如何推销你的想法并在公司内部晋升 | Casey Winters,Eventbrite
How to sell your ideas and rise within your company | Casey Winters, Eventbrite
Casey Winters: Every new person on the product team is acting like they work at Google and have these infinite resources and infinite time to make sure everything is perfect. It became such this focus on the right way of doing product management that no one’s taken any risk. I felt like, oh, am I responsible for this? I’ve created a bunch of frameworks on Reforge. I’m onboarding these new PMs. Is this my fault? At Reforge, we’re building frameworks that are tools in a toolkit. You pull them out when relevant. They’re not a coloring book to stay inside the lines of.
Introducing the Guest
Lenny: Welcome to Lenny’s Podcast, where I interview world-class product leaders and growth experts to learn from their hard-won experiences building and growing today’s most successful products. Today, my guest is Casey Winters. Casey was one of the first ever guests on the podcast, and the first to make a return appearance. He’s a legend in the growth and product community, having worked with or advised companies like Pinterest, Reddit, Canva, Airbnb, Tinder, Thumbtack, Grubhub, and many more. He recently led product at Eventbrite for just about three years, and recently returned to full-time advising, and he’s exploring new opportunities.
In our chat, we cover something he calls the zero interest rate phenomenon product manager and how to avoid that, what he’s found works best when interviewing product managers, what impact he expects from GPT-4 on the role of product management, when to trust your instincts versus your team’s insights and instincts, what are all the different kinds of network effects, and how do you effectively leverage them? Plus a great story about what Grubhub missed that let DoorDash and Uber eat their lunch. I always learn so much from chatting with Casey, and I am 100% sure you will learn a lot from this episode. With that, I bring you Casey Winters, after a short word from our sponsors.
Casey, welcome back to the podcast.
Casey Winters: Thanks, Lenny. Great to be here.
Catching Up on Recent Updates
Lenny: You are the first ever return guest to my podcast. How does that feel?
Casey Winters: I feel honored, perhaps a bit unworthy, but I’ll go with it.
Challenges of the CPO Role
Lenny: Well, you’re both worthy and I’m honored as well. Thanks for joining me again. I have a lot of stuff that I want to chat about, but first of all, I’m just curious, what are you up to these days? I know you left Eventbrite as CPO, I know you’re doing a few advisorships with startups, but how are you spending your days, and what do you think is next for Casey Winters?
Casey Winters: I’m still spending some time with Whatnot and Eventbrite as advisors. I stepped back from the CPO of Eventbrite in October, but still working on some long-term marketplace strategy stuff, some growth strategy stuff. I’m on the board of a company called Beek, which is like Netflix for audio in Latin America, and I’m doing some angel investing in marketplaces in what I call tech debt as a service, which is what are startups that are building out things that were hard for my teams in the past to build or maintain inside previous companies? The other thing I’m working on is revamping the product strategy program for Reforge. I got some things keeping me busy, but definitely not as busy as I was last year.
Long-Term Survival as a CPO
Lenny: This is like a rare, free agent Case Winters time. Should people reach out if they’re interested in maybe working with you? What’s your advice for people listening?
Casey Winters: Yeah. I always love seeing how I can help companies. Everyone should err on the side of reaching out and seeing if I have time to help, if there’s something they think I can help with. I love talking to startups, so yeah, absolutely. I can’t promise anything, but yeah, I just love talking to people about this stuff.
PMs in a Zero-Rate Era
Lenny: Awesome. We’ll point people to how to get in touch with you at the end of the episode, and it’ll be in the show notes too. Talking about the CPO role, you’re at Eventbrite. You’re a CPO. It reminds me of a post you wrote about how hard the CPO role is. There’s some quotes that I recall in your post about how, one, if you ever ask a CPO, chief product officer how they’re doing, no one’s ever going to say, “I’m crushing it right now.”
Casey Winters: Yeah.
Framework Dependency in Startup Interviews
Lenny: Then there’s this other quote about how you basically, as a CPO, just try to put some points on the board before you inevitably get fired. Why is that? Why do you find that, and do you still believe that to be true after leaving that role?
Casey Winters: Yeah, I would say I still believe those things I said. It was funny. A product leader who will remain nameless emailed me when I hit year three at Eventbrite, and they said, “Congrats. You didn’t get fired after two years. What’s your secret?” I think it’s very hard to keep product-market fit as a CPO within a company for a long time. The needs of the business shift over time, and of course, we all have different strengths and weaknesses in our game. No one’s perfect at everything. In general, as an executive, it’s just impossible to do everything perfectly, and any little misstep, mistake, or something you just missed can blow up in a major way.
Frequently, CEOs have visions that can change and get misaligned with the product leader. Also, with leadership roles, you don’t get put on a PIP. If a CEO loses confidence, it’s over immediately. Nothing like that happened at Eventbrite. I started to see that the areas of leverage for a product leader were just less in my wheelhouse over time. I just talked to my boss about it, and we worked out something where I continue to advise on the things that I’m uniquely good at, and find other people who are better at some of these other things that were maybe more important at the time.
Yeah, I’d say it’s a really hard role, or a really challenging role. It can be a lot of fun. I learned a lot from doing it, but yeah, I still believe, and I think I’ve still yet to hear someone say they’ve really crushed it.
Advice for Framework-Dependent PMs
Lenny: Is there anything that you learned from that experience to have survived in that role for three years? I imagine you have a lot of skills and you were very valuable to the company, but I don’t know, for someone in that’s role maybe right now, just like, “Here’s something that I did that maybe you should do.”
Casey Winters: The first one I can think of is a big change from being a product leader to a CPO or something equivalent is you’re actually a company exec first and a product exec second. I think some mistakes I made early that I corrected successfully is you want to show that you are caring and paying attention to the overall business first before just taking care of your own product designers, product managers, researchers, whoever. That’s advice I found myself doling out to other product leaders a lot more now that I’ve gone through it. You have to not only truly care, but create the perception that you care about sales, about marketing, about legal, et cetera. Because first and foremost, you’re expected to lead the business at that level, so I think that’s something that I think is really important.
I think something else is really trying to diagnose, without as much bias as possible, where are the strengths and weaknesses of your team? Where are the strengths and weaknesses of your product? Lay that out with your peers and say, “Here’s where we are. Here’s where I think we need to go. Here’s the timeline on which I’m going to work to get us there.” Because I think product’s such a confusing discipline for people who aren’t in it, like a sales leader, many CEOs, a marketing leader, that they don’t necessarily know what great looks like.
The things they know about great leadership, they don’t know if you know those things, so you have to make it really clear, “Yeah, I know our OKRs are not as quantitative as they should be yet. That’s because this team isn’t ready for X, Y, and Z. This is where we’re going to get them to, but it’s going to take some time.” One of the things we did at Eventbrite that I thought was really helpful is, when you go public, you tend to rotate over your executive team and get public company execs versus startup execs. A few of us were new, and it’s just like, “Hey, let’s do a deep dive on product. Let’s do a deep dive on customer support. Where’s it at right now? What do you feel like your job is? What do you feel like are the issues you’re facing? Where do you want to take it over the next three to five years? Then, let’s talk about it.”
Just forcing you to write it all down is really helpful, but then it forces you to explain it. It helps the rest of the executive team get better company execs because now they really understand product a lot more deeply, or understand finance a lot more deeply, whatever the function is.
When to Invest in Research
Lenny: Speaking of gaps and opportunities for people in the company to level up, you’ve been highlighting this trend that I thought was really interesting, something you call the zero interest rate phenomenon product manager. Can you talk about what that is and what you’ve been noticing?
Casey Winters: Yeah, sure thing. This is something I started noticing while managing PMs and product designers at Eventbrite, and it’s now coming up with Whatnot as I help them hire new PMs, is the environment in which a lot of product managers have come up is very distorted from when you and I started doing this kind of work. I think we used to always describe PMs as this gang of misfits. We all started in all different functions. We all had different strengths and weaknesses, and the PM team gained as a whole from that diversity of skills and previous experiences.
What I noticed is, when we started doing product reviews at Eventbrite, if there was any sort of uncertainty in a problem or a solution, the product manager, instead of shipping to learn, would talk about all this research they have to do to really learn the problems, really learn the solution.
My feedback would be like, no, user research is a scarce resource. We have to reserve it for the areas that have extreme uncertainty and high leverage for getting to certain, so if you’re redesigning the login page for Eventbrite, you don’t need to use that resource to learn what to do. Just go see what FANG and the top unicorns did. They probably did a good job, and even if they didn’t, all of our customers also use those products, so they’re going to be familiar with us copying any approach that they’ve taken.
I think we sort of forgot in the industry that many times, the fastest way to learn is to ship, so that if you actually get them to skip research and just go look at competitors, another thing I was noticing is I’d get a list of options other companies have done, but there would be no analysis of why those companies chose different options and what’s most applicable for us.
It got me thinking, okay, every new person on the product team is acting like they work at Google and have these infinite resources and infinite time to make sure everything is perfect. It became such this focus on the right way of doing product management that no one’s taken any risk. I felt like, oh, am I responsible for this? I’ve created a bunch of frameworks on Reforge. I’m onboarding these new PMs. Is this my fault? At Reforge, we’re building frameworks that are tools in a toolkit. You pull them out when relevant. They’re not a coloring book to stay inside the lines of.
At one point, I got so fed up, I wrote an internal blog post, and I called it On Best Practices and Breakfast Rituals. I talked about how there were these articles about the morning habits of the most successful people, and if you try to do all those things, it’d take you like six hours every morning. There was this article, I think it was on Business Insider or something, about this futurist at Google. He talked about all the pills and food he eats for breakfast every morning to try to live longer. The reporter estimated that it cost him one million a year to have these habits, so I was like, “Hey, I want to make it clear. At Eventbrite, we don’t have that much money. We don’t have that much time. There’s no framework that allows you to not use your brain at this company and just follow some sort of process for success in this profession.”
I adopted this thing into a public blog post that’s on my blog now, but now that I’ve had some time outside of Eventbrite, I feel like I at least partially missed the mark on what’s really going on. I see this with Whatnot, because one of the things I’m helping them with is interviewing, I see PMs again, which I haven’t done in a while. It’s fascinating interviewing a PM or managers early in their career because Whatnot is a startup, and you know better than most of us as a former founder of one, startups typically require us to wear lots of hats. You have to write SQL. You have to talk directly to customers. You have to prep marketing and sales. Most importantly, you have to make a lot of decisions under uncertainty, which you wouldn’t necessarily expect a PM to do at, say, a Google, but it all boils down to using your brain in different ways.
Lisa, who’s on our legal team, she called Eventbrite a public startup because the pandemic basically erased her business and we had to build it back from scratch. Now that I’m doing these interviews, and whether they come from a small startup, a unicorn, or a public company, they all sort of look the same because there’s been so much funding to all these companies. Every company’s been acting like they’re Google with Google margins, meaning a lot of engineering support, a lot of design support, a lot of research support, lots of analysts around them.
They actually seem pretty ill-prepared for a real startup, or even a public company with some uncertainty around it like Eventbrite, so you start getting these weird responses in the interview process. You ask them to solve a problem and they’d say things like, “I can’t even begin to come up with solutions until I see all the data and talk to customers.” I’m like, “Yeah, I get that’s something you would normally do if you took the job, but you don’t have the data. You can’t talk to customers. Make a decision now. What would you do? I want to see how creative you are. I want to see how much you’re intuiting about the real problem and solution,” and they can’t really answer.
Then my follow-up, which I don’t ask, but what I really want to ask is like, “When’s the last time you used your brain versus followed a process someone else designed at your company?” Because I want the former, not the latter.
Thoughts on Whatnot
Lenny: Wow. Amazing. There’s a lot of things I want to dig into here. I was going to ask why you call it zero interest rate phenomenon, but I think what I’m hearing is it’s when interest rates are zero, everyone’s got a lot of money, things are going great. Everyone looks like they’re killing it, successful. Everyone thinks they’ve got it all figured out, and then when that goes away, it’s like, “Oh, shit. Maybe not so.”
Casey Winters: Then also, I think zero interest rates allowed every startup to operate like it was a public company with billions of dollars. That’s going to go away over the next five years, and it sort of takes us back to what product management used to be like, which was you didn’t have all these resources around. You didn’t have all this time to figure it out because if you don’t figure it out now and make it work, you may run out of funding, right?
How to Interview PMs
Lenny: Yeah. Like a very concrete thing that’s changed as a lot of research teams have been laid off because they grew really large and companies found, “Maybe we need don’t need the …” Like, “Of all the things we can cut, it’s probably an area we can cut.”
Casey Winters: Yeah, for sure.
PM Prestige and Visibility
Lenny: There’s probably PMs listening to this wondering, “Shoot, am I one of these? Am I just following a bunch of frameworks?” What’s your advice for someone that may fear that, “Oh, shoot. This is maybe who I am and I don’t want to necessarily be this”? What could they maybe do?
Casey Winters: I always advise going to companies where you can learn quickly and try things. I think it’s certainly okay to learn a bunch of frameworks. There’s a reason I’ve invested a ton of time in Reforge because I think it actually really does help people to see how other people build things in a way that they can scale it to their other companies, but you have to understand that the job is not to follow the process. The job is not to learn every framework possible. The job is to figure out how to add value to customers that translates into value to the business. Just reorient your North Star, if you’ve gotten away from that.
When I joined Eventbrite, there was this team that didn’t ship anything in a quarter. I went to the designer who I knew, and I know that he likes to get stuff out there and likes to get feedback. I was like, “Dude, you didn’t ship anything. How could you have gone the entire quarter, not shipped any of your designs and felt that that was okay? If you didn’t feel it was okay, why did you censor yourself? Come to me. Tell me why this team is not letting you ship. There’s just no way you can get better as a designer. There’s no way you can have the impact on the company. There’s no way you can have an impact on our users.” Those are some things that come to mind to that question.
Will AI Replace PMs?
Lenny: If you’re a PM on a team that maybe isn’t shipping, maybe is overusing research, do you have any advice of just like when it makes sense to invest in research? Say you have the resources, is there a rule of thumb you have of like, “Okay. Let’s actually spend the time on this verse not”?
Casey Winters: I think about it a little bit, depending on the type of job you have and the types of customers you have. The more scale you have tends to be you have less sophisticated customers because you’re generally like a consumer thing where the customers are rational. They’re not experts. That’s generally where you just try things. You measure the impact they have, and you only really bring in USEARCH, research when the impact seems confusing, but you can run experiments. You can get data really easily, so bias towards getting stuff out there and seeing what users respond to.
Founder Intuition vs. Team Expertise
Lenny: In consumer product.
Casey Winters: Right.
The Decay of Founder Intuition
Lenny: Interesting.
Casey Winters: If you’re super enterprise, it’s the opposite. Each customer, first off, is sophisticated and tend to be rational. They’re paying you like six figures or more, and you could talk to the customers and sales, who knows the customers really well directly, and they tell you want they want. They tell you what they’re willing to pay for. You build it. They pay you. Bing, bang, boom. It’s not, obviously, as simple as that, but you’re basically doing the research directly with the customer and with the sales team, and translating that into things that are strategic to the business.
I would say those are the two extremes probably most people are familiar with, but we now have a lot of companies in the middle, where they have more customers. Those customers are more sophisticated. They’re consumers. They’re maybe employees at companies, or they’re small businesses. That’s where you have to be more nuanced. This, of course, is where Eventbrite was on, “Hey, when do I really lean in on research? When do I lean in on data? When do I pay attention to internal feedback?
” For Eventbrite, we really tried to focus research on the B2B side of Eventbrite, where the problems seemed big, but not well-defined enough. Or that problem’s well-defined, but we just really don’t feel like we have the right solution yet. If research is going to be a scarce resource inside the company, which I think it will in most places, you have to figure out where it’s a high-leverage area, which means either really big problem, we don’t understand it well enough, or we know the problem’s big. We understand it well, but we’re just not sure if our solution’s going to, in any way, hit the mark.
Helping Founders Let Go
Lenny: Makes me think about some of the best researchers I’ve worked with, and they often tell me like, “We don’t need to do research on this. We have enough information. We have other things we should be doing.”
Different Founders, Different Feedback Styles
Casey Winters: I love it when they say that. Yes.
When Founders Are More Visionary
Lenny: Yeah. This would have been a really good segue to another topic I want to talk about, which is around gut instincts versus team expertise, which we’re going to get to, but I have a couple more questions along these lines.
Casey Winters: Sure.
Types of Network Effects
Lenny: You talked about interviewing PMs at Whatnot. Can you actually describe Whatnot? Just because you mentioned it a couple times, just so people know what we’re talking about here.
Casey Winters: Oh, sure. Whatnot’s a livestreaming marketplace, mostly focused on the collectibles market. Sellers, whether it’s like baseball cards, or women’s handbags, or sneakers, they’ll go live on video and show you the products they have that they’re selling. People that are watching the stream can engage with the sellers and bid on different items, so kind of like Twitch meets eBay would be a good way to describe it.
How Grubhub Got Disrupted
Lenny: Awesome, awesome. I’ll just mention, I’m a tiny angel investor in that company.
Lessons on Existential Threats
Casey Winters: Oh, that’s why you brought it up. Okay, I get it.
Can Anyone Challenge DoorDash Today?
Lenny: Yeah, I just wanted to make sure people understood what this word was because it’s like a fun word, Whatnot. What I wanted to actually get to is you said you were interviewing a lot of project managers for them.
Casey Winters: Yeah.
SaaS and Marketplace Convergence
Lenny: What is your approach to interviewing PMs? What do you find is a really good signal for someone that’s going to be successful?
Why Marketplaces Plus SaaS Win
Casey Winters: I feel like the whole thing’s gotten so performative. It’s like interviewing is handing out Oscars based on who’s prepared the best tell me about a time response, versus actually assessing who can do the job we’re hiring for. It’s like most PMs are better PM interviewers than PMs now. There’s this quote from a movie called The Way of the Gun. I don’t know if you’ve ever seen it.
Lenny: No.
Conditions for SaaS-to-Marketplace Success
Casey Winters: Benicio del Toro says in it, it’s like, “These days, they want to be criminals more than they want to commit crime.” I think about that quote a lot when it comes to interviewing. I would say I’m a bit contrarian here in my approach. I don’t ask about your work history. I don’t care about your perfectly practiced answers. I’m going to give you real scenarios that I expect from the role. I want to hear how you’d approach them. If you can’t come up with a few reasonable ideas, figure out how to test them quickly without analyst support or research, I’m just not interested.
I’m not saying this is a perfect approach. Interviewing is a very lossy format, but the more I can see them do the job we’re hiring for with questions, whether it’s a presentation, a prompt, that gets me the most comfortable that they know the job they’re signing up for, that they’ve shown in a practice scenario they can do it, and they actually enjoyed it in some way.
Substack’s Path to a Marketplace
Lenny: Are there red flags you look for in these interviews? One is maybe you said of like, “I can’t even begin to answer this without research and data.” Is there anything else?
Casey Winters: Some things I pay attention to is if they’re talking about solutions that are going to take a long time to get signal from, whether it’s months and months of engineering time before you actually see the impact on users or the business, I think that’s always great. If they’re not factoring in the amount of time it will take, in general, is not a good sign, and not thinking a bit more holistically about the types of metrics they expect to improve versus track to make sure they haven’t gone down. Those are some things that I pay a lot of attention to.
Why Consumer Subscriptions Are Hard
Lenny: How much do you think they’re intimidated by being interviewed by Casey Winters? How much do you think that factors in?
How B2C Subscriptions Survive
Casey Winters: I think you overestimate my importance or awareness in the community. I think most people have no idea who I am when they start talking to me.
Rapid Fire Q&A
Lenny: Mm-hmm. [inaudible 00:24:25] Another thought is there’s this meme that GBT-4, or 5, or 6, or 10 is going to replace product managers, and anytime some new feature comes out, people will put out these videos of, “Oh, look. They’re doing all the PM’s jobs.” What’s your take on the future of PM in AI, if any?
Cross-Functional Teams and the DRI
Casey Winters: Well, I think if you thought the PM job was just filling in the latest Reforge or Shreyas framework, and then getting that automatic FANG promotion every year and a half, then yeah, you’re going to get replaced by AI. I think the real PM job is the least likely to get replaced over time because you need real subject matter expertise. You need to be trading off a lot of different types of things, and making good decisions for the company and for your customers.
In terms of using AI now as a PM, I’d actually be cautious in the current iteration of the cycle for PMs. It’s a tool that’s trained on sounding smart rather than always necessarily being smart. I was at Eventbrite the other day, and someone was telling me how they were loving the new Notion AI integration. She asked me if I used it. I said, “No.” She’s like, “Ah, you totally need to. Hey, go ask it your bio. It’s really cool.” I said, “All right. Let’s just do it on your screen,” so she did and my bio said I started my career at Google, and worked on Google Trends, and a bunch of other products, none of which happened. It was just complete nonsense.
It did have some stuff that did happen. It knew I worked at Eventbrite, and it knew I worked at Pinterest and stuff, but half of it was just completely made up. It sounded plausible, but it wasn’t actually true. I think where I’m more inclined for PMs to try to get leverage out of something like GPT-4 is a lot of the tedious work that’s maybe not their specialty to begin with. If you’re not great at Excel or Google Sheets and you need to model something, you can ask it to format something. That’ll probably be perfect, or how to get some Zapier integration to work. It probably knows how to do that really well.
I think, at this point, it’s a pretty good no-code to low-code tool. It’s obviously going to become a lot more than that, but for a lot of these other use cases that people are touting, there’s a decent chance, confidently tells you the wrong thing, and that would scare me as a PM.
Lenny: I’ve had the exact same experience. I had to describe what I’ve done, and it was like 70% mistaken.
Casey Winters: Yeah.
Lenny: Is there anything you’ve found value in yet with GPT of any kind in your work, or is it still kind of just poking around and novelty for you?
Casey Winters: Yeah. I’ve had a couple of those things where it’s like, “Hey, how do I actually get this weird thing done?” It’s been like clear bullet points, take these steps, and I’m like, “Oh, great. This was actually really hard to find on Google.” Things like that, I actually quite like it for, so that’s where my head goes to more confidently use it. Of course, I’ll try it and if it’s wrong-
Lenny: Just throw it away.
Casey Winters: … I’ll learn where it’s wrong, so it’s low-risk, but it’s been right on some of those things and it’s like, “Oh, cool. I couldn’t figure out how to do that.” There was something on Google Docs that I needed to figure out how to do that was kind of fancy. I asked ChatGPT. It told me how to do it, and I was like, “Oh, great.”
Lenny: I had a similar experience where I just needed a formula in Google Sheets, and just told it like, “I need this thing,” and it just gives me the actual formula.
Casey Winters: Yeah, that’s so magical when it happens.
Lenny: Yeah. I don’t know. I’m not that good with Sheets formulas. Shifting course a little bit, you also wrote this really interesting post on founder intuition versus team expertise. There’s a lot to it, and I think it’s a really interesting topic because it’s this classic discussion that startups have. How much should a founder trust their gut, and how much should it be top-down, “Here’s what we should be doing” versus the team, bottom-up, figure out what to build? I’d love to spend a little time here. Maybe just to start broadly, what is this? You came up with a framework of how to think about when founder intuition should overrule, say, team expertise, and how that change over time, so maybe just talk about that.
Casey Winters: Yeah. If founders are lucky/good enough to find product-market fit, they’ve usually built up all this intuition about their customers, about their product, and their business that are really hard to explain to others and may even be subconscious. When they start to hire people, these people will come in with a lot of excitement, ideas, maybe even really relevant experience, especially senior leaders. I’ve seen some founders are like, “Cool. I need to let these experts start to own these areas and get out of the geek house.” I think that’s actually the opposite of what you want, because none of these people know the business as well as you get it. You actually need to direct them until they show you they’ve really got it and are making better decisions than you would.
This is not a founder example, but I remember when I hired Erika Warren to build out our loyalty program at Grubhub, and she now leads growth at Change.org. After a month or so, she was like, “Dude, you’re in all my meetings. I got this.” That let me know she was in a different part of the situational leadership framework than I had put her in, so I backed away, and she crushed it from there.
Founders will put a lot of new leaders in that delegate bucket too quickly. It’s like, “Ah, they got it. They know more than me,” when founders actually know the right answer and should just tell them. This can, of course, change like in the case of Erika. If you hire the right people, they do get smarter than you. You can and you should start delegating. Many founders don’t notice the signals where their founder intuition has been usurped by team expertise, or maybe it’s just ebbed in effectiveness over time. That, of course, makes sense. Founders have all these different things they’re dealing with, and your employees can really dive deep in certain areas. I encourage employees to proactively signal both directions, like, “Hey, I need direction from you.” Or, “Hey, I got it from here. Trust me on this one.”
Lenny: Interesting. You’re saying, as a founder, the heuristic should be if you feel confident about a decision, generally, you should be clear, like, “Hey, I think I know what we need to be doing here,” and don’t just make people feel better, necessarily, by just saying, “Okay. You tell us what you want to do.” Then on the flip side, as an employee at the company, if you feel really confident about something, make it clear to the founder like, “I really think this is the right move.” Is there anything more you want to add there?
Casey Winters: Yeah. Well, there’s obviously the feedback loop of that, of what happens when you do either of those things. Depending on the founder’s response to that or the employee’s response to that, there’s different approaches you can take.
Lenny: Part of this, you have this cool chart of just over time, the founder expertise becomes less and less relevant. I guess, is that because they just don’t spend as much time with the customers because they have other stuff going on or they hire people that are smarter, and then over time, the team expertise goes up?
Casey Winters: If you’re lucky enough to scale a company, there’s just more and more things going on that all will reach the founder in some way, but it means more breadth and less depth on any particular issue, and the reverse is true for people you hire. They’re able to get really deep into things that maybe you were really deep into two years ago but you just can’t stay deep in anymore. I built this chart on, or I guess I should say table on the different phases of a startup. When you’re finding product-market fit, everything goes through the founders. You cannot outsource that.
Then when you start scaling the company because you found product-market fit, it’s the first time that founders run into this classic problem of what got you here won’t get you there. What got you to product-market fit was iterating on product and doing things that don’t scale. Guess what? You found a product that works. Don’t do that anymore. Make it scale. Don’t come up with new products. You found the one that works. The reason I came up with this framework originally is when I was at Grubhub, we were scaling pretty nicely and fairly organically.
I think Mike and Matt, the founders, had intuited these phases of building a company pretty well, but we acquired a competitor and I saw how that company we acquired operated. Even though they were largely in the same phase as us, they still operated like they were founding the company. Everything was going through the founder. Intuitively, I was like, “Oh, this is why we’re acquiring you, and not the other way around.”
I think it’s really hard for founders to get those signals organically, and I think it’s up to us as employees to help. The founders can listen to the signals or not listen to those signals, but that’s part of why we’re here, but we should also give those signals when we’re confident we really get it. Not come in day one being, “I know what your sales strategy should be. You’re doing it all wrong.” Because chances are, the founders weren’t doing it all wrong. They knew something you don’t know about yet.
Lenny: What is it that you think made it such that you won and they didn’t? Is it because they didn’t invest, they didn’t shift to scaling and delegating to their employees as much as the founder just telling everyone to do it?
Casey Winters: Correct, right. Everything was not moving as quickly because everything had to go through the same person to get done. It just allowed them to not launch as many markets, not sign up as many restaurants, to not figure out as many growth channels, yeah, as we had done.
Lenny: Got it. They just bottlenecked themselves and they weren’t able to move as fast because the founder thought they needed to make these decisions, and they were still the ones that knew everything.
Casey Winters: Yep.
Lenny: That makes me think about most companies. Maybe not most, but many founders just believe they have the answers. They are confident they know what to do, and it’s rare they get to a place of like, “Nah, I actually don’t.”
Casey Winters: Well, I would say no one gets to it super intuitively.
Lenny: Any advice for either as a employee at a company with a founder like that or leader, of just how to push back and help the founder understand, “Maybe you should let go and trust people to make decisions”?
Casey Winters: I think the first thing is you have to understand that it’s their company, not yours, and the founders have impossible jobs. They’re not going to scale perfectly with the needs of the company. It’s just something’s going to be off. It may be because there’s a whole lot of hubris by being the one of a thousand startups that made it, or they just have personal styles, but they can run the company any way they want.
I think it’s sometimes surprising when founders actually want to run things suboptimally. I think we’ve seen examples where founders just want to build cool shit versus focusing on what customers want, or they’re too obsessed with the design. They’re always rebranding, redesigning things in ways that confuse customers. Of course, that’s going to happen and those are some of the worst cases. I think if you do state your point, you’ve actually built up the expertise, you’re confident and you are refuted for whatever reasons, you have to find ways to be contrarian and prove you’re right.
Different founders have different forms of feedback they listen to. It might be talking to other CEOs, or other operators, or trusted advisors, certain customers. Some might be very data-oriented, so you just run the experiment and ask for forgiveness after you proved it works, whatever. Everyone’s got a different thing they respond to. You try to figure out what actually influences the CEO and build that case, whether it’s through an experiment, the right customer intro, the right external advisor. If they rebuke that as well, then you got to disagree and commit, or find a new company to join, or start your own. Like I said, it’s their company. They can make the call.
I remember when I joined Pinterest, I was just coming off 100X increase in user growth from Grubhub. I was ready to drive the same sort of impact at Pinterest, but no one knew who I was. I didn’t come from Facebook or Google like most of the other people, or Pinterest. No one gave a shit about Chicago startups at the time, so when they didn’t trust my proposals, I just went and talked to the heads of growth at all the startups they did respect. I talked to Dropbox, I talked to Facebook. When they said all the same things I was saying but I said that they said it, not me, that was, sadly, more convincing. I didn’t care because I still got what I wanted out of it, which is to do the right thing to grow the company.
Lenny: Now you’re one of those people that people go to. If Casey says it, it’s probably the right way to do it.
Casey Winters: Whether I’m correct or not, it is a role I sometimes play in the ecosystem, I will admit.
Lenny: Is there an example where you were convinced something was the right way to go and the founder at one of the companies you worked at had a different opinion and they had ended up being right.
Casey Winters: When I was at Grubhub, one of the ideas one of the founders came up with was to build an app for delivery drivers. At the time, restaurants had their own delivery drivers. They did not work for us. We wanted to build an app for the delivery drivers so you could see where the food was along the way, so you could know if it’s five minutes away, whatever. Domino’s was the first to have done this at the time, and we thought that would make a bunch of sense.
I was just like, “How am I supposed to convince the delivery driver, who doesn’t have a relationship with us, to download the app from Grubhub, to actually turn it on, to create anxiety for the consumer of they maybe didn’t take the right turn or, whatever?” I was like, “I don’t think this makes sense. No one’s going to use it,” and Mike and Matt overruled me and pushed us to do it.
In the long run, it ended up being quite necessary because of the innovations around DoorDash, and Postmates, and later, Uber Eats having their own delivery network and us needing to counter that. That’s, of course, a key piece of technology that needs to have parity with those new services. That was an area where perhaps, they were thinking a little bit more longer term than I was, and I was not able to get where they were going on the longer-term time horizon of how this would be actually ultimately adopted and useful.
Lenny: This is an awesome segue to the next area, but real quick, how did they get drivers to start using this app? Was there anything really clever they did?
Casey Winters: I think it was fairly low adoption for a while, and leveraging basically restaurant authority. If we’re able to push on our restaurant customers effectively to say like, “Hey, if you use this, it’ll get you more orders. We’ll get you prominence in the UI,” things like that to then push down to their direct relationships with the drivers to get them to adopt.
Lenny:
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Okay. Shifting to our last topic that I was excited to chat about is around network effects, and marketplaces, and SaaS, and how those things connect. I feel like you have the clearest way of thinking about and explaining network effects, so maybe just to start, can you just simply explain what is a network effect and then the different types of network effects that exist?
Casey Winters: Yeah. No pressure after you say that. Yeah, so at it’s core, a network effect is when a product or a business gets better with more users or customers using it. There’s three types that I tend to focus on. The first and probably the most well-known is called direct network effects. That’s when every additional user makes the product better for all the existing users. When someone joins WhatsApp, other people can talk to them that wouldn’t be able to talk to them before, and that makes WhatsApp valuable, more valuable for everyone.
Then there are cross-side network effects where there’s two distinct types of users, and adding an additional user on one side of the network makes it more valuable for all the types of users on the other side of the network and vice-versa. When a restaurant joins Grubhub, it creates more selection for users to order food, and when more users start ordering more food, Grubhub becomes more attractive for restaurants to join so they can make more money from delivery orders.
The last network effect I focus on is data network effects. That’s when the quality or cost of something improves as more data is collected through the product. When you say content to Pinterest, to a board, it gives Pinterest signal on the quality of that content, its relevance to other pieces of content, since they’re shared to the same board, and more signal on your preferences. This allows Pinterest to better recommend more content to you as well as to other people who look like you and share similar interests.
One thing that’s tricky about these network effects is most people talk about network effects in the context of social network, not marketplaces or SaaS like my background. The thing that’s really tricky in understanding social networks is they’re traditionally described as these direct network effect businesses, but all of them have to become either cross-side and/or data and network effect businesses over time. The only companies that stay direct network effect businesses are these pure communication tools like Messenger, iMessage, WhatsApp. There isn’t a clear path to make money with those, but you want to sell ads, you’re becoming a cross-side network effect business. Also, creators verse consumers creates a cross-side network effect business. If you want to get better at personalization, guess what? You’re recommending content by leveraging data network effects.
Lenny: I love that. You nailed it. I imagine marketplace founders listening to this may be wondering, “Hey, can I add on these additional network effects? Can I evolve towards one of these?” What you’re saying is not only can you, you need to, eventually.
Casey Winters: I agree. I think they’re a great form of defensibility, first off. Do they make sense for every business? No, but in a lot of cases, in order for you to evolve properly and continue to grow, they can become a necessity.
Lenny: Are there any other examples of marketplace companies that come to mind that did a great job evolving or adding one of these network effects or are just interesting?
Casey Winters: Let’s take some inventory. I think Zillow is really interesting in that a real estate listing site is not particularly an interesting product, but the ability of saying, very rarely do both sides of this network, people who are buying homes and selling homes need to connect, but I can find a way for the brand to connect with both of them by giving real time pricing information on the value of homes, and that creates a much stickier product for both sides. I think that was a pretty genuine innovation that other people have tried and rarely been as successful with. That’s one that definitely sticks with me off the top of my head.
Lenny: Great. We’ve been talking about Grubhub a lot. Grubhub had some pretty strong network effects, in large part, thanks to the work you did. One of the benefits of network effects is it creates a barrier to entry. It’s hard to replicate and compete with a company where they already have all this network effect, but famously, Grubhub got disrupted by DoorDash and Uber Eats. Maybe you can talk about how that happened and why that happened. It’d be cool to hear just like, what do you think they could have done differently and what happened where their network effect got eaten for lunch? Pun intended.
Casey Winters: Sure. It’s a great question. I think people do mistake any form of network effect as this perfect form of defensibility. They’re the best form of defensibility, but that doesn’t mean they’re immune to disruption. I think the main way this happens with cross-side network effects that we typically talk about for marketplaces is when a disruptor dramatically expands selection. I want to be clear, I left Grubhub at the end of 2013 before said lunch was eaten, so what I’m communicating is more like public knowledge of watching these amazing companies compete, rather than being inside the fire at the time.
Lenny: Great.
Casey Winters: But one important thing to remember is Grubhub was an asset-light marketplace model. Restaurants did their own delivery through their own delivery drivers that they hired. I wrote this post for Andreessen Horowitz a few years ago about supply strategies and marketplaces, so in that you really need to be comprehensive or have exclusive inventory, and Grubhub strived to be comprehensive. We’d show every restaurant that delivered to you, even if we didn’t work with them directly for online ordering. What happened about a year before I left Grubhub was that these competitors started to raise their seed rounds or series As to build delivery networks.
Postmates and DoorDash were the first two that rose to prominence. Uber Eats would come later, but they actually started with a pretty different business model, and this is an extremely different business. You’re hiring drivers, you’re managing logistics. We call this a heavily managed marketplace model, as you are now facilitating the transaction versus just connecting buyers and sellers and taking payments like Grubhub did.
On the one hand, you have Grubhub, this extremely high-margin business, and these businesses coming up are actually negative-margin businesses. At least they were for a long time. In 2013, Grubhub acquired Seamless, its closest competitor at the time. Seamless still had a lead on Grubhub in New York, partially because it had this corporate program where law firms, and banks, and consultants got lunch stipends you had to redeem by ordering the food through Seamless. Grubhub operated in these dense cities and suburbs like in New York because those were really places that had restaurants that had delivery.
DoorDash, when it started, operated in less dense suburbs and worked with restaurants that had never done delivery before, and they would provide the delivery drivers themselves. This allowed DoorDash to grow without much competition in the early days. These companies also took some real gambles. One of the things they did is they delivered from restaurants they didn’t have an agreement with, and that caused controversy and lawsuits. What it meant is when these companies did launch in the cities to go after Grubhub, it felt like DoorDash, and Postmates, and Uber had dramatically larger selection of restaurants to choose from, and Grubhub was definitely no longer near comprehensive.
Back when we talked about cross-side network effects, the more selection of restaurants, the more attractive it is to users and vice-versa. At that point, Grubhub’s put in a very peculiar position. It had gone public after raising 100 million in an IPO, telling investors it’s an extremely profitable, high-growth, asset-light marketplace, but now it’s got disruption pressure from operationally intensive negative-margin delivery services that were raising $100 million every six months from the private markets.
What Grubhub assumed is that these businesses were just structurally unprofitable, and that VCs would stop subsidizing them eventually. Of course, that didn’t happen. They kept raising more money. DoorDash eventually raised multiple billions of dollars in this market. Part of what they used that money for was to lock up agreements with national chains, which Grubhub never worked with. It was always like the local mom and pops, and promotions and discounts on the demand side. All of this is happening, and then the pandemic hits, and all of those negative margins turned positive for DoorDash for the first time, if I understand things correctly.
On top of that, all this corporate ordering that we got from Seamless no longer mattered because no one goes to the office anymore, so this gambit really paid off and DoorDash just took the market. Grubhub then tried to copy the approaches of DoorDash and Postmates. They wrote this famous letter saying that they still thought the approaches were stupid, but their hand was forced, which is kind of funny to read in retrospect. A lot of armchair thinkers are like, “How could Grubhub have been so stupid to let DoorDash take the market that they built?”
Look, I’ll admit Grubhub made some mistakes, but I think it would have been extremely hard for Grubhub to come out on top here. Let’s say in 2014 after you IPO, you do actually think what DoorDash, Postmates, and Uber are doing are smart. What do you do? Go to investors that you promised high growth and high profits and say you need to raise more money in debt to compete with negative-margin upstarts in a way that will destroy all that potential profit you mentioned? The stock would drop 90%. A lot of your employees would leave because their stock is now worthless. On top of that, building a delivery network is a heavy operations play that matches none of your core competencies, so to me, that feels like a death sentence.
I think the only play here was to buy DoorDash as early as possible, and let DoorDash and their operationally-heavy culture eat Grubhub from the inside out. I think Grubhub probably could have acquired them multiple times. For whatever reason, it never happened. It would have seemed pretty risky had Grubhub done that. Investors probably would have hated it, but it would have been their Netflix moment, where Netflix bet it all on streaming and they bet right. This is all incredibly easy to say in hindsight.
I think what I’ve learned now that I’m more senior in my career is during existential threats, it’s like when Nassim Taleb says, “The only rational reaction is overreaction.” Unless you have a real viable reason to assume otherwise, you got to assume the disruptor is right and base your strategy on them playing an optimal game. Whereas, I think Grubhub assumed the disruptor was wrong and that it would all play out eventually in their favor, and it clearly didn’t.
Lenny: Wow. I have never heard that full story. That was amazing. Thank you for getting in so much detail there.
Casey Winters: I don’t know how much of it is right, but-
Lenny: It seems right, from the outside. It’s interesting that it’s like a version of innovator’s dilemma. Usually, innovator’s dilemma is people come and do something cheaper at the low end of the market. In this case, it was more they were doing something that they didn’t believe would scale. It was just much more inefficient-
Casey Winters: Correct.
Lenny: … even though it was a better experience. Is that innovator’s dilemma, or is that some other version of innovator’s dilemma? Because to your point, they couldn’t almost go after it.
Casey Winters: I think it is in spirit, for sure.
Lenny: The takeaway there that you’ve learned is don’t underestimate someone that’s trying to do something that’s going to eat your lunch eventually, even though it feels like a terrible business model.
Casey Winters: Right. If the market’s rewarding it, the market will probably find a way to make it profitable. It’s essentially, when everyone’s find a more efficient network effect for demand on the marketplace side, you probably need to copy that as soon as possible, and if you can’t copy it, own it, buy it. I think we’ve seen this a few times. Rover and Wag was another interesting example of this, where they found a more frequent use case that fit the same supply and demand, and Rover just copied it as soon as possible. That ended up working out for them in a way that it didn’t as much for Grubhub.
Lenny: I just did a talk recently on marketplace growth strategy, and someone asked me a really interesting question. “If you were trying to go up against a DoorDash or an Uber today, what would you do?” My answer is just like, money was so freely available at that point that they were able to … A lot of this was spend. They had so much money raised. You said they were raising $100 million every six months. Is it even possible in today’s climate, where you can’t actually raise that much money, to have any sort of chance to beat a DoorDash or an Uber?
Casey Winters: Yeah, clearly, they took advantage of the zero interest rate environments that we talked about earlier. That is not a replicable strategy in 2023. Any approach to compete with them has to be competing on a very different angle because, yeah, they can spend you into the dust. We’ll see if anyone’s able to build a way that creates new supply in market. I think you and I have seen a couple of earlier stage examples of that. We’ll see if any of them scale, or something that feels cheaper or more fun on the demand side. That would be another way to potentially disrupt things.
I think another thing that was working pretty well before the pandemic in building disrupters was focusing on the pickup use case, which DoorDash cannot do as easily. They’ve tried, but their whole value prop is the delivery network, which you don’t need for pickup. Of course, the pandemic put a lot of those startups grinding to a halt as well. There’s always angles, but you’re going to need to be incredibly clever because just attacking with a war chest is not really going to work.
Lenny: Yeah. I noticed a lot of startups launching that are trying to do white label delivery for restaurants so they don’t have to rely on DoorDash, but maybe that’s a wedge to get in, and eventually they do the DoorDash sort of thing.
Casey Winters: Yeah, and I would say I’m pretty skeptical of those because they’re just not really building the network effects on the demand side. They’re just more like SaaS businesses. I think those struggle to be multi-$100 million in revenue businesses because the take rate is typically like a third or a fourth of what a DoorDash can charge.
Lenny: Perfect segue to my next question, and I only have a couple more. There’s this concept and I think pull from marketplace founders to add a SaaS tool, eventually, and have both business models. Then there’s often the reverse, where a SaaS company wants to add a marketplace. I know this question is something you get a lot, and so just a question for you. Does this work? Are there examples where they’ve added this additional way of making money? Which direction do you find is most often successful and not successful?
Casey Winters: The canonical example that a lot of these founders use is OpenTable. That always felt really unfulfilling to me because it’s very old at this point. Probably the younger people listening to the podcast are like, “What’s OpenTable?” I think that business has incredibly underperformed the market it operated in. It had a good exit. It sold for $2.6 billion, I think, to Booking.com, but Booking subsequently wrote that value down below a billion, so that’s not really the outcome I think we’re looking for, traditionally, in marketplaces.
Lenny: Maybe explain what it was initially, the SaaS tool versus a financial marketplace.
Casey Winters: Oh, sure. OpenTable promised both a SaaS tool that would help you understand what tables are open and where to seat people, so for the host in the front of the house in a restaurant, but also bring in additional reservations to fill up your restaurant. Because I think what people misunderstand about restaurants is they’re, “Oh, these restaurants are these incredibly low-margin businesses.” It’s like, yeah, they are because they’re paying the rent no matter what.
Once you’re already paying the rent no matter what happens, you’re incentivized to pump as much food out the kitchen and to get as many people seated in-house as possible. People would say like, “Oh, Grubhub and DoorDash are charging too much.” It’s like, no, delivery orders and catering orders are basically pure margin to restaurants. The chefs are already there. The rent is already being paid. “The more things we pump out of the kitchen, the more money we make,” which is why restaurants are willing to pay higher fees. These restaurants are not stupid. They’re not being misinformed. OpenTable, well before there were any delivery startups, was like, “We’re going to fill up your tables, and we’re going to give you software that helps you manage your tables most effectively to make the most profit.”
Lenny: Got it. Okay, great. If you’ve got-
Casey Winters: That’s OpenTable. Look, this is definitely the strategy we are working on with Eventbrite, where we started with something that was more SaaS-like, enabling easy payments and certain tools to make event creators’ business more efficient, and we’re layering in more of the traditional marketplace value prop of demand, driving more ticket sales for these event creators. I would say it’s got a ways to go to be working really well.
What does working really well look like? It’s when the marketplace model unlocks those cross-side network effects that make it easier to grow. Event creators, when Eventbrite started, they would just go do their own marketing to bring people to Eventbrite to transact on their events that they had listed there. Now Eventbrite drives 25% of the ticket sales itself, and that percentage is growing faster than-
Lenny: Oh, wow. That’s amazing.
Casey Winters: Yeah. It’s growing faster than the rest of the business, which is great, but it probably needs to be closer to 50% to unlock those really cross-side network effects. That would mean that creators start selecting Eventbrite because of all the demand Eventbrite has versus the quality of the SaaS tools. That’s obviously something we’re working on. Faire is a company I advised more recently that I think has unlocked this model in the reverse, where Faire is a wholesale marketplace between independent retailers and brands so that you could sell products at these retailers, like a boutique in your local neighborhood.
Faire built the marketplace first, and then it later built a SaaS tool that allowed the brands to onboard their current retailers into the platform and get better terms on payments and free returns. It didn’t charge anything to use the SaaS tool for any rebookings that happened through that platform. What that did is it onboarded more independent retailers that they could cross-sell to other brands without needing to use a sales team. When they cross-sold, of course, Faire did take their percentage on those transactions. I think that model’s worked out really well, and Faire has grown quite quickly.
Lenny: The examples you gave, Eventbrite was a SaaS tool trying to add a marketplace.
Casey Winters: Yep.
Lenny: Faire is an example of a marketplace adding a SaaS tool. Is the takeaway there that it’s, in your experience, it’s generally more … You’re going to have a better time if you’re a marketplace adding a SaaS tool versus the other way around?
Casey Winters: Yeah. I think that’s right. I think, I don’t know when it was. Just maybe like 2015 or whatever. A bunch of investors started writing about SaaS to marketplace transitions, and that’s the transition Eventbrite’s going through. It’s going to work, but it’s hard. It’s not replicable for a lot of other SaaS businesses. You need to have a direct relationship with your customers’ customers, first off. Those customers need to have needs beyond that single supplier.
Usually, it’s like a discovery value prop for other suppliers, and you need to build this totally new skill set to build tools for your customer’s customer, who is very different from your current customer. Whereas, marketplace is that added SaaS component. It’s a customer acquisition tool like Faire, or a workflow, or a retention tool to increase retention or reduce disintermediation. I think you’ll see that be a lot more common approach and much more replicable.
Lenny: Is this just rooted in the fact that marketplaces are incredibly hard, no matter whether you start with them or whether you add them? Is that the root of the issue here?
Casey Winters: I think that’s a good way to frame it. If you’re building a startup in 2023 and you’re like, “Oh, I’m going to build a SaaS business, and then five years later, I’m going to build this marketplace business on top of that,” it’s kind of like it’s going to take a long time for you to de-risk the hardest part of that strategy. Whereas, if you get the hard part done upfront, it opens up a lot of amazing adjacencies, different ways to grow. I think there’s definitely truth in that statement.
Lenny: The takeaway here is that if you’re trying to add a marketplace, it’s going to be very hard. You shared a couple things, a couple attributes that tell you that maybe it might work. Maybe just share those again real quick.
Casey Winters: Take Square, or Substack, or Patreon, or Eventbrite. All of these are examples of SaaS businesses that in providing a SaaS service, deal with the customer and the customer’s customer. That makes it a lot easier because you already have a relationship. They already know your brand, whereas, Stripe, we buy things. We don’t know if we’re buying it through Stripe. It’s just a SaaS tool that’s white labeled on the backend. We have no idea. I think that’s the first element. There’s a lot of businesses that look like that, but it is a subset of SaaS businesses that look like that.
Then secondly, those customers that you’re building a relationship with, they need to have a reason to transact with more than one of your current customers on the supply side, so if you’re always going to use that same supplier, there’s no need for me to show you the rest of the inventory.
Basically, all marketplaces win on, like we mentioned, selection and you needing selection. Then there’s, of course, the marketplaces that win with standardization of like, I can get it at any time. It might be from different people, but I know that Uber car is going to be there in five minutes, or whatever. I don’t care as much who the driver is. One of those has to be there. You just find in a lot of these examples, there isn’t really that much of a discovery need for who the demand side would be in this theoretical marketplace when you dig into it.
Lenny: It might be helpful just to define what makes it a marketplace. In my eyes, it’s you’re driving demand through supply. That’s like the nuance, right? Because otherwise, you’re just a tool that they’re using to do something they want to do.
Casey Winters: Yeah. Exactly, right. It’s like the primary value prop of why supply signs up is that you’re going to bring them extra business. If you have customer, buyers and sellers, but the primary reason supply signs up is for tooling or payments like how Eventbrite started, that’s not really a marketplace. I call it a SaaS-like network. Some people might just call it a SaaS business, a payments business, whatever the case may be, but it doesn’t really have those cross-side network effects that we associate with marketplaces.
Lenny: What this makes me think about is Patreon and Substack. Interestingly, when I was looking at early Patreon days, what I understand is they wanted to be a marketplace. They wanted to be a place where artists come. They collect payment, and then people can discover artists to patronize. What they found is nobody needed … That wasn’t a problem anyone had.
Casey Winters: Exactly, exactly.
Lenny: I’m not looking for- [inaudible 01:03:31]
Casey Winters: I’m not looking for other people to donate money to. Same with GoFundMe, right?
Lenny: With that story in mind, when I was chatting with the Substack people early on, it was like this is exactly what you’re going to run into. No one’s sitting around looking for more newsletters to subscribe to, but shockingly, they’ve actually pulled it off.
Casey Winters: Yeah.
Lenny: They have a really wild network effect going now and marketplace.
Casey Winters: I’ve been very impressed with what they’ve built. I don’t know if I’d call it a marketplace yet, but I think they were able to abstract a way, the version of what you just said to something that was actually useful, which is, yes, I don’t want more emails to subscribe to, but I do … I am fundamentally interested in more articles relevant to my interests. No one has really solved that super well.
Twitter was a very hacky form of that, where I follow you and then I see you when you post a new blog because you tell everyone on Twitter you posted a new blog, but it isn’t built for that. Whereas the Substack reader will now allow me to be like, “Ah, yeah. Sure, I’ll subscribe,” so I really like what they’ve done. It’ll be interesting to see how big a business that is and how it all plays out. I think their execution has been really solid.
Lenny: Awesome. I feel the same way. I also wasn’t sure whether it makes … it’s worth calling a marketplace, but for whatever it’s worth, 80% of my new signups are coming from Substack’s network, the recommendations feature and their onboarding, things like that. Like-
Casey Winters: Do you think that’s unique to you because you’re already a top one percenter Substacker? Or is that a meaningful number for new-ish players? If I finally switch my email list to Substack, which has been on my list for a long time, that probably won’t be the same percentage for me, right?
Lenny: Absolutely not. Yeah, no, I think there’s definitely, if you’re there first and people know of you, more people will recommend you. I think, over time, more and more people start to recommend you. I think they released a stat that something like 40% of their new users are coming from a recommendation, or new signups or something like that. It’s pretty widely happening, but I don’t know how much-
Casey Winters: That’s excellent.
Lenny: … of that is just the top 10, so it’s pretty incredible. It was a really innovative feature and good job, Substack. We had a product on this podcast talking about that exact feature for a whole hour, if you’re interested.
Casey Winters: Awesome.
Lenny: Okay. Final question, and then we have our very exciting lightening round. This is around consumer companies and consumer subscription companies. I know you work with a lot of founders that are building consumer subscription companies, and just consumer startups in general.
Casey Winters: Yep.
Lenny: You often tell me how they’re incredibly hard to build into thriving businesses. Can you just talk about why consumer subscription startups are so hard and products are so hard?
Casey Winters: I feel like we’re making this quite a downer podcast, Lenny, but-
Lenny: This is, people need to hear the truth. There’s a lot of happy talk out there, and a lot of posts, “Here’s how you do this.”
Casey Winters: Sure.
Lenny: Sometimes, you can’t.
Casey Winters: I think in order to understand these businesses, you have to start with, why do investors like B2B SaaS? Why do they like B2B subscription? I think the way most people respond to that question, they say like, “Oh, predictable revenue, right?” It’s like, ah, sure. That’s cool and all, but I think that’s actually not the most important. I’d argue there’s two great attributes of B2B SaaS. One is that businesses are more predictable in how well they’re routine. They’re rational. You can understand who are good versus bad businesses for your product, as well as which ones are going to grow versus go out of business.
More importantly, the second thing that’s great about B2B SaaS is net dollar retention. What is net dollar retention if you don’t work at SaaS? Well, as a SaaS company, some of your customers are going to churn. Some of your customers are going to stay. Normally, normally outside of potentially current macroeconomic conditions with all the layoffs, when customers do stick around, they tend to spend more. Either they buy more seats if you’re a seat-based model, or they use the product more if you’re a usage model. The SaaS company just makes more money in year two, year three, et cetera.
Consumer subscription just doesn’t have any of these benefits. Consumers are way less predictable. They tend to retain worse than businesses, and they also don’t have net dollar retention characteristics. If the user retains paying you in year two, you probably making the same amount that you made from them in year one, not more. What that means is you need higher user-based retention than B2B SaaS businesses with more unpredictable users, and it’s a lot higher than, I think, founders tend to think. We’re talking annual retention that needs to be north of 60, perhaps even 70%.
You look at who’s actually been able to do that at scale, and it’s a really small list. Netflix in the U.S., Amazon Prime, Spotify, Duolingo, I think, is emerging as one of these players that’s making it work. When you look at how they do it, they’re either doing it with massive OPEX and economies of scale, or through a network effect, or some other bespoke growth loop that’s not that easy to replicate. Duolingo has a strong data network effect. The lessons get better the more people use it. Beek, the company I’m on the board of has a cross-side network effect between creators who create the content and the listeners, and the creators bring a lot of distribution from their existing social networks to bring new people in the app to listen. Netflix and Amazon, they spend billions of dollars on content.
I think the default path of like, “I’m going to spend money on paid acquisition. I’m going to retain half of my audience year-over-year.” That’s just a path to go on eventually. I think what’s interesting about these businesses is you can model it so you can learn when it’s going to happen. You can learn when the retention dips, and when you can no longer profitably acquire users. If you want to look at a model in real time, just look at Blue Apron. The company raised 2 billion. It’s worth $50 million today on the New York Stock Exchange.
I think people understand now, if they didn’t before, that paid acquisition tends to get worse as you scale. You target the best customers first. They have great conversion, great retention, and then as you expand your targeting of new customers, every one of those metrics gets worse until it’s no longer profitable. Maybe two years from now, it may be be five years from now, but eventually, it’ll be no longer profitable. What network effects allow you to do is they allow your product to get better faster than the customers you target get worse, normally, through increased selection, like some of the examples we gave with DoorDash and others.
Lenny: This is such a cool topic. I actually have a post about this that I recalled now as you’re talking about it. Just to double-click on the retention point and it’s like, freaks you out when you really get into it. That say your retention is like 70% cohort retention for a year. I forget the math, but every three or four years, you basically have to rebuild your entire user base because it just, it keeps trickling out, so your growth just has to continue-
Casey Winters: It’s mind-boggling. You run out of humans. Yeah, it’s really hard. If you can retain people incredibly well, meaning those people just never churn, yeah, you’ve got a great business, but look at the effort the companies that have done that are doing to do that. Spotify doesn’t make profit. Netflix, Amazon just spend so much money to try to do that. How replicable is that for a startup? I’d rather say like, “Let’s try and get some network effects involved here. Let’s get our customer acquisition cost to zero. Let’s think about other ways to monetize because this alone feels like [inaudible 01:11:07].”
Lenny: This is also why a lot of these companies pivot to B2B. They realize they’re not going to get anywhere with B2C. The other lesson I took away … Because I interviewed a lot of these early B2C subscription app founders and employees, and I think about companies like Grammarly, Duolingo, Noom. Forget. There are a few more. One of the other trends across them all is they’re all very efficient and very small for a long time because they needed time to figure out how to make anything work and then just continue to stay small and super scrappy.
Casey Winters: I think that’s a great point. It was an interesting case study between Calm and Headspace. Because Calm remained like 10 people forever.
Lenny: Wow.
Casey Winters: Headspace had gone into like hundreds of people. Calm basically never lost money, and that allowed them to pivot easier during massive changes, like app tracking transparency threw a wrench into all paid acquisition. If you’re not losing money, cool. You have time to figure out how to grow again, but if that increases your burn by like $100 million, you have a lot more of a panic on your hands.
Lenny: Maybe just to tie the loop, tie the knot, close the thread on this topic, if you’re a B2C subscription founder, what would be some takeaways that you would want to put in their head to think about how to maybe survive?
Casey Winters: Yeah, so if what your plan is is to use paid acquisition on top of a freemium model to get a percentage of people to convert, and hopefully, stick around forever, I’d pivot right now. It’s like, I just cannot see it working. How do you pivot? Well, how do you make it social so that people are bringing in other people? How do you get a supply side to the content, or education, or whatever you’re building and make it in the supply side’s interest to refer people?
You have to do something that’s either building some more organic growth loops into the business, or building network effects into the business, or else we could go spend two hours and model out exactly when you’re going to run out of money. It’s just that predictable. A lot of founders don’t like to hear it when I tell them that, but I’d rather them hear it now than learn it three years from now.
Lenny: Well, we’ve reached our very exciting lightening round. I’m just going to dive right in. What are two or three books that you’ve most recommended to other people?
Casey Winters: Definitely The Goal by Eliyahu Goldratt, which explains how my brain works, pretty well. Thinking, Fast and Slow by Danny Kahneman. I took a lot of the behavioral economics classes in my MBA program, and then his book came out the year after, so I just absorbed it as quick as possible.
Lenny: Was he your professor, or that was just the topic?
Casey Winters: Some of his pupils were professors of mine, yeah.
Lenny: Amazing. Very cool.
Casey Winters: Then the third is a book called Profit from the Core by Chris Zook.
Lenny: Amazing. That’s a new one. I love when there’s new books being added to the collection.
Casey Winters: There you go.
Lenny: Okay. Next question. Favorite recent movie or TV show?
Casey Winters: Well, Party Down just came back and that’s like-
Lenny: I’ve been watching that.
Casey Winters: That’s one of my favorite-
Lenny: I’d never heard of it.
Casey Winters: It’s one of my favorite comedies of all time. Yeah, go back-
Lenny: Cool.
Casey Winters: Go back and watch the first couple seasons if you haven’t.
Lenny: That’s what I’ve been doing. That’s what I’ve been doing.
Casey Winters: Okay. Great, great. Other things like The Last of Us is great. I really enjoyed the video games. Severance is great. Station Eleven is great. I loved the book too, but I thought that was really good. Movies, there haven’t really been a lot of great movies lately, but I did rewatch Kicking and Screaming from the ’90s. I think it really holds up well. I don’t know how many of you have heard it, but it’s about a group of college kids who graduate, but they just decide not to leave campus and start their lives, and they just stick around campus. I really enjoyed that one.
Lenny: Amazing. We have a drinking game any time someone mentions Last of Us, so if you’re driving to work listening to your podcast on your commute, take some coffee or whatever you got.
Two more questions. What’s something relatively minor you’ve changed in your product development process, or maybe that you’ve recommended people change that has had a tremendous impact on people’s ability to execute?
Casey Winters: I preach cross-functional teams and alignment pretty aggressively, so how to get people from all the different functions aligned on the same OKRs and working together. I used to say like, “Look, if someone in that cross-functional team is pulling rank, it means something’s fucked up on the team.”
Something we started doing more recently at both Eventbrite and Whatnot is just designating the person on the cross-functional team who drives the project. At Eventbrite, we call it the driver. At Whatnot, we call it the DRI, directly responsible individual. Once that person makes the call, it’s disagree and commit time. There’s no escalation path. If you’re not the DRI and you’re on the team and they made the call, all right. It’s time to sign up and go forward on that decision. If they made the wrong decision later, okay, we’ll learn once we ship.
Lenny: Final question. Something I love that you do in your own newsletter and blog is you share what you’re listening to. What are you listening to these days?
Casey Winters: Sure. Kelela recently came out with her second album, Raven, which is really great. I’ve been listening to that. Orbital came out with a new album called Optimal Delusion that’s been pretty good. Then an oldie but goodie is De La Soul’s music finally came out on Spotify, and the Stakes Is High is one of my favorite hip hop albums ever, so I’ve been jamming to that.
Lenny: Amazing. Where can folks find you online if they want to reach out, learn more, and how can listeners be useful to you?
Casey Winters: I blog not near as frequently as you at caseyaccidental.com. You can find me on Twitter @onecaseman. Yeah, just pay it forward. Help your companies build better products and better businesses. That’s all I care about.
Lenny: Casey, thank you so much for being here. I feel like we’re building some kind of network effect, you and I, doing these podcasts. Hopefully, you’ll be back for a third time someday. Thank you again. Really appreciate it.
Casey Winters: Yeah. Thanks for having me. Hopefully, they don’t get sick of me by then.
Lenny: Bye, everyone.
(singing)
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
(singing)
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Amazon Prime | Amazon Prime(产品名,保留原文) |
| Andreessen Horowitz | Andreessen Horowitz(机构名,保留原文) |
| app tracking transparency | 应用追踪透明度(app tracking transparency) |
| asset-light marketplace model | 轻资产市场平台模式 |
| Beek | Beek(公司名,保留原文) |
| Benicio del Toro | Benicio del Toro(人名,保留原文) |
| Blue Apron | Blue Apron(公司名,保留原文) |
| Booking | Booking(公司名,保留原文) |
| Booking.com | Booking.com(公司名,保留原文) |
| Business Insider | Business Insider(媒体名,保留原文) |
| Calm | Calm(公司名,保留原文) |
| Casey Winters | Casey Winters(人名,保留原文) |
| Change.org | Change.org(平台名,保留原文) |
| ChatGPT | ChatGPT(产品名,保留原文) |
| Chris Zook | Chris Zook(人名,《Profit from the Core》作者) |
| cohort retention | 队列留存率(cohort retention) |
| CPO | CPO(Chief Product Officer,首席产品官) |
| cross-side network effects | 跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects) |
| Danny Kahneman | Danny Kahneman(人名,行为经济学家) |
| data network effects | 数据网络效应(data network effects) |
| De La Soul | De La Soul(乐队名,保留原文) |
| direct network effects | 直接网络效应(direct network effects) |
| disagree and commit | disagree and commit(异议但执行) |
| Domino’s | Domino’s(公司名,保留原文) |
| DoorDash | DoorDash(公司名,保留原文) |
| DRI | DRI(Directly Responsible Individual,直接负责人) |
| driver | driver(项目负责人) |
| Dropbox | Dropbox(公司名,保留原文) |
| Duolingo | Duolingo(公司名,保留原文) |
| Eliyahu Goldratt | Eliyahu Goldratt(人名,《The Goal》作者) |
| Erika Warren | Erika Warren(人名,保留原文) |
| Eventbrite | Eventbrite(公司名,保留原文) |
| Faire | Faire(公司名,保留原文) |
| FANG | FANG(科技巨头缩写,保留原文) |
| GoFundMe | GoFundMe(公司名,保留原文) |
| Google Docs | Google Docs(产品名,保留原文) |
| Google Sheets | Google Sheets(产品名,保留原文) |
| Grammarly | Grammarly(公司名,保留原文) |
| Grubhub | Grubhub(公司名,保留原文) |
| Headspace | Headspace(公司名,保留原文) |
| heavily managed marketplace model | 重度管理型市场平台模式 |
| iMessage | iMessage(产品名,保留原文) |
| Kelela | Kelela(人名,歌手) |
| Kicking and Screaming | Kicking and Screaming(电影名,保留原文) |
| Matt | Matt(人名,保留原文) |
| Messenger | Messenger(产品名,保留原文) |
| Mike | Mike(人名,保留原文) |
| Nassim Taleb | Nassim Taleb(人名,保留原文) |
| net dollar retention | 净金额留存率(net dollar retention) |
| Netflix | Netflix(公司名,保留原文) |
| network effects | 网络效应(network effects) |
| Noom | Noom(公司名,保留原文) |
| North Star metrics | 北极星指标(North Star metrics) |
| Notion AI | Notion AI(产品名,保留原文) |
| OKR | OKR(Objectives and Key Results,目标与关键成果) |
| OpenTable | OpenTable(公司名,保留原文) |
| Optimal Delusion | Optimal Delusion(专辑名,保留原文) |
| Orbital | Orbital(乐队名,保留原文) |
| Party Down | Party Down(剧名,保留原文) |
| Patreon | Patreon(公司名,保留原文) |
| PIP | PIP(Performance Improvement Plan,绩效改进计划) |
| PM | PM(Product Manager,产品经理) |
| Postmates | Postmates(公司名,保留原文) |
| product-market fit | 产品与市场契合(product-market fit) |
| Profit from the Core | 《Profit from the Core》(书名,保留原文) |
| Raven | Raven(专辑名,保留原文) |
| Reforge | Reforge(平台名,保留原文) |
| Rover | Rover(公司名,保留原文) |
| SaaS | SaaS(Software as a Service,软件即服务) |
| SaaS-like network | 类 SaaS 网络 |
| Seamless | Seamless(公司名,保留原文) |
| Severance | Severance(剧名,保留原文) |
| Shreyas | Shreyas(人名/框架作者,保留原文) |
| situational leadership framework | 情境领导力框架(situational leadership framework) |
| Spotify | Spotify(公司名,保留原文) |
| Square | Square(公司名,保留原文) |
| Stakes Is High | Stakes Is High(专辑名,保留原文) |
| Station Eleven | Station Eleven(剧名,保留原文) |
| Stripe | Stripe(公司名,保留原文) |
| Substack | Substack(公司名,保留原文) |
| take rate | 抽成费率 |
| The Goal | 《The Goal》(书名,保留原文) |
| The Last of Us | The Last of Us(剧名,保留原文) |
| The Way of the Gun | 《The Way of the Gun》(电影名,保留原文) |
| Thinking, Fast and Slow | 《Thinking, Fast and Slow》(书名,保留原文) |
| Uber Eats | Uber Eats(公司名,保留原文) |
| Wag | Wag(公司名,保留原文) |
| what got you here won’t get you there | 把你带到这里的,不会把你带到那里 |
| Whatnot | Whatnot(公司名,保留原文) |
| WhatsApp(产品名,保留原文) | |
| white label | 白标 |
| Zapier | Zapier(平台名,保留原文) |
| zero interest rate phenomenon PM | 零利率现象产品经理 |
| Zillow | Zillow(公司名,保留原文) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
如何推销你的想法并在公司内部晋升 | Casey Winters,Eventbrite
如何推销你的想法并在公司内部晋升 | Casey Winters,Eventbrite
文字记录
Casey Winters: 产品团队的每个新人都表现得好像自己在 Google 工作,拥有无限的资源和无限的时间来确保一切完美。大家对”做产品管理的正确方式”如此执着,以至于没有人愿意冒任何风险。我觉得,哦,难道这要怪我吗?我在 Reforge 上创建了一堆框架,又在给这些新 PM 做入职培训,这是不是我的错?在 Reforge,我们构建的框架是工具箱里的工具,你在需要的时候拿出来用。它们不是让你在框线内涂色的涂色本。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny: 欢迎来到 Lenny’s Podcast,在这里我采访世界级的产品领袖和增长专家,向他们学习打造和增长当今最成功产品的宝贵经验。今天的嘉宾是 Casey Winters。Casey 是这个播客最早一批嘉宾之一,也是第一个再次做客的人。他在增长和产品领域是一个传奇人物,曾与 Pinterest、Reddit、Canva、Airbnb、Tinder、Thumbtack、Grubhub 等众多公司合作或担任顾问。他最近在 Eventbrite 领导产品团队大约三年时间,最近回归全职顾问工作,正在探索新的机会。
在我们的对话中,我们聊到了他所谓的”零利率现象产品经理”以及如何避免成为这样的人,他在面试产品经理时发现什么方法最有效,他预期 GPT-4 对产品管理角色会产生什么影响,什么时候该相信自己的直觉,什么时候该信任团队的洞察和直觉,网络效应有哪些不同的类型,以及如何有效地利用它们?还有一个精彩的故事,关于 Grubhub 错过了什么,让 DoorDash 和 Uber 趁虚而入、抢走了午餐。我每次和 Casey 聊天都学到很多,我百分之百确定你会从这期节目中学到很多。接下来,有请 Casey Winters。
回归近况
Lenny: Casey,欢迎回到播客。
Casey Winters: 谢谢,Lenny。很高兴来到这里。
Lenny: 你是我播客有史以来第一个返场的嘉宾。感觉如何?
Casey Winters: 我感到很荣幸,可能还有点受之有愧,但我就接受吧。
Lenny: 你绝对当之无愧,我也同样感到荣幸。谢谢你再次参加。我有很多事情想聊,但首先我很好奇,你最近在忙什么?我知道你离开了 Eventbrite 的 CPO 职位,我知道你在给几家创业公司做顾问,但你现在每天的时间怎么安排?你觉得 Casey Winters 的下一步是什么?
Casey Winters: 我仍在花一些时间做 Whatnot 和 Eventbrite 的顾问。我去年十月从 Eventbrite 的 CPO 职位上退下来,但仍在做一些长期的市场策略方面的工作,以及一些增长策略的工作。我在一家叫 Beek 的公司董事会任职,这家公司基本上就是拉丁美洲版的音频 Netflix。我还在做一些市场领域的天使投资,投资方向我称之为”技术债务即服务”——也就是那些在过去让我团队很难在内部构建或维护的东西,现在有哪些创业公司正在把它们做出来。另一件事是我正在改版 Reforge 的产品策略项目。有些事情让我挺忙的,但肯定没有去年那么忙了。
Lenny: 这算是难得的”自由球员 Casey Winters”时期。如果有人有兴趣和你合作,应该主动联系你吗?你对听众有什么建议?
Casey Winters: 当然。我一直很乐意看看自己能怎样帮助公司。大家都应该倾向于主动联系,看看我是否有时间帮忙,如果他们觉得有我能帮上忙的地方的话。我喜欢和创业公司交流,所以,是的,绝对可以。我不能保证什么,但我就是喜欢和人聊这些话题。
Lenny: 太好了。我们会在节目末尾告诉大家如何联系你,节目简介里也会有。说到 CPO 这个角色,你在 Eventbrite 做 CPO。这让我想起你写过一篇关于 CPO 角色有多难的文章。我记得你文章里有一些话,比如,如果你去问一个 CPO(首席产品官)最近怎么样,没有人会说”我现在干得风生水起”。
Casey Winters: 是的。
CPO 角色的挑战
Lenny: 还有一句话,说作为 CPO,你基本上就是尽量在被炒鱿鱼之前多拿一些分数。为什么会这样?你为什么会有这样的感受?离开这个角色之后,你还相信这些吗?
Casey Winters: 是的,我仍然相信我说的那些话。有意思的是,一位不愿透露姓名的产品负责人在我到 Eventbrite 满三年的时候给我发了封邮件,说”恭喜你,两年没被炒,你的秘诀是什么?“我觉得作为 CPO,在公司内部长期保持产品与市场的契合是非常困难的。业务需求会随时间变化,当然,我们每个人都有不同的长处和短板,没有人样样精通。总的来说,作为高管,你不可能把每件事都做到完美,任何一个小失误、错误,或者你忽略的东西,都可能以重大方式爆发。
CEO 的愿景经常会变化,可能与产品负责人产生分歧。而且,对于领导岗位,你不会被放到绩效改进计划(PIP)上。如果 CEO 对你失去了信任,一切就立刻结束了。Eventbrite 的情况完全不是这样。我开始意识到,对产品负责人有杠杆作用的那些领域,渐渐地不太在我的能力范围之内了。我就跟我的老板谈了这件事,我们达成了一个方案——我继续在我独特擅长的方面提供建议,然后找其他更擅长当时更重要事务的人来负责那些方面。
我觉得这是一个非常难的角色,或者说非常有挑战性的角色。它也可以很有趣,我从中也学到了很多,但,是的,我仍然相信我之前说的,而且我至今还没有听到有人说自己真的在这个角色上干得风生水起。
在 CPO 角色中长期存活的秘诀
Lenny: 在那次经历中,你有没有学到什么让你在那个角色里撑了三年的东西?我知道你能力很强,对公司也非常有价值,但对于现在身处这个角色的人,你有没有什么建议——比如”这是我做过的某件事,也许你也应该试试”?
Casey Winters: 我能想到的第一点是,从产品负责人到 CPO 或同等职位,有一个很大的转变:你首先是公司高管,其次才是产品高管。我觉得自己早期犯过一些错误,但后来成功纠正了——你要先展示你关心并关注整体业务,然后再去照顾你自己的产品设计师、产品经理、研究人员等。自从亲身经历了这一切之后,我发现自己越来越多地向其他产品负责人给出这个建议。你不仅要真正关心,还要让人感受到你关心销售、关心市场、关心法务等等。因为首先,人们期望你在那个层面上引领整个业务,所以我觉得这一点非常重要。
另外一件事是,尽可能不带偏见地诊断你的团队优势和短板在哪里?你的产品优势和短板在哪里?把这些摊出来跟你的同级讨论,说:“这是我们现在的状况。我认为我们需要往这个方向走。这是我要达成目标的时间线。“因为我觉得产品这个职能对不在其中的人来说是非常令人困惑的——比如销售负责人、很多 CEO、市场负责人——他们未必知道什么样才是”好的”。
他们了解的那些关于优秀领导力的东西,他们不确定你是否也懂,所以你必须非常明确地说:“是的,我知道我们的 OKR 目前还不够量化。这是因为团队还没准备好做 X、Y、Z。这是我们要把他们带到的地方,但需要一些时间。“我们在 Eventbrite 做过一件我觉得特别有用的事:公司上市后,通常会轮换高管团队,用上市公司高管替代创业公司高管。我们几个人是新来的,于是就像:“好,让我们对产品做一个深度梳理。对客户支持做一个深度梳理。现在是什么状况?你觉得自己的职责是什么?你觉得面临的问题是什么?未来三到五年你想把它带向哪里?然后我们来讨论。”
把这些东西写下来本身就是很有帮助的,而且它还逼着你做出解释。这也帮助其他高管成为更好的公司高管,因为现在他们对产品有了更深入的理解,或者对财务有了更深入的理解,不管是什么职能。
零利率现象下的产品经理
Lenny: 说到公司里人们提升自我的机会和差距,你一直在强调一个趋势,我觉得非常有意思,你把它叫做”零利率现象产品经理”。能谈谈这是什么吗?你观察到了什么?
Casey Winters: 当然可以。这是我在 Eventbrite 管理 PM 和产品设计师时开始注意到的,现在在帮 Whatnot 招聘新 PM 的时候又出现了——很多产品经理成长起来的环境,跟你我当初开始做这类工作的时候相比,已经严重变形了。我记得我们以前总说 PM 是一群”杂牌军”。大家来自各种不同的职能,各有各的长处和短板,整个 PM 团队正是从这种技能和过往经历的多样性中获益的。
我注意到的是,我们在 Eventbrite 做产品评审的时候,只要问题或方案存在任何不确定性,PM 不会选择先发布来学习,而是会谈他们需要做多少多少研究,才能真正搞清楚问题、真正搞清楚方案。
我的反馈会是:不对,用户研究是稀缺资源。我们必须把它留给那些不确定性极高、且确定性对业务杠杆极大的领域。所以如果你在重新设计 Eventbrite 的登录页面,你不需要用这个资源来学习该怎么做。去看看 FANG 和顶级独角兽是怎么做的就行了。他们大概率做得不错,即便做得不好,我们所有的用户也都在用那些产品,所以他们对我们照搬的任何方案都会很熟悉。
我觉得我们这个行业在某种程度上忘了一件事:很多时候,最快的学习方式就是发布。所以如果你真的让他们跳过研究、直接去看竞争对手——还有一件事我也注意到了——我会收到一份其他公司做法的选项清单,但完全没有分析为什么那些公司选择了不同的方案,以及哪些对我们最适用。
这让我开始思考,产品团队里的新人每个人都在像在 Google 工作一样行事,好像拥有无限资源、无限时间来确保一切都是完美的。它变成了如此专注于”正确地做产品管理”的状态,以至于没有人冒任何风险。我心想,哦,这是不是我造成的?我在 Reforge 上创建了一堆框架,又在对这些新 PM 做入职培训。这是我的错吗?在 Reforge,我们构建的框架是工具箱里的工具。你在需要的时候拿出来用。它们不是让你在线内涂色的填色本。
有一次我实在受不了了,写了一篇内部博客文章,标题叫《论最佳实践与早餐仪式》。我谈到那些关于最成功人士早晨习惯的文章——如果你想把所有那些事情都做了,每天早上得花掉你大约六个小时。有一篇文章,好像是发在 Business Insider 上的,讲的是 Google 的一位未来学家。他谈了自己每天早上吃的所有药片和食物,试图活得更久。记者估算他这些习惯每年花费一百万美元,所以我就说:“我想说清楚,在 Eventbrite,我们没有那么多钱,也没有那么多时间。在这家公司,没有什么框架能让你不用脑子、只需要照着某种流程就能在这个职业中取得成功。”
后来我把这些内容整理成了一篇公开博文,发在了我的博客上。不过现在我离开 Eventbrite 已经有一段时间了,我觉得自己至少部分没有抓住真正的问题所在。我在 Whatnot 也看到了同样的事情,因为我帮他们做的一件事就是面试,我又见到了很多 PM,这已经有一阵子没做了。面试一个处于职业早期的 PM 或管理者是非常有趣的,因为 Whatnot 是一家创业公司,而作为曾经的创始人,你比我们大多数人都更清楚,创业公司通常需要我们身兼数职。你得写 SQL,得直接跟客户沟通,得为市场和销售做准备。最重要的是,你得在不确定的情况下做大量决策——这在比如 Google 这样的公司,你未必会期望一个 PM 做这些事,但归根结底,这都需要你以不同的方式动脑子。
我们法务团队的 Lisa 把 Eventbrite 叫作”上市公司中的创业公司”,因为疫情基本上抹掉了她的业务,我们不得不从零开始重建。现在我做了这些面试,不管候选人来自小型创业公司、独角兽还是上市公司,他们看起来都差不多,因为这些公司都获得了大量资金。每家公司都在表现得自己像 Google 一样,拥有 Google 的利润率——意味着大量的工程支持、大量的设计支持、大量的研究支持,身边围绕着一堆分析师。
创业公司面试中的”框架依赖症”
他们实际上看起来对真正的创业公司,甚至像 Eventbrite 这样存在不确定性的上市公司,都相当准备不足,所以你在面试过程中就会开始得到一些奇怪的回答。你让他们解决一个问题,他们会说类似这样的话:“在我看到所有数据、跟客户沟通之前,我甚至都没法开始想解决方案。“我就说:“是的,我理解如果你接了这份工作,这通常是你应该做的事。但你现在没有数据,也没法跟客户沟通。现在就做个决定吧,你会怎么做?我想看到你的创造力,想看到你对真正的问题和解决方案有多少直觉性的判断。“而他们真的答不上来。
然后我心里有个追问——我不会真的问出来——但我真正想问的是:“你上一次用自己的脑子思考,而不是按照公司里别人设计的流程去做事,是什么时候?“因为我想要的是前者,不是后者。
Lenny: 哇,说得太好了。这里有很多我想深入聊的点。我本来想问你为什么叫它零利率现象,但我觉得我听下来的意思是,当利率为零的时候,每个人都有很多钱,一切都很顺利,每个人看起来都很成功,每个人都觉得自己已经搞明白了。然后当这一切消失的时候,就像:“哦,糟了,也许并不是那么回事。”
Casey Winters: 而且我认为零利率还让每家创业公司都能像一家拥有数十亿美元的上市公司那样运作。这种情况在未来五年会逐渐消失,它会把我们带回产品管理曾经的样子——你身边没有所有这些资源,你没有那么多时间去慢慢摸索,因为如果你现在不搞明白、不让它运转起来,你可能就会资金断裂,对吧?
Lenny: 对。一个非常具体的变化是,很多研究团队被裁掉了,因为它们膨胀得很大,公司发现”也许我们不需要……”,“在所有可以削减的地方中,这可能是一个可以砍的领域。”
Casey Winters: 是的,确实如此。
给”框架依赖型”产品经理的建议
Lenny: 可能有些 PM 在听到这些后会想:“糟糕,我是不是就是这种人?我是不是只是在照搬一堆框架?“对于那些可能担心”天哪,也许我就是这样的,但我不想继续这样”的人,你有什么建议?他们可以做些什么?
Casey Winters: 我一直建议去那些能让你快速学习、快速尝试的公司。我认为学习一些框架当然没问题。我在 Reforge 上投入了大量时间是有原因的,因为我确实认为看到别人是怎么构建东西的,并以一种可以迁移到其他公司的方式去学习,对人们真的很有帮助。但你必须明白,工作的本质不是跟着流程走,工作不是尽可能多地学习每一个框架。工作是弄清楚如何为客户创造价值,并将此转化为对企业的价值。如果你偏离了这个方向,就把你的北极星指标(North Star metrics)重新校准回来就好。
我刚加入 Eventbrite 的时候,有一个团队整个季度什么都没上线。我去找了一位我认识的设计师,我知道他是喜欢把东西做出来、获取反馈的那种人。我就说:“兄弟,你什么东西都没上线。你怎么能整个季度都没上线你的任何设计,还觉得这没问题?如果你觉得这有问题,那你为什么要自我审查?来找我,告诉我为什么这个团队不让你上线。因为设计师不上线就没法进步,就没法对公司产生影响,就没法对用户产生影响。“这些都是关于这个问题我想到的一些事情。
什么时候该投入研究?
Lenny: 如果你是一个可能没在上线的团队的 PM,可能过度使用研究,你有没有什么建议,关于什么时候值得投入研究?假设你有资源,你有没有一个经验法则,比如”好吧,这次我们确实该花时间做研究,这次不需要”?
Casey Winters: 我会根据你从事的工作类型和你的客户类型来考虑这件事。规模越大的产品,客户往往越不复杂,因为你通常做的是面向消费者的东西,客户是理性的,但他们不是专家。这种情况下,通常的做法就是直接尝试,衡量效果,只有当效果看起来令人困惑时才真正引入研究,但你可以跑实验,可以很容易地获取数据,所以倾向于把东西推出去,看用户如何反应。
Lenny: 在消费者产品中。
Casey Winters: 对。
Lenny: 有意思。
Casey Winters: 如果你做的是纯企业级产品,情况就完全相反。每个客户首先都是专业的,而且往往是理性的。他们付给你六位数甚至更多的钱,你可以直接跟客户以及非常了解客户的销售团队沟通,他们告诉你想要什么,告诉你愿意为什么付费。你把它做出来,他们付钱。就这么简单。当然,实际没这么简单,但你基本上是在直接与客户和销售团队做研究,然后把它转化为对公司有战略意义的东西。
我会说这是大多数人熟悉的两个极端,但我们现在有很多公司处于中间地带——它们有更多客户,这些客户也更复杂。他们是消费者,可能是企业的员工,或者是小企业主。这种情况下你就需要更加细腻地判断。当然,Eventbrite 就属于这种情况——“嘿,我什么时候该真正投入做研究?什么时候该依赖数据?什么时候该关注内部反馈?”
在 Eventbrite,我们确实试图把研究集中在 B2B 那一侧——那些问题看起来很大,但还没被足够清晰地定义的领域;或者问题已经被定义清楚了,但我们确实觉得还没找到对的解决方案。如果研究在公司内部是一种稀缺资源的话——我认为大多数地方都是如此——你就必须弄清楚把它用在哪里是高杠杆的,也就是说,要么是一个非常大的问题、我们理解得还不够,要么是我们知道问题很大、理解得也够,但就是不确定我们的方案能不能命中目标。
Lenny: 这让我想到我合作过的一些最优秀的研究员,他们经常跟我说:“这个我们不需要做研究,我们有足够的信息了,我们还有其他该做的事。”
Casey Winters: 我最爱听他们说这个了。是的。
Lenny: 是的。这本来可以是一个很好的过渡,引向我想聊的另一个话题,就是关于直觉判断与团队专业知识的对比,我们后面会聊到,但在这方面我还有几个问题。
Casey Winters: 好的。
关于 Whatnot
Lenny: 你谈到在 Whatnot 面试 PM,能不能介绍一下 Whatnot 是做什么的?因为你提了好几次,让大家知道我们在说什么。
Casey Winters: 哦,当然。Whatnot 是一个直播电商平台,主要聚焦于收藏品市场。卖家——不管是棒球卡、女式手包还是运动鞋——会通过视频直播展示他们要卖的商品。观看直播的人可以与卖家互动,对不同的商品出价,所以可以说就像是 Twitch 和 eBay 的结合体。
Lenny: 太好了,太好了。我顺便提一下,我是那家公司的一个小小的天使投资人。
Casey Winters: 哦,所以你才提它的。好的,我明白了。
PM 面试的方法
Lenny: 对,我只是想确保大家理解这个词,因为 Whatnot 这个名字挺有意思的。我真正想聊的是,你说你在为他们面试很多项目经理。
Casey Winters: 对。
Lenny: 你面试 PM 的方法是什么?你觉得什么样的信号能说明一个人会成功?
Casey Winters: 我觉得整个面试过程已经变得非常表演化了。面试就像是在颁发奥斯卡奖——看谁准备的”给我讲一个你曾经……的经历”回答最好——而不是真正评估谁能胜任我们招聘的岗位。现在大多数 PM 比起做 PM,更擅长面试 PM。有一部电影叫《The Way of the Gun》,不知道你看过没有。
Lenny: 没有。
Casey Winters: Benicio del Toro 在里面说过一句台词,大意是:“现在的人,比起真正去犯罪,更想当罪犯。“我在面试的时候经常会想到这句话。我觉得自己在这一点上算是比较非主流的。我不问你的工作履历,不在乎你练习得多完美的回答。我会给你这个岗位的真实场景,我想听你会怎么应对。如果你连几个合理的想法都提不出来,不知道在没有分析师支持或调研的情况下如何快速验证,那我就没什么兴趣了。
我不是说这是一个完美的方法。面试本身是一个信息损耗很大的形式,但我越能让候选人通过回答问题来实际展示我们招聘的岗位工作——不管是做演示还是回答一个具体提示——我就越有信心他们知道自己要做什么,他们在模拟场景中展示了自己能做这件事,而且在某种程度上他们确实享受这个过程。
Lenny: 这些面试中你会注意哪些危险信号?其中一个可能就是你提到的——“没有调研和数据我根本没法回答这个问题”。还有别的吗?
Casey Winters: 我会关注的一些点是,如果他们提出的方案需要很长时间才能获得信号——比如需要好几个月的工程时间才能真正看到对用户或业务的影响——我觉得这很值得警惕。如果他们不考虑所需的时间成本,通常不是一个好信号;还有如果不从更全局的角度思考他们期望改善哪些指标、跟踪哪些指标以确保没有下降,这些也是我会重点关注的。
PM 的威望与知名度
Lenny: 你觉得他们被 Casey Winters 面试时会有多大程度的紧张?你觉得这个因素影响有多大?
Casey Winters: 我觉得你高估了我在社区里的重要性和知名度。我觉得大多数人在跟我开始聊天的时候,根本不知道我是谁。
AI 会取代 PM 吗
Lenny: 另一个想法是,现在有一个梗,说 GPT-4,或者 5、6、10 将取代产品经理。每当有什么新功能出来,就会有人发视频说:“看,AI 能做 PM 所有工作了。“你对 AI 时代 PM 的未来怎么看?
Casey Winters: 我觉得,如果你认为 PM 的工作就是套用最新的 Reforge 或 Shreyas 的框架,然后每隔一年半自动拿到 FANG 的晋升,那你确实会被 AI 取代。我觉得真正的 PM 工作反而最不可能被取代,因为你需要真正的专业领域知识,需要在各种不同的事务之间做权衡取舍,为公司和客户做出好的决策。
至于现在 PM 如何使用 AI,在当前的阶段,我反而会建议谨慎。这个工具是训练来听起来很聪明的,但未必真正聪明。前阵子我在 Eventbrite,有人跟我说她特别喜欢 Notion 的新 AI 集成功能。她问我用不用,我说不用。她说:“你一定要试试。来,让它写写你的个人简介,特别酷。“我说:“好,就在你屏幕上演示一下吧。“她就试了一下,结果我的简介说我职业生涯始于 Google,做过 Google Trends 和一堆其他产品,这些全都没有发生过。完全是胡编乱造。
它确实也写出了一些真实的内容。它知道我在 Eventbrite 工作过,知道我在 Pinterest 工作过之类的,但有一半完全是凭空捏造的。听起来像那么回事,但并不是事实。我觉得对于 PM 来说,我更倾向于让 GPT-4 这类工具帮你在那些本来就不是你专长的繁琐工作上提效。如果你不太擅长 Excel 或 Google Sheets 但需要做个模型,你可以让它帮你排版,这大概会做得很好;或者怎么搞定某个 Zapier 集成,它可能也非常擅长。
我觉得在现阶段,它是一个相当不错的零代码到低代码工具。显然它以后会变成远不止于此的东西,但对于人们鼓吹的很多其他用例,它有相当大的概率会自信地告诉你错误的信息,而作为 PM 这才是让我害怕的地方。
Lenny: 我有过一模一样的经历。让它描述我做过什么,结果百分之七十都是错的。
Casey Winters: 对。
Lenny: 在你的工作中,有没有发现 GPT 在哪方面确实有价值,还是说仍然处于随便试试、图个新鲜的阶段?
Casey Winters: 有,我有几次遇到那种情况——“这个奇怪的东西到底怎么弄?“然后它给出了清晰的要点,按这几步操作就行,我就觉得:“太好了,这东西在 Google 上真的很难搜到。“这类场景我觉得还是挺好用的,这也是我比较有信心去使用它的地方。当然,我会先试一下,如果它错了——
Lenny: 直接扔掉就行。
Casey Winters: 我会了解它在哪些地方会出错,所以风险很低。但在某些事情上它确实是对的,我就觉得:“哦,不错,这个我之前搞不定。“有一次我在 Google Docs 里需要实现一个稍微有点复杂的操作,我问了 ChatGPT,它告诉我怎么做,我就觉得:“太好了。”
Lenny: 我有类似的经历,就是需要一个 Google Sheets 的公式,直接告诉它”我需要这个东西”,它就把公式给我了。
Casey Winters: 对,遇到这种情况真的很神奇。
创始人直觉与团队专业能力
Lenny: 是啊。我对 Sheets 公式确实不太在行。换个话题,你还写过一篇很有意思的文章,讲创始人直觉与团队专业能力之间的对比。内容很丰富,我觉得这是一个很有意思的话题,因为这是创业公司经常讨论的经典问题。创始人应该多大程度上相信自己的直觉,多大程度上自上而下地说”我们应该做这个”,多大程度上让团队自下而上地去决定做什么?我想花点时间聊聊这个。也许先从大的层面讲讲,这是怎么回事?你提出了一个框架来思考创始人直觉何时应该优先于团队专业能力,以及这种关系如何随时间变化,也许你可以先谈谈这个。
Casey Winters: 对。如果创始人足够幸运或足够优秀,找到了产品与市场契合(product-market fit),他们通常已经积累了大量关于客户、产品和商业的直觉,这些直觉很难向他人解释,甚至可能是潜意识的。当他们开始招人时,这些人会带着很高的热情、很多想法,甚至非常相关的经验加入,尤其是高管。我看到有些创始人会说,“好,我需要让这些专家开始负责各自的领域,自己退居幕后。“我认为这恰恰相反,因为这些人对业务的理解远不如你深刻。你实际上需要指导他们,直到他们向你证明他们真的理解了,并且能做出比你更好的决策。
这不是创始人的例子,但我记得我在 Grubhub 雇佣 Erika Warren 来搭建我们的忠诚度计划,她现在在 Change.org 负责增长。大约一个月后,她就说,“兄弟,你每场会都参加。我能搞定。“这让我意识到她在情境领导力框架中所处的阶段已经超过了我对她的定位,于是我放手了,之后她做得非常出色。
创始人往往会过快地把很多新晋管理者放到授权的位置上。觉得”啊,他们懂了,他们比我懂得多”,但实际上创始人知道正确答案,应该直接告诉他们。当然,这种情况是可以改变的,就像 Erika 的例子。如果你招到了合适的人,他们确实会变得比你更懂。你可以也应该开始授权。很多创始人没有注意到那些信号——创始人的直觉已经被团队的专业能力所取代,或者其有效性随着时间的推移已经衰减。这当然说得通。创始人要处理的事情五花八门,而员工可以在特定领域真正做到深入钻研。我鼓励员工主动向两个方向发出信号,比如,“嘿,我需要你的指导。“或者,“嘿,这块我能搞定了。相信我。”
Lenny: 有意思。你是说,作为创始人,经验法则应该是——如果你对一个决策有信心,通常你应该明确表态,比如”我认为我们应该这样做”,而不是仅仅为了让别人舒服就说”好吧,你来决定怎么做”。反过来,作为公司员工,如果你对某件事非常有信心,也要向创始人明确表态,比如”我真的认为这个方向是对的。“关于这点你还有什么要补充的吗?
Casey Winters: 有的。当然还有一个反馈循环的问题——当你做这两件事中的任何一件时会发生什么。根据创始人或员工对此的反应,可以采取不同的应对方式。
创始人直觉随时间衰减
Lenny: 这其中有一部分,你画了一张很酷的图表,展示随时间推移,创始人的专业能力变得越来越不那么重要。我想确认一下,这是因为他们不再花那么多时间接触客户了,有其他事务缠身,还是因为他们雇佣了更聪明的人,然后团队的专业能力随时间上升了?
Casey Winters: 如果你有幸能够扩张一家公司,会有越来越多的事情以各种方式汇集到创始人那里,这意味着在任何具体问题上,创始人关注的面更广、深度更浅,而你雇佣的人则恰恰相反。他们能够在某些事情上钻研得很深,也许这些事情你两年前也非常深入,但现在无法再保持同样的深度了。我画了一张图表,或者说我应该说是做了一张表格,关于创业公司的不同阶段。当你寻找产品与市场契合(product-market fit)时,一切都要经过创始人。这个不能外包。
然后当你开始因为找到了产品与市场契合(product-market fit)而扩张公司时,创始人第一次遇到了这个经典问题——把你带到这里的,不会把你带到那里。让你达到产品与市场契合(product-market fit)的是不断迭代产品和做不可规模化的事情。猜怎么着?你已经找到了一个行得通的产品。别再那样做了。让它可规模化。别再搞新产品了。你已经找到了那个行得通的。我最初提出这个框架的原因,是我在 Grubhub 的时候,我们的增长相当不错,而且比较有机。
我觉得创始人 Mike 和 Matt 相当好地直觉把握了建设公司的这些阶段,但我们收购了一家竞争对手,我看到了那家被收购公司是如何运作的。尽管他们和我们基本处于同一阶段,他们仍然按照创始公司的方式来运作。一切都经过创始人。直觉上我就觉得,“哦,这就是为什么我们在收购你们,而不是反过来。”
我认为创始人很难自然地接收到这些信号,我认为作为员工,我们有责任帮助他们。创始人可以选择听或不听这些信号,但这也是我们存在的部分原因,而且我们确实有把握的时候应该给出这些信号。而不是第一天进来就说,“我知道你的销售策略应该怎么做,你全做错了。“因为很可能,创始人并没有全做错。他们知道一些你还不了解的东西。
Lenny: 你觉得是什么原因让你们赢了而他们没有?是因为他们没有转型去扩大规模、没有向员工授权,而是让创始人直接告诉每个人怎么做吗?
Casey Winters: 对,没错。一切运转得没那么快,因为所有事情都必须经过同一个人才能推进。这导致他们无法开拓那么多市场,无法签约那么多餐厅,无法发掘那么多增长渠道,没错,而我们做到了。
Lenny: 明白了。他们自己成了瓶颈,无法那么快速地行动,因为创始人认为自己需要做这些决策,而且他们仍然是那个无所不知的人。
Casey Winters: 是的。
Lenny: 这让我想到大多数公司的情况。也许不是大多数,但很多创始人就是相信自己有答案。他们自信地知道该做什么,很少有人能走到”不,其实我不知道”的地步。
Casey Winters: 嗯,我想说没有人能非常自然地达到那种状态。
如何帮助创始人学会放手
Lenny: 对于在有这种创始人的公司里工作的员工或领导者,你有什么建议吗?关于如何推动回击,帮助创始人理解”也许你应该放手,信任别人去做决策”?
Casey Winters: 我认为首先要理解的是,这是他们的公司,不是你的,而且创始人的工作几乎是不可能完成的。他们不可能随着公司需求的变化而完美地自我升级。总会有些地方出问题。可能是因为作为千分之一成功的创业公司,会产生很大的傲慢,也可能只是个人风格的问题,但他们可以按自己想要的任何方式来运营公司。
有时候创始人确实想要以非最优的方式运营,这可能会让人惊讶。我们都见过一些例子,创始人只想做酷炫的东西,而不是聚焦于客户想要什么,或者他们过于痴迷设计,总是在重新品牌化、重新设计,搞得客户一头雾水。当然,这种情况会发生,这些是比较糟糕的案例。我认为,如果你确实表达了你的观点,你已经积累了足够的专业能力,你有信心,但你的意见还是被各种理由驳回了,那你就得找到一些反向操作的途径来证明你是对的。
不同创始人的不同反馈方式
Casey Winters: 不同的创始人倾听不同形式的反馈。可能是与其他 CEO 交流,或者与其他运营者、值得信赖的顾问、某些客户沟通。有些人可能非常数据导向,所以你直接跑实验,证明有效之后再请求原谅就行了。每个人都有自己不同的响应方式。你要尝试搞清楚什么真正能影响 CEO,然后用那种方式去建立你的论据——不管是通过实验、引荐合适的客户、还是找对合适的外部顾问。如果这些他们也驳回了,那你就只能 disagree and commit(异议但执行),或者找一家新公司加入,或者自己创业。就像我说的,这是他们的公司,他们来做决定。
我记得加入 Pinterest 的时候,我刚刚在 Grubhub 做完了一百倍的用户增长。我准备在 Pinterest 推动同样量级的影响力,但没人认识我。我不像其他大多数人那样来自 Facebook 或 Google。当时没人在意芝加哥的创业公司,所以当他们不信任我的提案时,我就去找了他们确实尊重的那些初创公司的增长负责人聊。我找了 Dropbox,找了 Facebook。当这些人说出和我一模一样的观点,而我只是转述”他们说的,不是我说的”时,遗憾的是,这样反而更有说服力。我不在乎,因为我最终还是得到了我想要的——用正确的方式推动公司增长。
Lenny: 现在你就是别人去找的那种人了。如果 Casey 这么说了,那大概就是正确的做法。
Casey Winters: 不管我对不对,我确实有时候在生态系统中扮演这个角色,这一点我承认。
创始人比我更有远见的例子
Lenny: 有没有这样一个例子:你确信某条路是对的,但你所工作的公司的创始人有不同意见,而最终他们是对的?
Casey Winters: 我在 Grubhub 的时候,其中一位创始人提出了一个想法——为外卖司机开发一个 App。当时,餐厅有自己的外卖司机,他们不是我们的员工。我们想为这些外卖司机建一个 App,这样你就能看到食物送到哪里了,知道还有五分钟到之类的。Domino’s 是当时第一个做这件事的,我们觉得这很有道理。
但我当时就想,“我怎么去说服一个跟我们没有任何关系的外卖司机,去下载 Grubhub 的 App,还要实际打开它,然后给消费者带来焦虑——担心司机是不是走错路了之类的?“我就觉得,“我觉得这不靠谱,没人会用。” Mike 和 Matt 否决了我的意见,推进了这个项目。
从长远来看,这件事最终变得非常必要,因为 DoorDash、Postmates 以及后来的 Uber Eats 建立了自己的配送网络,我们需要应对。那自然是一项需要与这些新服务保持对等的关键技术。在这一点上,也许他们比我思考得更长远,我没能在更长的时间维度上理解他们所看到的东西——这项技术最终会如何被采纳并发挥作用。
Lenny: 这是一个很好的过渡到下一个话题的引子。不过先快速问一下,他们是怎么让司机开始用这个 App 的?有什么很巧妙的做法吗?
Casey Winters: 我认为一开始使用率相当低,主要靠的是利用餐厅的权威。如果我们能有效地推动我们的餐厅客户,告诉他们”如果你用这个,会得到更多订单,我们会在界面上给你更突出的展示”之类的东西,然后由餐厅通过他们与司机的直接关系,把司机推动起来去采纳使用。
网络效应的本质与类型
Lenny: 好,转到我们最后一个我想聊的话题——网络效应、市场平台、SaaS,以及它们之间的关联。我觉得你对网络效应的思考和阐述是最清晰的,所以也许我们可以先从一个简单的问题开始:什么是网络效应?以及存在哪些不同类型的网络效应?
Casey Winters: 好的。你这么一说我压力就大了。嗯,本质上来说,网络效应就是当一个产品或业务随着更多用户或客户的使用而变得更好。我倾向于关注三种类型。第一种,可能也是最广为人知的,叫做直接网络效应(direct network effects)。就是每一个新增用户都让产品对所有现有用户变得更好。当有人加入 WhatsApp,其他人就可以和他们聊天——之前是聊不了的——这让 WhatsApp 对所有人都更有价值、更有用。
第二种是跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects),就是有两种不同类型的用户,在网络一侧每增加一个用户,就让它对另一侧所有类型的用户更有价值,反之亦然。当一家餐厅加入 Grubhub,它为用户提供了更多点餐选择;而当更多用户开始点更多外卖,Grubhub 对餐厅来说就变得更有吸引力,因为它们可以从外卖订单中赚更多钱。
最后一种我关注的网络效应是数据网络效应(data network effects)。就是随着通过产品收集到更多数据,某样东西的质量提升或成本下降。当你把内容 Pin 到 Pinterest 的画板上时,它给 Pinterest 提供了关于该内容质量的信号、它与其他内容的相关性——因为它们被分享到了同一个画板上——以及更多关于你偏好的信号。这使得 Pinterest 能够更好地向你以及与你相似、兴趣相近的其他人推荐更多内容。
这些网络效应中有一点比较棘手——大多数人谈论网络效应时,都是在社交网络的语境下,而不是像我的背景那样在市场平台或 SaaS 领域。理解社交网络时真正棘手的地方在于:它们传统上被描述为直接网络效应业务,但所有社交网络最终都必须变成跨侧网络效应和/或数据网络效应业务。唯一能始终只做直接网络效应业务的公司,就是那些纯粹的通讯工具,比如 Messenger、iMessage、WhatsApp。这些没有清晰的盈利路径,但如果你想卖广告,你就变成了一个跨侧网络效应业务。同时,创作者对消费者也构成了一个跨侧网络效应业务。如果你想在个性化推荐上做得更好,你猜怎么着?你在利用数据网络效应来推荐内容。
Lenny: 我太喜欢这个说法了,你说得太到位了。我猜正在听这些的市场平台创始人可能会想,“嘿,我可以加上这些额外的网络效应吗?我可以朝其中一个方向演进吗?“而你的意思是——不仅是可以,而且最终你必须这么做。
Casey Winters: 我同意。我认为首先,网络效应是一种极好的防御性壁垒。它适用于所有业务吗?并非如此,但在很多情况下,为了你能正确演进并持续增长,它可能成为必需。
Lenny: 你还能想到其他市场平台公司,在演进或增加这些网络效应方面做得特别好的,或者本身就很有意思的案例吗?
Casey Winters: 我们来盘点一下。我觉得 Zillow 很有意思——一个房产信息网站本身并不是一个多么有趣的产品,但它找到了一种方式让品牌同时连接买卖双方:这个网络中的双方,买房的人和卖房的人很少需要直接对接,但通过提供房屋价值的实时定价信息,品牌能够与双方建立连接,这为双方都创造了一个黏性强得多的产品。我认为这是一个相当真正的创新,其他人也尝试过,但很少能达到同样的成功。这是我凭记忆就能想到的一个印象深刻案例。
Grubhub 如何被颠覆
Lenny: 太好了。我们一直在聊 Grubhub。Grubhub 曾经拥有相当强的网络效应,在很大程度上归功于你所做的工作。网络效应的好处之一是它能形成进入壁垒——当一家公司已经建立起这些网络效应时,别人很难复制和竞争。但众所周知,Grubhub 被 DoorDash 和 Uber Eats 颠覆了。也许你可以聊聊这是怎么发生的、为什么会发生。如果能听听你认为他们本可以采取什么不同做法,以及他们的网络效应是如何被蚕食的,那就更棒了。双关语,纯属无意。
Casey Winters: 好的,这个问题很好。我觉得人们确实会误以为任何形式的网络效应都是完美的防御壁垒。它们是最强的防御形式,但这并不意味着它们对颠覆免疫。我认为在我们通常讨论的市场平台的跨侧网络效应中,颠覆主要发生在颠覆者大幅扩展供给丰富度的时候。我想先说明一下,我在 2013 年底就离开了 Grubhub,在所说的”午餐被吃掉”之前,所以我所讲的主要是根据公开信息观察这些了不起的公司之间竞争的心得,而不是当时身处战局之中的内幕。
Lenny: 好。
Casey Winters: 但有一点很重要,需要记住——Grubhub 是一个轻资产的市场平台模式。餐厅通过自己雇佣的外卖骑手来完成配送。几年前我为 Andreessen Horowitz 写了一篇关于市场平台供给策略的文章,核心观点是:你要么做到供给全面覆盖,要么拥有独家库存。Grubhub 走的是全面覆盖路线——我们会展示所有能送到你那里的餐厅,即使我们没有和它们直接合作线上订餐。而在我离开 Grubhub 大概一年前,竞争对手开始筹集种子轮或 A 轮融资来构建配送网络。
Postmates 和 DoorDash 是最先崭露头角的两家。Uber Eats 会稍后加入,但它们一开始采用的是截然不同的商业模式,而且这是一个极其不同的业务——你需要雇佣司机、管理物流。我们称之为重度管理型市场平台模式,因为现在你是在亲自促成交易,而不仅仅是像 Grubhub 那样连接买卖双方并处理支付。
一方面是 Grubhub,一个利润率极高的业务;另一方面是这些新冒出来的公司,实际上是负利润的业务——至少在很长一段时间内是这样。2013 年,Grubhub 收购了当时最接近的竞争对手 Seamless。Seamless 在纽约仍然领先于 Grubhub,部分原因是它有一个企业项目——律师事务所、银行和咨询公司给员工的午餐津贴必须通过 Seamless 下单才能使用。Grubhub 运营在密集的城市和郊区,比如纽约,因为那些地方才有能提供外卖的餐厅。
DoorDash 起步时运营在人口密度较低的郊区,合作的都是以前从未做过外卖的餐厅,由 DoorDash 自己提供外卖骑手。这使得 DoorDash 在早期能够在没有太多竞争的环境中增长。这些公司也确实下了一些大胆的赌注。其中一个做法是,它们配送那些并没有合作协议的餐厅的餐品,这引发了争议和诉讼。但这意味着当这些公司进入城市与 Grubhub 正面竞争时,用户感觉 DoorDash、Postmates 和 Uber 可选的餐厅丰富度大幅领先,Grubhub 显然不再称得上供给全面了。
回到我们之前谈到的跨侧网络效应——餐厅供给越丰富,对用户越有吸引力,反之亦然。到了这一步,Grubhub 陷入了一个非常尴尬的境地。它在仅融资 8000 万美元风险投资后上市,IPO 又募集了 1 亿美元,告诉投资者它是一个利润丰厚、高速增长、轻资产的市场平台——但现在它面临着来自运营密集型、负利润配送服务的颠覆压力,而这些竞争对手每六个月就能从私募市场融到 1 亿美元。
Grubhub 的假设是,这些业务在结构上就是亏损的,风投迟早会停止补贴。当然,这并没有发生。它们不断融到更多钱。DoorDash 最终在这个市场上融了数十亿美元。这些钱一部分被用来锁定全国连锁品牌的独家合作协议——而 Grubhub 以前从未合作过这类品牌,一直合作的都是本地小店——另一部分则用于需求端的促销和折扣。这一切正在发生,然后疫情来了,DoorDash 那些负利润率第一次转正了——如果我没有理解错的话。与此同时,我们从 Seamless 获得的所有企业订单也不再重要了,因为没有人再去办公室了。所以这个豪赌真的押对了,DoorDash 就这样拿下了市场。之后 Grubhub 试图复制 DoorDash 和 Postmates 的模式。他们写了一封著名的公开信,说他们仍然认为这些做法是愚蠢的,但被逼无奈只能跟进——现在回头看还挺搞笑的。很多事后诸葛亮会说,“Grubhub 怎么能这么蠢,让 DoorDash 把他们亲手打造的市场给抢走了?”
听着,我承认 Grubhub 犯了一些错误,但我认为 Grubhub 要在这场竞争中胜出本来就是极其困难的。假设在 2014 年 IPO 之后,你确实认为 DoorDash、Postmates 和 Uber 正在做的事情是明智的。那你怎么办?去找那些你承诺过高增长和高利润的投资者,说你需要借更多债来与负利润的创业公司竞争,而且这种竞争方式会毁掉你之前承诺的所有潜在利润?股价会跌掉 90%,大量员工会因为手上的股票变得一文不值而离开。更不用说,构建配送网络是一项重运营的业务,跟你任何一项核心能力都不匹配——所以在我看来,这感觉就像死刑判决。
我认为这里唯一的出路是尽早收购 DoorDash,然后让 DoorDash 及其重运营的文化从内部由内而外地改造 Grubhub。我觉得 Grubhub 可能有过多次收购 DoorDash 的机会。出于种种原因,这始终没有发生。如果 Grubhub 真这么做了,当时看起来会相当冒险,投资者大概率会很讨厌这个决定——但这会是他们的”Netflix 时刻”,就像 Netflix 孤注一掷押注流媒体并押对了一样。当然,这一切事后说起来都轻松得多。
关于生存威胁的教训
Casey Winters: 我觉得现在随着职业发展更加资深,我学到的一件事是:面对生存威胁时,就像 Nassim Taleb 说的,“唯一理性的反应就是过度反应。” 除非你有切实可行的理由认为情况并非如此,否则你必须假设颠覆者是对的,并基于他们正在打一场最优博弈来制定策略。而我认为 Grubhub 假设颠覆者是错的,一切最终都会朝有利于他们的方向发展——显然事实并非如此。
Lenny: 哇,我从没听过这个完整的故事。太精彩了。谢谢你讲得这么详细。
Casey Winters: 我也不知道这里面有多少是对的,但是——
Lenny: 从外部的角度来看,感觉是对的。有趣的是,这像是创新者困境的一个变体。通常创新者困境是指有人从市场的低端以更便宜的方式切入。但这个案例中,更多是他们做了一些 Grubhub 不认为能规模化的东西,效率上要低得多——
Casey Winters: 对。
Lenny: ……尽管用户体验更好。这算创新者困境吗?还是创新者困境的某种其他变体?因为正如你所说,Grubhub 几乎没法跟进。
Casey Winters: 我认为从精神本质上来说,确实是。
Lenny: 这里的教训就是,不要低估那些试图做某件最终会把你吃掉的事情的人,即使那看起来是个糟糕的商业模式。
Casey Winters: 没错。如果市场在奖励它,市场大概率会找到让它盈利的方式。本质上就是,当所有人都在为市场平台的需求侧找到一个更高效的网络效应(network effects)时,你大概需要尽快复制它,如果复制不了,就拥有它——买下来。我觉得我们已经见过好几次这种情况了。Rover 和 Wag 是另一个有趣的例子——它们找到了一个更高频的使用场景,匹配同样的供需关系,Rover 尽可能快地复制了这个模式。最终这对 Rover 走通了,但 Grubhub 就没那么幸运。
如今还能挑战 DoorDash 吗?
Lenny: 我最近做了一场关于市场平台增长策略的演讲,有人问了一个非常有意思的问题:“如果你今天想挑战 DoorDash 或 Uber,你会怎么做?” 我的回答是,当时资金太容易获得了,他们能够……这其中很大一部分就是烧钱。他们融了那么多钱。你刚才说他们每六个月就能融一亿美元。在今天这种融不到那么多钱的环境下,还有可能打败 DoorDash 或 Uber 吗?
Casey Winters: 显然,他们利用了我们之前讨论过的零利率环境。这在 2023 年已经不是一个可复制的策略了。任何与之竞争的方法,都必须从一个截然不同的角度切入,因为他们可以用资金把你砸死。我们会看看是否有人能构建出创造新供给的方式。我觉得你我可能都见过一些早期的例子。看看它们能不能规模化吧。或者从需求侧做出更便宜、更有趣的体验——那也会是另一种潜在的颠覆方式。
另一个在疫情前对构建颠覆者相当有效的策略,是聚焦到店自取的场景,这是 DoorDash 不容易做到的。他们试过,但他们的整个价值主张是配送网络,而自取根本不需要这个。当然,疫情也让很多这类创业公司停摆了。总是有切入角度的,但你必须非常聪明,因为靠烧钱硬攻基本行不通了。
Lenny: 对。我注意到很多创业公司在做餐厅的白标配送,让餐厅不必依赖 DoorDash。但也许那只是一个楔入口,最终他们也会走 DoorDash 的路线。
Casey Winters: 对,但我对这些模式相当怀疑,因为它们并没有真正在需求侧构建网络效应(network effects),更像是一些 SaaS 业务。我觉得这类业务很难做到几亿美元收入的规模,因为它们的抽成费率通常只有 DoorDash 能收取的三分之一到四分之一。
SaaS 与市场平台的融合
Lenny: 完美地衔接到我的下一个问题,我只剩最后几个了。有一个概念,市场平台的创始人往往最终想加一个 SaaS 工具,同时拥有两种商业模式。反过来也经常出现,SaaS 公司想加一个市场平台。我知道这个问题你经常被问到,所以想直接问你:这行得通吗?有没有成功添加这种额外盈利模式的案例?你觉得哪个方向更常成功、更常失败?
Casey Winters: 很多创始人引用的经典案例是 OpenTable。但我一直觉得这个例子不太有说服力,因为它太老了。可能听这个播客的年轻人会问,“OpenTable 是什么?” 而且我认为那家公司在它所处的市场中严重跑输了。它有过一个不错的退出——大概以 26 亿美元卖给了 Booking.com,但 Booking 后来把这个资产减记到了十亿以下。所以这并不是我们通常在市场平台领域追求的那种结果。
Lenny: 也许可以解释一下它最初是什么,SaaS 工具和金融属性的市场平台分别是什么。
Casey Winters: 哦,当然。OpenTable 同时提供了一个 SaaS 工具——帮助餐厅了解哪些桌位是空的、应该把客人安排在哪里,也就是服务于餐厅前台的接待管理——同时还能带来额外的预订来填满餐厅。因为我觉得人们对餐厅有一个误解,觉得”餐厅这些利润率极低的生意”。确实如此,但原因是无论有没有客人,租金都要付。
一旦租金无论怎样都要付,你的激励就是尽可能多地出菜、尽可能多地让客人入座。人们会说,“Grubhub 和 DoorDash 收费太高了。” 但实际上,配送订单和餐饮订单对餐厅来说基本是纯利润。厨师已经在了,租金已经在付了。“厨房出菜越多,我们赚得越多”,这就是餐厅愿意支付更高费用的原因。这些餐厅并不傻,他们没有被误导。早在任何配送创业公司出现之前,OpenTable 就已经在做这件事了——“我们会帮你填满桌位,同时提供软件帮你最有效地管理桌位,实现利润最大化。”
Lenny: 明白了。好的,如果你——
Casey Winters: 这就是 OpenTable。说实话,我们在 Eventbrite 推进的正是这个策略。我们从更偏 SaaS 的产品起步——提供便捷的支付功能和各种工具,帮助活动主办方提高运营效率——然后逐步叠加更传统的市场平台价值主张,即需求侧,为活动主办方带来更多票务销售。不过我得说,要让它真正很好地运转,还有一段路要走。
什么叫真正运转良好?就是当市场平台模式解锁了那些跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects),让增长变得更轻松的时候。活动主办方在 Eventbrite 刚起步时,只会自己去做营销,把人带到 Eventbrite 上完成活动交易的。现在 Eventbrite 自身驱动了 25% 的票务销售,而且这个比例的增长速度比——
Lenny: 哇,这太厉害了。
Casey Winters: 对,它的增速比其他业务更快,这很好,但可能需要接近 50% 才能真正解锁那些跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects)。那意味着创作者开始因为 Eventbrite 上的大量需求而选择 Eventbrite,而不是因为 SaaS 工具的质量。这显然是我们正在努力的方向。Faire 是我近期提供咨询的一家公司,我认为它以一种反向的方式解锁了这个模式——Faire 是一个连接独立零售商和品牌的批发市场平台,让你可以把产品销售给这些零售商,比如你所在社区的精品店。
Faire 先搭建了市场平台,然后又开发了一个 SaaS 工具,让品牌可以把现有的零售商导入平台,并获得更好的支付条件和免费退货服务。对于通过该平台发生的重复下单,它不收取任何 SaaS 工具的使用费用。这样做的好处是,它引入了更多独立零售商,然后可以向其他品牌进行交叉销售,而不需要动用销售团队。交叉销售时,Faire 自然会在这些交易中抽取一定比例。我认为这个模式运作得非常好,Faire 的增长也非常迅速。
Lenny: 你举的例子中,Eventbrite 是一个 SaaS 工具试图增加市场平台。
Casey Winters: 对。
Lenny: Faire 则是一个市场平台增加 SaaS 工具的例子。这里的结论是不是,根据你的经验,通常来说——市场平台增加 SaaS 工具会比反过来更顺利?
市场平台加 SaaS 更容易成功
Casey Winters: 对,我觉得这个判断是正确的。大概在 2015 年左右吧,一批投资人开始写关于 SaaS 向市场平台转型的文章,Eventbrite 正在经历的就是这种转型。这条路走得通,但很难。对很多其他 SaaS 业务来说,这条路也不具备可复制性。首先,你需要与你的客户的客户有直接关系。其次,这些客户需要在单一供应商之外还有其他需求。
通常是发现其他供应商的价值主张,而且你需要建立一套全新的能力,为你的客户的客户打造工具——这个用户群体和你现有的客户非常不同。而反过来看,市场平台增加 SaaS 组件,无论是像 Faire 那样作为客户获取工具,还是作为工作流工具,或者作为提高留存、减少绕单的工具,我认为这种做法会普遍得多,也更具可复制性。
Lenny: 这根本上是不是因为市场平台本身就极其困难,不管你是从一开始就做还是后来加的?这是问题的根源吗?
Casey Winters: 我觉得这个概括很好。如果你在 2023 年创业,说”我先做一个 SaaS 业务,五年后再在上面搭建市场平台业务”,这相当于你要花很长时间才能去验证整个策略中最难的那部分。而如果你先把最难的部分搞定,就会打开很多令人惊喜的相邻增长空间和不同的增长路径。我认为这个说法确实有道理。
Lenny: 这里的结论就是,如果你试图增加一个市场平台,那会非常困难。你分享了几个特征,可以判断也许有可能成功。能不能再快速分享一下这些特征。
SaaS 转市场平台的成功条件
Casey Winters: 以 Square、Substack、Patreon 或 Eventbrite 为例。这些都是在提供 SaaS 服务的过程中,同时与客户和客户的客户打交道的企业。这让事情容易得多,因为你已经有了关系,他们已经知道你的品牌。而 Stripe 呢,我们买东西的时候根本不知道是不是通过 Stripe 完成的。它只是一个在后台做了白标(white labeled)处理的 SaaS 工具,我们完全无感。我觉得这是第一个要素。有很多业务看起来类似,但实际上只有一部分 SaaS 业务具备这个特征。
第二个要素是,你正在建立关系的那些客户,需要有理由和供给端不止一个客户进行交易。如果你永远只用同一个供应商,那就没必要向你展示其他库存。
基本上,所有市场平台的获胜都依赖于我们提到的选择丰富度,以及你对选择丰富度的需求。还有就是标准化的获胜方式——我随时都能得到服务,可能是不同的人提供的,但我知道 Uber 的车五分钟内会到。我不太在乎司机是谁。这两种情况中必须有一种成立。但你会发现,在很多例子中,当你深入研究时,这个假想的市场平台中需求侧其实并没有那么强的发现需求。
Lenny: 也许定义一下什么才算市场平台会有帮助。在我看来,关键在于你通过供给来驱动需求。这就是区别所在,对吧?否则,你只是他们用来做想做的事情的一个工具。
Casey Winters: 对,完全正确。供给端注册的核心价值主张是你能给他们带来额外的生意。如果你有买家和卖家,但供给端注册的主要原因是为了工具或支付——就像 Eventbrite 起步时那样——那就不算真正的市场平台。我称之为类 SaaS 网络。有些人可能就直接叫它 SaaS 业务、支付业务之类的,但它并不具备我们与市场平台相关联的那些跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects)。
Substack 的市场平台之路
Lenny: 这让我想到了 Patreon 和 Substack。有趣的是,我了解到 Patreon 早期的情况——他们的目标是做一个市场平台。他们想打造一个艺术家聚集的地方,收取款项,然后人们可以发现艺术家并赞助他们。但他们发现没人需要——这不是任何人存在的问题。
Casey Winters: 完全正确,完全正确。
Lenny: 我不是在找——
Casey Winters: 我不是在找更多的人来给他们捐钱。GoFundMe 也是同样的道理。
Lenny: 记住这个故事,当我早期和 Substack 的人聊天时,我就说这正是你们会遇到的困境。没有人会坐在那里寻找更多 newsletter 来订阅,但令人惊讶的是,他们居然真的做到了。
Casey Winters: 是的。
Lenny: 他们现在有一个非常强大的网络效应和市场平台。
Casey Winters: 我对他们的成果非常钦佩。我不知道我是否会称其为市场平台,但我认为他们能够把你刚才说的那个问题抽象成一种真正有用的东西——是的,我不想订阅更多邮件,但我确实从根本上对更多与我的兴趣相关的文章感兴趣。这一点其实没有人解决得特别好。
Twitter 是一种很粗糙的实现方式,我关注你,然后你发新博客的时候我能看到,因为你在 Twitter 上告诉大家你发了新博客,但 Twitter 并不是为此设计的。而 Substack 的阅读器现在让我觉得”嗯,好吧,我愿意订阅”。我非常喜欢他们的做法。最终这能做多大、会如何发展,还需要观察。但我觉得他们的执行力非常扎实。
Lenny: 太棒了。我有同样的感受。我也不太确定它能不能算作……值不值得被称为市场平台,但无论如何,我 80% 的新订阅者都来自 Substack 的网络——推荐功能、他们的新用户引导等等。就像——
Casey Winters: 你觉得这是你的特殊情况,因为你已经是 Substack 前 1% 的作者了?还是说这对新加入的创作者也是一个有意义的数字?如果我终于把我的邮件列表迁移到 Substack——这件事在我待办清单上放了很久——对我来说比例大概不会一样高吧?
Lenny: 绝对不会。是的,我认为如果你是先行者,大家已经知道你了,自然会有更多人推荐你。而且随着时间推移,推荐你的人会越来越多。我记得他们公布过一个数据,大约 40% 的新用户来自推荐,或者是新注册之类的。这个现象相当普遍,但我不知道其中多少——
Casey Winters: 这太好了。
Lenny: 有多少只是前 10 名的作者拿到的,所以确实很厉害。这是一个真正创新的功能,Substack 做得漂亮。我们在播客里专门请过一个产品经理来聊这个功能,聊了整整一个小时,如果你感兴趣的话可以去听。
Casey Winters: 太好了。
消费者订阅创业公司为何如此艰难
Lenny: 好。最后一个问题,然后我们进入非常精彩的快问快答环节。这个问题是关于消费类公司和消费者订阅公司的。我知道你跟很多做消费者订阅公司以及消费类创业公司的创始人合作过。
Casey Winters: 是的。
Lenny: 你经常跟我说,把这些公司做成一个繁荣的生意极其困难。能不能聊聊为什么消费者订阅创业公司这么难、产品这么难做?
Casey Winters: 我感觉我们把这期播客搞得挺丧的,Lenny,但是——
Lenny: 这就是大家需要听到的真相。外面有太多乐观空话了,太多”这是你应该怎么做”的文章。
Casey Winters: 确实。
Lenny: 有时候,你就是做不到。
Casey Winters: 我认为要理解这类生意,你得先从一个问题出发:为什么投资者喜欢 B2B SaaS?为什么他们喜欢 B2B 订阅模式?大多数人回答这个问题时会说,“哦,收入可预测嘛,对吧?“嗯,算是吧,这也不错,但我认为这其实不是最重要的。我认为 B2B SaaS 有两大优秀特质。第一,企业的行为模式更可预测,更有规律。它们是理性的。你能分辨哪些是适合你产品的好客户、哪些是坏客户,也能判断哪些会增长、哪些会倒闭。
更重要的一点,B2B SaaS 的第二个优势是净金额留存率(net dollar retention)。如果你不在 SaaS 行业工作,什么是净金额留存率?简单来说,作为一家 SaaS 公司,你的一些客户会流失,一些客户会留下来。通常来说——虽然当前宏观经济环境下大量裁员可能是个例外——留下来的客户往往会花更多钱。要么是按席位计费的模式下他们买了更多席位,要么是按使用量计费的模式下他们用得更多。SaaS 公司在第二年、第三年就是能赚更多钱。
消费者订阅模式完全没有这些优势。消费者的行为远不如企业可预测,留存率通常也更低,而且不具备净金额留存率的特征。如果用户在第二年继续付费,你从他身上赚的钱大概率跟第一年一样多,而不是更多。这意味着你需要在用户更不可预测的情况下,实现比 B2B SaaS 更高的用户留存率,而且这个留存率比创始人通常想象的要高得多。我们说的是年留存率需要超过 60%,甚至可能需要 70% 以上。
你看看真正在大规模上做到这一点的公司,名单非常短。美国的 Netflix、Amazon Prime、Spotify,Duolingo 我认为也在崛起为其中一员。你去看它们怎么做到的,要么是靠巨额运营支出和规模经济,要么是靠网络效应,要么是靠某种不太容易复制的独特增长闭环。Duolingo 有很强的数据网络效应(data network effects),使用的人越多,课程就越好。Beek——我担任董事的那家公司——有创作者和听众之间的跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects),创作者把自己现有社交网络上的分发能力带过来,把新用户引入 App 来收听。Netflix 和 Amazon 则是在内容上砸了数十亿美元。
我认为那种默认路径——“我花钱做付费获客,然后每年留下一半用户”——最终只会走向死路。这类生意有趣的地方在于,你可以建立模型,从而知道这条路什么时候会走到头。你能算出留存率什么时候开始下滑,什么时候你无法再盈利地获取用户。如果你想看一个实时案例,看看 Blue Apron 就行。这家公司 IPO 时募集了 3 亿美元,估值 20 亿美元。现在在纽约证券交易所的市值只有 5000 万美元。
我认为大家现在都明白了——如果之前不明白的话——付费获客的效果会随着规模扩大而变差。你先瞄准最优质的客户,他们转化率高、留存好,然后当你扩大目标客户范围时,每一项指标都会变差,直到不再盈利。也许是两年后,也许是五年后,但终有一天会不再盈利。网络效应能让你做到的是,让你的产品变好的速度快于你瞄准的客户质量变差的速度,通常是通过增加选择来实现的,就像我们之前聊 DoorDash 等公司时举的那些例子。
Lenny: 这个话题太有意思了。你这么一说我突然想起来,我其实写过一篇关于这个的文章。就留存率这个点再深入说一下,当你真正去算的时候确实会让人不寒而栗。假设你的年度队列留存率是 70%。我忘了具体数字,但基本上每三到四年你就得重建整个用户群,因为用户一直在流失,所以你的增长必须持续——
Casey Winters: 令人难以置信。你会用光所有人类。是的,这真的很难。如果你能做到极高的留存——也就是说那些人永远不会流失——那你确实有一门好生意。但看看那些做到这一点的公司付出了什么代价。Spotify 不盈利。Netflix 和 Amazon 在这方面烧了海量的钱。这对一家创业公司来说可复制吗?我更倾向于说,“我们想办法在这里引入一些网络效应吧。让我们的获客成本降为零。想想其他的变现方式,因为单靠订阅这条路感觉就像是……”
Lenny: 这也是为什么很多这类公司最终转向了 B2B。他们意识到在 B2C 赛道上走不通。我从中的另一个收获是……因为我采访过很多早期的 B2C 订阅应用创始人和员工,我想到的公司有 Grammarly、Duolingo、Noom,还有——我忘了还有哪些。但它们的共同趋势之一是,在很长一段时间里它们都非常精简、非常小,因为它们需要时间来弄清楚怎么才能跑通,然后继续保持小规模和极度节俭。
Casey Winters: 我觉得这个观点很好。Calm 和 Headspace 之间的对比就是一个很有意思的案例。因为 Calm 在很长一段时间里一直只有大约 10 个人。
Lenny: 哇。
B2C 订阅公司的生存之道
Casey Winters: 而 Headspace 已经发展到上百人了。Calm 基本上从未亏过钱,这让他们在面对巨大变化时更容易转型——比如应用追踪透明度政策(app tracking transparency)给所有付费获投了一记重锤。如果你没有亏损,没关系,你有时间去重新找到增长的方式。但如果这意味着你的烧钱率增加了 1 亿美元,那你就真的要慌了。
Lenny: 也许可以做一个收尾,把这个话题画个句号。如果你是一位 B2C 订阅产品的创始人,你会想给他们脑海中植入哪些关键要点,帮助他们生存下来?
Casey Winters: 如果你的计划是用免费增值模式叠加付费获客,让一部分人转化,然后希望他们永远留下来——我会建议你现在就转型。我真的看不到这条路能走通。怎么转型呢?怎么让你的产品具有社交属性,让用户自发带来新用户?怎么为你正在构建的内容、教育或其他东西引入供给端,并让供给端有动力去推荐用户?
你必须做一些事情——要么在业务中构建更多有机增长循环,要么在业务中构建网络效应——否则我们可以花两个小时精确地建模推算你什么时候把钱烧完。就是那么可预测。很多创始人不喜欢听我这么说,但我宁愿他们现在听到,也不想让他们三年后才意识到。
快问快答环节
Lenny: 好了,我们进入了非常令人期待的快问快答环节。我直接开始。你最常推荐给别人的两三本书是什么?
Casey Winters: 肯定要推荐 Eliyahu Goldratt 的《The Goal》,这本书很好地解释了我大脑的运作方式。还有 Danny Kahneman 的《Thinking, Fast and Slow》。我在 MBA 期间上了很多行为经济学的课,他的书刚好在第二年出版,所以我以最快的速度把它吸收了。
Lenny: 他是你的教授吗,还是说那只是你学的课题?
Casey Winters: 他的一些学生是我的教授,是的。
Lenny: 太棒了。非常酷。
Casey Winters: 第三本是一本叫《Profit from the Core》的书,作者是 Chris Zook。
Lenny: 太好了。这本是新的。我最喜欢有新书被加入推荐书单。
Casey Winters: 好嘞。
Lenny: 好,下一个问题。最近最喜欢的电影或电视剧?
Casey Winters: 《Party Down》刚回归,那简直——
Lenny: 我一直在看。
Casey Winters: 那是我最喜欢的——
Lenny: 我之前从没听说过这部剧。
Casey Winters: 那是我历来最喜欢的喜剧之一。是的,如果你没看过的话,回去看——
Lenny: 酷。
Casey Winters: 回去看前几季如果你还没看的话。
Lenny: 我就是这么做的,我就是这么做的。
Casey Winters: 好,太好了。其他的话,《The Last of Us》很棒,我很喜欢那款电子游戏。《Severance》很棒。《Station Eleven》很棒,我也很喜欢原著小说,觉得改编得非常好。电影方面,最近确实没什么特别好的电影,不过我重温了 90 年代的《Kicking and Screaming》,我觉得它经受住了时间的考验。我不知道你们有多少人听说过——它讲的是一群大学毕业生,毕业了但决定不离开校园、不开始自己的人生,就这么赖在校园里。我非常喜欢那部片子。
Lenny: 太精彩了。我们有个人们提到《The Last of Us》就要喝酒的游戏,所以如果你正在开车上班路上听播客,喝点咖啡或者你手边有什么就喝什么吧。
还有两个问题。在产品开发流程中,你做过(或推荐别人做过)的某个相对较小的改动是什么,它对团队的执行力产生了巨大影响?
跨职能团队与 DRI 机制
Casey Winters: 我非常大力地倡导跨职能团队和目标对齐——如何让来自不同职能的人对齐到相同的 OKR 上并协同工作。我以前常说:“你看,如果跨职能团队里有人开始凭职级压人,那说明这个团队出了问题。”
我们最近在 Eventbrite 和 Whatnot 都开始做的一件事,就是在跨职能团队中指定一个推动项目的人。在 Eventbrite,我们叫它 driver。在 Whatnot,我们叫它 DRI,即 directly responsible individual,直接负责人。一旦这个人做出决定,就是 disagree and commit 的时间了。没有升级路径。如果你不是 DRI,你是团队成员,而 DRI 做了决定,好,现在是你接受并推进这个决定的时候了。如果后来证明他们做了错误的决定,没关系,我们发布之后会学到。
Lenny: 最后一个问题。我很喜欢你做的——你在自己的 newsletter 和博客里会分享你在听什么。你最近在听什么?
Casey Winters: 好。Kelela 最近出了她的第二张专辑《Raven》,非常好。我一直在听。Orbital 出了一张新专辑叫《Optimal Delusion》,也挺好的。然后是一个老经典——De La Soul 的音乐终于上了 Spotify,《Stakes Is High》是我最喜欢的嘻哈专辑之一,所以我一直在循环播放。
Lenny: 太棒了。大家如果想联系你、了解更多,在网上哪里可以找到你?听众怎样能帮到你?
Casey Winters: 我在 caseyaccidental.com 上写博客,更新频率远不如你。你可以在 Twitter 上找到我,@onecaseman。就是传递善意吧,帮助你们的公司打造更好的产品和更好的生意。这就是我关心的一切。
Lenny: Casey,非常感谢你来。我觉得我们俩做这些播客,正在建立某种网络效应。希望你以后还会来第三次。再次感谢。真的非常感激。
Casey Winters: 好的,谢谢你的邀请。希望到时候大家还没对我感到厌烦。
Lenny: 大家再见。
非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期内容有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Amazon Prime | Amazon Prime(产品名,保留原文) |
| Andreessen Horowitz | Andreessen Horowitz(机构名,保留原文) |
| app tracking transparency | 应用追踪透明度(app tracking transparency) |
| asset-light marketplace model | 轻资产市场平台模式 |
| Beek | Beek(公司名,保留原文) |
| Benicio del Toro | Benicio del Toro(人名,保留原文) |
| Blue Apron | Blue Apron(公司名,保留原文) |
| Booking | Booking(公司名,保留原文) |
| Booking.com | Booking.com(公司名,保留原文) |
| Business Insider | Business Insider(媒体名,保留原文) |
| Calm | Calm(公司名,保留原文) |
| Casey Winters | Casey Winters(人名,保留原文) |
| Change.org | Change.org(平台名,保留原文) |
| ChatGPT | ChatGPT(产品名,保留原文) |
| Chris Zook | Chris Zook(人名,《Profit from the Core》作者) |
| cohort retention | 队列留存率(cohort retention) |
| CPO | CPO(Chief Product Officer,首席产品官) |
| cross-side network effects | 跨侧网络效应(cross-side network effects) |
| Danny Kahneman | Danny Kahneman(人名,行为经济学家) |
| data network effects | 数据网络效应(data network effects) |
| De La Soul | De La Soul(乐队名,保留原文) |
| direct network effects | 直接网络效应(direct network effects) |
| disagree and commit | disagree and commit(异议但执行) |
| Domino’s | Domino’s(公司名,保留原文) |
| DoorDash | DoorDash(公司名,保留原文) |
| DRI | DRI(Directly Responsible Individual,直接负责人) |
| driver | driver(项目负责人) |
| Dropbox | Dropbox(公司名,保留原文) |
| Duolingo | Duolingo(公司名,保留原文) |
| Eliyahu Goldratt | Eliyahu Goldratt(人名,《The Goal》作者) |
| Erika Warren | Erika Warren(人名,保留原文) |
| Eventbrite | Eventbrite(公司名,保留原文) |
| Faire | Faire(公司名,保留原文) |
| FANG | FANG(科技巨头缩写,保留原文) |
| GoFundMe | GoFundMe(公司名,保留原文) |
| Google Docs | Google Docs(产品名,保留原文) |
| Google Sheets | Google Sheets(产品名,保留原文) |
| Grammarly | Grammarly(公司名,保留原文) |
| Grubhub | Grubhub(公司名,保留原文) |
| Headspace | Headspace(公司名,保留原文) |
| heavily managed marketplace model | 重度管理型市场平台模式 |
| iMessage | iMessage(产品名,保留原文) |
| Kelela | Kelela(人名,歌手) |
| Kicking and Screaming | Kicking and Screaming(电影名,保留原文) |
| Matt | Matt(人名,保留原文) |
| Messenger | Messenger(产品名,保留原文) |
| Mike | Mike(人名,保留原文) |
| Nassim Taleb | Nassim Taleb(人名,保留原文) |
| net dollar retention | 净金额留存率(net dollar retention) |
| Netflix | Netflix(公司名,保留原文) |
| network effects | 网络效应(network effects) |
| Noom | Noom(公司名,保留原文) |
| North Star metrics | 北极星指标(North Star metrics) |
| Notion AI | Notion AI(产品名,保留原文) |
| OKR | OKR(Objectives and Key Results,目标与关键成果) |
| OpenTable | OpenTable(公司名,保留原文) |
| Optimal Delusion | Optimal Delusion(专辑名,保留原文) |
| Orbital | Orbital(乐队名,保留原文) |
| Party Down | Party Down(剧名,保留原文) |
| Patreon | Patreon(公司名,保留原文) |
| PIP | PIP(Performance Improvement Plan,绩效改进计划) |
| PM | PM(Product Manager,产品经理) |
| Postmates | Postmates(公司名,保留原文) |
| product-market fit | 产品与市场契合(product-market fit) |
| Profit from the Core | 《Profit from the Core》(书名,保留原文) |
| Raven | Raven(专辑名,保留原文) |
| Reforge | Reforge(平台名,保留原文) |
| Rover | Rover(公司名,保留原文) |
| SaaS | SaaS(Software as a Service,软件即服务) |
| SaaS-like network | 类 SaaS 网络 |
| Seamless | Seamless(公司名,保留原文) |
| Severance | Severance(剧名,保留原文) |
| Shreyas | Shreyas(人名/框架作者,保留原文) |
| situational leadership framework | 情境领导力框架(situational leadership framework) |
| Spotify | Spotify(公司名,保留原文) |
| Square | Square(公司名,保留原文) |
| Stakes Is High | Stakes Is High(专辑名,保留原文) |
| Station Eleven | Station Eleven(剧名,保留原文) |
| Stripe | Stripe(公司名,保留原文) |
| Substack | Substack(公司名,保留原文) |
| take rate | 抽成费率 |
| The Goal | 《The Goal》(书名,保留原文) |
| The Last of Us | The Last of Us(剧名,保留原文) |
| The Way of the Gun | 《The Way of the Gun》(电影名,保留原文) |
| Thinking, Fast and Slow | 《Thinking, Fast and Slow》(书名,保留原文) |
| Uber Eats | Uber Eats(公司名,保留原文) |
| Wag | Wag(公司名,保留原文) |
| what got you here won’t get you there | 把你带到这里的,不会把你带到那里 |
| Whatnot | Whatnot(公司名,保留原文) |
| WhatsApp(产品名,保留原文) | |
| white label | 白标 |
| Zapier | Zapier(平台名,保留原文) |
| zero interest rate phenomenon PM | 零利率现象产品经理 |
| Zillow | Zillow(公司名,保留原文) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)