在很难用一个数字来衡量这个角色的成功,但如果职位描述中没有写”你将如何被衡量”或者”我们认为这个人在这个角色上的成功标准是什么”,我认为这可能就是一个危险信号。这是职位描述中起码应该有的基本要素。
Pendo 的产品团队结构
Lenny: 最后一个问题。对于之前没聊过的公司的人,我通常会想了解一下该公司的产品团队结构。因为大家总是很好奇,你们是怎么组织产品团队的?所以大致来说,我很想听听 Pendo 的产品团队是怎么架构的?有哪些板块?另外,产品运营人员是否嵌入到各个跨职能产品团队中?
Christine Itwaru: 好的,我也很喜欢了解这些。我们按照业务的主要领域或营收线来划分,每个领域有一位总经理负责。总经理实际上就坐在产品团队里,这很好。他们全部都有产品经理背景,全都经验丰富、非常出色。我们还设有一位增长负责人,所以也有增长的组成部分。然后一般是高级总监级别的管理者,下面有产品经理团队,各自负责产品的不同领域。比如我们有一个核心产品,非常成熟,拆分成不同的组件。还有一个较新的产品,就只有一个完整的产品团队,而不是像核心产品那样有很多不同的总监。
我们确实有产品运营人员嵌入到这些团队中。我想说现在可能所有团队都有了,但关键的一点是他们会同时支持两到三个团队。听到这里,听众们心里可能在想,“Christine,产品运营人员和团队之间有没有一个比例?” 我想说的是,曾经有一段时间我觉得可能有,但我觉得现在已经不是这样了。同样,根据我的经验和了解,我们运营得相当精简,现在很多人也都不得不非常精简地运营。所以每隔几个季度,我们会审视目标,确定哪些目标需要产品运营人员支持,以及出于什么原因。我们对此非常有规划。
举个例子,我对团队会用一个说法——“尊重奋斗”,特别是针对那个还在摸索方向的新产品。作为一个产品团队,你最不想做的事情——我之前的工作中负责过一个遗留产品,一个从零开始搭建的,另一个我负责的是将其逐步下线——你最不想做的就是用任何流程或时间限制去扼杀他们的创造力。你最不想做的是在那里引入让人感觉被束缚的东西,你需要让他们全力冲刺。
所以我们不会在比如某个特定的规划流程上过度要求,或者”你需要把这个交给我们,因为其他团队都交了”,我们不会这样做。我们只需要在这个时间节点之前知道这件事就行了。我们会从那里出发,做该做的事。仅此而已。在数据方面我们也更快速。客户之声的工作对于一个更成熟的产品团队来说可能需要更长的时间,但对于这个新产品来说,更多的是”我们现在学到了什么,能多快把这些信息传递给那个团队,让他们能快速迭代?”
Lenny:
Lenny:
太好了。简单回顾一下组织结构——你们有 GM 和业务单元,业务单元内有产品总监向各自的 GM 汇报,产品总监手下有跨职能产品团队,负责构建大型产品的具体功能和模块。然后还有产品运营人员来支持其中一些团队,而且是跨团队共享的。明白了。
Christine Itwaru:
所有人最终都向 CPO 汇报。CPO 管着这一切。
闪电问答环节
Lenny:
Christine,接下来我们进入非常令人兴奋的闪电问答环节。我准备了六个问题,直接连珠炮发问,准备好了吗?
Christine Itwaru:
好,来吧。
Lenny:
来吧。你推荐最多的两三本书是什么?
Christine Itwaru:
经典之作是 Marty Cagan 的《Inspired》。这也是我真正爱上产品的原因之一,这本书非常激励人心。《Leaders Eat Last》,Simon Sinek 写的,我也很喜欢。那本更多是关于领导力风格,确保你把团队放在首位,这是我个人非常信奉的理念。这个算是个小小的安利,但我确实也很喜欢这本书,而且非常实用——《Product-Led Organization》,我们 CEO Todd Olsen 写的。现在读非常合适,尤其是很多人正在经历这种转型。
还有一本老书,就放在那边架子上——《Product Roadmaps Relaunched》。确实很老了,我不想暴露年龄,但差不多有二十年了,还是我上大学时候的。但它真的非常有价值,有时候我就快速翻一翻——“对,从路线图沟通的角度来看这个点我忘了,这个真的很棒。”
Lenny:
最喜欢的其他播客?
Christine Itwaru:
Mind the Product 出品的 The Product Experience Podcast,我很喜欢那个。跟现在这个节目有点像,我正在做的这个——上面有很多非常优秀的产品人,建议也很实用。领导力方面的话,我喜欢 HBR IdeaCast。我之前说过,我喜欢在领导力的商业面和人际面之间保持平衡。
Lenny:
最近最喜欢的电影或电视剧?
Christine Itwaru:
因为我有孩子,脑子里基本都是儿童节目。今年来说,新的《Matilda》电影不错,它是根据百老汇改编的,而百老汇又是根据老版《Matilda》电影改编的,但这部真的做得非常好,制作精良。还有一部电影,好像叫《Rise》,你看过吗?讲的是 Giannis……原谅我,他的姓氏我念不出来,但他在密尔沃基雄鹿队,篮球运动员。讲的是克服逆境、拼搏奋斗、倾尽全力。我觉得那部非常好。如果你还没看,加到片单里吧。叫《RISE》。电视剧的话,我看的都是美食类的。我没有特别喜欢的电视剧。刚看完《White Lotus》,如果那算的话。
Lenny:
这是这个播客上被提到最多的电视剧。
Christine Itwaru:
是的,电视剧方面嘛,给我任何跟美食相关的都行。我热爱烹饪。我会做一整顿大餐,三道菜什么的,坐下来边看边吃。
Lenny:
听起来很美味。你在面试时最喜欢问的问题是什么?
Christine Itwaru:
“如果可以选择其他任何职业,你会选什么?为什么?”
Lenny:
你在回答中寻找什么,来判断这是一个强候选人还是不够好?
Christine Itwaru:
那个其他角色中包含的一些技能是值得深入挖掘的。如果有人问我这个问题,我会说厨师。因为它关乎体验,关乎不断精进技艺,关乎不断追求给人惊喜和愉悦。我觉得这恰恰体现了我对产品的热爱——一切都在于为客户创造的那个最终体验。所以我总是问这个问题,我想看看——“他们追求的是什么?是名声?还是只是想尝试一下?“这很说明问题。你深入挖掘那个其他职业所需素质的特质,就能了解很多。
Lenny:
很有意思。如果他们看了这期节目学到了这个”秘密”,那也是个好迹象——说明他们做了功课。
Christine Itwaru:
没错。
Lenny:
你最喜欢的五个 SaaS 产品,工作中在用的,Pendo 除外。
Christine Itwaru:
我得先说 Pendo。
Lenny:
我们已经知道了,知道它在你的清单上。
Christine Itwaru:
是的,我很爱 Miro,超级喜欢。疫情期间,它成了很多团队不可或缺的工具。我把它引入了我们公司,在上一家公司我也是大力推广者——协作和连接性真的很棒。Figma 也类似,对我们的设计团队和其他产品相关人员来说真的很好用。还有 Seismic,我也很喜欢。这是我们市场推广团队使用的内容管理系统,能很好地支持我们确保给到他们所需的内容和工具。
Gong 是另一个。我觉得 Gong 非常好。我看着他们从早期一路走来,我们算是早期客户,很早就开始用了。他们中间好像做过一次转型,或者至少更新了面向团队的培训信息定位,而我们能够深入挖掘通话中获得的客户定性洞察,这真的很有价值。嗯,就这些。
一个小改变带来大影响
Lenny:
很棒的清单。有些是之前没被人提到过的,所以很有意思。最后一个问题:你在 Pendo 的产品开发流程中做过什么相对较小的改变,但对你们构建产品的方式产生了巨大的影响?
Christine Itwaru:
这个听起来可能很基础——对某些人来说可能真的很基础,但有些人会深有感触地”嗯哼”点头。早期开始,我们越来越多地把工程师带入客户会议。你不想给工程师贴标签或刻板印象,但一般来说,他们不会主动举手说”对,我要来参加这个会议”——他们想的是做好自己的工作,把产品体验做好。但这件事非常简单,也非常有效。我们开始这么做之后,工程团队的反馈非常好,而且有时候在电话会议上还帮助我们挖掘到客户的另一面。有些工程师就是默默旁听。
有些工程师则真的开始与客户互动,这帮助他们提升了与客户交流的信心。所以,我觉得这确实改变了我们后来的很多规划方式,确保他们的声音在产品开发生命周期中拥有一定的话语权,甚至比以前更大的话语权。我们尊重他们的时间。我记得有些人一开始很紧张,说”我还有好多其他事要做”,但还是说”好吧,我试试”。
然后突然之间,他们说”哇,我真的想做更多这样的会。“能够让工程师亲眼看到客户的痛苦、喜悦和沮丧,这种第一手的感受非常有冲击力。这就是我的回答,我觉得如果你作为产品经理或产品负责人还没有这样做的话,你最好赶紧上车,因为这会改变整个团队的工作方式。
结尾致谢与联系方式
Lenny: 这个回答太棒了。这是我第一次问这个问题,我觉得以后要把它变成标准问题了,因为我觉得我们会听到各种精彩的干货。所以,感谢你用一个重磅回答来开了个好头。Christine,非常感谢你能来参加节目。我在这一小时里学到的关于产品运营的知识,比我过去多年在网上读到的还要多。
Christine Itwaru: 谢谢你。
Lenny: 感谢你抽出时间,感谢你分享所有的智慧。最后两个问题。如果大家想联系你、了解更多,或者问你一些关于产品运营的问题,可以在哪里找到你?另外,听众们怎样才能帮到你?
Christine Itwaru: 可以在 LinkedIn 上联系我,我相信你会放上链接的。Twitter 也一样。我有自己的网站,productcraft.com。我开始在上面发布一些关于产品管理的内容,接下来还会做一些关于职业发展的内容,诸如此类。他们怎么能帮到我?大家别笑我——我需要重新开始我的 Twitter 账号。之前的号用了 13 年,后来不再属于我了,现在我又重新注册了一个。所以,帮我在那边重新积累起来,重新回到那个平台上就好。这是比较紧急的事情。但更重要的是,帮助我了解产品和产品运营领域正在发生什么。我会继续做类似这样的事情,分享我学到的东西,但我也需要从其他人那里学到更多。这也是我接下来要做的工作中非常令人兴奋的一部分。
现在科技行业到处都是困境。我在想今天,也许还有未来一年左右的时光。对于那些正在认真思考自己产品职业道路下一步该怎么走的人——不管是留在产品领域,还是转向相关的领域,或者想提升自己的技能,也许转向产品运营方向,不管是什么。我非常有兴趣收集更多这方面的数据,看看事态会如何发展,同时也看看能不能帮大家牵线搭桥。我一直在做这件事。兜兜转转又回到 Ben,Ben 当初也为你和我做过同样的事。我觉得产品社区比我们想象的要小。它看起来很大、很广阔,但其实比我们想象的要小。
我觉得我们都在面对一个特殊的时期,人们可能在再一次地思考下一步该怎么走,或者正在挣扎。如果我们能互相分享,那就太好了。所以,听起来可能有点老套,但产品运营对我来说是一个很好的方式,可以把点连接起来,成为那个合作伙伴,对吧?说到透明度和一致性——如果这个社区能帮助我、让我有能力为大家做更多这样的事,我觉得那将非常有帮助。
Lenny: 多美的结尾方式。Christine,再次感谢你来参加节目。
Christine Itwaru: 谢谢你。这真的太开心了。
Lenny: 非常开心。大家再见。非常感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcast、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅节目。另外,也请考虑给我们评分或留下评价,这真的能帮助其他听众找到这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| agile product owner | 敏捷产品负责人 |
| Casey Winners | Casey Winners(人名,保留原文) |
| CPO | 首席产品官 |
| cross-functional collaboration | 跨职能协作 |
| Giannis Antetokounmpo | Giannis Antetokounmpo(人名,保留原文) |
| GM | 总经理(General Manager) |
| go-to-market | 市场推广 |
| IC | 个人贡献者(Individual Contributor) |
| inbound | 入站反馈 |
| lead gen | 潜在客户开发(lead generation) |
| Marty Cagan | Marty Cagan(产品管理领域知名作者/顾问,保留原文) |
| Mind the Product | Mind the Product(产品管理社区/组织名,保留原文) |
| outbound | 对外推广 |
| Pendo | Pendo(公司名,保留原文) |
| PM | 产品经理 |
| PMM | 产品营销经理(Product Marketing Manager) |
| product digest | 产品摘要 |
| product leader | 产品负责人 |
| product marketing | 产品营销 |
| product ops | 产品运营 |
| product-led growth | 产品驱动增长 |
| product-led tactics | 产品驱动策略 |
| program manager | 项目管理经理 |
| project manager | 项目经理 |
| red flag | 危险信号 |
| revenue team | 营收团队 |
| success org | 客户成功团队 |
| switchboard product | switchboard 产品(具体产品/概念,保留原文) |
| thought leader | 意见领袖 |
| voice of customer | 客户之声 |
| VP | 副总裁 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)