助你打造产品、发展职业与扩大影响力的非正统框架 | Bangaly Kaba(YT、IG、FB)
Unorthodox frameworks for growing your product, career, and impact | Bangaly Kaba (YT, IG, FB)
Introducing the Guest
Lenny Rachitsky: You’re early growth PM at Facebook. You’re head of growth at Instagram, you’re VP of product at Instacart. You’re now director of product management at YouTube and I’ve heard that you’ve had a lot of impact on a lot of different cultures.
Bangaly Kaba: I found this framework travels with me. It’s got these five components to it, vision, skills, incentives, resources, action plan, and you need all of those to have change. And then within those buckets you’ve got to figure out what are the right levers that you need to pull? What are the things that are missing?
How It Started
Lenny Rachitsky: You’re really big on something you call understand work?
Bangaly Kaba: What I call the anti-paren of what we want to do. Someone says, “Hey, you know what? This would be great to build.” And you go pull data to go justify why that would be great to build. Call that identify, justify, execute. First you have to really understand from first principles what is actually going on. So understand, identify, execute.
Two Core Themes
Lenny Rachitsky: You wrote this legendary blog post called How to Choose Where to Work and What to work on.
Bangaly Kaba: There’s impact that you’re really trying to drop and the impact is only achievable by looking at set of variables related to the environment, the set of variables related to your skills.
Choosing Where and What to Work
Lenny Rachitsky: Today’s guest is Bengaly Kaba. Bengaly was an early growth PM at Facebook where he was responsible for how people make friends on Facebook. He was Head of Growth at Instagram where he helped scale a platform to over 1 billion users. He was also VP of product at Instacart. He’s also worked with tons of amazing startups as a Growth Advisor, including Twitter. He’s now Director of Product Management at YouTube where from what I hear, he’s already made a huge dent. This conversation went long because there was so much gold to be extracted from Bengaly’s head and I could not stop myself from learning everything I could in our time together. This episode is for anyone looking to level up their product and growth chops or also just do better in your career.
We dig into his framework for how to choose where to work and what to work on. The importance of spending time on something he calls understand work, his adjacent user theory and how it can help you drive growth. A bunch of advice for coaching product managers and managers of managers, tons of lessons and stories from his time at Instagram, Facebook and YouTube and so much more.
If you enjoy this podcast, don’t forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app or YouTube. It’s the best way to avoid missing feature episodes and it helps the podcast tremendously. With that, I bring you Bengaly Kaba.
Bengaly, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast.
Bangaly Kaba: Thanks for having me. Excited to be here.
Why Impact Is the Core
Lenny Rachitsky: So many previous guests have recommended that I get you on this podcast, which I already knew. Funny story, when I first launched this podcast, I asked you to be on it. You’re like, “Sure.” And I included you on my launch poster of all the guests that are going to be on the podcast, and then you decided to take on a very hard work and jobs that kept you from having time, and so I’m really excited that we’re finally doing this.
Bangaly Kaba: I’m glad we’re finally making a reality. Sorry about that, Lenny.
Deconstructing Environmental Variables
Lenny Rachitsky: No sweat. You actually mentioned to me that somebody came up to you in Zurich and was like, “I’m excited for you on Lenny’s podcast.”
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah, it was crazy. I was visiting a team that I managed there about to get back on a plane to go back to SFO and just standing there doing some work, minding my business and I get on the plane, I’m talking to a colleague and someone comes up to me, I don’t think I’ve ever seen them before, and said, “Hey, sorry to interrupt you. I’m so excited for your podcast with Lenny. I can’t wait for it.” And then just walks away and I was like, “What is going on right now? Lenny is a big deal. I don’t even know how this person knows me.” And that’s how I knew Lenny, that I had to reschedule with you because I was like, if people are coming up to me and telling me that they’re excited, I was like, there is a lot of anticipation. And Lenny, the power of your reach now is legit.
Learning by Observing Others
Lenny Rachitsky: That is hilarious. That’s a new strategy for me to get people on the podcast just say they’re going to be on the podcast and then the pressure will start.
Bangaly Kaba: Oh yeah, I mean, totally.
Finding the Right Mentor
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, so there’s two broad topics that I want to spend our time on today. I want to talk about career advice and growth advice and they’re both essentially growth oriented, one’s career growth, one is product growth. How does that sound?
Bangaly Kaba: Sounds perfect.
The Understand Work Framework
Lenny Rachitsky:
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Mercury is a financial technology company, not a bank. Banking services provided by Choice Financial Group and Evolve Bank & Trust. Members FDIC. So let’s maybe start with the career. You wrote this legendary blog post called How to Choose Where to Work and What to Work On that a few people have mentioned to me was really impactful in their career. And just to remind people of your career path, which they’ll hear in the intro, but just to give people a reason to listen to your advice on career, you are early growth PM at Facebook, you’re Head of Growth at Instagram, you’re VP of Product at Instacart. You worked with a ton of amazing startups as an advisor, including Twitter, you’re now Director of Product Management at YouTube. This is a career that many people would dream of having. So let’s just spend a little time on this topic of how to choose where to work and what to work on. And I know you kind of have this framework in this post, so maybe that’s a good way to start out just how you broadly think about where to work and what to work on?
Team Mindset and Execution Speed
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah, that blog post that you’re referring to actually came out of a personal struggle that I had when I was at Facebook and trying to decide what my next move should be. I felt like I was kind of stuck. I felt like I was working harder but not seeing incremental benefit to the work that I was doing. And I knew that I needed a change, but emotionally I understood that, but I couldn’t really have an objective way of thinking about it. And so I really pushed myself to figure out what is actually going on with my situation and how do I create a way that I can rely on objectively to understand what’s actually going on? And so I looked at that situation and I wrote that post and the framework is really that there’s impact that you’re really trying to drive and that is the thing that is the most important. And the impact is only achievable by looking at two sets of variables, a set of variables related to the environment, a set of variables related to your skills, and really breaking down each and understanding what’s happening in the environment bit by bit and what’s happening with your skills and where are you hindered structurally within the environment? Where are your skills kind of lacking and what do you have control over? And using that whole kind of output, that framework to decide what makes the most sense.
How to Apply Understanding Work
Lenny Rachitsky: Why is impact the key output of this equation? I think for a lot of people that isn’t necessarily the intuitive variable that they think is important to focus on. Why is that so important in your experience?
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah, I mean I didn’t really know how to think about what the right thing to optimize for was initially, and I realized that it’s not compensation. Compensation is a reflection of the input, the impact that you’re having, and you’re leveling how [inaudible 00:09:12] you are, how much scope you have is a derivative of how much impact you’re driving. The more impact you’re driving at your company, the more people feel like you can operate independently, you can drive real results the more that scope they’ll give you. So really impact became the thing to optimize for. It is the import and compensation becomes an output based on that.
Slowing Down to Speed Up
Lenny Rachitsky: I think this is a really important point that is easy to miss and this is what I always tell people when they’re looking for ways to get promoted and do well in companies, just find ways to have more impact. Can you maybe make it even more concrete? What does impact mean to you when you talk about impact?
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah, I mean, so impact can be a lot of things, but I think for a product manager for example, it’s really one, helping to drive extreme clarity about where the problems with the product, where there’s opportunities and what is the right focus and prioritization? That is actually a form of impact. Just creating the clarity that people need to understand and believe in the investment. The reason why I name this and it feels a little counterintuitive is that the more senior you get, the more there are questions of are we even investing in the right place, right? Is this area, is this team, is this org the right investment? And so being able to even create the clarity that there is opportunity, it is the right thing to do, it is strategically and structurally important, is a form of impact. And then actually delivering on that impact, showing that you can make progress quickly, that you can deliver fast lane wins as Casey Winters would say, or medium and slow wins and then actually showing that you can do this again and again is how you actually validate the impact that you can see where the opportunity is and what’s going on.
What Understanding Work Actually Looks Like
Lenny Rachitsky: Awesome. Okay. So this equation is impact equals environment type skills. Can you talk a bit about how to work on these two elements?
Framework for Complex Change Management
Bangaly Kaba: So the environment was the one to me, that I think is most people overlook and I overlooked when I was first thinking about this. Environment in this case, I think I kind of discreetly named a few things. One is your manager, then there’s the resources. So what kind of team do you have? Is your team staffed appropriately? Do you have the right P&L, whatever budget to get the things done that you need? Then there’s a scope, what is in your remit versus not in your remit? Because if you don’t have enough scope, then you can’t actually focus on the things that are most important. The team itself, the skills, relative skills of the team, your compensation in some ways is part of the environment because if you’re not compensated fairly, you don’t believe you are, then it’s hard to feel like the work that you’re doing is meaningful.
And then there is the last part is the company culture. So to what extent is the culture a place where you feel supported, included, you feel like you can do your best work? And so you are really looking at each one of these variables, and I look at this every year and I say, “How is my manager doing?” How do I think about my manager? How do I think about the resources I have, the scope, the team, the conversation, the company culture and to what extent? And I score them, I score them as a 1 means it’s kind of neutral. A 2 means that I’m greatly benefiting from this situation and something even closer to zero is I’m not in a good place. So I assign a score in quarter point increments, 0.25, 0.5, 0.751 up to 2 every year. And I really ask myself, what is the state of each one of these and to what extent do I believe that they can and will change?
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow, I love this. So there’s this formula, impact equals environment times skills. Within environment there’s these five variables and they add up to 10?
Education and Product Management Parallels
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah.
Product Management Is a Team Sport
Lenny Rachitsky: If they each give you two points. That’s so cool. Okay, so the five, just to be clear, your manager, the resources you have, is teams number three?
Bangaly Kaba: Mm-hmm.
YouTube’s Growth Flywheel
Lenny Rachitsky: Compensation and then the culture of the team?
Bangaly Kaba: And then your scope as well.
Deep Dive into Adjacent Users
Lenny Rachitsky: And then scope. Okay, got it.
Bangaly Kaba: It’s actually six, yeah.
Where Growth Opportunities Hide
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh, there’s six. Okay, got it. So it’s up to 12. So the idea here is you score each of these of how you’re feeling, how the environment is contributing to the impact that you’re delivering. And if one of these is not a great score, that’s an opportunity to improve your impact, which will improve your career?
Focusing on Egalitarian Relationship Design
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right, and you have to really be honest. I think part of what makes this framework so powerful for me at least, is that it helps you to be honest around what are the things that are limiting your ability to have impact and for your skills to really land? And to what extent do you believe that you can help to change or try to influence the change in the environment? Because no one wants to be in a place where there’s a bad culture and the culture is a bad fit for you, but if you’re not really thinking about it objectively and naming that, or maybe it’s the culture of the team that is not the right place for you, so it really forces you to evaluate what’s going on around you that’s limiting your impact.
Most Impactful Project: Account Access Churn
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there an example from your career you could share where one of these was not where it needed to be and either helped change it or realize you had to get out of there?
The Ripple Effect of Fixing Logins
Bangaly Kaba: When I was actually at Facebook, I was running the team that does all the people recommendations and it was a great team. I actually had a massive, massive team. I had 30 engineers I was working with, 15 machine learning engineers and 15 front end and back end engineers. And so great team, incredible team, lot of resources, ton of scope. In some ways it was too much scope and to me that was problematic because I really needed to build out, I felt like multiple teams to support the work that we were doing or to break it up; because it was, I mean the pace, the velocity you can imagine at Facebook was incredible. And I felt like between all of the work that we needed to do, the amount of engineering capacity that we had and the amount that was on the table, I felt like I wasn’t resourced in a way where I felt like I could actually deliver on all of the things that were necessary without burning myself out. And I felt like I was burning myself out and I couldn’t really see the forest through the trees because there was so much to do.
And so that was a situation that I didn’t really understand how to navigate at that point in my career. And there were two or three manager changes concurrently, and so I didn’t have a manager to lean on that I felt like I had a relationship with to help me to navigate that space. And I felt like the scope was actually too much for what needed to be done, and so I needed to find a better kind of fit for me. There was nothing wrong with the team, it was a great learning environment, but it was the confluence of scope and manager and all happening at once just wasn’t a good fit for me.
Facebook’s India Market Challenge
Lenny Rachitsky: A lot of people are in these situations where they’d say they go through this score, they identify I have way too little scope, way too much scope like you described, and there’s always this question of can I actually make a change or is this just not, am I not in a position? Especially, I see product managers, there’s just always a lot of, I can’t actually change anything. What do you often tell people around this that just feel like there’s nothing I can do here and my manager sucks, what am I going to do?
Experience in the Failure Corner
Bangaly Kaba: Well, I do think one of the things that I recognize is your manager. Not all of these variables is created equal and the manager is the most important variable in the environment, because a great manager who is empathetic, who is aware of what’s going on, who is a great communicator, has the ability to move the chess pieces around and to fix some of these for you either immediately or in time. There’s no one other than your manager who can really help to increase your scope or to help make sure that the team has the right pieces in place, or dial in some of the issues that you might see in culture.
And so that is why people say they don’t leave a job, they leave a manager because the manager is the one that has a lot of the power to fix a lot of these variables. And so really the question becomes like to what extent have you been able to clearly articulate what are the… And dispassionately articulate, what are the challenges that you’re having, you’re seeing across some of these variables with your manager? Help them to tie it back to how it’s impacting your work and see if they can help you to create a plan to alleviate some of these things.
Quick Fire Q&A
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s super interesting. Then your experience with the manager is kind of the core of a lot of these variables. Is there anything you recommend to people if their managers is not someone they like, is it just try to find a new manager or potentially leave?
Bangaly Kaba: You’re never going to always like your manager, right? That’s not the… The goal isn’t to like your manager. Ideally, you respect them and they respect you, you feel like there’s things that you can learn from them. Finding a new manager is always an option, but I guess sometimes the real question is, is actually spending time to try to understand what is your manager optimizing? A lot of times I think there is a big disconnect between an IC focusing on their discrete area and try to optimize for local maxima, versus understanding, okay, my manager’s thinking about these things and this is how I fit in, and understanding maybe they have a gap to understanding why your area is important. Or maybe there’s stuff that’s on your manager’s plate that is actually adjacent to your remit that if you understood that they were optimizing for, you can take that on and you would find more synergies with what they’re trying to do.
Favorite Interview Questions
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that advice. Let’s talk about the other side of this equation. We’ve talked about environment, let’s talk about skills. What do you advise there for folks that want to improve their skills?
Recommended Tool: Flighty
Bangaly Kaba: The skills part is really, really big and it’s something that requires I think, consistent evolution of your own abilities. And so I broke it out in that blog post kind of communication, your ability to influence your leadership, strategic thinking and then execution, actually getting things done. The communication above these, again, not all of these are created equal. I think communication is the one that tends to be the most impactful. And you see this in a lot of ways. You see this for people who are poor executors but incredible communicators and they seem to continue to rise and rise because they can tell a great story, but when you look under the covers, there’s nothing there. There’s no substance there.
So communication for better or worse is one of the most important things. But building out your skills I think is really just kind of a, it is an interesting time to be in product and to be in tech right now because you have so many more ways to build out your skills than what previously existed. Just so many incredible blog posts like your podcasts and blogs, there’s so many incredible people who’ve come on here who tell you things like how to go to market, how to think about B2B SaaS and metrics. And so listening to you, reading Ben Thompson, understanding his mental models, if you go to look at Elena Verner or whoever, there’s so many thought leaders who are out there.
So I think being a voracious reader is really, really critical because it helps to build your toolkit and you need arrows in your quiver to really understand how to think about the right framework and the right mentor at the right time.
One thing I also tell people is people think about mentorship as like, I have a mentor, Lenny is my mentor, or John is my mentor. I tell them, it’s actually better to have a stable of mentors. You want to have three or four. And ideally, what you do is you meet with each one of them once a month on a different Friday of the month. And so you might have three or four people on every Friday you’re meeting with someone different. And the reason why this is so important is because if you, Lenny, are a mentor to me and you’re busy one Friday and we only meet once a month now I don’t have anyone to talk to for two months. And you’re going through a lot of things and you’re not really able to bounce ideas, or build skills or learn how influence others, but if you have three or four mentors, you have someone different to talk to every week. And if one or two of them cancel, you still have two people to talk to that month and you still can continue to grow and to build your thinking.
So that’s something I always recommend. And then the last thing I actually talk about is, when it comes to execution, I think people don’t, especially product managers, don’t do enough of watching and learning from others. There’s an art and a science to product management. And in a lot of ways I come from a background of education and in a lot of ways in product management, it’s very similar. You want to watch how well the people hone their craft, how they deliver, how they lead teams and kind of steal things from them. Figure out, well, wow, Lenny did this really, really well when he was at Airbnb. It was really incredible. I’m going to take that. I’m going to take how he runs that team, or how he landed that framework, or how he communicated this message and note it and use it in my own toolkit later on. And so if you’re really a student of product, you can’t just be a student of theory, you’ve got to be a student of practice too, meaning you’re going and you’re looking, it’s like, “Hey, I’d love to sit in your team meetings. Can I come watch? Or your PM meetings or your leadership meetings.” And you are really like doing that for the sake of learning is really, really incredible. And that’s some of the ways I talk about building skills.
Key Actions for Your First 90 Days
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there an example of that latter lesson that you learned from someone that comes to mind of watching someone and like, oh, I’m going to do that.
Bangaly Kaba: Earlier in my career, when I first got to Instagram, I wasn’t the first Growth PM, but I was one of the first and a guy who was there before me, his name was Georgia Lee, he actually stood up the growth team and ended up leaving six months right after I joined. But I watched, George was a really good listener. He had just a really incredible ability to be in a room and hear what was going on, to recast it back and make sure that everyone felt good about where we were and what was being said and the path forward, and really crystallizing the action items and also how people felt about what the next steps were. And walking out of that meeting, it felt like he always had buy-in and clarity and was helpful to build trust. You can see him almost winning trust in every moment of that meeting. And that was something that I really admired, and learned, and kind sought to emulate later on in my career.
My Life Motto
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s an awesome example. It comes back to the skill of communication that you talked about, just the power becoming really good at that. And this is such a simple skill you just described, is just recapping, here’s what we talked about. Here’s what we’re going to do. Here’s the decisions we made. Here’s action items. It’s not actually difficult, it’s just-
Bangaly Kaba: It’s not, actually. But what was magical about the way he did it. It’s like he would name people and their contributions and show how all of this came together into what is the path forward.
My Experience as a Boarding School Dean
Lenny Rachitsky: That is amazing.
Bangaly Kaba: And it’s the communication, but it’s also the other side. It’s the other coin, the side of communication, which is eliciting to figure out how you communicate back to others.
Lenny Rachitsky: So good. Following up on something else you talked about, which is mentors. Anytime someone talks about finding mentors, everyone’s always, how do I find a mentor? What advice do you share with folks of how to find a mentor to help? You say once a week or once a month?
Bangaly Kaba: Where I see people find the most success is they ask. They tell people what they’re working on or what challenges they have and they say, “Do you know someone who I might be able to learn from who has done this or has good thinking about this recently?” So instead of just going to someone saying, “Hey, can you be a mentor?” Coming to me and say, “Hey, Bengaly, I’m actually trying to figure out how do I change the way this team operates because we need to go from this model to that model, but here’s some of the challenges. So do you know someone who’s actually really good at changing the way teams work or really good at communicating a new vision that I can talk to?”
And so that I think is really important because what you do is you’re creating a seed, and the seed is there’s a triad and you have the person who’s looking for the mentor. You have the recommender, the recommender, and then you have the potential mentor. And the recommender is basically saying, “Here, there’s common purpose between the two of you and I can see it, and I think this is important, so I want you all to come together.” And that triad in that moment creates a higher affinity, highly likelihood that the person who needs the help and the person who you’re connecting them with are going to see mutual benefit from one another. And I think I find that just doing that and seeding that and being really focused on what the opportunity or the challenge is, tends to lead to better connections as opposed to just reaching out and saying, “Hey, I like your style. Will you be my mentor?”
Lenny Rachitsky: So essentially share with folks you trust, here’s what I’m working on. See if they recommend someone that could help you with that specific skill versus assuming that there’s this person that can help you with this skill?
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love it. Going back to your advice on career, something that you wrote about in your post plus folks have told me you’re really big on, is this something you call understand work? Does that ring a bell?
Bangaly Kaba: Yes, it does.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay. Talk about that and why that’s important?
Bangaly Kaba: I certainly cannot take credit for understand work. This is part of an old Facebook framework of understand, identify, execute. What I-
Facebook framework of understand, identify, execute. What I probably will say is I guess I’ve been the shepherd for understand work in other companies. I’ve taken it from my time at Facebook and Relink Institute or rigorously at Instagram, then at Instacart and when I helped with Twitter, now at YouTube. The way I like to talk about it with my teams is that first I tell a story actually, and the story is we’ve all had a moment where we have worked on something with a team, super excited, finally it launches and we go out to dinner and we celebrate. And we’re celebrating, everyone’s juiced. It’s great night. You go back to the office the next day and you look at the metrics and the metrics are flat and everyone’s a little bummed. Why did this happen? Right. Why are the metrics flat? What happened? We worked so hard.
And ultimately when you unpack it, you realize that you built something that you thought was going to be a good idea, but you really didn’t understand a lot of key components of what people really needed, what pain points really existed, or what were the alternatives and what the real value of those alternatives were in the market, or exactly how the product needed to work, what the flywheel or what the experience needed to be. And so that is what I call the anti-pattern of what we want to do and I call that identify, justify, execute. Right. Where you identify something, someone says, “Hey, you know what? This would be great to build.” And you identify that, then you go pull data to go justify why that would be great to build and then you sink an ungodly amount of time working on it in order to make it work, but it ultimately doesn’t succeed.
And that is the anti-pattern to what is kind of like the Facebook kind of way of thinking, which is understand, identify, execute, right? So first you have to really understand from first principles what is actually going on. So when we talk about understand work, there’s a few ways to think about it. One is, it is an intentional affordance in your execution to do the work that helps you to de-risk a project and to learn what’s going on. When I say an intentional affordance, meaning you put it down like Lenny is going to work on this thing. Right. Lenny as a product manager is going to write a strategy. Janice as a designer is going to design a prototype, whatever the thing is, and you put it down as actual an item as opposed to assuming it’s going to happen in the background. We don’t make an affordance for understand work, then the work doesn’t get done and everyone’s just sprinting on execution.
And so it’s a planned intentional time to the team’s bandwidth to figure out what is it that we need to do to understand what’s happening. And so for example at Instagram we did a lot of understand work of what makes for a good connection? Right. How do we want to think about that? How do we want to make sure that we’re actually growing a graph, a social graph that makes sense? And so I might work with data science to do understand work, to pull a funnel and look at the different types of connections for different types of users and make it make sense. Right. And engineering might do understand work to instrument logging to make sure that we have the data that we need in order to tell the story. And so you’re doing this understand work to basically better understand the gaps in knowledge. What’s also really interesting is that understand work helps you to clarify what is a root cause, or what is a job to be done, or what is the right use case?
And because the team adopts this mentality, it becomes this forcing function for execution. So when someone says, “You know what we should build? We should build this.” You have a team that’s enabled and empowered to say, “That’s a good idea, but we don’t actually understand these three things before we start working on that. So maybe we should do understand work to make sure that that is actually the right idea.” Right. And so what you end up getting by embracing this concept is two things. You get parallel paths of work. So every sprint, let’s say you do a three-week sprint or a three-month roadmap, you’re executing on the things that you have a lot of conviction around and you’re also doing understand work in parallel. And so at the end of the sprint you have learnings from what you executed. Wow, that test or that launch worked really well. We should double down. Or Wow, that test or launch didn’t work. Here’s how we should pivot. And you have insights from the understand work and you use both of those to plan the next sprints or roadmap. Right.
And so because you have this parallel path, you end up getting this velocity multiplier over time. Right. So the next sprint, and the third sprint, and the fourth sprint, every subsequent sprint you de-risk new ideas, you’ve gotten more clarity. And so you do more execution, you do better execution and you move faster and the things you ship, you have a higher win rate on the things you ship, right? And your shipping, I remember when I left Instagram, this is many years ago, but we had 15 teams and we might’ve been running 12 to 20 experiments a quarter a team, and I would say probably 60 to 70% of them were positive and shippable, which is incredible. I mean, you think about and multiple and the magnitude of that and it was because we were so effective at de-risking and understanding what was going on.
Lenny Rachitsky: This is really interesting. I imagine many people listening here are like, we put time into understanding, we run experiments, we write strategy docs, we use research. What is it that you think people are, where do you think they’re missing? Is it that you dedicate people’s actual time, like you’re just doing understand work instead of building a new thing. For this next sprint, you’re just going to be telling us what the problem here or opportunity is. How do you actually operationalize this versus just what people probably already do, which is user research, data dives?
Bangaly Kaba: What I found is a couple things. One is when your team does not fully understand a problem space, the balance of work tends to be higher. I think when I started at YouTube we were doing 60% execution, 40% understand work. Right. And over time, as we understand more and more, the mix shifts. Now my teams are probably doing 80% execution, 20 to or 85% and 20 to 15% understand work.
And so it’s not just about writing a strategy, it’s about saying, okay, if we have these themes of stuff that we want to work on, what do we know with confidence because the data tells us and what do we need to understand because we don’t have the data, we don’t have the research, we don’t have the insights? And really being honest with yourselves around what are the things that are low to medium effort but high likelihood of being impactful because you have the data and what are the things that you are interested in perhaps doing, but because you’re missing something, you’re missing research or feedback from users or data or some insights or strategy. You should actually say, I’m going to go do this before I do something else. Right.
An example of this is one of my teams ships paid virtual goods in the live experience on YouTube. And that’s a really, really important and hard problem space. And when I joined, we didn’t really fully understand the whole live ecosystem, like how we lived in that live ecosystem, how our products worked, where the biggest opportunity was. So the first and most important piece of understand work was instead of shipping iterations to the current product, we needed to actually get the funnel of what was happening. Right. Like what’s happening with how many people are watching live every day, how many people are clicking through, how many people are seeing our experience, how many people actually buying it? We didn’t really fully have the experience mapped out and to understand where were the gaps and where are the problem space is in, where should we be focusing?
And so we had to do that. And that was understand work for multiple people, for multiple teams. We had to do on the engineering side, we needed data science as analysis. We needed the PM to go and dog through the experience to figure out what was broken. All of that was intentional and an affordance on our roadmaps.
Lenny Rachitsky: What’s interesting about this is that this is very counterintuitive to how people would probably approach, hey, we need to speed up execution, we need to speed up growth, we need to ship more, execute, go faster, do more. And what you’re saying is you find the impact comes from actually slow down how much we’re doing and spend more time understanding to execute more intelligently.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right. Slow down and speed up.
Lenny Rachitsky: Fascinating. Because it’s interesting, I have a bunch of questions that emerged out of folks that you’ve worked with and many of them are around how you turn a culture around, speed things up, and drive growth in a really meaningful way. And it sounds like this is one of your key strategies, is get people to spend more time understanding before diving into a bunch of stuff.
Bangaly Kaba: It does sound counterintuitive, but if you actually think about it, what is a better outcome? Is it a better outcome to just ship more faster now, but most of the things aren’t unimpactful? Right. Or is it a better outcome to ship fewer things but really work on making sure that you’re shipping them in the best way and de-risking a lot of other things so that a year later your win rate’s higher and your velocity is higher?
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, I think counterintuitive is the wrong word. I think it makes sense. I think it’s just no one does this. Usually everyone’s like, move faster, we need more and ship more experiments.
Bangaly Kaba: Well, I mean this is the irony of growth, is people think growth is overnight success and it’s not. Right. It is a lot of short wins and short-term execution for a longer-term gain and really understanding you have a lot of short terms towards the longer-term outcomes.
Lenny Rachitsky: So that people can take away this lesson, can you help people understand just when you say understand work, like what does that look like generally? Is it just a dedicated time to dive into data and answer a bunch of questions you’ve sent them? Is it running experiments to test hypotheses? What does that usually look like when you’re, here let’s do 40% understand work?
Bangaly Kaba: The understand work sometimes comes from me, but most often comes from the teams themselves. And every function can do and should be doing understand work at some point. Right. And so it really depends on what the function is. So for an engineer, it could be looking at the code and saying, okay, we want to improve this. I need to do understand work to understand do we need to refactor this code and how scalable is it and what do we need to do to make sure that we can execute fast and make sure that we’re not going to have a lot of start and stop? That could be understand work. It could be actually instrumenting the data and making sure that we actually have full visibility into what’s going on. Data science, like we work a lot with data science doing activation metrics and understanding proxy metrics. Right. That’s understand work because it helps us to figure out what we need to build and where to focus.
For product management, sometimes understand work is figuring out the partnership strategy ahead of actually launching the product because you need to go figure out how the pieces are going to come together. Right. And so it really just depends on what the function is. But when I say it should be coming from the bottoms up, what I mean is I encourage the team when we plan a sprint or plan a roadmap, to ask a question to identify the key themes that they need to work on. And when they ask a question on a key theme, also ask what else do we need to understand to make this happen? And in that planning session, to make sure that you are including cross-functional partners. So it’s not just product design and data science and Inge, you also include go to market, you also include marketing because if you’re not inclusive, then you don’t really understand what the issues are.
Lenny Rachitsky: My PM brain is afraid of creating too much understand work and nothing getting done. How do you find that balance of we’re going to be understanding for hours and days and weeks and months and not shipping much? How do you do some,-
Bangaly Kaba: I tell them, you have to ship. I mean, you always have to ship, right? Sometimes I give them, sometimes it’s helpful, especially early on because it takes a while for people to get their head around why this is so critical. I say, we should choose, sometimes I’ll give them guidance. We should choose three to four understand projects that are going to really help this roadmap and figure out what they are. Right. So choose your top three or four and then let’s talk about it. And I’ll give them guidance. Or I would say figure out… There should always be some execution. So initially you’re looking for low effort, high impact things to execute against. Right.
And so build a portfolio of work to do every sprint or every roadmap, some of which should be low effort, high impact, some of which should be medium effort, high impact. And sometimes understand work actually looks like doing a cheap test, doing a test that’s going to help us to learn as fast as possible that we think is a good enough experience that can inform us. Right. And so identifying ways to do that. And so it’s really about just managing expectations and helping people to be clear that the goal is to ship the product, but you want to ship the things that you have more confidence and understanding versus not.
Lenny Rachitsky: So I think a big takeaway here is if you want to have more impact, move faster, try to spend a little more time understanding the problems you’re going after in the opportunity space.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right. Right. I’ll give you a very tactical example is when I joined Instagram in January 2016, believe it or not, the onboarding, the sign-up flow at Instagram had literally no logging to it. It had logging of how many people started and how many people ended. Right. And I joined in January and it was like we had to write a roadmap. And so the roadmap looked like this. Okay, we know this amount at the top of the funnel and this amount at the bottom end of the funnel. And there was eight steps in the funnel and we don’t know what is going on. Right. So the first bit of understand work was we needed to do the instrumentation of that funnel as fast as possible to get the data to figure out where the drops were happening and what to fix. But because we knew of what was happening at the top of the funnel and the bottom of the funnel, we can go and play around with the experience and see what was broken.
So we ran a bunch of tests of stuff that was obviously broken to see what would improve. Right. And so it was like a mix. And so what we did was we set up time where we did, the beginning of like the first couple of weeks, add the logging, ship it to code, re-evaluate in the middle of the quarter, look at the full funnel and then add more things that we can do later on once we got that. But in order to get that done, that involved understand work with growth marketing to figure out what was the schemas for the instrumentation, right, the engineering to actually do that logging. Right. Data science to like pull together funnels and dashboard it, all of that had to come together all at one time.
Lenny Rachitsky: I really like just this concept of calling it understand work. I think that alone is a powerful tool because we’re going to spend more time on understand work.
Bangaly Kaba: It feels like it gives meaning to stuff that otherwise people would brush aside.
Lenny Rachitsky: Right. Where it’s just like, no, no, let’s just ship stuff. Let’s just try stuff. Let’s just test the step. We’ll see what happens.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there anything else you have seen and often do to help a team you join move faster and grow bigger? And I’ve heard that you’ve had a lot of impact on a lot of different cultures, so I’m curious if there’s anything else that is really effective.
Bangaly Kaba: I’ve found myself in a bunch of interesting situations where I had to come in and help improve cultures or change cultures around teams. I found this framework, I don’t even actually remember where I got it from, but it travels from computer to computer with me and team to team, and it’s called managing complex change. I actually think I got it from business school or something. And it’s really interesting. It’s got these five components to it. There’s vision, skills, incentives, resources, action plan, and you need all of those to have change. Right. Team needs to have vision, they need to have the skills, they need to have the right incentives. Sometimes some teams are incentivized to do some things versus others. You need to have the right resources in the right places and you need to have a clear action plan. And what I love about this framework is if you can visualize it and maybe you can share it with your podcast.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah. We’ll put it up on the screen on YouTube so folks can see what you’re talking about.
Bangaly Kaba: Basically what it does is it shows where if you’re missing any one component, you get different outcomes. Right. So if you’re missing the vision component, you end up in a state of confusion or if you’re missing the incentives, you end up in a state of resistance because people aren’t incentivized to do the right work. Or if you’re missing an action plan, you end up in a state of false starts. So I use this, and I think about this a lot actually, because when you come in as a leader, as someone who’s supposed to influence change, you have to really observe what’s happening and figure out what are the challenges anecdotally and what are you observing? And then I figure out where I can plug in and what I can do to make the teams better. And what I tend to find is moving from the right side to the left side of this, like action plans are easier to institute. Right.
So if I see a team that’s struggling to execute, I wonder do they have the right type of PRD framework or are they communicating well? Do they have the right type of team meeting structures? Those are kind of lower hanging fruit. It’s a lot harder to change vision and skills. It will come in time. But what I also have done over the course of my career is I’ve built this deck that comes with me of different skills that matter. Right. What are different skills, what are different frameworks, how do we think about it, to help level teams fast? Right. Because I find that sometimes you walk in and not everyone is grounded in the same mental models or concepts.
One example of this I talk about a lot is Instagram. Instagram had just this fantastic culture of thinking about how do we ship high, high quality product, right, and what does product craft mean? And so that is something that I came to YouTube and my teams particularly, they didn’t have a mental model for product craft. So I found myself talking into an echo chamber in some way. So I had to build a deck that showed, okay, here’s how I think about product craft. Here’s a framework for it. Here’s how I think about all of these different things. And so now we have a shared language, shared communication for, and a repository of skills that we’re going to build.
Lenny Rachitsky: So I’m looking at this image that we’ll have up. So in this case, their skills weren’t necessarily there, which in this framework leads to anxiety. And so what I’m hearing, essentially you come into a team, you’re like, what am I feeling? Is it confusion, frustration, the wrong thing? And that kind of tells you which of these buckets to spend time on.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right. And then within those buckets, you’ve got to figure out what are the right levers that you need to pull? What are the things that are missing? How do you really focus and where do you kind of spend your time?
Lenny Rachitsky: So interesting. I love that this image is just like this very grainy,-
Bangaly Kaba: So old.
Lenny Rachitsky: Screenshot from some old McKinsey deck or something.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah. It’s from like 2006 PC or something.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love it. So you have this thing, you have this deck. You just come in with all these tools in your tool belt. Is there anything else in that list of things that you bring with you to help change culture and help teams,-
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah. I think one thing I think about a bunch is I come from, my background’s a little bit different than a traditional tech executive. There was actually three phases to my career. I was in education for six years, taught in inner city DC and then was a dean of a boarding school in Switzerland, which is a little bit of a plot twist.
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh, wow.
Bangaly Kaba: I went to business school and I worked on Wall Street for a bit, and then I left my job on Wall Street, quit and started a startup. Startup was a glorious failure as many startups are, but it was like a very non-traditional path towards tech. And I think a lot of my time in these other industries actually shapes the way I think about products and product management and actually changing teams and building teams. And what I mean by that is I think there’s a lot of similarities between education and product management believe it or not.
When I was interviewing for my first set of jobs in tech, recruiters would say to me, “How does your background relate? I don’t really see it.” And I would tell them, “When I was in education, I would walk into a classroom of 24, seven-year olds, and these kids owed me nothing. And the only way I could be successful or impactful is I needed to be able to be a strong communicator. I needed to be able to have a clear vision of what was going on. I needed to be able to influence them in a believable way such that they would get on board with what needed to be done for 270 days of the year.” It’s like when you walk into a room as a product manager, engineers, designers, researchers go to market. Nobody owes you anything. And the only thing that you’re going to do in order to be successful is you need to be a strong communicator. You have a clear vision of what’s going on and you need to be able to influence them to do the things together of what matters, right? It’s very similar skillset, just different domain expertise.
And so because of that, right, I’ve really adopted a mindset of how do I coach my teams? How do I enable them? Because it’s really about the sum of the parts versus me being a top down leader saying, you have to do this and you have to do that. And so I think a lot about that in both approach and the processes that we create. And to give you a couple of classic typical examples of this, there’s two things I want to call out. One is there’s this, actually this education framework, it’s called Bloom’s Taxonomy. I think it’s changed over time, but when I learned it, it was basically a pyramid and the pyramid was, Bloom Taxonomy describes what’s the different levels or order of critical thinking you need in order to be a master of something? And at the bottom of the pyramid was knowledge, and then it’s comprehension, and then application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Right.
And so going up the pyramid, it means it’s higher order thinking. And I think about that a lot and trying to understand where are my teams struggling? Do they have the core knowledge that they need? Do they understand it but they can’t apply it or they apply it, but they’re not able to analyze it across different business segments? Right. And you can use this framework not only with the ICPMs and the teams themselves, but also for your managers, like what is breaking down? And in using that and attaching that to the skills that we want to build to figure out how do you fill in those gaps? Right. And it really is a grounding for me, a grounding mental model for how do you build teams that are actually affect them? How do you meet people where they are as opposed to just saying, hey, you need to figure this out? Right. I find that too often in tech and also in product, people are ask to figure things out but not given the support to get there, and there’s no way to really connect the dots for them.
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. I’m pulling up the Bloom’s Taxonomy. So essentially if you see a PM struggling, which you try to do is figure out which of these things do they not have? How are you not supporting them? How can you support them better? So it could be they don’t have the skills, they don’t have the understanding. What are some of the other things that often you find that maybe hinder a product manager’s success?
Bangaly Kaba: A lot of times they might have the understanding, but they haven’t had a chance to apply it to a variety of different scenarios or haven’t seen it applied to multiple scenarios. Right. So oftentimes you might understand a concept like machine learning, but you haven’t actually worked on it in against multiple scenarios. So you maybe have one way of doing it that doesn’t make sense and you need to have two or three, and you don’t even know that two or three ways of doing it exists. Right. That is often a common failure point. Right. Or it’s maybe you know how to apply it, but you can’t synthesize why this thing that you’re doing actually matters for the business context. Right. Oftentimes that becomes a challenge with managers. It’s like they know what to do, but they don’t understand how to tie it back to the business context and the overall strategy needs and so where to prioritize. Right.
And so what I find is that when you’re trying to manage managers, you’re really trying to live at the top of the pyramid. You are responsible, managers responsible for basically owning that pyramid for all of the areas that they operate, but they need to be able to live at the top of the pyramid across all of them. They need to be able to synthesize and evaluate what’s happening for each product team that they own in order to kind of make the bigger picture connections.
Lenny Rachitsky: By the way, I loved your metaphor of product manager, like this group of seven-year-olds where you have to learn how to manage, influence, communicate.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s great.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah. I mean, they’re not like a group of seven-year-olds,-
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s the skills.
Bangaly Kaba: But I think it’s actually, it’s,-
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, the same skills.
Bangaly Kaba: Huh?
Lenny Rachitsky: The same skills you,-
Bangaly Kaba: Same skills.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah.
Bangaly Kaba: I mean, I think it’s true. I found it actually significantly harder for me to get 24 seven-year-olds to believe in what I was doing then to walk into a room with Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger and explain to them what’s the strategy for growing the next 100 million users on Instagram? These are very logical adults who can reason with you, and you got a classroom of kids. It’s not quite the same. So those skills are really critical.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that. I definitely want to ask about your Instagram days. Is there anything else in this bucket of wisdom of, you kind of talked about things you’ve learned about how to manage product managers and managers of managers. Is there anything else there that might be helpful to folks that you’ve learned?
Bangaly Kaba: One thing that I also think about a lot, and I don’t know if this is just a me thing, but I think about PM as a team sport. Right. Leading product teams is really about…
Leading product teams is really about being the coach and helping other people to see what their role is on the team and to maximize them. People talk a lot about product as you’re the CEO, and I don’t actually fully believe that analogy. If you think about it as a team sport, there’s a few things that shake out. One is not everyone’s going to be a star player. But not everyone needs to be a LeBron James or Kobe Bryant. You need role players. You need really strong role players. You need people who feel valued in their role, and you need to understand how to groom those role players and how to make sure that they have the right seat at the table and the right place. So I think it’s, yes, you’re the conductor of the orchestra, but you’re really more than that. You’re really the coach of the team.
Another thing I think about a lot is I have a good friend who’s a college basketball coach, and he taught me about this idea of your coaching tree. This is a really important concept, especially in college basketball. You, as a head coach, you take a lot of pride in who are your assistants. Who is your first assistant, second assistant, and third assistant? And where do they go on to be head coaches? And what legacy do they have because you were able to instill a bit in them? The coaching tree of a Mike Mike Krzyzewski, the coaching tree of a John Calipari, these esteemed coaches, not only because of what they’ve done, but because of the tree that they’ve built.
And I like to think about this as well, because I think it’s really important for product leaders, think about what is their leadership tree. Who have you helped to build up and help to grow and help to get to their next wall? And so I think about this a lot. I have people who I’ve worked with who are running growth at Stripe or the CPO at Chief or now running stories at Instagram that were on my team in the earlier days. And their success is my success, and I’m proud for them, and I’m happy for them. And I think it kind of reinforces this mentality that it’s your responsibility to coach people up to greatness.
Lenny Rachitsky: So what I’m hearing is you put a lot of value in your team on them coaching folks, whether they’re managers or even ICs is helping them understand that it’s important to coach folks on their team and help them develop, that it’s part of your job, essentially.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s part of your job. You are trying to build a repository of skills and repository of knowledge and of team velocity. And the only way you can do that is everyone is… So rising tide has to lift all boats.
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. And interestingly, that probably teaches you how to do your job better because you’re in teaching, you actually learn things a lot better.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right. That’s right. And it forces you to figure out how can you get things off of your plate so that you can go work on bigger things.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, and how good does it feel when folks that you used to manage go on to do bigger and better things.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right. That’s great.
Lenny Rachitsky: I want to talk a little bit about growth within YouTube. I heard that you haven’t been there for that long, and apparently you’ve already… Two extra, three extra more, something important within YouTube. I don’t know exactly the details, and people are very impressed with the impact you’ve already had. And apparently a lot of the success there and other places is how you think about growth through flywheels. You always look for the flywheel that helps drive growth. Can you just talk about either at YouTube, ideally YouTube, whatever you can share, because that’s pretty impressive, especially for a company that scale that you’re making so much impact, or other places, just how you think about flywheels and growth.
Bangaly Kaba: Well, it’s very generous of you. I wouldn’t say, look, we’ve done some really good work, some good work so far at YouTube, and it’s been a journey. I do think a lot about flywheels. I think it’s actually a lot of growth is really understanding what is the value profit, all of the different points of the experience, especially if you have a multi-sided marketplace. A multi-sided marketplace for YouTube is like the creator and what the creator is trying to achieve both from an engagement perspective, but also for me for a monetization perspective. And then for the viewer or the purchaser, where is their hat? What are they trying to do, and where are they missing the opportunity?
I can’t really go into specifics a bunch with YouTube, but what I would say is this is that one thing that I always do when I come in is I try to push my teams to really dog food products in their adjacent user state, if you will. And what I mean by that is often, a product that you and I use that we’ve been using for years isn’t actually the product that we’re building for other people. Like a power user who’s using a product has… There’s so much history and there’s so much informed knowledge on how that product… for that product to actually create a great experience for you that if you were to go and create a new Gmail account and look at YouTube today, I guarantee you it’s a completely different and significantly worse experience.
And there’s a lot of obvious opportunities missed, especially with what is the flywheel and why things are working or not working if you don’t actually go and use things in a new state. And an example of this when we talk about YouTube is a lot of the YouTube graph for searching stuff is based on what have you watched in the past? So if you go and search and you search history, it’s going to be about like, well, what have you watched in the past or what have you searched for, and what can we show you that’s going to be what we can better predict?
But if you don’t have a line of search history, then they’re not going to do as good of a job. And so that’s not a direct translation for what we were doing. But for me, I work on freedom monetization, and there are really important flywheels around what does it take for a creator to make content that can help them to monetize? How do we get that content to people and where to what extent are we getting that content to people, and how do we make sure that people feel good about what they’re receiving, the people who are paying. And all of those flywheels have to work.
And so part of what I’ve been able to do is really think about how do we connect the dots in a story that the teams can uniquely understand, can help them to lean in even more and have clarity and purpose of work. Sometimes, what’s super important about the flywheels actually is enabling for your teams to know what to work on and what not to work on. And then it also helps us to understand what do we know and what do we not know about creators and viewers and monetization operations so that we can do the understand work to improve the velocity and to prove the impact.
And that’s really where we’ve been focused. And so I did a lot of this in YouTube, but I also did this in Instacart, really thinking about when I joined Instacart, one of the big questions I had was like, how will people in their daily lives… How’s their daily life actually reflecting in the purchase experience? Are we making it easy for them? Because when you buy groceries, you’re not going to going grocery shopping because you want beautiful ingredients in your fridge. You’re going grocery shopping because you actually have a meal to put together. So are we actually reflecting the real job to be done, which is I want to buy tacos, I want to make Taco Tuesday. Can we make it easier for people to find the ingredients for tacos, as opposed to having them sort for tortillas and tomatoes and avocado? And so it’s really thinking about what is the job and then what is the flywheel to make that happen, and how do we make this come to life?
Lenny Rachitsky: There’s so many things that I want to follow up on here. First of all, I realize that all of the things you worked on, I am a daily active user of or weekly active user. Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Instacart about weekly active user, I think that might be. Yeah. Wow, nice job. You got me. You got me in the flywheels of all your flywheels.
Bangaly Kaba: I was not intentional, but I’m glad my efforts had improved joy, just a little bit,
Lenny Rachitsky: Nice work.
Bangaly Kaba: … ideally.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, so a couple takeaways here. One is you think about the value prop at every interaction of both sides, if it’s a multi-sided marketplace or if it’s just like, “Why would I be doing this?” So it’s like, “Why would I send an invite to my friend? Why would I share this photo? Why would I open up Instacart?” And then you think about the jobs to be done during the day of a potential user and how can we flow into that versus not connect to their actual day-to-day experience?
Bangaly Kaba: And is the product actually working? As I’m doing this, I’m looking and saying, “Is the product actually set up to deliver these things? Do we actually see it work or not?” I think there’s a lot of assumptions that the product works, but a lot of times teams will surprisingly build the pieces of a flow but not actually build the experience, the output. They don’t design it in a way where you’re getting the real output that you need.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s such a easy to miss point you’re making here, which is you just think about, “Hey, I have Taco Tuesday. I’m actually as a product manager on Instacart. I’m going to open up the app, and use it in this use case and see how it goes.”
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: And most people don’t do that is what you realized.
Bangaly Kaba: Most people don’t do that. Another example of this, this was years ago, but at Instacart, Instacart made it really hard to reorder stuff, super hard to reorder. And it was shocking to me, because when I thought about it, when I go to the grocery store, 90% of the time I’m getting the same stuff. It’s like maybe not every trip, but over the course of a month or two, you’ve got a list of things that are part of your staple, and then occasionally holiday time I went some peppermint bark chocolate or something. There’s random snacks you’re going to throw in, but there’s… And so when we looked at the data, it turns out, after five times when you go to Instacart, 90% of your order was the same. But when you wanted to reorder, at least back then, you couldn’t go and reorder easily. You had to dig and find it like seven or eight clicks.
And when you did reorder, you had to reorder the whole thing. You couldn’t take pieces, you couldn’t take, I want to take the milk and the blueberries. And so you think about growth, you think about what does it mean to grow an Instacart? What does it mean to actually drive better retention? Well, it’s actually really important to make it easy for people to make the next order. And so the product wasn’t really built for that, though people have the best intentions in mind.
Lenny Rachitsky: The adjacent order.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah, exactly.
Lenny Rachitsky: I imagine that was maybe one of the biggest growth wins in Instacart history is just the reorder the same thing, because I do that all the time.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah, you would be surprised.
Lenny Rachitsky:
You mentioned this concept of adjacent user kind of adjacently, but I think it’s worth spending a little more time here. It’s like this term you popularized and you explained it somewhat, but maybe explain a little bit more. I think it’s really powerful for people and how do you think about growth.
Bangaly Kaba: This was something that came out of actually my time at Instagram. It was a framework that we came up with because Instagram really was, at that time, we grew so fast that the people who were using Instagram in February were completely different than people who were using it the following October and then the next January. I think when I joined, we were at like 440 million monthly actives. January 2016, at the end of that year we were at 636 million, grew like 47% that year. And so when we talk to users, first half of 2016, when we talk to women in the US in their 30, they’re like, “Why would I have an Instagram? I have a Facebook account.” Literally people said that, it was that long ago. And then a year later it’s like, “Of course I use Instagram. Instagram is my everything.” The world changed so fast.
And so when you’re in a hypergrowth product, it’s really, really important to understand who your users are today and the persona of the user, what motivates them, why they’re using it, but then also to understand who is the next user? Who is the user who could be using this product, but for some reason it doesn’t work for them, and understanding who that adjacent user is and when you are actually starting to see that adjacent user adopt the product. And one of the ways you start to see the adjacent users starting to adopt the product, especially with the data, is you start seeing cohort curves decline. You start seeing the people who sign up today, three or six months from now, they’re signing up and they’re doing a worse job. Nothing’s changing the product, but just the understanding of how the product should work is different.
They might be less tech savvy. On a scale of an early adopter versus late majority, they might be closer to the late majority. And so we saw this at Instagram. We always knew working on our registration flow, and at one point we were converting at some insanely high percent, and then three months later it would go down by 15%, not because anything was broken, but just because we’d broken into new markets. You bring on people in India or you bring on people in the Philippines, and their understanding of how it works, the phones they use, et cetera are all different. So really, the core of their adjacent news was a few things. One is like you have to understand who’s using your product today and why. And when you’re growing at some really strong pace, 30, 40, 50% or more per year, you’ve got to be on top of who you believe the next user is and why.
And then you also have to be the adjacent exactly, use the product like them and see how it’s working, what’s broken with it. And so at an Instacart, the adjacent user, the original user might’ve been like an office admin who is going to buy this thing every week because of during happy hours and team staff. But then the next adjacent user might’ve been the mom of three or four or the dad of three or four who’s home with the kids and they need to depend on Instacart, versus later on it might be they’re a single person in New York who does this out of convenience. But what they’re optimizing for, how they use the product all changes, and the functionality and the abilities are fundamentally different. So you have to be them, you have to watch how they use the product, you have to talk to them, and then have to visit them and literally see what they’re doing in real time in order to make sure that you’re enabling the right jobs for them.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love just the visualization of the adjacent user. Basically your growth is going to come from non-existing users. It’s the users right outside that circle of…
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: … pre-users are today, and you need to think about what do they need that existing users maybe don’t need. You said that this is most powerful for hypergrowth companies. Is this something you think people like all companies should be thinking about or is it a lot less important if you’re not a hypergrowth business?
Bangaly Kaba: So it’s a great question. I think it’s essential. It’s mandatory for hypergrowth. I think it’s very helpful if you have a product or a company that is not growing what you want it to be. And so you are focused on capturing more share of wallet instead of expanding your audience. And so sometimes you can imagine a cosmetics company, for example, that’s like digitally enabled. You can imagine that they’ve hit a ceiling in terms of the growth of their users, and they’re really just trying to get people to buy more product, but maybe the people who want to use their product are missing something from your current product. Maybe you’re missing different skin tone shades, or maybe you’re missing certain types of tools. So really talking to who is just outside of your current user base, who’s coming to your product and looking around and not buying and understanding what are their needs and figuring out how do you enable for them, how do you build the right experience for them in order to become adopters of your product?
Lenny Rachitsky: So what I’m hearing is spend some understand work to figure out who your potential users are,
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: … and then use the product as them and see what is missing. I imagine user research goes into this. You’re not actually going to understand necessarily all the things they need. So it’s probably fine folks in that cohort and see how they use the product. Awesome.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: The question I had on my mind as you’re talking, you’ve come into so many companies and helped them with growth. Where do you find most of the opportunities often lie? Is it like onboarding, activation? Is there a trend like that you’re like, “Here’s probably there’s going to be opportunity here,” or is it super mixed bag?
Bangaly Kaba: Usually it’s somewhere in the onboarding to habit-building experience. What does it take for someone to actually understand the value, that first moment, that first aha moment in the product? And a lot of teams, it’s shocking how many teams don’t really understand what that moment is for them. And then also how do you get them to build habit around the product. Oftentimes, a lot of people equate growth to top of funnel, and that is also critical. I think having the right top of funnel motion is really critical and building on that. So I think there’s one part of, it’s like once you have the right top of funnel motion to get people to come in, how do you help to make sure of the defining value and the building habit and their routine? Because that’s the thing that helps you to compound over time. If you’re bringing a lot of people but they’re not staying around, then you just have a leaky bucket and it doesn’t matter how big your top funnel is. So making sure that that first-month and two-month, three-month experience is great.
And then the other part is really figuring out how do you build compounding growth loops where it’s not just one way of acquiring people, but you’re building two and three and four ways that layer onto each other that help you to really supercharge your engine of acquiring people. So at Instagram, if you kind of look at where Instagram is and how I [inaudible 01:10:28] and grew, there’s a lot that goes into it, but if you actually unpack the top of funnel for what worked at Instagram, there’s certainly a component of it, which was our core component, which was invitations, where people inviting you and making sure that those invitations work and they work well and that people, their friends are coming on, you get notified.
But another part that goes unspoken, still critical to this day was the celebrity partnerships was critical, because basically they had this wonderful partnerships team that basically took Instagram and taught celebrities how to use it, how to make it work for them, how to tell their own story and be their own brand, and that was a critical growth funnel because with that, you had the ability for them to create these celebrities and celebrity creators to set the norm for how the platform gets used, but they also were getting picked up by the news and the media for all the stuff that’s happening in the celebrity world, which then added onto this other growth level, which was SEO.
And so every time a news article came out, they would link to the creators or the celebrities Instagram account or that particular post. And so you have this whole SEO engine that worked. And the SEO engine was because you have both web, which we launched at Instagram, which created the canonical SEO tables, and then you had all of these inbound links from these celebrity sites and news media, but then what you also had is you had embeds for Instagram and all of these different sites, like a news article, whatever, the posts, Lenny’s podcast, Instagram account, and those embeds help with SEO juice.
And so you have not just the invites, but now you have the celebrities, now you have the SEO component. And then we would do a bunch of paid media on top of that using a lot of those signals. And then we have our own content. And so you would have all of these different growth engines compounding each other. So every time the invitations got better, every time we’ve got more celebrities, every time SEO gets better, it’s like magnifying the top of funnel, and at the bottom of the funnel or mid-funnel, making sure that people are retaining and getting value and staying around over the long term.
Lenny Rachitsky: That is so interesting. I had no idea this was such a core part of the early growth strategy. Everyone’s always talking about reality and word of mouth, all these things. And you’re saying partnerships was a key part of the early growth strategy.
Bangaly Kaba: Huge. It’s huge.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s so funny. Never something people talk about in growth, this partnership. It’s always is like, “Oh, there’s a couple of companies that really had success from partnerships in BD.” How early was this a big part of the strategy? How early in the history of,
Bangaly Kaba: I mean the partnerships team was there before I joined. It was a very savvy and astute thing that Kevin and Mikey set up. The partnerships team drove a lot of the word of mouth around Instagram, but it was the partnership’s work in combination with the product work that actually helped to allow a lot of that to land. It was our ability to think outside the box and understand that we needed to have a web presence because it was critical for international growth and it also helped with SEO. And so the idea of launching web really drove and actually increased Instagram’s growth by 10% the minute we launched it. And it was something that George Wang, who was there before me, had the idea around. It wasn’t really something that Kevin and Mikey believed in initially, but we had to prove to them that it was really impactful and one should launch.
Then they understood why it was impactful and all of the effect of it. But web was really critical for driving so much SEO, which helped support a lot of the celebrity work and the partnerships work, because now every time creator or celebrity did something on Instagram, every news media article picked it up and it just helped to drive searches in Google searches, which helped to make Instagram part of the cultural zeitgeist.
Lenny Rachitsky: This is so interesting, because everyone imagines Instagram, virality, word of mouth, like SEO and partnerships sounds like a core part of Instagram’s early growth, which I don’t think anyone ever talks about.
Bangaly Kaba: No, that’s huge.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow.
Bangaly Kaba: I mean it was part of Facebook’s growth too, but I think a little bit differently. It’s not as much partnership, but when you Google someone now, you Google someone’s name, oftentimes, Instagram is one of the first five things that comes up for the average person,
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah, right.
Bangaly Kaba: … now, by design.
Lenny Rachitsky: LinkedIn, Instagram, Twitter.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: Do you ever see the video of Alex Jiu talking about TikTok’s growth strategy of this whole… He had this metaphor, and he was trying to grow off of Instagram, so his metaphor was Instagram is like you’re in Europe and you’re killing it. If you’re in Europe and you’re king, you don’t ever want to go to America. There’s no reason for you to give it up. And America is TikTok in this case. He’s like, “How do we convince people to come to America and try moving everything there?” He’s like, “We need to go after the people that are not doing well in Europe, who want to be the king, and we’re going to help you become that king in America, or the President.”
Bangaly Kaba: So he used the adjacent… Used that theory on us, basically, is what you’re saying.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s right. He did. Drink up your shake.
Bangaly Kaba: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah. And I think the reason that strategy worked differently is there was already a place, so they couldn’t execute what you did because there’s already celebrities already there, and it’s not like, “Come here.” There’s no point. I already have a huge following.
Bangaly Kaba: So you make your own celebrities.
Lenny Rachitsky: Make your own celebrities. Exactly. And they went after the B-list, C-list people. So it’s interesting that people look at Instagram, like, cool, we’re going to do partnerships, SEO. But I think it’s important to realize things change when the market is a different dynamic. You can’t just do the same thing.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: It won’t work as well. Is there anything else from the Instagram early days that maybe people wouldn’t know or would be interesting to share? Because you were there quite early, and now it’s maybe the most thriving social network in the world.
Bangaly Kaba: One thing that’s actually, I think, interesting, as an interesting story that doesn’t get talked about a lot is I think the early Instagram was built where… it was built in a way where every follow was created equal. And what I mean by that is if I followed you, Lenny, or if I followed Kim Kardashian, I followed Selena Gomez, all follows were treated like they were equally important. And this is actually a really important fact. It was a really important factor for a couple of reasons. One, early celebrities who were adopting Instagram obviously benefited from that, because a celebrity is going to get a follow before an average person does. It doesn’t mean that their followers weren’t meaningful. It’s just that when you have a machine learning that’s just optimized for a click through a follow, then that matters.
But what ended up happening is we ended up looking at the data, and I can’t take credit for this. My colleague at the time, Rob Andrews, had identified this. He was the head of growth marketing. He was a peer of mine that basically, this is 2016-ish days, the average person would come on Instagram and retain, but then leave after 7, 8, 9 months. We’d see a flattening in a retention curve, but then we would see it dip again, which was very weird. And we’re like, why is this happening? And it turned out that what was happening anecdotally is that people were revving up Instagram, following a bunch of people, following a lot of celebrities, actually, because the celebrities were being shown, and then when they actually went to make their first post, a few months later-
… being shown. And then when they actually went to make their first post a few months later, none of their friends were following them. And so there was posting into an echo chamber and anecdotally people would stop using the product because they felt bad. We hypothesized that no one was liking or following or commenting on their posts. And so we had to do this thing. We called it the connections pivot, right in like 2016 … Actually, 2017, where we had to convince Kevin and Mikey that it was actually not the right thing to do to prioritize celebrities to everybody because we were basically biting bite your nose to spank your face, whatever that is, because the regular person wasn’t having a great experience.
And so it doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t recommend celebrities, but Jeff recommended celebrities to people who are already on there. They already have their graph. And the most important thing to do is actually get regular human-to-human connections in the first whatever, when people first sign up so that when you let me actually go make your first post, your friends would see it and you would be validated and you would feel like, okay, this is a police for me. I have a community here.
And so that connection pivot was critical. It changed … Literally, angle-changed the retention on Instagram. And so if you about Instagram’s growth, there was a TechCrunch article about Instagram’s growth at I think 2017, 2018 when we were going 40, 50% year over year. And obviously, there was a lot that went into that skyrocket. People think that stories was the sole reason why we grew and story brought us a lot of people, but we literally, our attention doubled over the course of a year and a half. If you could imagine, imagine if your bank account, the interest rate doubles every month, you know what I mean? It was incredible. This shift in making sure that people got connected with their friends early on changed the way that people perceive the value. And so a lot of the top-of-funnel work that we did, a lot of the activation work that we did really paid off in spades ultimately.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. I’m curious, what’s the most impactful thing you’ve shipped/led to in terms of impact and experiment launch?
Bangaly Kaba: At Instagram, we saw this big problem where people were logging out and not being able to get back into their account. It was crazy. Hundreds of thousands of people a day could not get back into their account. It was because … And when I say could not get back into the account, I mean they literally would try and 28 days later, we would never see them again. And we thought it was a problem because they didn’t remember where their email was, which email they signed up with or what their actual handle was or what their password was. We were losing 10, 12 million people a year from what we called account access churn. So we worked on this problem and we had spent a lot of time in South Asia and Southeast Asia trying to understand how to grow the product. And from that time we realized that it’s important actually for people to be able to log out.
We don’t want to restrict people’s ability to log out because there are many people in the world who don’t want to use background data because they’re on prepaid phone plans or they don’t have a lot of money and they want to share their phone with a sibling and so they log out. And so it’s really important. And so we don’t want to take away that behavior, but we did have to do a better job of helping them get back in.
So we did two things. One was there used to be a time, and you can probably find it on Google if you did an archive search where if you wanted to log into your Instagram account, there would be a tab for your email and then there would be a tab for your handle. And we didn’t really make it easy for you to log in with your phone number either. You had to get to the right tab and the right place to get the right thing. And so we did this omnibox experience where it was just like email, phone handle, put it all in one place and we made it super simple for you. And the second time, if you tried it twice and it didn’t work, if we knew that you were on a trusted device, we would just send you a text message and say, Hey, are you trying to log in? That solved half the problem.
And then the other half, what we did, and this still exists today on Instagram. When you log out we say, Hey Lenny, it looks like you’re going to log out, do you want us to save your credentials on your advice so you don’t have to worry about your password? And then we later added an ability to have a password. And that’s all basically the other half.
And so just being really thoughtful around what is actually the core job that people are trying to do because a bad experience would’ve been like, Hey, let’s make it really hard for people to walk out. And then how do we … One or two experiments really help people to get back into the experience. And so what was interesting was that we were able to solve this … And this actually helped drive public 15, 20 million extra month active users a year, but what was also super interesting was that it helped us to realize that getting people back into their account more drove more account content creation on incident in ways that we didn’t expect. And so because we were getting people back into the account, people getting into the second account and getting into the third account and they were going into their finsta account and creating content more. And so that actually led to the creation of a multiple accounts team, which is what has made it easy for you to navigate between accounts on Instagram today.
And so that was understandable actually coming to life. It was, Hey, we’re going to do the understand work to figure out how to solve account access issues and we’re going to solve it. And solving it, when we looked at the data, we’re like, Hey, why is all this account, why is all this content creation happening? That was not what we were expecting and where is it happening? And it was happening from second and third accounts. And so that made us realize that oh, people were not only getting locked out of their first accounts, but they were actually creating a lot on the second and third accounts. How can we make it easy for them to get and navigate between their first account, whether it’s your account and a business account or your account and [inaudible 01:24:19] account or a bakery account, you know what I mean? And so that created a multiple accounts team, which I ended up owning and that ended up even becoming a bigger effort after I left.
So that’s an example of understand work, solve a real problem, real-solve and solving massive solution, massive impact, creating new data that you didn’t expect that drives new understand work, which creates a whole new team to allow you to move around your Instagram account more seamlessly. And you can see this now when you go to post, you can decide, okay, I want to post as Lenny, I want to post as this other thing, or when I want to write a story, you can change anywhere. And that was all an effort that originally came out of this realization.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love how many of these huge impact stories are just such straightforward, simple things like just let people log in more easily, help them log out more effectively, fine, show them their friends versus celebrities. So many of these stories are often just really simple ideas that lead to such profound change. The log-out example is interesting. At Airbnb, we found the log-out was actually causing a lot of churn also, but they went … Initially, they went with a simple solution of just extend the session, log-out link instead of a week, make it two weeks or three weeks or four weeks. You pointed out with Instagram, people actually wanted to log out. They’re like, let’s leave that alone. Start with making it easier to log back in.
Bangaly Kaba: That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. Man, you’re so full of amazing stories. I’m curious with Facebook, maybe just as I wrap up here, is there anything there? Because you were an early growth PM at Facebook. You worked a lot on friends and helping people discover their friends. Is there anything in there that would be interesting to share?
Bangaly Kaba: In my time, so I joined Instagram or Facebook in 2014 and I was responsible for people recommendations globally. And at the time, Facebook was at scale and big and dominated North America. And so really the focus area at the time was South Asia and Southeast Asia. And we noticed a lot of really interesting things, especially in India. Facebook seemed to be broken from a people graph perspective. The data was telling us people didn’t have as many friends in common. In the US, it might’ve been on just making up a number. On average, we saw 22 friends in common when you make a friendship connection. But in India, it was like seven, right? And then there was a lot of friending and messaging or friending and unfriending. We’re like, what’s going on here? So we had some hypotheses from the data, we ran a bunch of tests. Nothing seemed to work and be a breakthrough.
So actually, at that time, I had to propose and they agreed to do this. We needed to do understand work. So we were literally on the ground in India every three months took a team of engineers with me. I’m talking like we’re in Delhi in people’s homes and Mumbai, and we went to go investigate what was going on, watch people make friends, watch them use people you may know and really understand what was happening and see what was going on because we felt like there was context that we were missing.
There was a lot of things that we learned. It was mind-blowing. But one of the most interesting things, Lenny, was that we watched people try to make friends and we said, “Hey wait, that’s their profile page. Why aren’t you looking at it?” And they would say, “Well, that doesn’t have any relevant information for me, so I need to go look in the pictures.” They’re like, “Well, why doesn’t the profile page have relevant information for you? That’s where the information’s supposed to be.” And they’re like, “Listen, this guy’s named Amit Kumar. I have 10 friends named Amit Kumar. What is this page going to tell me?” And they would scroll down, they’d be like, “All of these fields are not relevant to me.” And so you look at it, Facebook at the time, it was very Western-centric. It’s probably still is, it was like name, it was like school you went to, job title, affiliations, that kind of stuff. That’s all Western paradigms. Some of these people are like, my friends sell jeans at a market. None of this is relevant. You don’t even know the name of the school. Sometimes it might be a number or something. And so all of the descriptors that we take for granted were not relevant and the names were very common.
This was really illuminating. So what they would do is go look at pictures and say, is this my friend’s car or is this my friend’s … Can I see my friend’s animal and what’s available? And it was interesting because the understand work, at least the more realization. So we went back to Menlo Park with the data, turned out … We said, okay, let’s look at the data in a different way. What are the most common names on Facebook? And we looked at, and the top 10 common names are Indian names. And the most common name was Amit Kumar. And there was like 250,000 people a month who used Amit Kumar who were real people. So imagine you’re in Bangalore and you’re trying to find your buddy named Amit Kumar. It’s probably 5,000 that we could possibly recommend. So super interesting was like the cultural context was so different. So we had to get creative, find creative ways to figure out how to solve it.
Lenny Rachitsky: The power of understand work shines again. We have a recurring segment on this podcast called Fail Corner where ask guests to share a time they failed in their career and what they learned from that experience because a lot of people look at your career and your story and just like, holy shit, what a journey. I will never be able to achieve this. Is there a time when things didn’t go well and something that you took away from that experience?
Bangaly Kaba: Probably for me, I think my time at Instacart was probably not my best time. I think I went to Instacart with a vision of what I felt the product could be or should be. And it was I think a big story that I deeply believed, but I was not, I think aware or in tune with what the DNA of the company was at the time, which was it was like a company that was really great at operations because that was the core of what they did. And they were really building out a lot of their product experience and a lot of what the new function. And so I think what they needed at the time was a much more tactical in the weeds, get your hands dirty, do, do, do because they hadn’t really seen that before. And what I wanted to deliver in that experience was more building the right systems, the right people, the right processes so that we can figure out how to institutionalize the work.
And I think for me that was probably my biggest oversight is that I think they needed more tactical and I was more … I don’t want to say in the clouds, but more thinking about where do we want to go with the experience that we need to build versus let me get deep in the funnel data. It felt like it became loggerheads where I didn’t feel like I was probably either delivering what they wanted or being supported in the way that I wanted to be supported.
Lenny Rachitsky: Is the lesson there to spend more time and understand work before you take a job to make sure you’re aligned with what they’re looking for?
Bangaly Kaba: That is actually the lesson. And I think it’s part of that is it’s doing that. One of my takeaways is do that not only with the people there but with the people who’ve left it to, but the people who’ve left the company will give you a perspective that is raw and different and much more I think aligned with what you want to hear. And it may or may not be the same, but I think the people … This isn’t specific to Instacart. Whenever you talk to people who are at the company, they’re always try to tell you the best version of the company. The people who left will tell you what the worst version or their version and it’s on you to triangulate that information, but you need both sides.
Lenny Rachitsky: Love that lesson. Bangaly, is there anything else that you want to share or leave listeners with before we get to our very exciting lightning round?
Bangaly Kaba: No, I think we’ve got a lot.
Lenny Rachitsky: We have. With that, we’ve reached our very exciting lightning round. I’ve got six questions for you. Are you ready?
Bangaly Kaba: I am ready to go.
Lenny Rachitsky: First question, what are two or three books that you’ve recommended most to other people?
Bangaly Kaba: Few I’ve recommended most of them are Over My Shoulder, actually Range by David Epstein. I think are really critical PM work really being able to be a master of a lot of different things or somewhat deep in a lot of different things. Deep Work, Cal Newport, kind of clearing space to be focused and do the things thinking about the most important work in a deep and undisturbed way. And then Start At The End by Matt Waller, who’s a behavioral scientist buddy of mine. Really thoughtful book, helps you really think about what you’re building, but in a way that’s more holistic.
Lenny Rachitsky: Do you have a favorite interview question that you like to ask candidates when you’re interviewing them?
Bangaly Kaba: I’ve got a relatively new one that I love. This works exceptionally well I believe for more senior hires, whether they’re like group product managers, directors, or even kind of senior ICs. I go through and I think about what are the four, usually five skills that are really critical for someone to have in this job. And I think about them myself and I think about the archetypes of what is the ratio I want of these? But then I ask them, I say, Hey, take out a piece of paper or take out your laptop. I’m going to give you five skills and I want you to stack-rank them for me. One to five. So one being the one you’re strongest at and five being the one you’re relatively weakest at.
So it’s way better than saying give me your strengths and weaknesses. It also forces them to contextualize it against the skills that you’re looking for, but it also helps you have a meaningful conversation around how they think about themselves and their self-awareness and to what extent they’re ranking these skills based on the context they’re in versus their own ability.
Sometimes you rank something a five because something you would just weak at because you haven’t had to do because there’s a strong function at that company. And so when they stack-rank it and then people are like … I’ve asked this probably four or five times on a recent role. I hire people like, Ooh, this is really hard. But really good question. I usually will dig into what is number two and what’s number four and number five, and why? And it really helps me to one, calibrate am I looking for the right person? And two, are their skills actually a match for what we need at this time?
Lenny Rachitsky: I love when I hear a question I’ve never heard before. That is genius. Next question, do you have a favorite product you’ve recently discovered that you really like?
Bangaly Kaba: I think one that I enjoy quite a lot … Actually, it’s really kind of … It’s really simple, but amazing is this app called Flighty. You heard of it? F-L-I-G-H-T-Y.
Lenny Rachitsky: No.
Bangaly Kaba: It is a travel app and it manages all of your flight itineraries and your friends’ itineraries. But the reason why I love it is it goes two or three clicks deeper than the average travel app or your airline app and it tells you when your inbound plane is running late, it helps you to understand where the gates on. My wife was just in Madrid last week. And she texted me saying, “Hey, I’m at the airport but no gate is announced.” I looked at Flighty, I’m like, “Your gate is E67. It’s actually been assigned but it hasn’t been announced.” And this happens a lot in Europe. You’ll be there and they won’t tell you the gate until an hour beforehand.
So it gives you so much information right before. It’s actually publicly announced, which is really helpful, especially if you really need to be somewhere because oftentimes I know if my plane’s going to be late and if I need to rebook before anyone else does, which helps you, gives you a better chance of getting somewhere. Or I will be able to get to a gate, I get to SFO and it might not be on the board at SFO, but I know exactly where it gave you this. So really a great app. Can’t say enough about it.
Lenny Rachitsky: I’m downloading it right now. It’s got a bazillion reviews, five stars. Thank you for the recommendation. Incredibly useful.
Bangaly Kaba: Of course.
Lenny Rachitsky: I’m trying out a new question. You’ve joined a bunch of different companies. What’s one thing that you’ve done in the first 90 days at the job that has made a big impact?
Bangaly Kaba: I go and I sit in team meetings and see how they operate. I just listen. I talk to not only the PMs but the content designer and everyone, and I try to get to know them by both name and story. And what I mean by that, it’s like oftentimes people, execs come in and they’re like, what are we doing? What are we prioritizing? Why does it matter? And they don’t really take the time to actually learn who the people are, what the story is, what they care about, what they’re passionate about, both professionally and personally and really try to understand how the team is working from that person’s perspective.
And what I find is actually when I do that, people are way more willing to hear … When it is time for me to share my thoughts, they’re way more invested because they believe I’m invested in that.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that. Two more questions. Do you have a favorite life motto that you really like and find useful and often share with friends or family in work or in life?
Bangaly Kaba: I’m not big on mottos. There’s one that I’ve actually been repeating. I don’t remember. I got it done … It might have been like Adam Grant or someone on Instagram, but it was … It’s one, I said it to a colleague of mine, he’s like, “Wow, that really hit differently.” I think it goes something like this. People and teams don’t really reach … They don’t actually reach their goals. They fall to the level of their systems.
And that to me was really powerful because I struggle a lot with just being balanced in life, working out the way I want to and getting the right rest and making sure that I’m spending time in all the right places. And that’s really like … It’s a goal of mine. But the problem is that I don’t … My system for that specifically, I tend to … I’m not rigorous with it is when I need to be.
But on the other hand, at work, I’m very rigorous in the systems and processes. So really that saying to me really hits because it is both applicable to your life and how you want to live your life but also how you want to run your teams.
Lenny Rachitsky: Final question. You mentioned that you were a dean at a school, a boarding school. Is there something that you take away from that experience that’s going to sticks with you? I know you mentioned one thing about treat PM’s skills are similar to teacher skills. There anything else there?
Bangaly Kaba: Actually, so I was a dean of a boarding school in Switzerland, which was actually one of the most fun and interesting times of my life. It was an American school in Switzerland just outside of Lugano, Switzerland, the Italian-speaking section. I learned a lot about myself during the time. I learned a lot about just relationships and people. I actually had a call with one of my old students this morning. She’s like in her thirties now. This was like 20 years ago. So I still keep in touch with them. And I think that’s the comment I made about knowing people by name and story matters a lot. It says a lot that 20 years later I’m still talking to some of these students who are their own adults running their own businesses. But also I think the human challenges and human connection, human problems, very universal.
This was a really interesting place when you had kids coming from a variety of different walks of life, some who lived in Azerbaijan or Kosovo and felt like … The families felt like they couldn’t be safe there, so they wanted to send the kids somewhere else. So some kids whose parents worked at the US Embassy and just were kind of there for a little bit of time. And what I found to be true is that just spending time with people and understanding their own story and family life really led to a lot of shared interests and passions. And it helped really me to see that the world can be very similar in so many ways and it is very much reflected to me in my day-to-day life in tech because as you know in the Bay Area, there’s so many people who come from so many walks of life who end up in this journey building these products and companies and just help me to value so many different voices.
If you want to build world-class products, if you want to build product that can scale around the world, if you want to build product that’s be hypergrowth, you have to be inclusive of so many voices. And so you have to build that skill to be able to acknowledge and learn from and to live in tension with different voices.
Lenny Rachitsky: That is beautiful. I love that we’re ending there. Bangaly, I feel like we’ve done a lot of understand work and I think we’ve helped a lot of people with a lot of things we talked about so much. Two final questions. Where can folks find you online if they want to follow what you’re up to, and how can listeners be useful to you?
Bangaly Kaba: For as much as I’ve worked at social companies, I actually don’t use my social products that much. I’m on Instagram. If you look @iambangaly, I-A-M-B-A-N-G-A-L-Y, Google that. All of my socials handles all have the same kind of link including LinkedIn. So hit me up whenever. And then what can people do useful for me? I don’t know. I don’t have a short list. I would say I love to hear people’s stories. I love to give advice. Obviously, my time is a little bit limited occasionally, but I think if people can share with me things that they’re learning or things that they see in the market, or if they have questions, I always love to hear it. And so I think for me, just hearing other people’s stories and learning what other people are doing is probably the most rewarding for me.
Lenny Rachitsky: Bangaly, thank you so much for being here.
Bangaly Kaba: Thank you. This is amazing. I really appreciate you, Lenny.
Lenny Rachitsky: Bye, everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app.
Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast. com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| account access churn | 账户访问流失 |
| activation metrics | 激活指标(activation metrics) |
| Adam Grant | Adam Grant(人名保留原文) |
| adjacent user theory | 相邻用户理论 |
| aha moment | aha moment(顿悟时刻,首次出现保留原文) |
| Alex Jiu | Alex Jiu(人名保留原文) |
| anti-pattern | 反面模式 |
| Azerbaijan | 阿塞拜疆 |
| Bangaly Kaba | Bangaly Kaba(人名保留原文) |
| Ben Thompson | Ben Thompson(人名保留原文) |
| Bloom’s Taxonomy | 布卢姆分类法(Bloom’s Taxonomy) |
| Cal Newport | Cal Newport(人名保留原文) |
| Casey Winters | Casey Winters(人名保留原文) |
| coaching tree | 教练树(coaching tree) |
| connections pivot | 连接转型 |
| David Epstein | David Epstein(人名保留原文) |
| Deep Work | Deep Work(书名,保留原文) |
| dog through | 亲自走一遍 |
| echo chamber | 回声室 |
| Elena Verner | Elena Verner(人名保留原文) |
| Fail Corner | 失败角(Fail Corner) |
| false starts | 虚假启动 |
| fast lane wins | 快速胜利(fast lane wins) |
| finsta account | finsta account(假名账号,fake Instagram account 的合成词,保留原文) |
| Flighty | Flighty(航班追踪 App,保留原文) |
| flywheel | 飞轮 |
| forcing function | 推动力 |
| George Wang | George Wang(人名保留原文) |
| go to market | 市场推广(go to market) |
| Growth Advisor | 增长顾问 |
| hypergrowth | 超高速增长 |
| IC | IC(个人贡献者,Individual Contributor) |
| ICPM | IC PM(个人贡献者产品经理) |
| identify, justify, execute | 识别、论证、执行(反面模式) |
| impact | 影响力 |
| jobs to be done | 待办任务(jobs to be done) |
| John Calipari | John Calipari(人名保留原文) |
| Kevin Systrom | Kevin Systrom(人名保留原文) |
| Kobe Bryant | Kobe Bryant(人名保留原文) |
| Kosovo | 科索沃 |
| leadership tree | 领导力树 |
| LeBron James | LeBron James(人名保留原文) |
| Lenny Rachitsky | Lenny Rachitsky(人名保留原文) |
| local maxima | 局部最优 |
| logging | 日志记录(logging) |
| Lugano | 卢加诺 |
| managing complex change | 管理复杂变革(managing complex change) |
| Matt Wallaert | Matt Wallaert(人名保留原文) |
| Mike Krieger | Mike Krieger(人名保留原文) |
| Mike Krzyzewski | Mike Krzyzewski(人名保留原文) |
| multi-sided marketplace | 多边市场 |
| omnibox | 统一输入框 |
| onboarding | 注册引导流程(onboarding) |
| Over My Shoulder | Over My Shoulder(书名,保留原文) |
| people graph | 关系图谱 |
| people you may know | 你可能认识的人 |
| power user | 重度用户 |
| PRD | PRD(产品需求文档,Product Requirements Document) |
| product craft | 产品工艺(product craft) |
| proxy metrics | 代理指标(proxy metrics) |
| Range | Range(书名,保留原文) |
| Rob Andrews | Rob Andrews(人名保留原文) |
| scope | 范围(指职责范围) |
| session | session(会话,保留原文) |
| Start at the End | Start at the End(书名,保留原文) |
| understand work | 理解工作 |
| understand, identify, execute | 理解、识别、执行(Facebook 框架) |
| value prop | 价值主张 |
| velocity multiplier | 速度乘数效应 |
| vision, skills, incentives, resources, action plan | 愿景、技能、激励、资源、行动计划 |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
助你打造产品、发展职业与扩大影响力的非正统框架 | Bangaly Kaba(YT、IG、FB)
文字记录
Lenny Rachitsky: 你是 Facebook 早期的增长 PM,曾是 Instagram 的增长负责人、Instacart 的产品副总裁,现在则是 YouTube 的产品管理总监。我听说你对许多不同的团队文化都产生了深远的影响。
Bangaly Kaba: 我发现这个框架一直伴随我而行。它包含五个要素:愿景(vision)、技能(skills)、激励(incentives)、资源(resources)和行动计划(action plan),你需要所有这些要素才能推动变革。然后在每个要素中,你需要弄清楚该拉动哪些正确的杠杆?缺少了什么?
Lenny Rachitsky: 你非常推崇一个你称之为”理解工作”(understand work)的理念?
Bangaly Kaba: 我把它叫做我们想要做的事情的”反面模式”(anti-pattern)。有人说:“嘿,你知道吗?做这个东西会很好。“然后你就去拉数据来证明为什么做它会很好。我把这叫做”识别、论证、执行”。但首先你必须从第一性原理出发,真正理解到底发生了什么。所以应该是”理解、识别、执行”。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你写了一篇传奇般的博客文章,叫《如何选择在哪里工作以及做什么》(How to Choose Where to Work and What to work on)。
Bangaly Kaba: 你真正想要追求的是影响力(impact),而这个影响力只有通过考察两组变量才能实现——一组与环境相关,另一组与你的技能相关。
嘉宾介绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Bangaly Kaba。Bangaly 曾是 Facebook 早期的增长 PM,负责 Facebook 上人们如何交朋友这一块。他曾担任 Instagram 的增长负责人,帮助平台扩展到超过十亿用户。他还曾是 Instacart 的产品副总裁。作为增长顾问(Growth Advisor),他与许多优秀的初创公司合作过,包括 Twitter。他现在担任 YouTube 的产品管理总监,据我所知,他已经在那里产生了重大影响。这次对话很长,因为 Bangaly 脑子里有太多精华,我忍不住想在我们共处的时间里尽可能多地学习。这一期适合任何想要提升产品和增长能力、或者想在职业发展上更进一步的人。
我们将深入探讨他关于如何选择在哪里工作和做什么的框架,花时间做他所谓的”理解工作”的重要性,他的”相邻用户”理论(adjacent user theory)以及它如何帮助你驱动增长,大量关于指导产品经理和管理者的建议,以及他在 Instagram、Facebook 和 YouTube 工作期间的诸多经验与故事,还有更多内容。
如果你喜欢这档播客,别忘了在你最喜欢的播客应用或 YouTube 上订阅和关注。这是避免错过未来节目的最佳方式,也对播客帮助极大。话不多说,有请 Bangaly Kaba。
Bangaly,非常感谢你的到来,欢迎来到播客。
Bangaly Kaba: 谢谢你的邀请,很高兴来到这里。
缘起
Lenny Rachitsky: 很多之前的嘉宾都推荐我邀请你上这档播客,这一点我早就知道。有个有趣的故事:我刚推出这档播客的时候,就邀请过你,你说”好啊”,然后我把你放进了播客的嘉宾海报里。结果后来你接手了一些非常繁重的工作,实在抽不出时间,所以我现在特别兴奋我们终于要做这件事了。
Bangaly Kaba: 很高兴我们终于把这件事变成了现实。抱歉让你久等了,Lenny。
Lenny Rachitsky: 没关系。你其实跟我提过,有人在苏黎世走到你面前说:“我很期待你在 Lenny 的播客上做嘉宾。”
Bangaly Kaba: 对,太疯狂了。当时我去探访我在那边管理的一个团队,正准备登机回 SFO。我就站在那儿处理一些工作,做自己的事,然后上了飞机,正在跟一位同事聊天,有个人走过来——我以前应该从没见过他——说:“嘿,不好意思打扰一下,我特别期待你在 Lenny 播客上的那期,等不及了。“说完就走开了。我当时就想:“这是怎么回事?Lenny 是个了不起的人物,我甚至不知道这个人怎么认识我的。“也正是这件事让我知道我必须跟你重新约时间,因为如果有人专门走过来告诉我他们很期待,那就说明有很多人在翘首以盼。Lenny,你现在的传播力是实打实的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太搞笑了。这对我来说是个新策略——先把人说动答应上播客,然后压力就来了。
Bangaly Kaba: 哈哈,没错。
两大主题
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,今天我想花时间聊两个大主题:一个是职业建议,一个是增长建议。它们本质上都是关于增长的,一个是职业增长,一个是产品增长。听起来如何?
Bangaly Kaba: 完美。
如何选择在哪里工作、做什么工作
Lenny Rachitsky: 那我们就先从职业聊起吧。你写过一篇传奇般的博客文章,叫《如何选择在哪里工作和做什么》,有好几个人跟我提起这篇文章对他们的职业生涯产生了重大影响。为了让大家的背景对齐——虽然开场介绍里会提到——但还是先简单回顾一下你的职业路径:你是 Facebook 早期增长产品经理,Instagram 增长负责人,Instacart 产品副总裁。你还作为顾问服务过大量优秀的创业公司,包括 Twitter,现在你是 YouTube 的产品管理总监。这是很多人梦寐以求的职业生涯。那我们就来聊聊如何选择在哪里工作和做什么这个话题。我知道你在那篇文章里有一个框架,也许我们可以从那里入手——你总体上是怎么思考在哪里工作和做什么的?
Bangaly Kaba: 你提到的那篇博客,其实源于我在 Facebook 时的一段个人困境。当时我在考虑下一步该怎么走,感觉卡住了——我明明工作越来越努力,却看不到工作带来的增量回报。我内心知道需要做出改变,但情感上理解是一回事,我缺少一种客观的方式来分析这件事。于是我逼迫自己去弄清楚:我的处境到底是怎么回事?我怎样才能建立一套可以信赖的、客观的方法来判断现状?我审视了那个处境,写下了那篇文章。框架的核心是:你真正要驱动的是影响力(impact),这是最重要的东西。而影响力只有通过两组变量来实现——一组与环境相关,一组与你的技能相关。你需要逐一拆解,弄清楚环境中到底发生了什么,你的技能状态如何,环境在哪里从结构上制约了你,你的技能在哪里有所欠缺,哪些是你能控制的。把所有这些分析的产出综合起来,用这个框架来做出最合理的决策。
为什么影响力是这个方程的核心
Lenny Rachitsky: 为什么影响力是这个方程的核心输出?我觉得对很多人来说,影响力并不一定是他们直觉上认为应该关注的关键变量。在你的经验中,为什么它如此重要?
Bangaly Kaba: 一开始我其实也不知道该优化什么才是对的。后来我意识到,不应该优化薪酬——薪酬是投入的反映,是你所产生的影响力、你的职级、你的责任范围的衍生品。你在公司驱动的的影响力越大,别人就越觉得你能独立运作、能交付真正的成果,他们就会给你越大的范围。所以影响力最终成为了应该去优化的目标。它是那个核心投入,而薪酬只是它的一个产出。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我觉得这是一个非常关键但容易被忽略的观点。这也是我一直告诉那些想在公司里晋升、想做出成绩的人的——去找办法产生更大的影响力。你能说得更具体一点吗?你所说的”影响力”到底意味着什么?
Bangaly Kaba: 影响力可以有很多形式。拿产品经理来说,我认为其中一个很重要的就是:帮助团队建立极高的清晰度——产品的痛点在哪里、机会在哪里、正确的聚焦点和优先级是什么。这本身就是一种影响力。就是创造那种让人们理解并相信这项投资所需的清晰度。我之所以特意提这一点——虽然听起来有点反直觉——是因为你越资深,面临的质疑就越多:我们投资的方向对不对?这个领域、这个团队、这个组织是不是正确的投资方向?所以,能够创造那种清晰度——证明这里有机会、这件事值得做、它在战略上和结构上都很重要——这本身就是一种影响力。然后,真正兑现这种影响力:展示你能快速推进、能拿到快速胜利(fast lane wins)——正如 Casey Winters 所说的——以及中等速度和慢速的胜利,并且反复证明你能持续做到这些,这才是真正验证影响力的方式——让人们看到你能识别机会所在,并且知道该怎么做。
环境变量的拆解
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。那这个等式就是:影响力 = 环境 × 技能。你能聊聊怎么分析这两个要素吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 环境这一项,我觉得是大多数人都忽略的,我最初思考这个问题时也忽略了它。在这个框架里,环境我大致拆分了几个维度。第一个是你的经理;然后是资源——你有什么样的团队?人员配备是否到位?你有没有合适的损益表或预算来完成需要做的事情?还有范围——什么在你的职责范围内,什么不在?因为如果范围不够大,你就无法真正聚焦在最重要的事情上。团队本身——团队的技能、相对技能水平。薪酬在某种程度上也是环境的一部分,因为如果你没有得到公平的薪酬——或者你自己这样认为——那就很难觉得自己的工作是有意义的。
最后一个维度是公司文化。文化在多大程度上让你感到被支持、被接纳,觉得自己能发挥最好的工作状态?所以你真正要做的就是逐一审视这些变量。我每年都会做这件事,我会问自己:我的经理怎么样?我怎么看我的经理?我怎么看手头的资源、范围、团队、薪酬、公司文化,以及每个维度到了什么程度?然后我给它们打分——1 分代表中性,2 分代表我从中大大受益,接近 0 分则说明处境不好。我以 0.25 的增量打分:0.25、0.5、0.75,一直到 2,每年评估一次。我会认真问自己,每一个变量的现状如何,我相信它们能够、并且将会改变的程度有多大?
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,我很喜欢这个方法。所以公式是:影响力 = 环境 × 技能。环境里有这些变量,加起来总共 10 分?
Bangaly Kaba: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 如果每个最多给 2 分的话。太酷了。好,那这五项——确认一下——你的经理、你拥有的资源,团队是第三个?
Bangaly Kaba: 嗯。
Lenny Rachitsky: 薪酬,然后团队文化?
Bangaly Kaba: 还有你的范围。
Lenny Rachitsky: 还有范围。好,明白了。
Bangaly Kaba: 其实是六个,对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哦,是六个。好,那最高就是 12 分。所以思路就是:你给每一项打分,评估你的感受、环境对你影响力的贡献程度。如果某一项得分不高,那就是一个提升你影响力的机会,进而提升你的职业发展?
Bangaly Kaba: 没错,而且你必须非常诚实。我认为这个框架对我来说之所以如此强大,至少是因为它帮助你诚实地面对那些限制你发挥影响力、让你的技能无法真正落地的因素。以及你在多大程度上相信自己能够帮助改变、或者尝试推动环境中的变化。因为没有人想待在一个文化很差、与自己不合的地方,但如果你没有客观地去思考并明确指出这一点,也许其实是团队的文化不适合你——它真正迫使你去评估周围环境中那些限制你影响力的因素。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你能从自己的职业生涯中举个例子吗?比如其中某一项没有达到应有的水平,然后你或者推动了改变,或者意识到自己必须离开?
Bangaly Kaba: 我在 Facebook 的时候,负责做所有人员推荐的团队,那是一个很棒的团队。实际上我的团队非常庞大,手下有 30 个工程师,其中 15 个机器学习工程师,15 个前端和后端工程师。很棒的团队,不可思议的团队,资源充足,范围也很大。从某些方面来说,范围太大了,而对我来说这就是问题所在,因为我真的觉得需要组建多个团队来支持我们正在做的工作,或者把它拆分开来;因为你可以想象,Facebook 的节奏和速度是非常惊人的。我感觉到,在我们需要做的所有工作、拥有的工程产能和待完成的任务之间,我觉得自己的资源配置不足以支撑我在不把自己累垮的情况下完成所有必要的事情。我确实觉得自己快崩溃了,而且因为要做的事情太多,我已经见树不见林了。
那是我职业生涯中当时不知道如何应对的一种局面。而且当时同时有两三个经理变动,所以我没有一个可以依赖的、觉得有良好关系的经理来帮我应对那个局面。我觉得范围相对于需要完成的工作来说确实太大了,所以我需要找到一个更适合我的安排。团队没有任何问题,那是一个很好的学习环境,但范围和经理这些问题同时汇聚在一起,对我来说就不是那么合适了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很多人都会处于这样的境地,他们会说按照这个评分体系打完分后,发现自己范围太小,或者像你描述的范围太大,然后总有一个疑问:我真的能做出改变吗?还是说我就不在一个能改变的位置上?尤其是产品经理,我总是听到很多”我实际上改变不了任何东西”的说法。对于那些觉得”我在这里什么都做不了,我的经理很糟糕,我该怎么办”的人,你通常怎么告诉他们?
Bangaly Kaba: 嗯,我确实认识到的一点是你的经理。这些变量并非同等重要,经理是环境中最重要的变量,因为一个优秀的经理——有同理心、了解发生了什么、善于沟通——有能力调动棋子,为你立即或逐步修复其中的一些问题。除了你的经理,没有人能真正帮你扩大范围,或者确保团队有合适的人选到位,或者解决你在文化方面看到的一些问题。
这就是为什么人们说,你不是离开一份工作,你是离开一个经理——因为经理拥有改变这些变量的很大一部分权力。所以真正的问题就变成了:你能在多大程度上清晰地向你的经理阐述……而且是冷静客观地阐述,你在这些变量中遇到的挑战是什么?帮助他们将这些问题与对你工作的影响联系起来,看看他们是否能帮你制定一个计划来缓解这些问题。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这非常有意思。那么你与经理的体验在很大程度上是这些变量的核心。对于那些经理不是自己喜欢的类型的人,你有什么建议吗?是去找一个新经理,还是可能直接离开?
Bangaly Kaba: 你不可能永远喜欢你的经理,对吧?目标不是喜欢你的经理。理想情况下,你尊重他们,他们也尊重你,你觉得能从他们身上学到东西。找新经理始终是一个选项,但我想有时候真正的问题是,是否值得花时间去尝试理解你的经理在优化什么?很多时候我认为,IC(个人贡献者)专注于自己负责的特定领域、试图实现局部最优,与理解”我的经理在思考这些事情,而我在这方面是如何融入的”之间存在很大的脱节。也许他们不了解你的领域为何重要,存在认知上的空白。或者你经理手头上有一些实际上与你职责范围相邻的事情,如果你了解他们在优化什么,你就可以接手这些事情,从而与他们正在做的事情产生更多协同。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个建议。我们来谈谈这个等式的另一面。我们已经讨论了环境,现在来谈谈技能。对于想要提升技能的人,你有什么建议?
Bangaly Kaba: 技能这个部分非常重要,而且我认为它需要你持续不断地提升自己的能力。所以我在那篇博客文章中把它拆分为沟通——你影响领导层的能力、战略思维,然后是执行力——真正把事情做成。在这些之中,同样,它们并非同等重要。我认为沟通往往是最具影响力的。你可以从很多方面看到这一点。你会看到有些人执行力很差但沟通能力极强,他们似乎能不断上升、上升,因为他们能讲出很好的故事,但当你深入去看的时候,里面什么都没有,没有实质内容。
所以,不管好坏,沟通都是最重要的事情之一。但提升技能这件事,我认为现在确实是做产品和做科技的一个有趣时期,因为你比以前有了更多的方式来提升自己的技能。有那么多精彩的博客文章,比如你的播客和博客,有那么多优秀的人来这里告诉你诸如如何走向市场、如何思考 B2B SaaS 和指标之类的事情。所以听你的节目、读 Ben Thompson 的文章、理解他的思维模型,如果你去看看 Elena Verner 或其他什么人,外面有太多太多的思想领袖。
我认为做一个如饥似渴的读者是非常非常关键的,因为它能帮你构建自己的工具箱,你需要箭袋里有各种箭,才能真正理解如何在正确的时间找到正确的框架和正确的导师。
Bangaly Kaba: 我还告诉人们的一件事是,大家通常把导师关系理解为”我有一个导师,Lenny 是我的导师”或者”John 是我的导师”。我告诉他们,实际上更好的做法是拥有一个导师团。你最好有三到四位导师。理想的做法是,每个月的不同周五分别和他们每个人见一次面。这样你可能有三四个人,每个周五你都在和不同的人交流。这件事之所以如此重要,是因为如果 Lenny 你是我的导师,而某个周五你很忙,我们一个月才见一次,那我就两个月都没有人可以交流了。而你可能正在经历很多事情,却没有人可以讨论想法、提升技能或学习如何影响他人。但如果你有三四位导师,你每周都有不同的人可以交流。即使其中一两位取消了,那个月你仍然有两个人可以交流,你仍然可以继续成长和构建自己的思维方式。
所以我总是推荐这个做法。然后我实际上谈到的最后一件事是,在执行力方面,我认为人们——尤其是产品经理——没有充分地从观察和向他人学习中获益。产品管理既有艺术也有科学。在很多方面,我有教育学背景,而产品管理在很多方面与之非常相似。你想要观察那些优秀的人如何磨炼自己的手艺,如何交付成果,如何领导团队,然后从中借鉴。比如发现”哇,Lenny 在 Airbnb 的时候这件事做得真的非常出色,真的令人印象深刻。我要把这个拿过来。我要借鉴他管理团队的方式,或者他提出那个框架的方式,或者他传达这个信息的方式,把它记录下来,以后放进自己的工具箱里。“所以如果你真的是产品管理的学生,你不能只学理论,你还必须学习实践,也就是说你要走出去观察,就像”嘿,我很想旁听你们的团队会议,我可以来看看吗?或者你们的产品经理会议或领导层会议。“你真的是为了学习而这样做,这真的非常非常有价值。以上就是我所谈论的提升技能的一些方法。
观察他人学习的实例
Lenny Rachitsky: 关于刚才后面那个经验,你有没有一个从某人身上学到的例子浮现在脑海?就是那种观察某人之后心想”哦,我要这么做”的经历。
Bangaly Kaba: 在我职业生涯早期,刚到 Instagram 的时候,我不是第一个增长产品经理,但我是最早的之一。在我之前有一个叫 Georgia Lee 的人,他实际上搭建了增长团队,然后在我加入六个月后就离开了。但我观察了 George,他是一个非常好的倾听者。他有一种真正令人难以置信的能力——在会议室里聆听正在发生的一切,然后重新复述出来,确保每个人都对当前的状况、讨论的内容以及前进的方向感到满意,真正地厘清行动项,同时也关注大家对下一步的感受。走出那间会议室时,感觉他总是获得了认同和清晰的方向,并且帮助建立了信任。你几乎可以看到他在会议的每一个时刻都在赢得信任。这是我很钦佩的一点,也是我学到并在此后职业生涯中试图效仿的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是一个非常棒的例子。它回到了你谈到的沟通技能,就是变得真正擅长这件事的力量。你描述的其实是一个非常简单的技能——就是总结:“这是我们讨论的内容,这是我们要做的事情,这是我们做出的决定,这些是行动项。“这其实并不难,只是——
Bangaly Kaba: 确实不难。但他做的妙处在于,他会点名每个人及其贡献,展示所有这些如何汇合成前进的方向。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这太厉害了。
Bangaly Kaba: 这是沟通,但还有另一面,沟通的另一面,就是先引导出信息,弄清楚如何再向他人传达。
如何找到导师
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。接着你之前谈到的另一个话题,也就是导师。每次有人谈到找导师,大家总会问:我该怎么找导师?关于如何找到导师来帮助你,你会给大家什么建议?你说的是每周一次还是每月一次?
Bangaly Kaba: 我看到人们最成功的方式就是主动开口。他们告诉别人自己在做什么或面临什么挑战,然后问:“你认识什么人吗?我可以向谁学习,或者谁最近在这方面有很好的思考?“所以不是直接去找某人说”嘿,你能做我的导师吗?“而是来找我 saying:“嘿,Bangaly,我其实正在想办法改变这个团队的运作方式,因为我们需要从这种模式转变成那种模式,但存在一些挑战。所以你认识谁特别擅长改变团队运作方式,或者特别擅长传达新愿景的人吗?我可以和他聊聊。”
所以我认为这非常重要,因为你所做的实际上是播下一颗种子,这颗种子构成了一个三元关系:有寻找导师的人,有推荐人,然后有潜在的导师。推荐人本质上在说:“你们两人之间有共同的目标,我看得出来,我认为这很重要,所以我希望你们走到一起。“这个三元关系在那个时刻创造了更高的契合度,需要帮助的人和被推荐的人更有可能看到彼此之间的互利。我发现这样做——播下这颗种子,并且非常聚焦于具体的机遇或挑战——往往能建立更好的连接,而不是直接发消息说”嘿,我喜欢你的风格,你愿意做我的导师吗?”
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以本质上就是向你信任的人分享你正在做的事情,看他们是否能推荐一个能在特定技能上帮助你的人,而不是假定某个特定的人一定能帮到你?
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
理解工作(Understand Work)
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个方法。回到你关于职业发展的建议,你在文章中写到过,而且也有人告诉我你非常重视一个概念,叫做”理解工作”?你有印象吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 有的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,能谈谈这个以及它为什么重要吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 我当然不能把”理解工作”的功劳归于自己。这是 Facebook 一个古老框架的一部分——理解、识别、执行。我想我大概是……
Bangaly Kaba: Facebook 的理解、识别、执行框架。我大概可以说的是,我可能是”理解工作”在其他公司的守护者。我从 Facebook 时期把它带走——在 Relink Institute,或者在 Instagram 更加系统地应用——然后带到了 Instacart,在我帮助 Twitter 的时候也用了,现在是 YouTube。我喜欢和团队谈论这个的方式是,首先我其实会讲一个故事。这个故事是这样的:我们都经历过这样的时刻——和团队一起做了一个项目,非常兴奋,终于上线了,然后大家出去吃饭庆祝。大家都在庆祝,每个人都很兴奋,美好的夜晚。第二天你回到办公室,看了一下数据,数据是平的,每个人都有点沮丧。为什么会出现这种情况?为什么数据是平的?发生了什么?我们明明那么努力。
Bangaly Kaba: 最终当你拆解这个问题时,你会意识到你构建的东西你觉得会是个好主意,但你其实并不了解很多关键要素——人们真正需要什么,真正存在什么痛点,市场上有哪些替代方案,这些替代方案的真正价值是什么,或者产品到底该怎么运作,飞轮或体验应该是什么样的。这就是我所说的我们要避免的”反面模式”,我把它叫做识别、论证、执行。有人提出一个想法,说”你知道吗?这个功能做出来肯定很棒”。你识别了这个想法,然后去找数据论证为什么它值得做,接着你投入大量时间去实现它,但它最终没有成功。
这就是 Facebook 式思维方式的”反面模式”——也就是理解、识别、执行。首先你必须从第一性原理出发,真正理解到底发生了什么。当我们谈论”理解工作”时,可以从几个角度来思考。第一,它是在执行过程中一种有意为之的安排,去做那些帮助你降低项目风险、了解实际情况的工作。我说”有意为之的安排”,意思是你会把它明确列出来——比如 Lenny 要负责这件事。Lenny 作为产品经理要写一份策略。Janice 作为设计师要设计一个原型,诸如此类。你把它作为一个正式的工作项列出来,而不是假设它会在后台自然发生。如果我们不为”理解工作”做出安排,那这些工作就不会被执行,每个人都在埋头冲刺做执行。
它是团队带宽中一段有计划的、刻意预留的时间,用来搞清楚我们需要做什么才能真正理解当前的状况。比如在 Instagram,我们做了大量的”理解工作”来研究什么构成一个好的连接关系。我们该怎么思考这个问题?怎么确保我们确实在构建一个合理的社交图谱?我可能会和数据科学团队一起做”理解工作”,拉一个漏斗数据,看看不同类型用户的不同连接类型,把这些理清楚。工程团队可能会做”理解工作”来埋点打日志,确保我们拥有讲述完整故事所需的数据。你做这些”理解工作”,本质上是为了更好地理解知识中的盲区。还有一个很有意思的点:“理解工作”能帮助你厘清什么是根本原因,什么是待完成的任务,什么是正确的使用场景。
团队心态与执行加速
因为团队内化了这种心态,它就变成了执行的一种推动力。当有人说”我们应该做这个功能”时,你的团队有能力回应说:“这是个好想法,但在开始做之前,我们还有三件事没有理解。也许我们应该先做’理解工作’,确认这确实是个正确的方向。“拥抱这个概念之后,你会得到两个好处。第一,你获得了并行的工作路径。每个迭代——假设你做三周的迭代或三个月的路线图——你在执行那些你有很高信心的事情的同时,也在并行做”理解工作”。迭代结束时,你从执行中获得了经验:这次测试或发布效果很好,我们应该加倍投入;或者这次测试或发布效果不好,我们应该转向。同时你也从”理解工作”中获得了洞察。你把这两方面结合起来规划下一轮迭代或路线图。
因为你有这条并行路径,你最终会获得一个速度乘数效应。下一个迭代、第三个迭代、第四个迭代——每一个后续迭代中,你都在为新想法降低风险,获得了更多清晰度。你做了更多执行,做了更好的执行,跑得更快,你上线的产品有更高的胜率。我记得离开 Instagram 的时候——那是很多年前了——我们有 15 个团队,每个团队一个季度可能跑 12 到 20 个实验,大概 60% 到 70% 的结果是正向的、可以上线的,这非常了不起。你想想这个规模和量级,之所以能做到,是因为我们在降低风险和理解实际情况方面做得非常出色。
如何实操”理解工作”
Lenny Rachitsky: 这真的很有意思。我想很多听众会说,我们也花时间理解问题,我们也跑实验、写策略文档、做用户研究。你觉得人们缺的是哪一步?是说你专门分配时间——比如下一个迭代你就只做”理解工作”,不构建新东西,就只搞清楚这里的问题或机会是什么?相比于大家可能已经在做的用户研究、数据下钻,你具体是怎么把这个事情实操落地的?
Bangaly Kaba: 我发现了几件事。第一,当你的团队还没有充分理解一个问题空间时,“理解工作”的比重应该更高。我刚到 YouTube 时,我们大概 60% 做执行、40% 做”理解工作”。随着我们理解得越来越多,这个比例逐渐变化。现在我的团队大概 80% 执行、20%,或者 85% 执行、15% 到 20% 做”理解工作”。
这不仅仅是写一份策略的问题,而是要问:如果我们有这些想要推进的主题方向,哪些是我们有数据支撑、可以确信的?哪些是我们缺少数据、缺少研究、缺少洞察、还需要去理解的?要对自己非常诚实——哪些是投入低中、但因为你有数据所以很可能产生高影响力的事情?哪些是你可能有兴趣去做,但因为缺少某些东西——缺少用户反馈或数据或某些洞察或策略——你实际上应该先去补齐这些,再做其他事情。
举一个例子:我的一个团队负责 YouTube 直播体验中的付费虚拟商品。这是一个非常重要也非常困难的问题空间。我刚加入时,我们对整个直播生态并没有充分的理解——我们在这个直播生态中处于什么位置,我们的产品如何运作,最大的机会在哪里。所以首要的、最重要的”理解工作”不是对现有产品做迭代,而是要把整个漏斗梳理清楚。每天有多少人在看直播,有多少人在点击进入,有多少人看到了我们的体验,有多少人真正在购买?我们并没有把整个体验完整地梳理出来,也不清楚缺口在哪里,问题空间在哪里,应该把重点放在哪里。
所以我们必须要做这件事。这对多个团队、多个角色来说都是”理解工作”。工程团队需要做这件事,数据科学需要做分析,产品经理需要亲自去走一遍体验流程,搞清楚哪里有问题。所有这些都是在路线图上有意为之、明确安排的工作项。
放慢脚步,加速前行
Lenny Rachitsky: 有意思的是,这与人们通常的做法非常反直觉——大家会说,我们需要加快执行,需要加速增长,需要发布更多、执行更快、做得更多。而你的观点是,真正带来影响力的,恰恰是放慢脚步,花更多时间去理解,从而更聪明地执行。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。放慢脚步,才能加速前行。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很有意思。因为我手头有很多来自你曾经共事过的人的问题,其中很多都是关于如何转变文化、加速推进、以真正有意义的方式驱动增长。听起来这是你的核心策略之一——让人们在扎堆做事之前,花更多时间去理解。
Bangaly Kaba: 听起来确实反直觉,但如果你认真想想,什么是更好的结果?是更快地发布更多东西,但大多数都没什么影响力?还是发布更少的东西,但真正确保以最好的方式去发布,同时降低很多其他事情的风险,这样一年后你的成功率更高、速度也更快?
Lenny Rachitsky: 对,我觉得”反直觉”这个词不太准确。我觉得这其实说得通,只是没人这么做。通常所有人都在说,跑快点,我们需要更多、发布更多实验。
Bangaly Kaba: 嗯,这就是增长的反讽之处——人们以为增长是一夜之间的事,其实不是。增长是由大量短期的胜利和短期执行积累而成的,目的是为了长期的收获,真正理解的是你需要很多短期的努力来导向长期的结果。
“理解工作”具体长什么样
Lenny Rachitsky: 为了让大家能够真正运用这个经验,你能不能帮大家理解一下,当你说”理解工作”的时候,一般是什么样子?是专门留出时间深入数据、回答一系列你给出的问题?还是通过跑实验来验证假设?当你说”我们来做 40% 的理解工作”的时候,通常是什么样的?
Bangaly Kaba: 理解工作有时候是由我提出的,但大多数时候来自团队本身。每个职能都可以做、也应该在某个阶段做理解工作。所以这真的取决于具体职能是什么。对于工程师来说,可能是看代码然后说,好,我们想改进这个,我需要做理解工作来搞清楚我们是否需要重构这段代码,它的可扩展性如何,我们需要做什么才能确保执行速度快、不会频繁地走走停停。这也可能是理解工作。它也可能是做数据埋点,确保我们真正对正在发生的事情有完整的可见性。数据科学方面,我们经常和数据科学合作做激活指标(activation metrics)、理解代理指标(proxy metrics)。这些就是理解工作,因为它帮助我们搞清楚需要构建什么、重点放在哪里。
对于产品管理来说,有时候理解工作是在正式发布产品之前先把合作策略搞清楚,因为你需要先弄明白各部分如何组合在一起。所以这真的取决于具体职能是什么。但当我说这应该自下而上产生时,我的意思是——我鼓励团队在做冲刺规划或路线图规划时,先提出一个问题来确定他们需要攻关的核心主题。当他们对某个核心主题提出问题时,也要问:我们还需要理解什么才能做成这件事?在那个规划会议上,要确保把跨职能的合作伙伴也纳入进来。所以不仅仅是产品、设计、数据科学和工程,还要包括市场推广(go to market),也要包括营销,因为如果你不够包容,你就不能真正理解问题所在。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我的 PM 大脑会害怕创造太多的理解工作,导致什么都没交付。你怎么找到那个平衡——我们理解了几个小时、几天、几周、几个月,却没发布什么?你怎么——
Bangaly Kaba: 我会告诉他们,你们必须发布。你总是必须发布的,对吧?有时候我会给他们指导,尤其在早期这很有帮助,因为人们需要一段时间才能理解为什么这如此关键。我会说,我们应该选择——有时候我会给他们指导——我们应该选择三到四个真正能帮助这条路线图的理解项目,搞清楚它们是什么。选你们排前三、前四的项目,然后我们讨论。我会给他们指导。或者我会说,搞清楚……始终应该有一些执行工作。所以最初你要找的是投入低、影响力高的事情去执行。
所以每个冲刺或每条路线图都建立一个工作组合:其中一部分应该是投入低、影响力高的,一部分应该是投入中等、影响力高的。有时候理解工作实际上看起来就像做一个低成本的测试——做一个能帮我们尽可能快地学习的测试,而且这个测试我们认为体验够好,可以给我们提供信息。找到做这些事的方法。所以这其实就是管理期望、帮助人们明确目标——目标是发布产品,但你要发布的是你更有信心和理解的那些东西,而不是没有信心的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我觉得这里最大的收获是:如果你想要更大的影响力、更快的速度,试着多花一点时间去理解你要解决的问题和你所面对的机会空间。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。我给你一个非常具体的例子——2016 年 1 月我刚加入 Instagram 的时候,信不信由你,Instagram 的注册引导流程(onboarding)几乎没有做任何日志记录(logging)。它只记录了有多少人开始、多少人完成。我一月份加入,当时需要写路线图。路线图大概是这样的:好,我们知道漏斗顶部有多少人、底部有多少人。而漏斗中间有八个步骤,我们完全不知道中间发生了什么。所以第一件理解工作就是:我们需要尽快对这个漏斗做数据埋点,拿到数据,搞清楚流失发生在哪里、该修什么。但因为我们已经知道漏斗顶部和底部的情况,我们可以去亲自走一遍体验流程,看看什么坏了。
所以我们跑了一批测试,针对明显有问题的部分,看看能有什么改善。所以这是一个混合方式。我们的做法是这样的:在头几周安排时间做日志埋点,提交代码,在季度中间重新评估,看完整的漏斗数据,然后等拿到这些之后再添加更多后续可以做的事。但要把这件事做成,涉及到跟增长营销的理解工作——搞清楚数据埋点的 schema 是什么,工程团队去做实际的日志记录,数据科学团队把漏斗整合出来、做成仪表盘——所有这些必须同时协同完成。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我真的很喜欢把它叫做”理解工作”这个概念本身。我觉得光是这一点就是一个很有力的工具,因为我们接下来会花更多时间在理解工作上。
Bangaly Kaba: 它让人感觉给那些本来会被人们忽略的事情赋予了意义。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对,就是那种”不不不,我们就直接发布吧,试试看,走一步看一步”的心态。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 关于帮助你加入的团队加速发展、壮大,你还有什么其他经常做的做法吗?我听说你对很多不同的团队文化都产生了很大的影响力,所以我很好奇还有什么是特别有效的。
管理复杂变革框架
Bangaly Kaba: 我经常发现自己处于一些很有意思的处境中——需要空降到某个团队,帮助改善或改变团队文化。我找到了一个框架,甚至都不记得最初是从哪里得到的,但它跟着我从一台电脑到另一台电脑、从一个团队到另一个团队,叫做”管理复杂变革”(managing complex change)。我觉得可能是在商学院学到的。这个框架很有意思,包含五个要素:愿景、技能、激励、资源、行动计划。要让变革发生,你需要全部这五个要素。团队需要有愿景,需要有技能,需要有正确的激励——有时候某些团队被激励去做的事情并不对。你还需要把正确的资源放在正确的位置,并且需要一个清晰的行动计划。我喜欢这个框架的原因是,如果你能把它可视化的话——也许你可以把它放到你的播客里。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,我们会在 YouTube 视频里放到屏幕上,让大家能看到你说的是什么。
Bangaly Kaba: 它基本上展示了如果缺少任何一个要素,你会得到什么样的结果。比如,如果缺少愿景要素,你就会陷入混乱状态;如果缺少激励,人们没有被激励去做正确的事情,你就会遇到抵触状态;如果缺少行动计划,你就会陷入虚假启动的状态。所以我经常使用这个框架,也经常思考它,因为当你作为一名领导者进入一个团队,作为那个应该推动变革的人,你必须认真观察正在发生的事情,搞清楚面临的挑战是什么——从经验上你观察到了什么?然后我就会找到我可以切入的地方,以及我能做些什么来让团队变得更好。我通常发现,从右到左来解决——行动计划是更容易落实的。
所以如果我看到一个团队在执行上有困难,我会想:他们有没有合适的 PRD 框架?沟通是否顺畅?团队会议的结构是否合理?这些都是相对容易摘的果实。而改变愿景和技能就难多了,需要时间。在我职业生涯中,我还做了一件事,就是整理了一套随我一起走的幻灯片,里面包含各种重要的技能——什么是不同的技能,有哪些不同的框架,我们应该怎么思考这些问题——来帮助团队快速提升。因为我发现有时候你走进一个团队,并不是所有人都扎根于相同的心智模型或概念。
有一个我经常讲的例子是 Instagram。Instagram 有一种非常棒的文化,就是思考如何发布高质量的产品,以及产品工艺(product craft)意味着什么。而当我来到 YouTube,我的团队并没有关于产品工艺的心智模型。所以在某种程度上,我发现自己像是在对着一个回声室说话。于是我不得不做了一套幻灯片,展示我是如何思考产品工艺的,这里有一个框架,我是怎么思考所有这些不同的事情的。这样我们就有了共同的语言、共同的沟通方式,以及一个我们要去建设的技能库。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我正在看你说的这张图,我们后面会放出来。所以在这种情况下,他们的技能确实不够,而在这个框架里,缺少技能会导致焦虑。那我听到的是,你进入一个团队时,基本上是在问自己:我感觉到了什么?是混乱、挫败,还是其他什么?这种感觉会告诉你应该把时间花在这五个要素中的哪一个上面。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。然后在那些要素里面,你还得搞清楚哪些是你需要拉动的那根杠杆?缺少了什么?你真正应该聚焦在哪里,时间应该花在哪里?
Lenny Rachitsky: 太有意思了。我很喜欢这张图就是那种很模糊的——
Bangaly Kaba: 特别老。
Lenny Rachitsky: 像是从某个很老的麦肯锡 PPT 里截的图。
Bangaly Kaba: 对,大概 2006 年的电脑上的东西。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我太喜欢了。所以你有这个框架,还有这套幻灯片,进来的时候工具箱里装满了各种工具。在你的那份”随身携带”的清单里,还有什么其他东西是帮助你改变文化、帮助团队的?
教育背景与产品管理的共通之处
Bangaly Kaba: 有的。我经常思考的一件事是,我的背景和传统的科技行业高管有点不一样。我的职业生涯其实分三个阶段。我在教育行业做了六年,在华盛顿特区内城区教过书,后来又在瑞士的一所寄宿学校当教务长——这个转折有点出人意料。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。
Bangaly Kaba: 然后我读了商学院,在华尔街工作了一段时间,之后辞掉了华尔街的工作,创办了一家创业公司。那家创业公司像很多创业公司一样,壮烈地失败了。所以这是一条非常非传统的进入科技行业的路径。我认为我在其他行业度过的那些时间,实际上塑造了我对产品、产品管理以及变革团队、建设团队的思考方式。我的意思是,教育和产品管理之间其实有很多相似之处,不管你信不信。
当我在科技行业面试第一批工作的时候,招聘人员会对我说:“你的背景怎么跟这个岗位相关?我看不出来。“我会告诉他们:“我在教育行业的时候,会走进一间有 24 个七岁孩子的教室,这些孩子不欠我任何东西。我唯一能成功、能产生影响的方式,就是我必须成为一个强有力的沟通者。我必须对正在做的事情有清晰的愿景。我必须以一种令人信服的方式影响他们,让他们愿意配合完成一学年 270 天的任务。“这就像你作为一名产品经理走进一间会议室——工程师、设计师、研究人员、市场推广(go to market),没有人欠你什么。你能成功的唯一方式就是成为一个强有力的沟通者,对正在做的事情有清晰的愿景,并且能够影响他们一起去完成重要的事情。技能是非常相似的,只是领域专业知识不同。
正因为如此,我真正养成了一种心态:如何去辅导我的团队?如何赋能他们?因为真正重要的是各部分的总和,而不是我作为一个自上而下的领导者说”你必须做这个,你必须做那个”。所以我在方法和流程的设计上都会考虑这一点。给你几个典型的例子,有两件事我想提一下。第一是有一个教育领域的框架,叫做布卢姆分类法(Bloom’s Taxonomy)。我觉得它随时间有所演变,但我学的时候它基本上是一个金字塔。布卢姆分类法描述的是:你需要什么不同层次或顺序的批判性思维,才能成为某个领域的精通者?金字塔最底层是知识,然后是理解、应用、分析、综合,最顶层是评价。
沿着金字塔往上走,意味着更高层次的思维。我经常思考这个问题,试图理解我的团队在哪里遇到了困难?他们是否掌握了所需的核心知识?是理解了但无法应用,还是能应用但无法在不同业务线之间进行分析?你可以用这个框架不仅来评估 PM 和团队本身,也可以用来评估你的管理者——到底是哪个环节出了问题?在使用这个框架的同时,将它与我们想要培养的技能相结合,来思考如何填补这些差距。这对我来说确实是一个根基性的思维模型,帮助你打造真正有影响力的团队。帮助你因人而异地去支持他们,而不是简单地说”嘿,你自己想办法解决吧”。我发现在科技行业,也包括产品领域,人们经常被要求自己去摸索,却没有得到达成目标所需的支持,也没有人真正帮他们把点连成线。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。我刚把布卢姆分类法拉出来看了一下。所以本质上,如果你看到一个 PM 在挣扎,你要做的就是找出他们在这几个层次中缺少了什么?你在哪里没有给到他们支持?怎样能更好地支持他们?可能是他们缺少技能,可能是缺少理解。你经常发现还有哪些其他因素会阻碍产品经理取得成功?
Bangaly Kaba: 很多时候他们可能已经有了理解,但还没有机会在多种不同的场景中去应用,或者没有见过它在多种场景中被应用。比如你可能理解机器学习这个概念,但你并没有真正在多个场景中实际操作过。所以你可能只知道一种做法,而这未必合理,你需要掌握两三种方式,甚至不知道还存在其他方式。这往往是一个常见的失败点。或者是你知道怎么应用,但无法综合分析为什么你正在做的这件事对业务背景真的重要。这通常是管理者会遇到的挑战——他们知道该做什么,但不知道如何将其与业务背景和整体战略需求联系起来,不知道应该在哪里排优先级。
所以我的发现是,当你在管理管理者的时候,你真正需要做的是让他们住在金字塔的顶端。管理者有责任为他们所负责的所有领域掌管整座金字塔,但他们需要能够在所有这些领域中站在金字塔的顶端运作。他们需要能够综合分析和评估自己所负责的每个产品团队的状况,才能把更大的图景连接起来。
Lenny Rachitsky: 顺便说一句,我很喜欢你关于产品经理的那个比喻——就像面对一群七岁孩子,你必须学会如何管理、影响和沟通。
Bangaly Kaba: 对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 很好。
Bangaly Kaba: 我的意思是,他们并不是一群七岁孩子——
Lenny Rachitsky: 是那些技能。
Bangaly Kaba: 但我觉得这其实是——
Lenny Rachitsky: 对,同样的技能。
Bangaly Kaba: 啊?
Lenny Rachitsky: 同样的技能让你——
Bangaly Kaba: 同样的技能。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。
Bangaly Kaba: 我觉得这是真的。我发现在实际上,让 24 个七岁的孩子相信我在做的事情,比走进一个房间面对 Kevin Systrom 和 Mike Krieger,向他们解释 Instagram 下一亿用户的增长策略是什么,要难得多。这些是非常有逻辑的成年人,可以跟你讲道理;而另一边是一教室的孩子。这确实不太一样。所以那些技能真的非常关键。
产品经理是团队运动
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这一点。我肯定想问问你在 Instagram 的那段经历。不过在你关于管理产品经理和管理者的经验总结这个话题上,还有什么其他你觉得可能对大家有帮助的吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 还有一件事我也经常思考,我不知道这是不是只是我个人的想法,但我把 PM 看作一项团队运动。领导产品团队,本质上是关于……
领导产品团队,本质上是关于做教练,帮助其他人看清自己在团队中的角色,并将他们的潜力最大化。人们经常说产品经理就是 CEO,但我不完全认同这个类比。如果你把它看作一项团队运动,有几件事就会浮现出来。第一,不是每个人都能成为明星球员。但也不是每个人都需要成为 LeBron James 或 Kobe Bryant。你需要角色球员。你需要非常扎实的角色球员。你需要让这些人在自己的角色中感到被重视,你需要知道如何培养这些角色球员,如何确保他们在桌上拥有合适的位置和合适的定位。所以我认为,是的,你是乐队的指挥,但你其实远不止于此。你真正是这支队伍的教练。
还有一件事我经常想。我有一个好朋友是大学篮球教练,他教会了我一个概念,叫做教练树(coaching tree)。这在大学篮球界是一个非常重要的概念。作为主教练,你会非常自豪于你的助手是谁——第一助理、第二助理、第三助理是谁?他们后来去哪里当了主教练?因为你对他们的培养,他们又留下了怎样的传承?Mike Krzyzewski 的教练树,John Calipari 的教练树,这些功勋教练之所以受人尊敬,不仅仅因为他们自己的成就,更因为他们培育出的那棵树。
我也喜欢从这个角度来思考,因为我认为这对产品领导者来说非常重要——思考你的领导力树是什么。你帮助培养了谁,帮助他们成长,帮助他们迈向下一个阶段?我经常想到这些。我曾经共事过的人,有的现在负责 Stripe 的增长,有的成了 Chief 的 CPO,有的现在负责 Instagram 的 Stories 功能——他们早期都在我的团队里。他们的成功就是我的成功,我为他们感到骄傲,为他们感到高兴。这也强化了这样一种心态:你有责任去培养他人走向卓越。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我听到的是,你非常看重你的团队成员去辅导他人这件事——不管是管理者还是 IC——帮助他们理解辅导团队中的人、帮助他们成长是很重要的,这本质上就是他们工作的一部分。
Bangaly Kaba: 这就是你工作的一部分。你是在建立一个技能库、知识库和团队速度的储备。而唯一能做到这一点的方式就是每个人都参与进来。水涨则船高。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好了。有意思的是,这也可能反过来帮助你把工作做得更好,因为通过教学,你实际上能更好地学习。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错,没错。而且这也倒逼你想清楚如何把事情从自己的盘子里移出去,这样你才能去处理更大的事情。
Lenny Rachitsky: 是的,而且看到你曾经带过的人后来去做更大更好的事情,那种感觉有多好。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错,确实很好。
YouTube 的增长与飞轮
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想聊聊你在 YouTube 内部的增长。我听说你到那里时间并不长,但据说你已经……增加了两三个重要的东西,具体我不太清楚细节,人们对你已经产生的影响力印象非常深刻。而且据说你在那里以及其他地方的成功,很大程度上归功于你通过飞轮来思考增长的方式。你总是寻找能驱动增长的飞轮。能否谈谈,最好是在 YouTube 的情况——因为你能在那样规模的公司里产生如此大的影响力,确实令人印象深刻——当然也可以是其他地方的经历,聊聊你如何看待飞轮和增长。
Bangaly Kaba: 你太客气了。我不会说……你看,我们在 YouTube 确实做了一些非常好的工作,到目前为止做了不少,这是一段旅程。我确实很关注飞轮。我认为实际上很多增长的关键在于,真正理解体验中各个触点的价值主张是什么,尤其是在多边市场的情况下。对 YouTube 来说,多边市场就是创作者这一侧——创作者从参与度角度想要实现什么,以及从我的角度来看从变现角度想要实现什么。然后是观众或购买者这一侧,他们的需求在哪里?他们想要做什么,而我们错过了哪些机会?
我没法具体谈 YouTube 的细节,但我想说的是,我每次加入一个团队时,总会做的一件事就是推动团队以相邻用户的状态亲自走一遍产品。我的意思是,你我都在用的、已经用了多年的产品,其实并不等同于我们为其他用户构建的产品。一个重度用户在使用产品时……其中包含了太多的历史积累和隐性知识,使得这个产品对你来说已经形成了非常好的体验。但如果你去注册一个新的 Gmail 账号,再去看今天的 YouTube,我保证那是一个完全不同的、明显更差的体验。
其中有很多显而易见的机会被错过了,尤其是如果你不去以全新状态使用产品的话,你根本看不清飞轮在哪里、为什么某些东西有效或无效。以 YouTube 为例,YouTube 搜索推荐图谱很大程度上基于你过去看过什么。所以如果你去搜索,你的搜索历史会决定推荐结果——你过去看过什么、搜过什么,然后我们能更好地预测你想看什么,就把那些展示给你。
但如果你没有任何搜索历史,那推荐效果就不会那么好。这个例子虽然不是我们正在做的事情的直接映射,但对我来说,我负责创作者变现,这里有一些非常重要的飞轮:创作者需要什么才能制作出能帮助他们变现的内容?我们如何把这些内容传递给用户,传递到什么程度?以及我们如何确保付费用户对他们所获得的内容感到满意?所有这些飞轮都必须运转起来。
所以我所做的一部分工作,就是真正思考如何把这些点连成一个叙事,让团队能够独特地理解,帮助他们更深地投入,并让工作有清晰的目标和意义。有时候,飞轮最重要的作用其实是让团队知道该做什么、不该做什么。它还帮助我们理解对创作者、观众和变现运营,哪些是我们知道的、哪些是我们不知道的,从而去做理解工作(understand work),提高速度和影响力。
这正是我们一直专注的方向。我在 YouTube 做了大量这样的工作,但在 Instacart 也做了同样的事情。我加入 Instacart 时,一个重要的问题是:人们的日常生活……他们的日常生活如何反映在购买体验中?我们有没有让它变得简单?因为你买杂货的时候,你不是为了冰箱里有漂亮的食材才去买菜的。你去买菜是因为你要做一顿饭。所以我们是否真正反映了真实的待办任务(jobs to be done)——我想做塔可饼,我要过塔可星期二。我们能不能让人们更容易找到做塔可饼所需的食材,而不是让他们自己去分别搜索玉米饼、番茄和牛油果?所以核心是思考任务是什么,然后实现这个任务的飞轮是什么,以及我们如何让这一切落地。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这里面有太多我想追问的东西了。首先我意识到,你做过的所有产品,我都是日活或周活用户。Twitter、YouTube、Instagram、Instacart 大概是周活用户,我想是的。哇,干得漂亮。你把我圈住了。你用所有的飞轮把我圈住了。
Bangaly Kaba: 这不是我故意的,但我很高兴我的努力为你带来了一点快乐,哪怕只是一点点……
Lenny Rachitsky: 干得好。
Bangaly Kaba: ……但愿如此。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,这里有几个要点。一是你思考多边市场中每一侧在每次交互中的价值主张——或者即便不是多边市场,就是”我为什么要做这件事?“比如”我为什么要给朋友发邀请?我为什么要分享这张照片?我为什么要打开 Instacart?“然后你思考潜在用户一天中的待办任务,以及我们如何融入他们的日常体验,而不是与之脱节。
Bangaly Kaba: 而且产品是否真的在发挥作用?当我做这些的时候,我会观察并问:“产品是否真的能交付这些东西?我们是否真的看到它起作用了?“我认为有很多人假设产品是能用的,但很多时候,团队出人意料地构建了一个流程的各个片段,却没有真正构建出完整的体验和产出。他们没有把它设计成让你获得真正需要的输出的方式。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你说的这一点太容易被忽略了——就是简单地想,“嘿,今天是塔可星期二。我作为 Instacart 的产品经理,打开应用,在这个场景下用一下,看看体验如何。”
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 而你发现大多数人不会这样做。
Bangaly Kaba: 大多数人不会这样做。另一个例子,这是几年前的事了。在 Instacart,重新下单非常困难,超级难。这让我很震惊,因为我想了想,我去杂货店的时候,90% 的情况下我买的东西是一样的。也许不是每次都完全一样,但在一两个月的周期里,你有一份常买清单,然后偶尔节假日想买点薄荷巧克力之类的东西。会有一些随机零食加进来,但核心清单是固定的。所以当我们查看数据时,发现在使用 Instacart 五次之后,90% 的订单内容是相同的。但当你想重新下单的时候,至少在当时,你不能轻松地重新下单。你得深挖进去找,要点七八次才能找到。
Bangaly Kaba: 而且即使你重新下单了,也得整单全部重下一遍。你不能只选其中一部分,不能说我只要牛奶和蓝莓。所以你思考增长的时候,思考让 Instacart 增长意味着什么,思考如何真正提升留存率——关键其实是要让人们轻松地下下一单。但产品在这方面并没有真正为此做好设计,尽管大家的出发点都是好的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 相邻订单。
Bangaly Kaba: 对,没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我猜那可能是 Instacart 历史上最大的增长胜利之一——就是重新下单同样的东西,因为我一直在用这个功能。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错,你会很惊讶的。
(广告段落已跳过)
相邻用户理论的深入理解
Lenny Rachitsky: 你之前顺带提到了相邻用户理论这个概念,但我觉得值得在这里多花点时间。这是你推广开来的一个术语,之前你做了些解释,但也许可以再深入讲讲。我觉得这对人们理解增长真的很有价值。
Bangaly Kaba: 这个概念其实源于我在 Instagram 的那段经历。当时我们总结出了这个框架,因为 Instagram 在那个阶段增长实在太快了,二月份使用 Instagram 的人和同年十月份使用的人完全不同,再到次年一月又不一样了。我加入的时候,月活跃用户大概是四亿四千万。2016 年 1 月,到那年年底达到了六亿三千六百万,当年增长了 47%。所以当我们在 2016 年上半年跟用户交流时,跟美国三十多岁的女性聊,她们会说:“我为什么需要 Instagram?我有 Facebook 账号啊。” 真的有人这么说,那已经是很久以前的事了。结果一年之后,变成:“当然用 Instagram,Instagram 是我的一切。” 世界变化得太快了。
所以当你身处一个超高速增长的产品中,非常、非常重要的一点是了解你今天的用户是谁,他们的画像是什么,什么在驱动他们,他们为什么使用你的产品。同时也要了解下一个用户是谁——谁有可能是你的用户,但因为某些原因产品对他们来说还不太合适。你需要理解那个相邻用户是谁,以及你什么时候开始看到相邻用户在采纳你的产品。识别相邻用户开始采纳产品的方式之一,尤其从数据角度来看,就是你开始看到同期群曲线下滑。你会发现今天注册的用户,三到六个月后再看,他们注册后的表现越来越差。产品本身没有任何变化,但对产品应该怎么运作的理解已经不同了。
他们可能不太精通技术。在早期采用者到晚期大众的谱系上,他们可能更接近晚期大众这一端。我们在 Instagram 就看到了这个现象。我们一直在优化注册引导流程(onboarding),某段时间转化率高得离谱,三个月后掉了 15%,不是因为哪里出了问题,而是因为我们进入了新市场。你引入了印度用户或菲律宾用户,他们对产品的理解、使用的手机型号等等都不同。所以相邻用户理论的核心其实是几件事:第一,你必须了解今天谁在使用你的产品,以及为什么。当你的年增长率达到 30%、40%、50% 甚至更高时,你必须时刻关注你认为下一个用户是谁、为什么是他们。
然后你还要做那个相邻用户——没错,像他们一样使用产品,看看产品用起来怎么样,哪里有问题。在 Instacart,最初的用户可能是办公室行政人员,每周因为团队聚餐和采购需要下单。但下一个相邻用户可能是有三四个孩子的妈妈或爸爸,在家带孩子,需要依赖 Instacart。再后来可能是纽约的单身人士,纯粹图方便才用。他们优化的目标、使用产品的方式完全不同,所需的功能和能力也有本质区别。所以你必须成为他们,观察他们如何使用产品,跟他们交流,甚至拜访他们,实时观察他们在做什么,才能确保你为他们解决了正确的待办任务(jobs to be done)。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢对相邻用户的这个可视化理解。基本上你的增长会来自尚未成为用户的人——就是现有用户圈外边的那一圈……
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: ……现有的用户群体之外的人,你需要思考他们有什么需求是现有用户可能不需要的。你说这个理论对超高速增长的公司最有效。那你觉得所有公司都应该思考这个,还是如果不是超高速增长的企业就不那么重要了?
Bangaly Kaba: 这个问题很好。我认为对超高速增长的公司来说,这是必须的、不可或缺的。而如果你的产品或公司增长不如预期,这个理论也很有帮助。你可能把精力集中在获取更多钱包份额,而不是拓展受众。你可以想象一家数字化的化妆品公司,他们的用户增长已经触及天花板,主要精力放在让用户买更多产品上。但也许想用他们产品的人,在你现有产品中还缺少了什么——也许是缺少不同的肤色色号,也许是缺少某些类型的工具。所以真正去了解谁在你现有用户群体之外,谁来到你的产品页面看了看却没有购买,理解他们的需求,想清楚如何为他们服务,如何为他们构建正确的体验,让他们成为你产品的采纳者。
Lenny Rachitsky: 所以我听到的是,做一些理解工作(understand work)来弄清楚你的潜在用户是谁……
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: ……然后以他们的身份使用产品,看看缺了什么。我想用户调研应该也包含在内,你不一定能靠自己就理解他们需要的所有东西。所以大概要找到那个群体中的人,观察他们如何使用产品。很好。
Bangaly Kaba: 对。
增长机会通常藏在哪里
Lenny Rachitsky: 听你聊的时候我脑子里有个问题——你走进过那么多公司,帮助它们做增长。你发现大部分机会通常在哪里?是在注册引导流程(onboarding)、激活指标(activation metrics)这些方面吗?有没有某种趋势让你觉得”这里很可能有机会”,还是非常因公司而异?
Bangaly Kaba: 通常机会就在注册引导流程(onboarding)到习惯养成的这段体验中。用户要真正理解产品的价值,需要经历什么?那个第一次的体验,产品中的第一个 aha moment 是什么?令人吃惊的是,有非常多的团队并不真正清楚自己的那个时刻是什么。然后就是如何让用户围绕产品养成习惯。很多时候,很多人把增长等同于漏斗顶部,这当然也很关键。我认为拥有正确的漏斗顶部打法非常关键,并在此基础上不断建设。所以我觉得一方面是,当你有了正确的漏斗顶部打法把用户引进来之后,如何确保他们能定义价值、建立习惯、融入日常?因为这才是帮助你随时间产生复合效应的东西。如果你引进了很多人,但他们留不下来,那你只是一个漏水的桶,漏斗顶部再大也没用。所以要确保第一个月、第二个月、第三个月的体验是出色的。
然后另一方面,是要想清楚如何构建复合增长飞轮——不是只有一种获客方式,而是搭建出两种、三种、四种相互叠加的方式,帮你真正地把获客引擎加速起来。拿 Instagram 来说,如果你看 Instagram 的发展历程和我的经历,其中有很多因素,但如果你真正拆解 Instagram 漏斗顶部哪些东西奏效了,肯定有一个核心组成部分,就是邀请——用户邀请你,确保这些邀请机制运作良好,朋友们加入进来,你会收到通知。
但还有一个很少被提及、至今仍然至关重要的部分,就是名人合作。Instagram 有一个非常出色的合作团队,他们拿着 Instagram 教明星们怎么使用,怎么让它为自己服务,怎么讲述自己的故事、打造自己的品牌。这是一个关键的增长渠道,因为有了这个,这些明星和创作者就能为平台的使用方式树立标杆,同时他们的动态还会被新闻和媒体不断报道,而这些报道又叠加到了另一个增长层面——SEO。
所以每次新闻文章发布,就会链接到这些创作者或名人的 Instagram 账号或具体帖子。于是你就有了整个 SEO 引擎在运转。这个 SEO 引擎之所以有效,是因为我们有网页版——我们在 Instagram 推出了网页版,这创建了规范的 SEO 表格,然后你又有了来自这些名人网站和新闻媒体的大量反向链接。除此之外,Instagram 的嵌入功能出现在各种网站上——新闻文章、帖子、Lenny 的播客、Instagram 账号——这些嵌入带来了 SEO 权重。
所以你不仅有了邀请,还有了名人合作,还有了 SEO 这一块。然后我们还会在此基础上做大量付费投放,利用这些信号。然后我们还有自己的内容。所有这些不同的增长引擎相互复合。每次邀请机制优化了,每次名人资源增加了,每次 SEO 提升了,都像是在放大漏斗顶部;而在漏斗中下部,则确保用户留得住、持续获得价值、长期留下来。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这太有意思了。我完全不知道这是早期增长策略中如此核心的一部分。大家总是在谈论病毒传播和口碑传播这些。而你说合作是早期增长策略的关键组成部分。
Bangaly Kaba: 非常关键,非常关键。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太有意思了。增长领域从来没人谈合作这个话题。大家总是说,“哦,有几家公司确实通过 BD 合做取得了成功。“这在策略中很早就成为重要部分了吗?在 Instagram 历史中有多早?
Bangaly Kaba: 合作团队在我加入之前就有了。这是 Kevin 和 Mikey 做的一件非常有远见、非常精明的事情。合作团队推动了 Instagram 的大量口碑传播,但正是合作团队的工作与产品工作的结合,才让很多东西真正落地。我们能够跳出框架思考,意识到我们需要一个网页版存在,因为这对国际化增长至关重要,同时也有助于 SEO。推出网页版这个想法实际上让 Instagram 的增长在上线那一刻就提升了 10%。这个想法是在我之前的 George Wang 提出的。Kevin 和 Mikey 一开始并不太认同,但我们必须向他们证明它的影响力,告诉他们应该上线。
后来他们理解了为什么它有影响力以及它带来的各种效果。但网页版对于驱动大量 SEO 确实至关重要,这也支撑了大量名人工作和合作工作的效果,因为现在每次创作者或名人在 Instagram 上做了什么,每篇新闻媒体报道都会跟进,这就带动了 Google 搜索量,帮助 Instagram 成为了文化潮流的一部分。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这太有意思了,因为大家想象中的 Instagram 都是病毒传播、口碑传播,而 SEO 和合作听起来是 Instagram 早期增长的核心组成部分,我觉得从没有人谈论过这一点。
Bangaly Kaba: 确实,这是非常大的部分。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。
Bangaly Kaba: 其实这也是 Facebook 增长的一部分,但方式略有不同。Facebook 不像 Instagram 那么依赖合作,但你现在 Google 搜索一个人的名字,对于普通人来说,Instagram 往往是前五个结果之一。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对,没错。
Bangaly Kaba: ……这是有意设计的。
Lenny Rachitsky: LinkedIn、Instagram、Twitter。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你有没有看过 Alex Jiu 讲 TikTok 增长策略的那个视频?他有一个比喻,他当时想在 Instagram 之外做增长,所以他的比喻是——Instagram 就像是你在欧洲,而且混得很好。如果你在欧洲是国王,你根本不想去美洲,你没有理由放弃已有的地位。而美洲在这个比喻中就是 TikTok。他说,“我们怎么说服人们去美洲,把一切都搬过去?“他说,“我们需要瞄准那些在欧洲混得不好的人,那些想当国王的人,我们要帮你在美洲成为那个国王,或者总统。”
Bangaly Kaba: 所以他用了相邻……他基本上就是对 Instagram 用了那个理论,对吧?
Lenny Rachitsky: 没错。他确实这么做了。喝了你的奶昔。
Bangaly Kaba: 哈哈。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。而且我觉得这个策略之所以奏效,是因为已经有了一个地盘。他们无法执行你们当年做的事情,因为名人们已经在那里了,不是说”来这里吧”就有用的。没有意义,我已经有了大量粉丝。
Bangaly Kaba: 所以他们打造了自己的名人。
Lenny Rachitsky: 培养你自己的名人。没错。而且他们追的是二线、三线的人物。所以有趣的是,人们看 Instagram,觉得好酷,我们也要做合作、做 SEO。但我觉得重要的是要认识到,当市场动态不同的时候,情况也会变化。你不能只是照搬同样的事情。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Lenny Rachitsky: 效果不会一样好的。关于 Instagram 早期还有什么大家可能不知道的或者值得分享的有趣故事吗?因为你在那里非常早期,而现在它可能是世界上最活跃的社交网络了。
关注关系的平等设计
Bangaly Kaba: 有一件事我觉得很有意思,也是一个不太被人谈起的故事——早期的 Instagram 是以”每个关注都平等”的方式构建的。我的意思是,如果我关注了你 Lenny,或者我关注了 Kim Kardashian、关注了 Selena Gomez,所有的关注都被视为同等重要。这其实是一个非常关键的事实,也是一个非常重要的因素,原因有几个。首先,早期采用 Instagram 的名人显然从中受益了,因为一个名人在普通人之前更容易获得关注。这不意味着他们的粉丝没有意义,只是当你的机器学习仅仅是优化点击关注时,那就有影响了。
但后来我们去看数据,这个功劳不能归我。当时我的同事 Rob Andrews 发现了这个问题。他是增长营销负责人,是我的同级。大约是 2016 年的时候,普通用户来到 Instagram 后会留存一段时间,但 7、8、9 个月之后就离开了。我们看到留存曲线变平,然后又开始下降,这非常奇怪。我们就想,这是怎么回事?结果发现,从个案来看,人们刚开始用 Instagram 时关注了一大批人,实际上关注了很多名人,因为名人被推荐展示。然后几个月后,当他们真正去发第一条帖子的时候——他们的朋友没有一个在关注他们。所以等于发到了一个回声室里。据说人们会因此停止使用这个产品,因为他们感觉不好。我们假设是因为没有人点赞、关注或评论他们的帖子。
所以我们做了这件事,我们称之为”连接转型”(connections pivot),大约 2016 年……实际上是 2017 年。我们需要说服 Kevin 和 Mikey,向所有人优先推荐名人其实不是正确的做法,因为这基本上是捡了芝麻丢了西瓜——普通用户的体验并不好。所以这不意味着我们不应该推荐名人,而是应该把名人推荐给那些已经在平台上的用户,他们已经建立了自己的社交图谱。最重要的是在用户刚注册的时候促成人与人之间的真实连接,这样当你去发第一条帖子的时候,你的朋友能看到,你会得到认可,你会觉得,好吧,这里是有我位置的,我在这里有一个社区。
这个连接转型至关重要。它切实地改变了 Instagram 的留存曲线。如果你回顾 Instagram 的增长,TechCrunch 在 2017 或 2018 年发过一篇关于 Instagram 增长的文章,当时我们年增长率是 40%、50%。显然,那次飙升有很多因素。人们以为 Stories 是我们增长的唯一原因,Stories 确实带来了很多用户,但我们的留存率在一年半的时间里翻了一倍。你能想象吗?想象一下你的银行账户,每月利息翻倍,你懂我的意思吗?太不可思议了。确保用户尽早与朋友建立连接这一转变,改变了人们对产品价值的感知。所以我们做的很多漏斗顶层的工作,很多激活方面的工作,最终都得到了丰厚的回报。
最具影响力的项目:账户访问流失
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。我很好奇,在你负责发布或主导的项目中,就影响力和实验上线而言,最具影响力的是什么?
Bangaly Kaba: 在 Instagram,我们发现了一个大问题——用户登出后无法重新登录自己的账户。这很疯狂。每天有数十万人无法回到自己的账户。当我说无法回到账户时,我的意思是他们真的会尝试登录,但 28 天后我们就再也看不到他们了。我们以为是他们不记得注册用的是哪个邮箱,或者用户名是什么,或者密码是什么。我们每年因此流失 1000 万、1200 万人,我们称之为”账户访问流失”(account access churn)。所以我们对这个问题做了大量工作。我们花了很多时间在南亚和东南亚,试图了解如何增长产品。在那段时间里我们意识到,让用户能够登出其实很重要。
我们不想限制用户登出的能力,因为世界上有很多人不想使用后台数据,因为他们用的是预付费手机套餐,或者他们没有很多钱,想和兄弟姐妹共用一部手机,所以他们需要登出。这真的很重要。所以我们不想取消这种行为,但我们确实需要更好地帮助他们重新登录。
所以我们做了两件事。第一件——曾经有一段时间,你在 Google 上做存档搜索应该还能找到——如果你想登录 Instagram 账户,会有一个邮箱的标签页,然后还有一个用户名的标签页。而且我们也没有让用手机号登录变得容易。你必须找到正确的标签页、正确的位置才能输入正确的东西。所以我们做了一个统一输入框(omnibox)的体验,邮箱、手机号、用户名全部放在一个地方,让操作变得非常简单。第二件事是,如果你尝试了两次都没成功,而且我们知道你是在一台可信设备上,我们就直接给你发一条短信说:嘿,你是不是在尝试登录?这解决了一半的问题。
另一半,我们所做的——Instagram 至今还有这个功能。当你登出时,我们会说:嘿 Lenny,看起来你要登出了,要不要我们把你的凭据保存在设备上,这样你就不用操心密码了?后来我们还添加了免密码登录的能力。这基本上就是另一半的解决方案。
解决登录问题的连锁效应
Bangaly Kaba: 所以,真正深入思考人们实际想要完成的核心任务是什么,这一点非常重要,因为一个糟糕的体验会是——嘿,我们让用户很难退出。然后我们通过一两个实验,真正帮助用户更顺畅地回到产品中来。有趣的是,我们不仅解决了这个问题,这实际上帮助 Instagram 每年多带来了 1500 到 2000 万月活跃用户。但更有意思的是,它让我们意识到,让用户重新登录账户推动了更多的账户内容创作,这完全出乎我们的意料。因为用户重新回到了他们的账户,他们开始进入第二个账户、第三个账户,进入他们的 finsta account 去创建更多内容。这最终催生了一个多账户团队,也就是今天你在 Instagram 上轻松切换账户的功能来源。
这其实就是理解工作的真正落地。我们的思路是——我们要做理解工作,搞清楚如何解决账户访问问题,然后去解决它。当解决方案落地后,我们看数据时发现,嘿,为什么突然出现了这么多内容创作?这不是我们预期的结果,而且这些内容从哪里来的?结果发现都来自第二和第三个账户。这让我们意识到,哦,人们不仅被锁在第一个账户之外,他们在第二和第三个账户上也在大量创作内容。那我们能不能让他们更方便地在不同账户之间切换——无论是个人账户和商业账户之间,还是你的账户和其他账户之间,或者面包店账户之间,你懂我的意思吧。于是我们组建了一个多账户团队,后来由我负责,在我离开后这个项目变得更加庞大。
所以这就是一个很好的例子——做理解工作,解决一个真实问题,提供大规模的解决方案,产生巨大的影响力,同时创造出你意想不到的新数据,这些新数据又驱动新的理解工作,进而催生了一个全新的团队,让你能够更无缝地在 Instagram 账户之间切换。现在你可以看到,当你要发布内容时,你可以决定——好吧,我要以 Lenny 的身份发布,或者以其他身份发布;当你要写 story 的时候,你可以在任何地方切换账户。这一切都源自当初那个发现。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这些产生巨大影响力的故事,它们往往都是些非常简单直接的事情——让用户更容易登录,帮他们更有效地登出,给他们看朋友而不是名人。这么多故事都是特别简单的想法,却带来了深远的变化。登出的例子很有意思。在 Airbnb 时,我们发现登出实际上也导致了大量流失,但他们最初的解决方案只是延长 session——把登出链接的有效期从一周改成两周、三周、四周。而你在 Instagram 的做法不同——人们确实需要登出,所以不要动那个功能,从让重新登录变得更简单入手。
Bangaly Kaba: 没错。
Facebook 的印度市场挑战
Lenny Rachitsky: 太精彩了。你真的是充满了精彩的故事。我很好奇关于 Facebook 的部分,作为最后的话题——你是 Facebook 早期的增长 PM,做了很多关于好友推荐和帮助用户发现好友的工作。那方面有没有什么有趣的东西可以分享?
Bangaly Kaba: 我在 2014 年加入 Facebook,负责全球的人员推荐。当时 Facebook 已经很有规模了,在北美占据主导地位。所以当时的重点区域是南亚和东南亚。我们注意到了很多非常有趣的现象,尤其是在印度。从关系图谱的角度来看,Facebook 似乎是”坏掉的”。数据告诉我们,人们之间没有那么多的共同好友。在美国,我随便编个数字,平均来说当你建立一个好友关系时,你们之间大约有 22 个共同好友。但在印度,大概是 7 个。而且还有大量的加好友然后发消息,或者加好友然后删好友的行为。我们想,这是怎么回事?所以我们从数据出发提出了一些假设,跑了一堆测试,但没有什么突破性的进展。
所以实际上,那时候我提了一个建议,团队也同意了——我们需要做理解工作。于是我们真的去了印度实地调研,每三个月去一次,我带着一组工程师一起。我说的是我们真的去了德里,走进人们的家里,还有孟买。我们去调查到底发生了什么,观察人们如何交朋友,观察他们如何使用”你可能认识的人”功能,真正理解当时的情况,因为我们觉得我们缺少了某些上下文。
我们学到了很多东西,非常震撼。但其中最有趣的一件事是,Lenny,我们观察人们尝试加好友的过程,我们问:“嘿,等一下,那是他们的个人资料页面,你怎么不看呢?“他们会说:“那上面没有对我有用的信息,所以我需要去看照片。“我们问:“为什么个人资料页面对你没用?信息应该都在那里啊。“他们说:“你听我说,这个人叫 Amit Kumar,我有 10 个朋友叫 Amit Kumar。这个页面能告诉我什么?“他们往下翻,说:“这些字段对我来说都没用。“你去看看当时的 Facebook,非常以西方为中心——现在可能也是——上面是姓名、你上的学校、职位、所属机构之类的。这些都是西方的模式。有些人会说,我的朋友在市场上卖牛仔裤,这些信息根本不相关。你甚至连学校的名字都不知道,有时候学校可能就是一个编号。所以我们习以为常的所有描述性信息对他们来说都无关紧要,而且名字又非常普遍。
这真的是非常有启发性的发现。所以他们会去看照片,然后说——这是我朋友的车吗?我能看到我朋友养的动物吗?有什么可看的?有趣的是,理解工作带来了更深刻的认知。我们带着数据回到 Menlo Park,换了个角度看数据。Facebook 上最常见的名字是什么?我们一查,排名前十的常见名字全是印度名字。最常见的名字就是 Amit Kumar。每个月有大约 25 万个真实用户在使用 Amit Kumar 这个名字。想象一下,你在班加罗尔,想找到你那个叫 Amit Kumar 的朋友,系统可能推荐 5000 个候选人给你。所以非常有趣的是,文化背景的差异如此之大。我们必须发挥创意,找到创造性的方式来解决这个问题。
Lenny Rachitsky: 理解工作的力量再次闪耀。我们这个播客有一个固定环节叫”失败角”(Fail Corner),我们会请嘉宾分享他们职业生涯中的一次失败经历以及从中学到了什么。因为很多人看到你的职业经历和故事,会觉得——天哪,太厉害了,我永远也做不到这样。你有没有哪个时期事情进展得不太顺利,你从中学到了什么?
失败角的经历
Bangaly Kaba: 对我来说,我觉得在 Instacart 的那段经历可能不是我最巅峰的时期。我去 Instacart 的时候带着一个愿景,我认为产品可以或应该成为什么样。那是一个我深信不疑的大叙事,但我当时并没有充分意识到或者说没有真正理解公司当时的基因是什么——那是一家在运营方面非常出色的公司,因为那是他们业务的核心。他们当时正在大力建设产品体验和很多新功能。所以他们当时真正需要的是更加战术层面的、深入细节的、亲自动手的、做做做型的人才,因为他们之前没有真正见过那种做事方式。而我想要在那个环境中交付的,更多是建立正确的系统、正确的人员配置、正确的流程,以便我们能弄清楚如何将工作制度化。
我认为这大概是我最大的失误——他们需要的是更战术层面的东西,而我更……我不想说好高骛远,但我更多是在思考我们想要把体验建设成什么样子,而不是一头扎进漏斗数据里去。当时感觉陷入了僵局,我既觉得自己可能没有交付他们想要的东西,也觉得没有得到我期望的那种支持。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这里的教训是不是在接一份工作之前要花更多时间做理解工作,确保自己和对方的需求是对齐的?
Bangaly Kaba: 这确实是教训。我认为其中一部分就是要这么做。我的一个心得是,不仅要跟在职的人聊,还要跟已经离开的人聊。离开公司的人会给你一个非常真实、截然不同的视角,而且我认为更接近你想听到的真话。两种视角可能一致,也可能不一致。但我觉得在职的人——这不是针对 Instacart 的特例——每次你和在职的人聊,他们总是试图给你呈现公司最好的一面。离开的人则会告诉你最差的版本或者他们自己的版本,你需要自己去综合判断这些信息,但两方面的声音你都需要。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这个教训太好了。Bangaly,在我们进入非常激动人心的快问快答环节之前,你还有什么想分享给听众的吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 没有了,我觉得我们已经聊了很多。
快问快答环节
Lenny Rachitsky: 确实很多。那么,我们正式进入激动人心的快问快答环节。我有六个问题。准备好了吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 准备好了,来吧。
Lenny Rachitsky: 第一个问题,你向别人推荐最多的两三本书是什么?
Bangaly Kaba: 我推荐最多的几本,实际上有 Over My Shoulder、David Epstein 的 Range。我认为这些对 PM 的工作至关重要——真正能够成为多面手,在很多不同领域都有一定深度。还有 Cal Newport 的 Deep Work,讲的是如何腾出空间来保持专注,以深度且不被打扰的方式思考最重要的工作。然后是我朋友、行为科学家 Matt Wallaert 写的 Start at the End,一本非常有思想的书,帮助你思考你在构建什么,但以一种更全面的方式来思考。
面试最爱提问
Lenny Rachitsky: 你有没有一个最喜欢的面试问题,喜欢在面试候选人时问的?
Bangaly Kaba: 我有一个比较新的问题,我非常喜欢。我相信这对高级职位的招聘尤其有效,无论是产品总监、总监级别,还是高级 IC。我会先想清楚这个岗位最关键的四到五项技能是什么。我自己先想清楚,也想清楚各项技能的理想比例是什么。然后我让候选人拿出一张纸或者打开笔记本电脑,我说,我要给你五项技能,请你对它们进行排序,一到五。一代表你最擅长的,五代表你相对最弱的。
这比直接说”告诉我你的优缺点”好得多。因为它迫使候选人将回答锚定在你所要求的技能上,同时也帮助你展开一场有意义的对话——了解他们如何看待自己、他们的自我认知,以及他们在排序时是基于所处的环境背景还是自身真实能力。有时候某项技能排第五,不是因为你不擅长,而是因为那家公司有一个很强的职能部门在做那件事,你不需要亲自做。当他们排完之后,很多人会说——我最近在一个新角色上大概问了四五次这个问题,被面试的人会说,天哪,这太难了。但这真的是一个好问题。我通常会深挖第二名是什么,第四名、第五名是什么,为什么这样排。这真的帮助我做到两点:一是校准我是否在找对的人,二是他们的技能是否真正匹配我们当下的需求。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢听到我从未听过的问题。这个太妙了。下一个问题,你最近有没有发现一个你非常喜欢的产品?
推荐产品:Flighty
Bangaly Kaba: 有一个我非常喜欢……其实它很简单,但非常厉害,叫 Flighty,F-L-I-G-H-T-Y,你听说过吗?
Lenny Rachitsky: 没有。
Bangaly Kaba: 它是一个旅行 App,管理你和你朋友的所有航班行程。我喜欢它的原因是它比普通旅行 App 或航空公司的 App 深挖两三层。它会告诉你你的前序航班是否晚点,帮你了解登机口在哪。我太太上周刚在马德里,她发消息给我说,“我在机场,但还没公布登机口。“我打开 Flighty 一看,“你的登机口是 E67,实际上已经分配了,只是还没公布。“这在欧洲经常发生,你在那里等,他们直到起飞前一小时才告诉你登机口。
所以它在信息正式公布之前就给你提供了大量信息,这非常有用,尤其在你真的需要赶时间的时候。因为通常我能提前知道飞机会不会晚点,如果需要改签,我比所有人都早行动,这就给了你更大的机会到达目的地。或者我能找到登机口——我到 SFO 的时候,航站楼的屏幕上可能还没显示,但我已经知道确切位置了。真的是一款很棒的 App,怎么夸都不为过。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我正在下载。它有海量评价,全是五星。谢谢推荐,非常实用。
Bangaly Kaba: 不客气。
入职前90天的关键动作
Lenny Rachitsky: 我在试一个新的问题。你加入过很多不同的公司,在入职后的前 90 天里,你做过的哪一件事产生了很大的影响力?
Bangaly Kaba: 我会去参加团队会议,坐在那里看他们如何运作。我就是倾听。我不仅和 PM 聊,还和内容设计师以及所有人聊,努力记住他们的名字,了解他们的故事。我的意思是,很多时候高管进来就问,我们在做什么?我们的优先级是什么?这为什么重要?但他们并没有真正花时间去了解这些人是谁、他们的故事是什么、他们关心什么、他们对什么有热情——无论是职业上的还是个人层面的——去真正从每个人的视角理解团队是如何运转的。
Bangaly Kaba: 而我发现,当我这样做的时候,人们会更加愿意倾听……当轮到我分享想法的时候,他们会更加投入,因为他们相信我也投入其中。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这一点。还有最后两个问题。你有没有一个特别喜欢的人生座右铭,觉得很有用,经常在工作中或生活中分享给朋友和家人?
Bangaly Kaba: 我不太讲究座右铭。不过有一个我确实在反复说的。我不记得是从哪里看到的……可能是在 Instagram 上看到的 Adam Grant 或者某个人发的,但内容是……我跟一位同事说了这句话,他说,“哇,这句话真的很不一样。” 大意是这样的:人和团队其实并不会真正达到他们的目标,他们只会落到他们系统的水平。
这句话对我冲击很大,因为我在生活中很难保持平衡——按自己想要的方式锻炼、获得充分的休息、确保把时间花在所有该花的地方。这确实是我的一个目标。但问题是我没有为此建立一套足够严谨的系统,在需要的时候往往不够自律。
但另一方面,在工作中,我对系统和流程却非常严谨。所以这句话对我来说真的很有共鸣,因为它既适用于你想怎样生活,也适用于你想怎样带领团队。
人生座右铭
寄宿学校院长的经历
Lenny Rachitsky: 最后一个问题。你提到过你曾在一所寄宿学校担任院长。有没有什么从那段经历中获得的、一直陪伴着你的收获?我知道你之前提到过一个关于 PM 的技能和教师的技能相似的观点,还有其他的吗?
Bangaly Kaba: 是的,我当时是在瑞士的一所寄宿学校做院长,那其实是我人生中最有趣、最难忘的一段经历之一。那是一所位于瑞士的美国学校,就在卢加诺附近,意大利语区。在那段时间里我对自己了解了很多,也对人际关系和人性了解了很多。实际上今天早上我还和以前的一个学生通了电话。她现在已经三十多岁了,那都是大概 20 年前的事了。我仍然和他们保持联系。我之前提到的了解每个人的名字和故事之所以重要,就是这个原因——20 年后我还在和一些学生交谈,他们已经是独当一面的成年人,经营着自己的事业。同时我也觉得,人与人之间的挑战、连接和问题,是非常普遍的。
那是一个非常有意思的地方,孩子们来自各种不同的生活背景——有的来自阿塞拜疆或科索沃,他们的家庭觉得在那里不够安全,想把孩子送到别的地方去;有的是美国大使馆工作人员的孩子,只是在那待一段时间。我发现,花时间去了解人们的故事和家庭生活,确实能发现很多共同的兴趣和热情。这帮助我真正看到世界在很多方面是如此相似,而这一点在我日常的科技行业工作中也得到了印证——你知道,在湾区有太多来自各种不同背景的人,最终都走上了建造产品和公司的道路,这也帮助我更加重视不同的声音。
如果你想打造世界级的产品,如果你想打造能够面向全球扩展的产品,如果你想打造能够实现超高速增长的产品,你就必须包容许多不同的声音。因此你必须培养这种能力——去认可、去学习、去与不同的声音共处。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太美了。我很高兴我们在这里结束。Bangaly,我觉得我们做了大量的理解工作(understand work),我相信我们讨论的很多东西对很多人都有帮助。最后两个问题。大家如果在网上想关注你的动态,去哪里找你?听众怎样才能帮到你?
Bangaly Kaba: 虽然我在社交公司工作过那么久,但我其实不太使用社交产品。我在 Instagram 上,搜索 @iambangaly,I-A-M-B-A-N-G-A-L-Y,谷歌一下就行。我所有的社交账号都用了同样的链接,包括 LinkedIn。随时可以联系我。至于大家能怎么帮到我?我不太确定,没有一个简短的清单。我想说我喜欢听人们的故事,喜欢给人建议。当然我的时间偶尔有限,但如果人们能和我分享他们学到的东西,或者他们在市场中观察到的现象,或者他们有问题,我都非常乐意倾听。所以对我来说,听到其他人的故事、了解其他人在做什么,可能是最有价值的事情。
Lenny Rachitsky: Bangaly,非常感谢你来参加节目。
Bangaly Kaba: 谢谢你。这次体验太棒了。真的很感谢你,Lenny。
Lenny Rachitsky: 大家再见。非常感谢收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。
另外,也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,这真的能帮助更多听众发现这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| account access churn | 账户访问流失 |
| activation metrics | 激活指标(activation metrics) |
| Adam Grant | Adam Grant(人名保留原文) |
| adjacent user theory | 相邻用户理论 |
| aha moment | aha moment(顿悟时刻,首次出现保留原文) |
| Alex Jiu | Alex Jiu(人名保留原文) |
| anti-pattern | 反面模式 |
| Azerbaijan | 阿塞拜疆 |
| Bangaly Kaba | Bangaly Kaba(人名保留原文) |
| Ben Thompson | Ben Thompson(人名保留原文) |
| Bloom’s Taxonomy | 布卢姆分类法(Bloom’s Taxonomy) |
| Cal Newport | Cal Newport(人名保留原文) |
| Casey Winters | Casey Winters(人名保留原文) |
| coaching tree | 教练树(coaching tree) |
| connections pivot | 连接转型 |
| David Epstein | David Epstein(人名保留原文) |
| Deep Work | Deep Work(书名,保留原文) |
| dog through | 亲自走一遍 |
| echo chamber | 回声室 |
| Elena Verner | Elena Verner(人名保留原文) |
| Fail Corner | 失败角(Fail Corner) |
| false starts | 虚假启动 |
| fast lane wins | 快速胜利(fast lane wins) |
| finsta account | finsta account(假名账号,fake Instagram account 的合成词,保留原文) |
| Flighty | Flighty(航班追踪 App,保留原文) |
| flywheel | 飞轮 |
| forcing function | 推动力 |
| George Wang | George Wang(人名保留原文) |
| go to market | 市场推广(go to market) |
| Growth Advisor | 增长顾问 |
| hypergrowth | 超高速增长 |
| IC | IC(个人贡献者,Individual Contributor) |
| ICPM | IC PM(个人贡献者产品经理) |
| identify, justify, execute | 识别、论证、执行(反面模式) |
| impact | 影响力 |
| jobs to be done | 待办任务(jobs to be done) |
| John Calipari | John Calipari(人名保留原文) |
| Kevin Systrom | Kevin Systrom(人名保留原文) |
| Kobe Bryant | Kobe Bryant(人名保留原文) |
| Kosovo | 科索沃 |
| leadership tree | 领导力树 |
| LeBron James | LeBron James(人名保留原文) |
| Lenny Rachitsky | Lenny Rachitsky(人名保留原文) |
| local maxima | 局部最优 |
| logging | 日志记录(logging) |
| Lugano | 卢加诺 |
| managing complex change | 管理复杂变革(managing complex change) |
| Matt Wallaert | Matt Wallaert(人名保留原文) |
| Mike Krieger | Mike Krieger(人名保留原文) |
| Mike Krzyzewski | Mike Krzyzewski(人名保留原文) |
| multi-sided marketplace | 多边市场 |
| omnibox | 统一输入框 |
| onboarding | 注册引导流程(onboarding) |
| Over My Shoulder | Over My Shoulder(书名,保留原文) |
| people graph | 关系图谱 |
| people you may know | 你可能认识的人 |
| power user | 重度用户 |
| PRD | PRD(产品需求文档,Product Requirements Document) |
| product craft | 产品工艺(product craft) |
| proxy metrics | 代理指标(proxy metrics) |
| Range | Range(书名,保留原文) |
| Rob Andrews | Rob Andrews(人名保留原文) |
| scope | 范围(指职责范围) |
| session | session(会话,保留原文) |
| Start at the End | Start at the End(书名,保留原文) |
| understand work | 理解工作 |
| understand, identify, execute | 理解、识别、执行(Facebook 框架) |
| value prop | 价值主张 |
| velocity multiplier | 速度乘数效应 |
| vision, skills, incentives, resources, action plan | 愿景、技能、激励、资源、行动计划 |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)