像园丁一样思考、黏菌、相邻可能:Alex Komoroske 的产品建议
Thinking like a gardener, slime mold, the adjacent possible: Product advice from Alex Komoroske
Alex Komoroske: So much of the way that we tackle problems and build products is this builder mindset. It’s like I have a plan. I then manipulate things to match my plan and make it happen. And this is a way you can create tons of value. Part of the problem though is it can’t possibly create more value than the effort that you put into it. What I look for instead are things that can be gardened, things that can grow on their own and that you can direct or maybe give a little bit of extra energy to or curate over, and is a totally different mindset for it. If you do this properly, it looks like magic. I’ve been told that this is completely against all the advice that people get, including products nowadays, but I think it’s a very powerful approach that works in a lot of different contexts.
About the Guest
Lenny Rachitsky: Today, my guest is Alex Komoroske. Alex is one of the most original, articulate, and first principle thinkers on the future of product and tech that I’ve ever come across. This conversation will get your brain buzzing in all kinds of ways. Alex spent 13 years at Google where he worked on Search, DoubleClick. He led Chrome’s Open Web Platform team for eight years, led augmented reality within Google Maps, and developed a new toolkit to align company-wide strategy from the bottom up. After a stint at Stripe as head of corporate strategy, he’s currently founding a startup that aims to reimagine the web for the AI era.
In our wide-ranging conversation, we cover how LLMs and gen AI will impact how we build product in the coming years, what skills will matter most as AI becomes a bigger part of our lives, what companies can learn from slime mold, organizational kayfabe, the adjacent possible, strategy salons, why you should be thinking more like a gardener than a builder, plus a bunch of productivity tips, life advice, and so much more. This was such a fun episode, and I’m sure this is going to get your mind thinking in completely new ways.
If you enjoy this podcast, don’t forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app or YouTube. It’s the best way to avoid missing feature episodes and it helps the podcast tremendously. With that, I bring you Alex Komoroske.
Alex, thank you so much for being here, and welcome to the podcast.
Alex Komoroske: Thanks for having me.
The Bits and Bobs Doc
Lenny Rachitsky: I love the way your brain works. My brain immediately starts buzzing anytime I start reading some of your stuff. And one of the more interesting things that you write and do and a really interesting habit you have is you actually have this doc that you keep called Bits and Bobs that I love, and we’re going to be touching on a lot of the things that you share in this doc, Bits and Bobs, and we’ll link to it. First of all, can you just explain this doc, Bits and Bobs, what’s it about?
Personal Knowledge Management: The Compendium
Alex Komoroske: Yeah. I think it’s like 600 pages now. It’s this one Google Doc. Every so often, almost every day, someone will accidentally add a suggestion like add a space or something because it takes so long to load that while they’re waiting, they’ll tap on the screen and then it’ll turn into taps on adding a comment or something. And I take a lot of notes. And people, I tell people when I’m in meetings with them of like, “If you see me on my phone or typing, that means I think you said something very interesting and I’m writing it down. It’s not that I’m just that I’m disengaged. I try to collect all these ideas.” And then once a week, I go through, I take a few hours and I just reflect to myself and try to find patterns and unpack and find meaning and things. And I write those down and I started sometime in the past sharing those publicly, and it’s now become a thing I literally can’t stop doing.
I just find someone who was like, “Oh, if you get more exposure for this, if you broke these up into tweets that you sent out once throughout the day,” it’s like, I did this for me. I’m happy to let other people see and peek into my weird mental process if they want, but this is 100% about my own self-reflection. And it’s not designed. I don’t want anyone to feel compelled to read it or… In fact, it’s designed a little bit to be, I allow myself to be a little bit illegible. I want people to have to work a little bit with it. And it’s not going to lay it out on a platter. It’s going to jump between different things. I’ll use terminology sometimes that is, what are you talking about? And I do that specifically. I don’t want anyone to read and be like, “Oh, it sucks. It wasn’t worth my time.” It’s like, “Cool.” It’s a 600-page Google Doc of my just unspooled insights. It’s okay for you to not want to dive into that.
Lenny Rachitsky:
Friday Reflection Time
Alex Komoroske: I started it many years ago in the same conceptual thing, taking a bunch of notes. I have a thing called The Compendium, which is an open source tool. If you look at it currently, it looks like I haven’t touched it in years, but that’s actually incorrect. I built this about five years ago. I use it every day. And so I have, I think let’s see, I currently have 17,248 unpublished working notes. And so what I do during the week is I’m taking notes very quickly in meetings, and then every day or two, I go through and I process them and put them in as working notes in The Compendium, and this is where I correct misspellings. I add just a little bit more context so that it will make sense to me if I were to read it in a year.
And also, I built a feature into it that uses embeddings to find similar cards. I find similar ideas from the past. And then what I do on Friday afternoons is I sit down and I go through all the notes I added that week and I just click and check the ones that still resonate with me, they still seem interesting in some way. And then I have a little export thing. I put it into a Google Doc, and while the kids are napping on the weekends, I just go through them and try to distill them a little bit more in a more long-term format. And then on Monday mornings, I publish them. And again, it’s a deep… For me, it’s like I can’t imagine not doing this. It is the place where I find most of my most interesting insights is by reflecting on interesting conversations from the week before.
AI and Future Product Development
Lenny Rachitsky: As we get into the conversation, people get to see how deeply you think about stuff. Part of the reason you’re able to think so deeply about stuff is you have this practice where you take time to reflect and share and crystallize. There’s so much power in just forcing yourself to write it out, I imagine versus, just not.
”Soft Computers” and Product Design
Alex Komoroske: 100%. I find that when you’re busy, you’re constantly just go, go, go, go. There’s no time to do any deep thinking. Deep thinking takes time and space, and you got to create that space. The mundane, pointless bullshit will take every square inch you give it. So you got to make that space to sit back and reflect and luxuriate in these ideas. And when you do, you’re often like, “Oh my God. Oh wow, that’s one I’ll keep.”
And I told people, back at the very beginning of my career, I used to work from home on Fridays. And people gave me so much shit for this and they’d say, “Oh, you’re working from home on Fridays.” First of all, I will line up my output any day of the week. I’m very proud of the impact I’ve had. Second of all, Monday through Thursday, I’m in meetings from 8:00 to 6:00 or whatever. I’m just running between. I’m singing, pinging people and scheduling things and flinging action items. And the one day I don’t take meetings is on Friday, and that’s the day I read documents carefully that people had sent me or reflect. And I think to myself, what is the thing that if I had done it before the week started would’ve saved me tons of time and effort that week?
So for example, maybe in 10 different one-on-ones with people on the team, I had to explain to them a strategic thing that we were doing or a change that we were making. And the idea and the way I framed it worked for everybody. Well, you know what? That should probably be a document, right? If the same idea worked for 10 different people and now in the future there’s probably 10 other people that need to hear it, and now I’ll write that document in 30 minutes and now I have it as a memorialized thing that other people can read on their own time without having to involve me.
And you also find these interesting ideas sometimes where you look at this problem that you’re banging your head against, you go, “Oh wait, if I will like that, that would’ve a wildly different dynamic.” And you can only find those when you take a step back. And I find that people, I told someone, I mentored someone, I’ve mentored hundreds of PMs over the years and I told someone that at one point and they go, “Oh, I wish I had the time.” And it’s like, you got to make the time. All of us are busy and we will always be busy. And so this to me is not something I do to just for the enjoyment of all. I do deeply enjoy it intrinsically. It’s something I do because I think it makes me more productive and effective.
Taste and Curiosity Over Execution
Lenny Rachitsky: I’m very tempted to go down a whole direction of just how you structure your time and your productivity calendar and all this stuff, but I’m not going to do that. That could be another episode if I do.
Alex Komoroske: I do for that for hours.
WebSim and “Alien” Innovation
Lenny Rachitsky: What I want to do instead is pick on some of the Bits and Bobs that you’ve been focusing on noodling on that I think are going to be really helpful to listeners in how they think about product and the future of AI and all these things that I think are emerging. And the first one is actually that I want to get your thoughts on how AI and LLMs are likely to impact product development. A lot of the listeners of this podcast are PMs, engineers, founders, people building software, and you’re spending a lot of time thinking about AI and product development. A lot of your Bits and Bobs have been just like, “Here’s what’s happening. Holy shit. This is how things are going to be.” So let me just ask you this how do you anticipate LLMs and gen AI are going to change how products are built in the next three to five years?
AI Empowers Individuals, Not Organizations
Alex Komoroske: I think they change a lot. I think LLMs are truly a disruptive technology. In fact, I would argue that what we’re seeing in the industry is us trying to use mature playbooks from the end stage of the last tech era in one that doesn’t really fit yet. To me, LLMs are magical duct tape. They’re formed principally by the distilled intuition of all of society into a thing that operates between, a cost structure between human and plain old computing. So much of how the industry is built presupposes the idea that software is expensive to write and cheap to run, and LLMs undermine both of these. So it makes it LLMs allow writing shitty software to be significantly cheaper, not necessarily good software, but good enough in certain contexts. And also it means that there’s certain software now that isn’t plain old computing that can be run cheaply. It’s relatively expensive marginal cost.
And so if you’re going to do a consumer startup, it can’t be based on advertising. It’s just too expensive. Advertising cannot clear the inference costs even with inference costs declining. So I think the way to me, a disruptive technology changes tons of stuff, all these assumptions you didn’t even realize you were making because you didn’t realize it could be any different.
Imagine if you were locked in a room for your entire career, no windows, and you have all these experiences. You’re going all this know how. You’re getting this sense of how things work, what will happen. And then imagine that room tilts on its axis by five degrees. Everything looks roughly the same, and yet now the dynamics of the force of gravity is pulling in a different direction than it was before. You didn’t even think about the force of gravity before because it was so omnipresent. It never changed that it’s just a blank in your head. And now gravity has changed effectively for your perspective and all kinds of intuition is now wrong. I put this thing on the table, it’s going to stay there, and then it slides off and falls into the wall. All kinds of weird stuff will happen.
And I think LLMs to me feel like that. I can’t tell you the number of people who are… At some point at a year or two, someone came to me, they’re like, “I just built a prototype, product that would’ve taken me three months. And I can believe it’s going to start up.” I was like, “How differentiated do you think that is?” Everybody can do that now. It changes the basis of competition. I think today I see a lot of folks using LLMs, and LLMs are like a squishy computer. We’re used to computers doing exactly what we told them to do, which is not necessarily what we meant. And only some people have learned the skill of programming, the arcane magical incantations to make computers do exactly what you meant.
Now, LLMs can do all kinds of stuff. And they don’t do exactly what you told them, but they do typically do roughly what you meant. I see all these places where people will build products and they’ll say 80% of the time, 90% percent of the time, it’s great. 5% of the time it punches the user in the face and they’re like, “Oh, we’re going to reduce the number of times it punches us in the face.” It’s like even if you get it down to 99% of the time, it’s fine. If it punches in the face, that’s not a viable product. And so how do you design your products assuming that this thing will be squishy and not fully accurate and fully work?
People use these things a lot as oracles. “I’m going to have it. I’m going to formulate the answer and it’s going to be a fully fledged answer.” And of course, strawberry has been really stabbed at. Gotten a chance to play with it. They are getting better at some of these kinds of behaviors at great expense. But in a lot of cases, I instead would rather say, “How can you take LLMs for granted? How can you assume that you now have this magical duct tape? Don’t assume it’s going to solve all your problems. Don’t assume it’s going to do autonomously be able to give high quality results of every case. But what can you now build now that you have magical duct tape?”
Lenny Rachitsky: You’re a product manager for most of your career. Now, you’re a founder. I’m curious what your advice would be to product managers and people building products in terms of what skills they should lean into, what you think is going to be matter most. There’s hard skills. There’s soft skills. There’s getting more technical. There’s getting more product business-oriented. Just what do you think people should work on more and becomes more valuable and what do you think becomes less valuable from a product builder perspective?
Using LLMs to Think
Alex Komoroske: I think in this early stage, we’re in the community gardening phase, not the factory farming phase of this technology. And so I think what people need most is curiosity and play. You should be playing with these things and trying out different things and seeing what weird things are possible now. One of my favorite things, to be honest, right now, it’s using AI is WebSim. WebSim is so weird. What a weird idea, like why? And then you play with it and you realize, “Oh, this is a thing that could only exist in a world where LLMs exist.” And I think these kinds of odd, interesting, weird, provocative, generative things will be where a lot of the interesting patterns are found because right now we’re so used to… If the playbook, if the cost structures have changed, the kinds of things are now possible, the playbook is wrong and we should throw it out or at least ignore it to some degree. So it will feel like we are navigating through a whole new industry that it has in the past.
Anytime that an industry gets really, really, really, really, really good at like vertical SaaS, we know how to execute the crap out of that. We know exactly what to do. It doesn’t require that much. It requires consumption and execution velocity and all this. But vertical SaaS, I think, is not the right model of how you would attack a problem that is an AI native style problem. And I think that those are where all the interesting things will be. And again, I think a lot of the tactics that we’re trying out at the beginning, they won’t work. It’ll turn out that they only work 95% of the time, and 5% of the time they punch you in the face or something. And that means that you have to be more adaptable and you have to assume that a scrappy thing will be more important.
One of the ways I put this is we’ve seen a vast reduction in the cost of distribution of information, and now we’re seeing a reduction in the cost of information production. And most of it is slop. And so in this cacophony, how do you stand out? You stand out by having good taste. I think taste is the most important thing. You have a perspective that is different from the background noise, different from the average and that people find compelling. How do you find your own taste and how do you lean into that taste is, I think, much more important than just generically executing in the way that everybody else could do.
Lenny Rachitsky: There’s so many threads I want to follow here, but maybe on just this last one, when you say taste, what do you mean by that? What should people think when they’re like, “Okay, I got to work in my taste”?
Being an Idea Collector
Alex Komoroske: Taste, one way of looking at this is differentiate from what the LLM would’ve written if given the same prompt. How different, how distinctive is what you have to say. And I think so much in large industry, in large organizations is about fitting into the role. How can you be a better and more efficient cog in that particular kind of machine? And I think in this new world, what you want to do is how can I become the best version of myself? How can I lean into the things that I have an interesting perspective on that make me different? Those are the kinds of things. And now of course, if you lean into something and you’re doing something out there and nobody resonates with it, then it doesn’t count. Good taste is something that is individual and also compelling to others. And so find what things you say that resonate with other people and lean into that.
Understanding Organizational Kayfabe
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that. Back to the WebSim example, we’re going to link to this, but definitely play with WebSim. I was interviewing Dylan Field at Figma Config and this was his… Asked him like, “What’s the number one thing you think people are going to get more excited about in the future that you’re playing with now?” Because he’s really good at identifying things that are going to be bigger in the future, and that was his choice. And it’s very hard to understand exactly what it is if you just go there. But basically it’s like you type a URL and it invents what that website is using just AI LLMs.
Layers of Information Distortion
Alex Komoroske: That’s insane, as in. And you can get it to do, you realize as you play with it more, you can get it to do all kinds of specific things and you can steer it based on the way it uses the context of the last few pages. It creates a coherent world that’s coherent with the things that you have recently seen, because you can steer it directly and you can watch fascinating people. They’ll cover all kinds of wacky little techniques to get to generate, like generate a game for your kid that’s on a specific type. You can do all kinds of stuff. And I’m not saying necessarily WebSim to me is a disruptive thing. Things that look alien and weird and yet are compelling, those are what we should be paying more attention to as opposed to take an existing playbook and slap something on it.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that. Another point that I saw you make about AI and the way it’s different from other things we’ve done is most of the tools that we adopt in the workplace are collaborative where it helps your team be better, helps you collaborate better, and AI is the opposite. It makes you individually better. Can you talk about that insight?
The Zombification of Organizations
Alex Komoroske: 100%. I think this is one of the reasons is that the question right now of, okay, everyone’s talking about AI and yet nobody’s doing… There’s no interesting breakout success obviously other than OpenAI and Anthropic obviously. So is there any value being created? I think it’s entirely possible. And Ethan Malik who’s a good friend, who has an amazing blog who’s absolutely worth reading, has pointed out, too, that this is a thing that make individuals better in a way they might not want to tell their manager about. I can now do my job twice as fast. And if the organization sees that, they might go, “Wait a second. We should pay you half this much.” They’re like, “What if we get rid of some extra people or something?”
And so if this stuff is magical duct tape, it’s very hard to make scaled, repeatable, large scale things out of it. It’s very easy to do rig the shit out of anything. And so you’ll see it being used in the small in a way that’s almost entirely below the level of awareness of the seeing at the organization. The organization almost won’t see it or sense it, and yet it could be adding significant value or just being used quite heavily. And I think this is one of the things that makes it if everything is happening in the long tail of usage, then you could conclude, “Oh, it’s not being used for anything in the industry,” but it’s being used all over the place. I talked to Claude 20 times a day. I just have long conversations with it. I have tons of projects loaded up with all kinds of contexts on different topics, and I literally could not do the job I do now without having a conversation partner like Claude.
How Leaders Handle Bad News
Lenny Rachitsky: Let me follow that thread real quick because a lot of people are like, “Okay,” people keep telling me, “Play with AI. Use ChatGPT.” Sometimes it’s hard to see exactly what they can do with it. Can you give one example of how you found it really helpful or how you use Claude or another tool in your day-to-day?
Alex Komoroske: I use it to think through problems. And so like when I’m trying to name a concept or get a handle on a few different ways of looking at something, just saying, “Here’s what’s in my brain about this topic right now. Here’s some relevant context.” I have a number of projects that just stuff as much of the Bits and Bobs into the context as I can, which is very helpful. And I just say, “Just play with it. Just give me 10 examples of that thing,” or then, “Critique these ones,” or, “It feels like this one’s the best one for me. What works about this? Why is this one the best?” Or, “I want to work at an angle now that has something about know Helen Nissenbaum’s concept of contextual integrity. How would I layer that in?” It’s just think of it as having a extremely well-read but slightly naive friend who is will never make you feel dumb and is willing to engage you in any particular topic you want to go down.
So when you talk to an expert like a lawyer or a doctor or something, you know that that time is extremely valuable. You have a very small slice of time, and so there’s tons of questions you don’t even bother to ask. “That’s a dumb question. I’m not going to spend $1,000 to answer that question.” Whereas if you can have that conversation, now this is not saying use it for legal advice, but it can allow you to explore through a problem domain and then later check it with experts and say, “I believe this is a coherent outcome or a thing that should happen.” And they can go, “Oh yeah, that works.” So I use LLMs to help me. It’s like getting a, it’s like an electric bike for idea spaces. You can just cover so much more ground so much more quickly in them.
Creating Opportunities for Emergence
Lenny Rachitsky: I love that metaphor because it builds on Steve Jobs’s that computers are a bicycle for the mind. And that’s really a beautiful way of thinking about it, that LLMs are like the electric bicycle for the mind.
Protecting the Seedlings
Alex Komoroske: I don’t think if that’s someone else’s, the…
Everyone is a Buddha
Lenny Rachitsky: Oh, okay.
Slime Mold and Organizations
Alex Komoroske: I don’t know where it came from. Part of my job is a collector of ideas, and so I try to put myself in the most interesting information streams with interesting people that I’ve found to have taste, have a perspective on something. Maybe I disagree with it, but they definitely have a coherent idea. And then I just allow myself to like, “Oh, that’s a really good idea and let me build on that or let me…” I don’t even know where that particular one came, but I’m 95% sure that somebody else said that.
Lenny Rachitsky: I want to get to this idea of gardening versus building that is central to a lot of the way you think about it. But before we get there, I want to touch on another bit and bob that I love that you come back to occasionally, which is this idea of organizational kayfabe. Talk about what this idea of kayfabe is on its own and then how this applies to organizations in your experience.
Generating Good Metaphors and Frameworks
Alex Komoroske: One thing I should flag before I dive into any this stuff, sometimes when people hear me talk about how organizations work and systems, they think I’m being cynical. And I want to be very clear, I’m hyper-optimistic and I also believe that one of the moral precepts is how do you maximize the agency of real humans as ends in and of themselves? And so sometimes when I get excited about this, people go, “Wow, that is so cynical.” No, I’m just trying to describe the system as it actually exists. Once we know how it exists, we can figure out how to make it do great things and how we as members of this system can tweak and nudge it.
So I just want to flag that before I dive into this. I have this slime mold deck which has gotten a ton of traction over the years, and part of the reason for that is because it feels like people tell me it feels like they think they’re crazy and it feels like giving a big hug saying, “You are not crazy. Here’s why this thing shows up.” And once you acknowledge it, it feels like a bummer to acknowledge it, but once you do, now there’s all kinds of options that pop up. “Oh, given that this thing is way more expensive than it looks, I can now do this instead. That one’s 10 times cheaper. These two options, this one is way cheaper, way more likely to succeed.” So once you see these forces, you see them more clearly.
So kayfabe is I think a lens that’s useful to understand how organizations actually work. Kayfabe is a word that comes, I believe is a carny word that is used and applied to professional wrestling and it means a thing that everybody knows is fake and yet everybody acts like is real. And I think it’s one of the defining forces within an organization, any organization. So kayfabe in the small is optimism, enthusiasm. When someone says, “We’re going to do this thing,” you say, “Yeah, we’re going to do that,” even if I think this isn’t going to work. If you say, “I don’t think this think is going to work,” everyone loses hope and it definitely doesn’t work. So having a little bit of this is extremely valuable. It’s the lubricant that allows organizations to believe they can do something and to attempt to do it.
The problem that you get is as organizations get larger, imagine you are five levels down or something and you have this project you’re working on and you’re trying to give a status update to be rolled up to leadership. And it’s currently a yellow, and your manager asks it and you know it’s not going to be presented to leadership and enrolled up until next week. “It’s yellow, but I’ve got my arms around the problem. I know how to fix it. I’m going to go talk to Sarah. I think we have a solution. By the time this is reported up the chain, it’s going to be green.” So if I make it yellow, there’s a non-trivial chance that someone’s going to swoop down and say, “Well, what’s going on? We have a review,” and it will be way harder to fix, so I’m just going to… A little white lie.
This is a totally reasonable thing to do. It’s a self-defensive thing to do. And it’s probably the right thing for the organization too. The problem is this happens up multiple layers and it compounds. So then your layer above you does the same, and the same, and the same, and levels up you can be many orders of magnitude off of the ground truth. And so the kayfabe, the thing that everyone pretends to believe is true, is obviously incorrect. And the dangerous part about this is it can lead you to make very bad decisions. And if you as someone who sees this can see that wait a second, the official strategy is definitely not going to work, you’re like, “I got to tell somebody. We’re doing work that’s going in a bad direction. It’s not going to work.” And you go and say, “I think that it’s actually not going to work for these reasons.”
And what someone will say to you, this happens by the way, I’m not substituting any particular organization, this happens literally in all organizations to some degree, is the senior person will say, “Alex, I agree with you. It’s not perfect, but if you hit the ground truth button, if you share that and everybody, the whole thing will shatter and we can’t do anything. And so help me fix it. Don’t say the ground truth. Just help nudge it and fix it.” That’s a good point. Okay, so you help working on it and then you realize a month later, wait a second, it’s getting worse. We’re doing things that’s not good for the company. It’s not creating user value. It’s not good for the employees. They’re burning out. It’s just not good for anybody and it’s getting worse. And so if you think you’re going to go and hit the ground truth button, before you do, you’ll be flying tackled to the ground by somebody and stabbed in the dark because you will destroy everything.
And so it becomes correct to hold onto this idea of if you acknowledge the kayfabe is false, then you are in danger of getting knocked out of the game. And so how do you do good things despite the fact that you’re pulled in two different directions? And this increasingly in the limit, it can be good to a point where the easiest way is if I do, if I hold on this idea, we might create significant value for the company. If I let go of this idea, I die. So the easiest way to maintain this split-brain thing is to just turn this part off and just earnestly believe the kayfabe. This has been organizations become zombies, and anyone individually you talk to behind the scenes will agree yes, it could not possibly work. That turns out that these things work this way, and yet the entire organization lumbers on.
And this is a death state for large organizations. It happens all over the place in any number of different conditions, and this is one of the reasons it shows up. And I think acknowledging that is an important way to help navigate and still make good grounded things happen. How can you allow disconfirming evidence to show up that doesn’t kill you, that helps make you stronger? And if it all has to come in one massive moment that could ruin everything, then you aren’t going to hear it. And then it will build up and build up and build up and build up into a super critical state that could shatter.
Lenny Rachitsky: I was just listening to a couple podcasts, and a thread that came up in a number of them is some of the most successful leaders, their instruction to their reports is, “As soon as there’s bad news, I need to know as soon as possible. Do not shield me. I just want to know all the bad news as soon as possible.” Feels like that’s one solution to what you’re describing.
Hosting Strategy Salons
Alex Komoroske: Disconfirming evidence hurts, and so you won’t realize it because it hurts at any given moment. It’s like, “Ugh, it’s a distraction. We’re just trying to get this thing done.” And so it comes from a good place to not get it, but if you’re busy, that’s one of the reason you need to take a step back. We take a step back, you’re a little bit calmer. You can absorb this as confirming evidence. It doesn’t feel like an existential threat. It’s really easy to get surrounded. If you are very powerful, you will find all the confirming evidence you need. And if it doesn’t exist, it will be created for you without your knowledge.
And so this is one of the reasons that large companies are radically different than smaller companies. And one of the traps that you can get into of not realizing this dynamic is happening, and you can make very bad decisions if you don’t understand that it’s inherently what’s happening because they’re all, “Oh, we’ll have some bad actors.” No, no, no. If people don’t play this game, this game is emergent. It shows up even though everybody hates it. And if you don’t play the game, you are knocked out of the game. The underlying dynamic that must be true in any organization on a fundamental basis is you can’t make your boss look dumb because if you do, they’re the person who decides, “Oh, this person’s not performing,” or whatever. And that one little asymmetry, that one little fact, in most cases it does not matter. That one little asymmetry is what leads to the systemic compounding thing where you get these really weird dysfunctional emergent things that everybody hates, nobody wants, and yet nobody is in the position to change per se.
Lenny Rachitsky: I love your caveat at the beginning that continues to resonate in my head as you say this. You’re not cynical about, “This sucks.” It’s more, “Here’s what I’m observing. We need to think about ways to get around this.”
Tips for Running Strategy Salons
Alex Komoroske: Yeah. Because I think so much pain and misery is caused by us being not acknowledging these fundamental, inescapable things. It’s almost impossible. Entropy is one of those things. Entropy emerges because there’s more ways to go away from a point than towards a point. It fundamentally must be true in really any universe you can possibly imagine. And so if you’re going to fight entropy, you’re going to lose at a certain point. It’s like if you are aware of these things, you can find subsets of ideas that do work despite these challenges. And that’s some of the stuff, the tactics I advise are often things that look playful. They look unserious. They look like, “Oh, you’re saying you don’t know the answer?” No, I’m admitting I don’t know the answer.
And I’m saying it doesn’t matter if I don’t know the answer because this thing, this very small seed I am planting is so cheap that yes, I can’t tell you for sure this will work, but I could tell you there is a chance that it’ll work. And the downside of this is basically the opportunity cost of planting the seed in this one moment, and the person who’s planting it enjoys planting it so that an opportunity cost really isn’t that much because they get energy from doing it. So who cares? Plant a bunch of these suckers. If one of these grows into an oak tree, that’s great. Don’t try to analyze beforehand which seed is going to turn into an oak tree. If it’s super simple to plant the seeds, then plant the seeds. And if it starts growing, then keep watering it. That’s it. That’s the thing.
And people sometimes will see this as like, I’ve been called in my list before because they said, “Well, you’re saying that you don’t know the answer to the thing.” It’s like no, I’m saying I don’t have to know the answer to the thing. If on a systemic basis I let these ideas and then you respond to the ones that are working that are viable, it doesn’t really matter if you didn’t know ahead of time which ones were going to work.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s a great segue to talking about this core idea that again informs a lot of the way you think, which is this idea of building versus gardening, the magic of acorns. Talk about this general idea and then I want to follow some threads.
Community Vibe and Energy Seeds
Alex Komoroske: So much of the way that we tackle problems and build products is this builder mindset. It’s like, “I have a plan, I then manipulate things to match my plan and make it happen.” And this is a way you can create tons of value. Part of the problem though is it can’t possibly create more value than the effort that you put into it. And so what I look for instead are things that can be gardened, things that can grow on their own and that you can direct or maybe give a little bit of extra energy to or curate over, and is a totally different mindset for it. So it’s like a lead by gardening vibe. I don’t try to pick the things in the system. I try to work with what I’ve actually got and I try to lean in on the ones that turn, I think are going in the direction that I believe is valuable based on constantly seeking disconfirming evidence.
And if you do this properly, it looks like magic. It looks like a thing. It looks like getting lucky because what you’re doing is you’re farming for miracles. And so on a systemic basis, I can’t tell you which of these things will work, but I can tell you there’s a very high likelihood that one of these will work in a way that is interesting and transformative. And so if you’re looking and finding these seeds that have the compounding potential of if they work, they would start working at an accelerating rate, then you don’t have to know ahead of time. To me this is, I’ve been told that this is completely against all the advice that people get building products nowadays, but I think it’s a very powerful approach that works in a lot of different contexts.
Productivity: Playing Yourself Like an Instrument
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there an example that you can give from either from something you worked on or something someone worked on that came or true miss? Because I think people hearing this might be like, “But I got to ship stuff. I got to hit some goals. I don’t have time to sit around and garden and plant seeds. I got to actually build.”
Alex Komoroske: If there’s an ecosystem approach, if there’s something that if it works, it’ll be self-accelerating. So okay, what you’re going to do this thing, we aren’t entirely sure what’s going to work, but if a developer writes a thing and somebody uses it, it’ll attract more developers, more users, and then this would grow on its own. Then and it’s cheap to do the little example of the thing. It’s cheap to build a little open source, tinker the little thing and just put it there. And if nobody uses it, it’s fine. It was fun to build. It took you three hours. It’s fine. If someone does use it, then you just invest in incremental bit of unit each time that you find a signal that somebody is finding it useful and then you stop if you ever cease getting that information.
So I would use this. Anything that is shaped like an ecosystem that has some kind of network effect, and many things have network effects, have some kind of compounding loop. Compounding loops are not rare. They are, “Look.” It’s like truffle hunting. You have to know what you’re looking for and find the dynamics of a thing that if it worked would work at an accelerating rate. Lots and lots and lots of things intrinsically have this shape. Anything with a network effect, anything where the power goes up with a number of users, but it shows up in all kinds of problems that we don’t normally apply it to.
The Superpower of Quick Note-Taking
Lenny Rachitsky: Along the same lines, you also advise people to think more emergence-oriented versus top-down, kind of what you were just saying. But I think that’s another really interesting way of thinking about the same idea, create opportunities for emergence, bottom-up versus top-down control. You just chat about that.
Alex Komoroske: 100%. I think the emergence is one of the most powerful forces if you know how to marshal it and you know how to work with it. And the only thing that’s hard about it in my opinion is you’re going to look like you aren’t very serious. You’re going to look like a weirdo. You’re going to look like a cook. And one of the downsides, if you’re working on something and you’re doing the normal top-down approach where you make the plan, you execute the plan, even if the plan turns out to not be useful, you produce a thing and nothing interesting happens, no one can say you didn’t work hard. But if you try doing this designing for emergence and something amazing happens, even once it happens, people go, “Ah, it’s luck. Where was the miraculous moment, the heroic moment where you made that happen? So therefore you had nothing to do with it.”
And this was the biggest unlock in my career actually was when I stopped my guts. I was promoted to director at Google. I was like, “Cool, I never want to be promoted inside of a large organization ever again.” And the freedom to now do the highest impact work, even if I can’t make it legible to the organization, was so powerful and I was able to 10X my impact for the organization because I didn’t have to worry about making it measurable specifically in a way that would show individual work effort. And I think that’s the hardest part. And you have to have, typically what I would advise for PMs, my approach at Google was 70% of my effort and my team’s effort should go on things that everybody acknowledges are important and useful and create value. Maybe it’s boring, linear value, but some kind of value. You’re trying to minimize the chance that any other person in a company will say, “What does that team do anyway?”
This, if someone says this about your team, your team is on the verge of death. And so you’re trying to minimize the chance that anybody wants to say that or thinks that it’s appropriate to say that by clearly and unambiguously adding value. You’re not saying this is the best team in the entire world, but clearly they’re doing something useful. They’re executing well. They’re working hard. And of course that team should exist. Think about it, of course they should. But now once you do this, you have 30% of your extra time that you can plant all these seeds.
You can find interesting little things where maybe a junior PM on the team has an idea you think it’s kind of silly, but they’re really into it. And the there is this thing, it could work out great actually. If you tweak it like this, there is a potential. I could see how that could work. If that PM is going to work on that anyway, they want to do it anyway. Instead of saying, “No, no, no, we don’t have time for that. Be a little bit more productive over here,” say, “Go for it. Here’s my concerns. I imagine this part might not work, but this part is really cool right here.” And then if it doesn’t work, then they’ve stretched their agency. They’ve executed. They’ve exercised their agency. They’ve learned. They’ve gotten stronger. They’ve grown. It has the upside if it turns out to actually work. And worst case scenario, the opportunity cost to doing the thing that helped them grow and they learn and they liked. So I don’t know. Don’t try to force it. Don’t try to stop it.
Life Philosophy: Energizing Work You Are Proud Of
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s a really good example of actually how to go about doing that on your team. The way I’ve always thought about this is the visual I share with people is like, you want to create cover fire for your team where your team’s just hitting goals, moving metrics, and then while with that cover fire, you’re building the doomsday bomb inside, protected where no one’s going to come and stop you.
Alex Komoroske: Yeah, because one of the hardest parts about an acorn when you plant it is making sure a squirrel doesn’t dig that fucker up. There’s so many things that can destroy it, and just keeping it, allowing it some space and allowing it some time is the most important thing. And it’s challenging to do, but that’s why it’s important as a leader to have enough credibility in the organization that people can see that you are doing useful work to give you the space, to give your team the space to do this truly great work. If you want to get your team to do good work, there’s a million different paths to do that. If you want to get your team to do great work, there’s no shortcut other than to have an extremely high-trust environment where people lean into their superpowers in a way that adds up to something greater than some of its parts. That takes time. It takes effort. It’s very difficult to make legible up to the rest of the organization, but that is where great things come from.
The Greeting Card Fallacy: Familiar Truths
Lenny Rachitsky: It reminds me of something Ed Catmull shared in Creativity, Inc., this idea of the ugly baby, that every new idea is an ugly baby and nobody wants this ugly baby. Everyone’s just like, “Get this out of here,” because every new idea is bad initially.
Embracing the “Weird” Label
Alex Komoroske: Yeah, it sucks. They’re just like this ugly thing that barely works or… But this is why what I try to do is I try to see the greatness, the seeds of greatness in everything. Everyone and everything around me, I look for, I try to find and see, man, what is the most compelling part of this? And let me lean into that. And so one of the things I try to do when I meet with people, when I mentor them, I try with it within the first session or two, whenever I can get a hypothesis, I say, “I think your superpower is…” And I describe to them what I think I can see them being truly exceptional at.
And sometimes I get it wrong, especially if I try to do it earlier, but when people feel very seen and they feel acknowledged for that, they now are willing, they’re going to stretch farther and they’re going to respond to nudging feedback even better because they know that you’re not trying to tell them be different. You’re trying to tell them be more, and you now the nudges will feel less like a stop energy and more like someone who gets me and can help me grow even more. And you can get some amazing things out of people when you just treat them with the respect. I assume that everyone I talk to, everyone I talk to is interesting, has seeds of greatness in them, even if they don’t recognize necessarily where they are.
Someone described to me actually this morning in one of my little dirt clubs I run about they help facilitate about treat everybody like the Buddha. I think is I’m messing this up, but this notion of imagine everyone you talk to is the Buddha, in a Buddhist mindset, and how do you see and find those seeds of greatness and treat everyone with respect intrinsically as an end of themselves. This is one of those things that you do to be a compassionate human. It’s also, I believe, a way to maximize the amount of value, direct and indirect value, that’s created. So it’s one of those win-win-win-win-wins where just it’s the right thing to do as a person and a member of society, and it’s also the thing that can create a lot of business value and create real value in the world.
The Adjacent Possible
Lenny Rachitsky:
Coming back to a phrase that you used earlier, slime molds, I want to spend a little time here. So interestingly enough, the first time I heard about you and what got me interested in your stuff is I did a newsletter post with the company Perplexity about how they build product. And as they were describing how they organized their team, the co-founders described they organized like slime mold, and he linked to your deck about slime molds and I was like, “What the heck is this?” Can you just briefly describe what you mean when you talk about slime molds and how slime molds are related to the way companies are organized and how they should think of the organization?
Alex Komoroske: Yeah. The main thesis of the slime mold deck is that the core dynamic that makes organizations hard to navigate as they get larger, even if you assume everyone is actively good at what they do, actively collaborative and actively hardworking, is this emergent force or coordination of finding the subset of projects to work on when everyone’s super busy that everyone agrees and commits to and actually works on together. And finding this coordination cost grows with the square of the number of people who are working on that thing. And so what companies typically try to do is fight this or ignore that it exists.
If you’re going to fight it, the one way to look at this is think of a company like a vehicle. When the company is very small, you can drive it, you can steer it like a sports car. As a founder, you are allowed to steer. Everyone acknowledges you are allowed to steer. They’re never, “Why is he steering it that way?” So you, a founder, can help navigate an organization around an obstacle the organization cannot see or comprehend itself. The problem is as you steer, as you grow into the size, your organization goes from a sports car and you grow into the size of a big rig, if you drive a big rig like a sports car, you’re going to be a danger to yourself and others on the road and you’re going to grind the engine. And so you got to drive the car that you actually have.
So what I see a lot of things happen in large organizations, that people are just trying to ignore this fact. And when you drive, by the way, a car, your vehicle, like a big rig, when it is a big rig, people go, “Oh, it means to go slow.” No, no, no. It means pivot less. It means have a little bit more… Be more intentional about the times that you adjust the steering, invest more in program management, invest more in processes, give a little bit more slack in the planning process to absorb any kind of surprising things that you can still all reach the product launch at the same time.
The other option you can do is you can split your thing up into a series a swarm of sports cars, individual sports cars. And the downside of this, you’ll get the autonomy and strengths of the bottom-up, the downside is other people will externally will look at it and go, “Well, that team and that team clearly didn’t talk.” You’ll say, “Yep, yep.” You have to decide how bad that is for you. Apple has chosen the former. It’s very important to them to have the illusion of perfect coherence in their products. It worked very well for them. They executed marvelously. And if you also picked the exact opposite thing, everyone else is like, “Yeah. There are like 15 different ways of doing everything. They clearly don’t talk to each other.” But it allows the overall swarm of the AWS product suite to be very powerful and anti-fragile or whatever you want to say.
And so slime molds, I think, is acknowledging that organizations are, especially ones that focus on autonomy and agency of their individual employees, which is a lot of tech companies, they are more like slime molds than we realize. And if you fight that fact, you’re going to have a bad time. And if you embrace it, then you can start realizing slime molds are actually kind of amazing. They can find solutions to problems you didn’t even know you were searching for.
North Stars and Incremental Progress
Lenny Rachitsky: Alex, you have the best metaphors. I don’t know how you do this, but they’re so evocative and correct.
Alex Komoroske: I can tell you that the process I do if you’re into it.
Metaphors from Buddhism
Lenny Rachitsky: Please. That would be incredible.
Happiness Equals Reality Minus Expectations
Alex Komoroske: I think by talking, I’m an external processor, I literally can’t think if I’m not talking. And so I make sure I have as many interesting meetings as I can, and that’s where I discover what I think, by talking to people. And the test is if I say a frame, something that the person goes, “Ooh,” or like, “Ooh,” they go, “Aha,” that’s a win. That’s a mark that’s a good one. You’re just randomly casting about. I find one. And then if a different person also has a similar response, if a person in sales and a person in engineering both find the same idea interesting, that’s a very good sign that lots of people will find it interesting, how diverse in terms of background skill sets, perspectives are the people who resonate with the thing you’re saying.
The intuition of this is if you find in a social network, you want to see what’s going to go viral, if something is shared and it’s shared within, so the people who are at the beginning are all highly densely interconnected in the social graph, then the implied ceiling is relatively small. You only know it works with that audience. But if it’s people that are very different subclass and very little overlap, they both find it interesting, that implies a much larger max audience. So you’re looking for ideas that resonate with the diversity of people. And then once you find them, each time you get something like that, you invest a little more time in it and you think a little bit more about framing it the next time.
I haven’t done this during this chat, but in most conversations, you’ll see me as I’m talking writing down stuff like, “Ooh, that was the best formulation of that one so far.” And so you keep on coming back to it. You keep on tightening it and seeing how, watching how it’s responding and referring with different people through like, “Where do you get these from?” It’s like I got thousands and thousands and thousands of little examples or metaphors or whatever that’s sick.
One of the benefits of metaphorical thinking is you connect nine of the 10 dots and you invite the listener to engage with the argument to connect that last dot. This allows you by the way to say very controversial things, because if you say connect all the 10 dots and it’s like, “Oh, that’s the official strategy,” then you are instantly a dangerous thing. Whereas if you leave one dot unconnected, people can go connect the dot and go, “Oh my god, I think that applies to us.” You’re like, “Oh my god, what?” “Yes, that’s why I picked that.” But to counteract this because now it’s less obvious to people that’s correct, you have to make the metaphor evocative and interesting.
One of the reasons that slime mold deck got so much traction is partially because slime is gross, it’s bad, and yet it’s talking about why slime is good. And so that has this instantly subversive thing. I only know this after the fact of trying to figure out why did that deck get so much attention of all the things I’ve written.
Closing Remarks and Outro
Lenny Rachitsky: It also is all emojis basically, which is not how you often read a deck. It’s very beautifully made. I love that you’ve been talking about the way you think and come up with ideas is by talking to people and having conversations. We also talked about how you write in this Bits and Bobs approach. I asked someone that you worked with at Stripe what to ask you, and she said to ask you about strategy salons, which feels like a good avenue for this sort of thing. Can you talk about what these are and how you set these up?
Alex Komoroske: So these I also call now nerd clubs, and these are my secret weapon. And I have a blog post. I started writing right before my second kid was born, and then he was born three weeks early and I just lost the plot and now it’s like a 40-page draft of a thing that I’ll probably never finish. But I’ve used this tactic. I discovered it many years ago as they strengthen some of the techniques I’d used in open source community organizing. And the situation was I was just joining a new team at Google. I’ve been there for many years, and there was at the time 12 different groups working in different aspects of this overall problem domain. And in classic Google fashion, they added up to significantly less than the sum of their parts, as in not like, “Oh, we’ll see which one works,” but, “These two things directly undermine each other. If you execute both of these strategies, neither can work.” And I knew that if you try to do pairwise executive reviews on this very complex, ambiguous, open-ended problem, you would get really expensive pageantry that would obscure more than clarified.
So what I did was I created a secret group that I called Navel Gazers was the original one, and I wanted people when they hear about it, I want people to go, “That will be a club for nerds.” They’re like, “Yeah, do you want in?” And so this means that only people who intrinsically want to be in it for its own sake come in. So you get only a positive “yes, and” kind of energy. So then within these groups, you say, you set the norms very explicitly and say, “This is a collaborative debate environment. This is only ‘yes, and’.” If somebody says a thing in this group that is optional and secret and completely off the side of anything that matters, if they say something that you think is an actively dumb idea, you are free to not engage. Just leave it. That’s fine. Because nothing’s going to happen. We’re deciding anything interesting or important here.
And if you want to engage and you don’t like it, a productive way of doing that is saying, “Oh, that’s so interesting. I would never would’ve thought to apply that lens. I typically would apply this lens to that kind of problem. I wonder if that applies here.” And by saying, “I wonder,” you make it about you, not them. And so that person can choose if that’s an interesting thing to build on or not. This sounds by the way very non-rigorous feel like, “Ah, how can you possibly get rigorous thinking in the ‘yes, and’?” It turns out there’s limited amounts of time and so people will choose to build on the things they find most interesting. This is interesting things are surprising and potentially valuable. And so if lots of different people in the group are building on the same idea, that’s a good sign there is something very interesting going on.
The third thing you do is you dribble in new perspectives. Every one to three a week, if you put in lots of new perspectives, once the norms can all scramble, if you have one in five people who all have a very particular kind of personality can mess up the norms, and so you’re trying to minimize the chance you add a jerk. It takes one person to poop a party and go, “What are we even doing here?” You want to minimize the chance that happens. But second or thirdly and more importantly, you want to have as people with as different perspective as possible added into the group. And so this is what Ken Stanley might call, for example, novelty search. You’re novelty-searching through the different perspectives in the overall thing.
When you do this properly, you get something magical. You get a group that people find intrinsically valuable for its own sake and just enjoy participating in and find meaning in, that also stochastically spins off changing insights for the surrounding context because you’re searching through these ideas in a low stakes environment where the ideas that lots people build on, they go, “Oh, you should write that down.” And this is like an idea lab, what everyone will call an idea lab. And this creates amazingly interesting insights. You just can’t force it to do anything. It has to be a bottom-up and emergent, which means if you try to steer it towards an outcome, it won’t go. But if you do these, they are amazing places to riff and to share ideas and half-formed ideas. And this is anywhere I go, I terraform the culture around me and create these, because I need it as a place to experiment and try out different half-formed ideas and build on them and be inspired by other people.
And that is one of my secrets, strategy secrets that I’ve been doing now for probably 10 years ago is when the first one started. And there’s now I can count eight or nine of I’ve started over the years. Some of them emerged. So many of them are still at Google. And I think it’s like they’re just wondrous environments that I think create a lot of value.
Rapid Fire Q&A
Lenny Rachitsky: And I love it’s a perfect example of your approach of emergent properties, letting things emerge versus a top-down, “Here’s what we’re doing and here’s what we’re talking about here.” If someone wanted to set this up within their company or within friends, any advice? What are some constraints and ways of setting it up for success?
Alex Komoroske: Communities are all about momentum. You want to have a space too small, a time too short. If you have a big cabinet space of a lot of people in it and no one’s talking, people go, “I guess this is the place where we don’t talk,” for whatever reason. So what you’re doing is you want the smallest seed of people that you know are going to be actively engaged. So maybe there’s four of you that already talk over lunch and you talk about whatever topic and it’s always really interesting and generative. Cool, get that group together and do a thing. And then incrementally add people who you think are going to like that already as it currently exists. And then you need to feed it so you want to make sure that it never dies.
And a community with no people talking is definitely dead. A community with one person talking is already dead. You don’t realize it yet. And so you’re trying to maximize the chance that there’s an interesting conversation even when you as the facilitator are not there. This takes some active policing by the… Like a garden has a gardener, there’s somebody pruning back and saying, “Hey Jeff, just so you know, I think that came out a little bit strong to Sarah’s idea and maybe next time add ‘I wonder’ to the front of that statement,” or whatever.
The other thing that you do is when people reach out to you and ping you, they go, “Hey, let’s think about this thing,” and you go, “That’s a really interesting idea. You should share that in the group.” And then they do. And then you engage in the group and say, “That was really interesting,” little emoji response. And people who didn’t watch the interaction assume that Sarah just decided proactively to stick her neck out and share that and that it worked. And so this becomes a self-sustaining norm in the community. And it’s not a secret. It’s not if someone asks, “Yeah, I told Sarah to share that,” but people watching don’t realize that. And so it becomes a place that people do take risks and feel comfortable sharing.
The other thing you do is once a week or so, you want to make sure that you never propose something in the group that people go, “Eh.” You always want to do a thing people go, “Yeah.” So what you do is you see that if you’re talking to other people, you say, “I wonder if we should have a live conversation every so often, right?” The chats were so fun, but it goes, “Would you come if I did one?” “Oh yeah, I would.” “Okay, great.” So now I say, “Hey, a few of us are talking. We’re just going to do an experiment. We’re going to have an hour-long conversation over lunch on Wednesday. Anyone in the group is free to come.”
And then what you do is you make sure it always has quorum because if it doesn’t have quorum, then the thing, it looks like the community’s dead. And then what you do is you send FOMO stuff afterwards. So you say, “Here’s my notes from the thing,” or, “Thanks Sarah, Jeff,” blah, blah, blah, blah, “or an amazing conversation. I thought the insight about,” blah blah blah, “was so ridiculously amazing.” So you want people who were in the group who didn’t come to feel like they missed out and to come to the next one.
And so you’re constantly creating these kinds of vibes to how to do it. You can’t do it if you don’t have somebody with a lot of energy. I’m typically the seed crystal for a lot of the groups I’m in to start them off because I have a lot of energy, and I like, anything that people have to say that I think is open-minded or interesting, I like building on and “yes, and”-ing and that kind of gives the foundation that it can grow. But look for the people who already roughly want it. Don’t try to convince somebody who doesn’t want it to want it. They will not. They will ruin the whole thing.
Lenny Rachitsky: I just love this playbook for starting to build a little bit of community within a company. Have you written about this by the way? And if not, you should write a whole post about this.
Alex Komoroske: I have. It’s a long essay and it’s just not, you can see it in Bits and Bobs. If you gave the Bits and Bobs to Claude and said, “Please write a thing about nerd clubs and essay and the style,” it would do it because there’s a lot of the pieces are in there, it’s just not factored out.
Lenny Rachitsky: I see you writing something down right now, which tells me you just articulated something in a new way that you want to say.
Alex Komoroske: Yeah, that’s right. That’s right.
Lenny Rachitsky: You mentioned this idea of constraints of time, and it reminds me of something that you shared in one of your Bits and Bobs around productivity. You say that if you have two hours to do a five-minute task, the effort to do that is impossible and instead you should flip that. Can you talk about this insight and how to be a little more productive?
Alex Komoroske: Yeah, I think a lot of the trick to productivity is to play yourself like a fiddle and figure out how you work and what gives you energy and set up your day to structure it that way. So I find every time you start a task, there’s an activation energy, especially a task you don’t really want to do. And then when you complete it, there’s a boop. There’s a little burst of energy. So if you do this properly, you can get small things that are extremely easy to knock out in 10 seconds of effort, and then you do one that takes 30 seconds of effort, and then you do one that takes a longer bit of effort. But if you give it too much space, it’s harder to do. So you almost want to find, “Okay, listen, I got 10 minutes. I got to do this thing where I figure out how to add, do this thing in gusto that I’ve been putting off. Ten minutes should be enough time to do it and structure it. So okay, right now is the only time I have to do this, to do it.”
And another trick is I use one of my original media messages actually, one of the original public ones is about always rules are better than sometimes rules for self-control. And so if you’re going to diet, “I’m going to skip lunch every day.” Like holy, you haven’t full thought on that at some point like a day with a big executive review, “I really need to make sure I’m well-fed before I go into this review,” or something. And now you’ve broken the streak and now it’s over. Whereas if you say a thing you know can do, “I will not have a dessert unless it would be socially awkward for me to not eat it. For example, in a small environment where somebody made homemade dessert and all of us are eating it, I’m going to…” So very clear black and white rule that you can hold on forever.
So for example, since the pandemic started, I’ve done a Peloton workout every single day since the pandemic started.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow.
Alex Komoroske: And now once I do start going back into the office, if I had to commute into the office, I would sometimes do a meditation to check the box for that. But if I’m not commuting and I’m not deathly sick, I’ve done a full workout since then. And the idea each day of is today the day of all the hundreds of days in this streak that is the worst or the hardest for me to do this thing? Is this the day? No, of course it’s not. I will do it. And so that keeps you in this streak that makes it harder and harder to get out of it. And in some ways, of course you can torture yourself in an unproductive way like at a certain point maybe you should stop that streak, but I think those kinds of structuring help you get the things done you want to get done.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s like the Seinfeld trick of productivity where you just keep track of how many days in where you’ve done something essentially.
Alex Komoroske: Yeah, exactly. And I think people don’t give those kinds of tactics enough credit because there’s lots of little social tricks to yourself and others. This is when you have other people who are depending on you for something and will know that you didn’t do the thing, that were so much better. So just little tricks like this help you be wildly more productive.
Lenny Rachitsky: Actually, I want to go back a little bit. I’m curious what you wrote down when we were chatting earlier that you thought was a good articulation if you’re able to share, if it’s interesting,
Alex Komoroske: I wrote down, and the reason I wrote it down is I’ve never… And by the way, I collect everything even once I think are maybe onto something. So I wrote down, “A community with zero people speaking is dead and a community with one person speaking doesn’t yet realize it’s dead,” is what I wrote down.
Lenny Rachitsky: So fun. I love this practice that you have.
Alex Komoroske: By the way, the reason I can do it, I can type insanely quickly. And in undergrad, I wrote my thesis on the emergent power dynamics in Wikipedia’s user community and I did 150 hours of interviews with different editors in Wikipedia, and I transcribed them myself. And so I got really, really, really good at I can just pipe an idea straight into my fingertips and still listen to other stuff. So that’s another superpower is I’ve just constantly, I’m able to capture it very, very quickly. I’ve written notes that are at least good enough for me to clean up within the next day or two into something that’s more stable.
Lenny Rachitsky: Is there a way you built this other than… Was it just you did it and you had to do it and you just figured out how to move fast?
Alex Komoroske: I just realized later that I could type really good, really fast. I could just pipe it straight through to my fingers and it worked. And, I don’t know, I don’t know if I hadn’t written my thesis, would I have discovered that? I don’t know.
Lenny Rachitsky: I feel like everything you do is on super speed, the way you think, the write and get stuff done. There’s a lot.
Alex Komoroske: I just realized when-
Lenny Rachitsky: … a lot of compute.
Alex Komoroske: … when you’re feeling productive, you’re unstoppable. And so just how can you be in your flow state as much as possible? And there’s things that absolutely completely grind me to a halt, and I just make sure I invest my time in situations that don’t have that characteristic. So when I work on something that I believe could work and have a big impact, I can’t stop. Sometimes I’ll wake up at 4:00 in the morning as I’m typically an early riser and I’m just like, “I’ll write this thing.” The meeting starts at 7:00 and I just think there’s an idea that’s really cool here and I let myself lean into those kinds of when I have the moment.
I also find that often if I have an idea and I just have itching to write it down, if I can write down 30 minutes and get a very rough of it in one place, now it’s easier to clean it up later. But that first act of creation, I do it whenever the muse hits because it’s 10 million times if it’s like, “Oh, write that idea down later,” you keep on delaying it, delaying it, now it’s a month later. “What was the idea? How did that work again?” It’s gone. And so I just try to capture the interesting insights. It’s like a butterfly collector. The butterflies are going by, I try to collect them and put them in my collection as quickly as possible.
Lenny Rachitsky: Or garden as one might describe it.
Alex Komoroske: Yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: This touches on a quote I wanted to talk to you about. I think you described it as your life philosophy. “Do things that give you energy that you are proud of.” Talk about that.
Alex Komoroske: So to me, it’s the combination of when you’re doing something you believe in and that gives you energy, you are 10 times more productive. And you also, the effort that you are doing is its own reward. And so you are indefatigable on that topic and you go for much longer. So finding the substance of things that align with you that give you energy, then just it’s like infinite energy. It’s like they give an opportunity cost because it energizes you more than the opportunity cost of the time to go spend to other things.
And two, there are ways to give yourself energy, like for example, playing a video game, or there’s any kind of mind-altering substance that might give you that like, “This gives me energy.” Those are not things that I’m not saying do those. I’m saying what are the things that you’ll look back and say, “I’m glad I did that. I’m proud that I did that.” And if you take the perspective of a 10 years on looking back on each decision and thing that you’re doing, and imagine seeing this decision played in front of 1,000 people whose opinion you care about, your family, your friends, your role models, would you be proud is a good sign of life that you’re taking a broad enough perspective.
When you’re busy and in the moment, it’s so easy to say, “I just got to do this one thing that’s probably not great to get this thing done. And once I do it, it’s going to suck. But once I do it, it’ll be fine.” And then you find yourself doing it again and again and again and again and before you know it, you’ve lost who you want to be and you’re now a husk of yourself. And so I think those two pieces lean into where you find energy, where you specifically find energy, your superpower, the thing that you intrinsically enjoy doing, and just make sure it’s something that you are actively proud of and that helped make sure you don’t take a bunch of shortcuts.
Lenny Rachitsky: Along those same lines, I think a lot of people have heard a version of this quote, which is, “New things that give you energy.” So one, I love the additional piece of it is, “and that you’re proud of.” Two, you have another quote that I love that makes you think deeply about stuff, which is, “The secrets of life is things you’ve heard a million times already, you just weren’t ready to hear them.” Talk about that insight.
Alex Komoroske: So this I call the Hallmark card fallacy, which is you discover at great effort some deep insight that resonates with you and makes you see the world differently, and you want to share it. Insights are naturally viral. You want to share them and you go tell someone, it’s like, “Guys, guys, the point of life is the friends we made along the way.” And people go, “That’s from a Hallmark card, man.” And to you, it is you now possess the knowledge, the emotional intelligence to understand why that phrase has been shared so many times. Before, you heard it when you weren’t ready and now it becomes a trite, “Duh, everyone says that. That can’t possibly be a meaningful statement.”
The reason people keep on saying it is because it’s meaningful. And so I think that having that space of recognizing it, that when you have these epiphanies that come from different leaps in vertical development or the ability to, when you stare into the abyss and make it through the other side, you realize and learn a bunch of amazing things that you want to pass on others, and it’s just really hard to get them to find it.
I find that that’s one of the reasons I try to write things that are or share ideas that are like little seeds that you can shoot into someone’s brain even if the soil’s not ready for it, it’s rocky or craggy, at some point in the future, if something goes through there and opens up a crack, that’s sitting there to grow into an idea. One of the things that makes me the happiest is when someone I’ve mentored years and the years in the past, they go search me out years later and say, “Alex, I just want to let you know, you probably don’t even remember talking to me, but that Tuesday at the building, the no-name cafe or whatever, on Google campus, you said something I was frustrated to hear in the moment I didn’t understand it. And I just want to tell you, thank you because I finally understand what you were trying to tell me. And I realized that that influenced me in the decisions.” That to me is one of those meaningful things I can hear.
And so I just find that you can’t force it before people are ready to hear certain topics.
Lenny Rachitsky: Man, that must feel so good to hear those sorts of closing the loop on something long ago. The point you make about cliches that you’ve heard a million times actually finally feeling right and profound, I had this very experience. I did a psychedelic trip with some friends a while ago, and at the end of it I was just like, “Man, love is all you need. Love is all you need.” I felt that so deeply through the experience and I was telling people, they’re like, “Shut up.”
Alex Komoroske: You telling, oh, do you just do psychedelics? Yeah, it’s funny.
Lenny Rachitsky: Yeah.
Alex Komoroske: I have a lot of folks in my broader space who obviously have used it. So I never personally have myself, but I find there’s various ways. The transcendent mindset is this feeling of being part of something much, much, much larger than yourself and losing your ego in this thing. There’s different ways of doing it. Some people will find it in hiking and being out in the wilderness alone. Some people find it being at a concert and thousands of people perfectly in sync to this thing. Some people find it in religious experience. Some people find it using psychedelics and others to help get there. But a lot of it, it’s that same just being willing to be in awe.
There’s so many times that people feel the feeling of awe or wonder or curiosity is treated as a not very serious or childlike thing. And I just don’t get that because that is how you are open to disconfirming evidence. It’s how you see beyond the current limits of what you… Your ego gets hurt when you get disconfirming evidence. You don’t want to hear it. And so you’ll construct the world around yourself to not get that disconfirming evidence. But disconfirming evidence is what makes systems strong. It’s what makes you strong. And so how do you put yourself in the situation to get that information and really receive it?
And part of it is just coming in terms of the fact of early in my career, someone called me kooky a bit. Oh, man. I must be embarrassed. I’m like, “Okay, fine. Yeah, I’m kooky, whatever.” I’m totally at peace with the idea that some people track me as kooky and not particularly serious. I think people who watch the work that I do and the indirect impact it has realize that I’m doing something that is working even if they don’t fully understand how it works.
Lenny Rachitsky: To start to close our conversation, I want to throw out one more seed that might land with someone in the right time. You have this concept of the adjacent possible, which I think is a really powerful concept. And it’s basically argues that a lot of people jump to big bold ideas, and instead the better approach is think about what’s a constraint you have and lean into the constraints and use that as a guide. Can you just talk about this and how this might inform how people think about product and strategy?
Alex Komoroske: Sure, yeah. The frame is the adjacent possible, which is I believe comes from design thinking. I’ve found it from designers in my life who are the ones who would just speak to it. And the adjacent possible is a set of actions that you do, that you can do. They are right in front of you that if you do them, they would work, almost certainly work. And in the tech industry in particular, we default assume that the adjacent possible is like this and then flying leap to something. And in reality, the adjacent possible is quite small. It’s within arm’s reach. And people will say, “Oh, you’re being nihilist. You’re limiting your potential. You’re saying don’t do big things.” But when you recognize that your adjacent possible is relatively small, you realize that you actually have full agency to pick within the subset that is within your reach, and your actions matter because you take an action and now the world reconfigures and now you get a next set of actions and it’s based partially on the action you just took.
And so if you slice this thing up and you have a coherent worldview and you have a principled approach, you can arc to wildly different outcomes than look like they were possible while at each point, each individual action is safe and reasonable. And so you can combine both of these things. I think so many times we try to jump and we jump to the end state of the thing. And actually you don’t need to make that decision. If you can slice up your decisions into smaller and smaller decisions, I’m like, “This next step definitely makes sense.” It will almost certainly pay for itself or the very least won’t be too expensive. And then it might allow these other things to happen and you take it. And if those other things don’t happen, okay, don’t take another step on that path. That’s fine. Go in other directions for a while. If it does, then take another step and another and another and another.
And this allows you to get rid of a lot of the risk and still be exposed to all the upside. And so the risk comes from trying to jump too far ahead in an unknown environment.
Lenny Rachitsky: Is the general advice if someone’s working on trying to figure out the roadmap, trying to think about what products to build is the advice, don’t be scared to go a little incremental versus what people are always pushed, to do bigger.
Alex Komoroske: You need both. So if you only do incremental, you will follow the shortest, the steepest gradient in front of you. So UXR says a user wants to do this and you’ll do exactly that and you’ll end up random walking through the thing. So you need coherence about where you’re going and the way you get that is by creating a North Star for yourself. It should be in three to five years in the future, it should be very low resolution. It should describe a thing that every single person who reads it who has any kind of knowledge that might be useful or relevant agrees that it is plausible. If this happens, I would not say, “Well, a miracle happened.” It’d say, “I could see how that could work.” And lawyers say, “I could see how that could work.” And someone who’s worked on this 30 years ago at a similar product that Microsoft says, “I can see how that could work.”
And that if you got to the end point, everyone would high five because if it’s going to be a thing, they’re like, “I guess that could work.” At the end we’d be like, “Oh yeah, neat.” That’s not worth it. You want another story would be like, “Yeah, great. Wow, we kick off. We changed the way this entire industry works,” or whatever. And now this is your North Star. North Star should update, but it’s because it’s far off in the distance. It will update. It will slide up across the sky a little bit. It won’t be jerking around. You’ll be arcing slightly differently. And then what you do is you look in your adjacent possible and you look for the thing that has the steepest gradient that pulls you towards your North Star. So you just want to go in that direction and you want to go in this direction. This one is second most in demand from what you think, but it’s pulling you the direction that you believe will pull you there. Go in that one.
And then they keep on repeating. That’s it. But you need both. Because if you only do incremental, then you’ll end up random walking into a corner. And if you only do the long-term, you end up dreaming big and designing castles in the sky that are impossible to actually manifest.
Lenny Rachitsky: To give you a metaphor from an experience I had, I did this silent meditation retreat once, and a big part of Buddhism is to not cling to a specific outcome and not have a plan in mind and be sad if it doesn’t work out. And so I asked them just how do you achieve success and want to be successful while not doing that? And their metaphor is point your card in a specific direction that you want to go. Just point your card in that direction, essentially in your example of North Star, and just start walking. Don’t figure out this is exactly the path I’m going to take to get to this end destination.
Alex Komoroske: Yeah. And you’ll know after the fact, you’ll say, “Oh, I curved a little bit or I had this little jog than there.” And you’ll say, “Ah, it would’ve been more efficient.” But we’re so focused on efficiency of not wasting effort that we ended up doing nothing at all or doing very dangerous things that don’t work. So I’m much sure that I have a path that’s slightly inefficient because we’re navigating unknowns and we couldn’t know no point. I think I’ve seen the number of times I find where people say, “I need to know for this strategy,” that someone was trying to get me to look at and then say, “is this number in five years, is it going to be 93 or 95?” And it’s like, I don’t know. And it doesn’t matter either if it’s going to be that order of magnitude.
It doesn’t matter, and we don’t have to do that analysis if we believe that the order of magnitude is of that thing. It’d actually be we had spent all the time to get the illusion of precision, which at great expense, and then it’s the people say, “Oh, I’m data-driven. I want to really run the analysis to ground.” There’s tons of stuff you can’t know ahead of time. So if you’re getting a false precision at the beginner, that’s a comfort blanket. That’s just helping you feel like there isn’t uncertainty. There’s uncertainty everywhere all the time. And trying to ignore it by trying to pin it down with fake numbers that you just made up for yourself at great expense is a really bad idea. And that’s why if the ideas are strong enough, things that have a compounding return don’t give you, “Oh, we’ll either get 93 or 95.” It’s like, “We’ll either get zero or we’ll get 1,000.” Great. It doesn’t really matter if it’s 1,000 or 1,001, who cares? It orders a magnitude larger than the alternative, and so it is better.
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s really freeing. I noticed again, you were writing something. I’m again curious which you wrote down that you thought was insightful.
Alex Komoroske: I actually this time I was not writing did something down. I was checking a thing I thought you might say that was going to reference was Tim Urban’s, “Happiness is the reality minus expectations.” I always get that backwards, but have you heard this frame, that happiness-
Lenny Rachitsky: Let’s get into it. Yeah, we’re not going to get this. This is great.
Alex Komoroske: “Happiness is reality minus expectations,” and this is Tim Urban. It was from Wait But Why. And I think it’s a very simple distillation of it, of if you set your expectations super high and it comes in and it’s amazing, but it’s below it, then it’s a net negative. So the easiest thing, reality is hard to change. It’s not impossible. It’s hard to change. Your expectations are super easy. So just change your expectations. Hold it lightly and don’t say, “Oh my gosh, this is going to be my kid’s birthday. She’s going to remember it. It’s going to be the best birthday that she ever had and we’re all it’s going to be perfect.” Because then when it doesn’t go perfect and it starts raining that day, you’re like, “Gosh.” You get all worked up. Just say, “No, I want spend this day in a way that I can look back on and remember fondly.” And that will include, yeah, it changed.
One other piece of advice someone gave me that I really like is try to feel the emotion about the story that’ll make you feel in 10 years. So if it’s funny in 10 years, try to see the humor in it now. And this one in particular was a friend, their newborn would, every time you changed her diaper, would poop. That was only… And when they did it, it would often be projectile. And so it was like a trap. You change the diaper. And it was like, what are you going to do in that situation? And then they’re just like, “It’s going to be a funny story in a few years, so let’s see the humor in it now.” Even though, God, I really wish this year-
Lenny Rachitsky: That’s funny.
Alex Komoroske: … you’re not spraying poop on her. And I think that that kind of perspective is really, people sometimes hear this as, “Oh, you’re saying don’t dream big. Don’t set high expectations. Don’t expect more and be okay with mediocrity.” That is not what I’m saying. I’m saying hold those expectations lightly. Allow them to change. Be willing to be convinced by different things, and seek something great. Seek something that you can be truly proud of and that feel very authentic to yourself if you achieved.
Lenny Rachitsky: Alex, I feel like I could talk to you for hours. I can’t believe it’s already been almost an hour and a half. So just to wrap things up, is there anything else that you thought would be fun to share or maybe a piece of wisdom you want to leave listeners with before we get to a very exciting lightning round?
Alex Komoroske: I think we covered it. I think we covered a lot of that. And again, we could go on for hours and hours and hours and hours. I could just do a random… I can feature The Compendium where I can pull up a random idea, and let’s not do that.
Lenny Rachitsky: Okay, amazing. Well, Alex, with that, we’ve reached the very exciting lightning round. Are you ready?
Alex Komoroske: I am ready.
Lenny Rachitsky: First question, what are two or three books you’ve recommended most to other people?
Alex Komoroske: Origin of Wealth by Eric Beinhocker, which is great. It’s about a complexity economics, why the traditional economic model doesn’t work, and also why it takes an evolutionary lens on what kinds of business plans work and how companies execute them. That I found my entree into a lot of the systems thinking and I thought it was just absolutely brilliant. And the other one is The Elements of Thinking in Systems, which is short, easy to read, very approachable. In fact, if anything, people think of it as not serious enough because it’s too easy to read. It’s one of those books that when you read at the beginning you’ll say, “This sounds right.” And then later, years later, if you read it again you’ll go, “Oh my God, that was so… I wasn’t ready for that yet, but that is totally the way.” So she’s one of the people who talks about dancing the systems. Let go and dance with the system is one of her lines, and I think it’s just a phenomenal book.
Lenny Rachitsky: Next question. Do you have a favorite recent movie or TV show you really enjoyed?
Alex Komoroske: For me, I was thinking about this, it’s The Green Knight, which I watched I think a few years old. It’s about the Arthurian legend. It’s a challenging movie. In fact, when I watched it, I was like, “I dislike this. I do not find this interesting.” And then I couldn’t stop thinking about it and it helped me. I think this is one of the reasons I like to write in parable is a parable is open-ended. It encourages and requires the listener to engage into the idea and play with it and see how it affects them and how they affect it. And so for me, The Green Knight, again, I’m not excited to watch it again, but I found it to be the most impactful movie I’ve seen in the last couple of years in terms of amount of thinking that it caused me to do afterwards.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow, that says a lot. Next question, do you have a favorite product you’ve recently discovered that you really like?
Alex Komoroske: To me, I think the answer for me is WebSim. It’s the one that I like playing around with a lot. And I’ve said it before, I use Claude 20 times a day. I find that it’s almost impossible for me to imagine doing work. I mean of course now I’ve got to use Strawberry and see how that feels, but yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: One use case of WebSim that I found really fun that I used with Dylan is if you do Gmail, if you give it gmail.com/someone’s name, it just comes up with what their email looks like. And could do it for famous people, like for Patrick Allison or whoever, and it’s like, “Wow, that’s really good.”
Alex Komoroske: The elements are really good. One of the things we played around with is having a thing that generates fake data of arbitrary schemas, and I just write a short backstory of a person and then have it generate data that fits in this fictional user person’s world. And it’s just amazing the kinds of stuff, the coherence it has with, it’s weird and it’s very specific to that story, but elements are just so, they’re like these little holograms of all this information of humanity is interesting informational package, this little thing. And all kinds, it’s like a mirror that different things reflect back out of it at you. And it’s shocking sometimes to see humanity reflected back at you.
Lenny Rachitsky: It’s like a zip file of all human knowledge.
Alex Komoroske: Yeah, yeah.
Lenny Rachitsky: Amazing. And it’s because it’s trained on all the things we’ve written, right?
Alex Komoroske: Yep.
Lenny Rachitsky: All right, two more questions. You have a favorite life motto that you often come back to find useful in work or in life?
Alex Komoroske: I guess I’ve said too, this is cheating, but I said too, the do things that give you energy that you’re proud of, and the happiness is reality minus expectations I think are really simple clarifying words to look like.
Lenny Rachitsky: All right. Final question. You can go in one of two directions. One is what’s something that you are going to add to this week’s Bits and Bobs that you’re thinking about right now that we haven’t talked about? Or just go to your Compendium and pick a random thing and see what comes up and share.
Alex Komoroske: Okay, so this is the… I’ll just read this off.
Lenny Rachitsky: Great.
Alex Komoroske: This is written a year ago.
“We’ve forgotten a world without aggregators. Non-aggregator ecosystems make it so participants don’t have to fear empowering their overlord, where that you have to worry about each bit of action you’re doing, the aggregator is getting it more and more powerful. MySpace was the Wild West. Facebook made it so you can’t change the CSS, which was better for users, containing some freedom. Aggregators make sense in the late stage of an era. At the beginning, they curtail too much exploration.”
That’s just my random reflections. I don’t even remember what conversation that came from originally, but of the power of… I am just so obsessed with the idea that we are in the late stage of this current technical paradigm that we’re in and so many things we feel like we figured them all out and nothing can be any different, and I don’t love this outcome that we’re in, the idea of you’re… Just one quick framing. To me, if you ask somebody on the street to tell you what the canonical piece of software is, the answer they’ll give you is something like Instagram, which is to say an app, which I think is a shame because an app is monolithic. It’s one size fits all. It’s not decomposable. It doesn’t meaningfully interact with anything else in the broader ecosystem. And it’s also only allowed to exist if some of the largest companies in the world say it may exist, which is insane to me.
To me, software is alchemy. It’s the ability to extend human agency beyond ourselves to create something that can then combine with what others have created in unexpected and unforeseen ways to create this commentary of possibility of human agency. And somehow in the past decade, we’ve become convinced that all of this potential should be squeezed into about a dozen little boxes on your phone. And now with the power of AI, everyone just is default assuming that what’s going to happen is we’re all going to be locked inside of a box with a super God AI Clippy. And the only thing that people disagree about is which Clippy is it going to be? Whose Clippy is it going to be?
That to me is bonkers. I don’t want that world at all. I want a world where we use this magical duct tape to escape the box, to allow software and humans using it to lean into their agency. And I think aggregators are amazing in an environment where you have a safe environment to have all kinds of interesting stuff that can’t be fully open-ended because the aggregator can’t allow it to escape the possibility of that ecosystem. And so for me, one of the reasons I’m excited about LLMs being a disruptive technology is I think that it allows us to get out of this monolithic sense of whatever. We’re all just beholden to a decreasing number, very powerful organizations, and lean into everybody being able to be creative and collaborative and exercise their agency in a pro-social way.
Lenny Rachitsky: Wow. Well, you blew our mind as a final element of this conversation. Alex, thank you so much for being here. Two final questions. Where can folks find you online? Where do they find stuff you’re working on if they want to read more and follow the stuff you’re thinking about? And then how can listeners be useful to you?
Alex Komoroske: Komoroske.com is where. My husband gives me so much shit for it because it looks like it was designed in the early 2000s, which it was. I link to all the different posts there. If you click, there’s a Google group, but now where you can subscribe to my updates whenever I post in the Bits and Bobs or any medium article, that’s a good way of taking touch as I publish stuff.
And then the way that Google can be useful to me is I have office hours on my site that are open to anybody to join in. I am continually, they’re booked off in a few weeks in advance, but if you find something that resonated with you or that didn’t, or you think is interesting or, “Oh, here’s a parallel. I don’t know if you’ve thought of it before,” just reach out to me. And I love, love, love talking to people, interesting people especially who have life experiences and backgrounds that are different from mine. At one point, a magician showed up in my office hours and described and said, “Hey, this tactic you’re talking about in your Bits and Bobs, that’s actually cold reading. That’s what psychics use.” And I would find all these crazy connections they’d never occurred to me before. And so people just reaching out and sharing ideas and I love.
Lenny Rachitsky: Alex, you’re awesome. This conversation was exactly what I was hoping it’d be. My brain is buzzing as I expected. Thank you so much for being here. I’m excited for folks to listen to this and to learn from you.
Alex Komoroske: Thank you so much for having me.
Lenny Rachitsky: Bye, everyone.
Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.
Glossary
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| activation energy | 活化能 |
| Alex Komoroske | Alex Komoroske(人名,保留原文) |
| Bits and Bobs | Bits and Bobs(文档名,保留原文) |
| Buddha | 佛陀 |
| builder mindset | 建造者思维 |
| compounding loop | 复利循环 |
| compounding potential | 复利潜力 |
| confirming evidence | 确证性证据 |
| contextual integrity | 语境完整性(contextual integrity) |
| Creativity, Inc. | 《Creativity, Inc.》(书名,保留原文) |
| dirt club | dirt club(指小型讨论组,保留原文) |
| disconfirming evidence | 反驳性证据 |
| Dylan | Dylan(人名,保留原文,指 Dylan Field) |
| Dylan Field | Dylan Field(人名,保留原文) |
| Ed Catmull | Ed Catmull(人名,保留原文) |
| emergent | 涌现的 |
| entropy | 熵 |
| Eric Beinhocker | Eric Beinhocker(人名,保留原文) |
| Ethan Malik | Ethan Malik(人名,保留原文) |
| farming for miracles | 耕种奇迹 |
| first principle thinking | 第一性原理思考 |
| flow state | 心流状态 |
| ground truth | 真相(指基层实际状况,与上报信息相对) |
| Hallmark card fallacy | 贺卡谬误(Hallmark card fallacy) |
| Helen Nissenbaum | Helen Nissenbaum(人名,保留原文) |
| Ken Stanley | Ken Stanley(人名,保留原文) |
| Lenny Rachitsky | Lenny Rachitsky(人名,保留原文) |
| novelty search | 新颖性搜索(novelty search) |
| organizational kayfabe | 组织合演(organizational kayfabe) |
| Origin of Wealth | 《Origin of Wealth》(书名,保留原文) |
| Patrick Collison | Patrick Collison(人名,保留原文) |
| Peloton | Peloton(品牌名,保留原文) |
| Perplexity | Perplexity(公司名,保留原文) |
| playbook | playbook(指成熟的操作手册/打法,保留原文) |
| Seinfeld trick | Seinfeld 技巧 |
| slime mold | 黏菌 |
| slime mold deck | 黏菌幻灯片(slime mold deck) |
| slop | slop(指 AI 生成的低质量内容,保留原文) |
| strategy salons | 战略沙龙(strategy salons) |
| Strawberry | Strawberry(OpenAI 模型代号,保留原文) |
| streak | 连续记录 |
| the adjacent possible | 相邻可能 |
| The Compendium | The Compendium(工具名,保留原文) |
| The Elements of Thinking in Systems | 《The Elements of Thinking in Systems》(书名,保留原文) |
| The Green Knight | 《The Green Knight》(电影名,保留原文) |
| Tim Urban | Tim Urban(人名,保留原文) |
| transcendent mindset | 超然心态(transcendent mindset) |
| truffle hunting | 寻找松露 |
| ugly baby | 丑婴儿 |
| Wait But Why | Wait But Why(博客名,保留原文) |
| WebSim | WebSim(产品名,保留原文) |
Reformatted by reformat_english.py
像园丁一样思考、黏菌、相邻可能:Alex Komoroske 的产品建议
访谈记录
Alex Komoroske: 我们解决问题和构建产品的方式,很大程度上都是一种建设者思维。就是——我有一个计划,然后操控各种事物去匹配我的计划,让它实现。这种方式当然可以创造大量价值。但问题在于,它创造的价值不可能超过你投入的努力。我更倾向于寻找那些可以被”园丁式”培育的东西——那些能自己生长、你可以引导方向、或者稍微注入一点额外能量、持续打理的事物。这是一种完全不同的思维方式。如果你做得好,效果看起来就像魔法一样。有人告诉我,这完全违背了人们通常听到的所有建议,包括如今的产品方法论,但我认为这是一种在许多不同情境下都非常有效的方法。
嘉 宾 介 绍
Lenny Rachitsky: 今天的嘉宾是 Alex Komoroske。Alex 是我所见过的、关于产品和科技未来最具原创性、表达力最强、最擅长第一性原理思考的人之一。这次对话会让你的大脑以各种方式活跃起来。Alex 在 Google 工作了 13 年,先后参与过 Search、DoubleClick,领导 Chrome 的开放 Web 平台团队长达八年,领导过 Google Maps 中的增强现实项目,还开发了一套自下而上对齐全公司战略的工具包。在 Stripe 担任企业战略负责人一段时间后,他目前正在创办一家初创公司,旨在为 AI 时代重新构想 Web。
在这次广泛的对话中,我们涵盖了 LLM 和生成式 AI 将如何影响未来几年的产品构建方式、随着 AI 在生活中扮演越来越重要的角色哪些技能将最为关键、公司可以从黏菌中学到什么、组织合演(organizational kayfabe)、相邻可能(the adjacent possible)、战略沙龙(strategy salons)、为什么你应该更像园丁而非建设者那样思考,还有大量效率技巧、人生建议等等。这是一期非常有趣的节目,我相信它会让你的思维以全新的方式运转。
如果你喜欢这档播客,别忘了在你最喜欢的播客应用或 YouTube 上订阅和关注。这是避免错过后续节目的最佳方式,也对播客有极大的帮助。好了,下面有请 Alex Komoroske。
Alex,非常感谢你能来,欢迎来到播客。
Alex Komoroske: 谢谢邀请。
Bits and Bobs 文档
Lenny Rachitsky: 我非常喜欢你的思维方式。每次读到你的东西,我的大脑就立刻开始兴奋起来。你写作和实践中最有趣的事情之一——也是你一个非常有意思的习惯——就是你一直在维护一份叫做 Bits and Bobs 的文档,我非常喜欢它。我们会谈到你在这份 Bits and Bobs 文档中分享的很多内容,也会附上链接。首先,能不能请你介绍一下这份 Bits and Bobs 文档,它是关于什么的?
Alex Komoroske: 好的。这份文档现在大概有 600 页了,就是一个 Google Doc。时不时地,几乎每天都会有人不小心添加一条建议,比如加个空格之类的,因为文档加载太慢了,在他们等待的过程中会点一下屏幕,结果就变成了添加评论之类的操作。我平时会做大量笔记。开会的时候我会告诉别人:“如果你看到我在看手机或者在打字,那说明我觉得你说了一些非常有趣的东西,我正在记下来,而不是我不在听。“我试图收集所有这些想法。然后每周一次,我会花几个小时回顾整理,自我反思,尝试发现模式、拆解和寻找意义。我会把这些写下来,后来我开始把这些内容公开分享,现在这已经变成了一件我根本停不下来的事。
曾经有人跟我说:“如果你想让这些东西获得更多曝光,你应该把它们拆成推文,一天一条地发出去。“但我想说的是,我做这件事是为了自己。我很乐意让别人看到、窥探一下我奇怪的思维过程——如果他们愿意的话,但这百分之百是关于我自己的自我反思。它不是为读者设计的。我不想让任何人觉得有义务去读它。事实上,我在设计上还故意让它稍微有点难以理解。我希望人们需要花点功夫去读。它不会把一切都摆得整整齐齐呈上来。它会在不同主题之间跳跃。有时我会用一些术语,让人摸不着头脑——“你在说什么?“我是故意这么做的。如果有人读了之后觉得”哦,这也太差了,不值得花时间”,那完全没问题。这是一份 600 页的 Google Doc,记录的全是我松散的思考心得。你不想深入阅读,完全可以。
个人知识管理系统:The Compendium
Alex Komoroske: 这个习惯其实很多年前就开始了,核心思路是一样的——就是大量做笔记。我有一个叫 The Compendium 的工具,是开源的。如果你现在去看它,可能会觉得我好几年没碰过了,但其实不是这样。这个工具是大约五年前搭建的,我每天都在用。让我看看——我目前有 17,248 条未发布的工作笔记。我的做法是,在一周中快速记录会议笔记,然后每隔一两天,我会去处理它们,把它们作为工作笔记存入 The Compendium。在这个环节中我会修正拼写错误,补充一些上下文,确保一年后我自己还能看懂。
Alex Komoroske: 另外,我还在里面加了一个基于 embeddings 查找相似卡片的功能,可以找到过去记录的相似想法。然后每周五下午,我会坐下来把那一周新增的所有笔记过一遍,逐条点击查看那些仍然让我有共鸣的、在某种程度上仍然觉得有意思的内容。之后我有一个小导出功能,把它们放进 Google Doc。周末孩子们午睡的时候,我就过一遍这些笔记,试着以更长期的形式进一步提炼。然后周一早上发布出去。再说一次,这是一个很深的……对我来说,我无法想象不这样做。我最有意思的洞察,大多数都是通过反思前一周有趣的对话得来的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 随着对话的深入,大家会看到你对事物的思考有多深。你能思考得这么深入,部分原因在于你有这样一个习惯——花时间反思、分享、沉淀。强迫自己把它写下来,我觉得这里面蕴含着巨大的力量,而不是光想不写。
Alex Komoroske: 百分之百同意。我发现忙碌的时候,你就是不停地转、转、转、转,根本没有时间做深度思考。深度思考需要时间和空间,而你必须主动创造这个空间。那些琐碎的、毫无意义的破事会占据你给它的每一寸空间。所以你必须挤出那个空间,坐下来,回顾反思,在这些想法中沉浸享受。当你这样做的时候,经常会觉得,“天哪,哇,这条我要留住。“
周五的反思时间
我跟别人说过,在我职业生涯最早期,我周五在家办公。为此我受了好多嘲笑,人们会说,“哦,你周五在家上班啊。” 首先,我的工作产出随时可以拿出来比,我对自己的影响力非常自豪。其次,周一到周四我从早上八点到下午六点全在开会,就是不停地跑来跑去,拉人、找人、排日程、甩行动项。唯一一天不开会就是周五,那一天我才会认真阅读别人发给我的文档,或者反思。我会问自己:如果在这一周开始之前我做了哪件事,就能为这整周省下大量的时间和精力?
比如,也许我在十个不同的一对一会议中,向团队成员解释了我们正在做的某个战略调整或某项变动。这个想法以及我表述它的方式对所有人都有效。那你猜怎么着?这应该写成一份文档,对吧?同一个想法对十个人都管用,未来可能还有另外十个人需要听到它。那我花三十分钟把文档写出来,就有了这么一个固化的东西,其他人可以按自己的时间阅读,不需要我亲自参与。
有时候你还会发现一些有趣的想法——你看着那个让你头疼的问题,突然意识到,“等等,如果这样做的话,格局会完全不同。” 而你只有在退后一步的时候才能发现这些。我带过几百位 PM,我曾经告诉其中一位这些,他说,“唉,我要是有这个时间就好了。” 问题是,你必须挤出这个时间。我们每个人都很忙,而且永远都会很忙。所以这件事对我来说,不是为了享受才做的——虽然我确实从内心深处很享受它。我做这件事是因为我认为它让我更高效、更有成效。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我现在特别想岔开话题,聊聊你怎么安排时间、管理日历和效率之类的,但我不打算这么做。如果以后有机会,那可以单独做一期。
Alex Komoroske: 那个话题我能聊好几个小时。
AI 与产品开发的未来
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想做的,是从你一直在琢磨的那些 Bits and Bobs 里挑一些出来聊聊,我觉得这些内容对听众思考产品、AI 的未来这些正在涌现的话题会非常有帮助。第一个我想听听你的看法:AI 和 LLM 可能会如何影响产品开发。这档播客的很多听众是 PM、工程师、创始人——都是做软件的人。而你花了很多时间思考 AI 和产品开发,你的很多 Bits and Bobs 基本就是在说,“看看正在发生什么,天哪,未来会是这样的。” 所以我就直接问:你预计 LLM 和生成式 AI 在未来三到五年内会如何改变产品的构建方式?
Alex Komoroske: 我认为它们会改变很多东西。我认为 LLM 是一种真正的颠覆性技术。事实上,我想说我们在这个行业里看到的现状是,大家试图把上一个技术时代末期成熟的打法,套用一个其实还不适用的局面。对我来说,LLM 就像神奇的结构性胶带。它们的核心本质,是把整个社会的直觉蒸馏提炼成一个东西,运行在介于人力成本和普通计算成本之间的价位上。这个行业的大部分基础设施都建立在一个前提之上——软件编写成本高、运行成本低——而 LLM 同时颠覆了这两点。它让编写烂软件的成本大幅降低,不一定是好软件,但在某些场景下够用就行。同时,它也意味着现在存在一些软件,不再是那种可以低成本运行的普通计算,而是有相对较高的边际成本。
所以如果你要做一家面向消费者的创业公司,不能靠广告模式,实在太贵了。广告收入无法覆盖推理成本,即使推理成本在下降也不行。所以我认为——对我来说,颠覆性技术会改变大量的事情,改变那些你甚至没意识到自己在做的假设,因为你从没想过它还能有什么不同。
想象一下,如果你整个职业生涯都被关在一个没有窗户的房间里,你积累了所有的经验,获得了各种诀窍,对事情怎么运作、会发生什么有了一种直觉。然后想象这个房间沿着轴线倾斜了五度。一切看起来都差不多,但重力的方向变了。你之前甚至没有想过重力的存在,因为它无处不在、从不改变,所以你的脑海里根本没有这个概念。而现在重力实际上已经改变了,你所有的直觉都错了。我把这个东西放在桌上,它应该待在那——结果它滑走了,掉到墙上去了。各种奇怪的事情都会发生。
对我来说,LLM 就像那个倾斜。有无数人——在过去一两年里的某个时候,有人跑来跟我说,“我刚做了一个原型,这个产品以前要花我三个月才能做出来。我觉得可以围绕它做一个创业公司。” 我说,“你觉得这有什么差异化吗?” 现在人人都能做到这一点。它改变了竞争的基础。我认为现在很多人在使用 LLM,而 LLM 就像一台柔软的计算机。我们习惯了计算机精确执行我们告诉它的指令——不一定是我们真正想让它做的事。而且只有一部分人掌握了编程这门技能,那些神秘的咒语,能让计算机精确执行你真正的意图。
“柔软的计算机”与产品设计
Alex Komoroske: 现在,LLM 能做各种各样的事情。它们不会精确执行你告诉它的指令,但通常会大致做到你真正想让它做的事。我看到很多人在构建产品时会说,80% 的情况下、90% 的情况下,效果很好。但有 5% 的时间它会一拳打在用户脸上,然后他们就说,“我们要减少它打脸的次数。” 哪怕你把这个概率降到了 99%——那 1% 的时候它还是会打脸,这就不是一个可行的产品。所以你该如何设计产品,前提就是假设这个东西是柔软的、不完全准确、不会完美运作的?
很多人把这些东西当作神谕来用。“我要让它来 formulate 答案,它会给出一个完整的答案。” 当然,strawberry 被反复拷问。我也有机会试用了。它们在改善某些行为方面确实在进步,但代价极大。但在很多情况下,我更想说的是,“你如何才能把 LLM 当作理所当然的存在?你如何假设你现在拥有了这种神奇的管道胶带?不要假设它会解决你所有的问题。不要假设它能自主地给出每种情况下的高质量结果。但既然你有了神奇的管道胶带,你现在能构建什么?“
品味与好奇心比执行力更重要
Lenny Rachitsky: 你职业生涯的大部分时间都在做产品经理。现在你是一名创始人。我很好奇,你对产品经理和构建产品的人有什么建议——他们应该重点培养哪些技能,你认为什么会变得最重要?有硬技能,有软技能,有技术方向的,有业务方向的。你觉得大家应该多花精力在什么上面、什么会变得更有价值,什么又会变得不那么有价值?
Alex Komoroske: 我认为在当前这个早期阶段,我们处于这项技术的社区园艺阶段,而不是工厂化农业阶段。所以我认为人们最需要的是好奇心和玩耍。你应该去玩这些东西,尝试不同的事情,看看现在有什么奇怪的可能性。说实话,我现在最喜欢的一个 AI 应用是 WebSim。WebSim 太奇怪了。多奇怪的一个想法啊,为什么?然后你玩了一下就意识到,“哦,这是一个只有 LLM 存在的世界里才能存在的东西。” 我认为这类奇特的、有趣的、怪异的、富有启发的、生成性的东西,将会是大量有趣模式被发现的地方,因为现在我们已经太习惯于……如果成本结构已经变了,现在可能做到的事情的类型也变了,那旧的 playbook 就是错的,我们应该把它扔掉,或者至少在某种程度上忽略它。所以感觉上我们会像在一个全新的行业中导航一样。
任何时候当一个行业变得极其、极其、极其、极其擅长做某件事,比如垂直 SaaS,我们完全知道怎么执行。我们确切知道该做什么。这不需要太多东西。它需要的是消化能力和执行速度等等。但我认为垂直 SaaS 不是你用来攻克 AI 原生风格问题的正确模型。我认为那些才是所有有趣事物所在的地方。再说一次,我认为我们在初期尝试的很多战术不会奏效。它们在 95% 的情况下管用,但有 5% 的时间会打你一拳或者别的什么。这就意味着你必须更具适应性,必须假设保持精简、灵活会更加重要。
我的一种说法是,我们已经看到了信息分发成本的大幅下降,现在我们正在看到信息生产成本的下降。而其中大部分都是 slop。那么在这片嘈杂声中,你如何脱颖而出?你靠好品味脱颖而出。我认为品味是最重要的东西。你有一个不同于背景噪音、不同于平均水平的视角,而且人们觉得这个视角有说服力。如何找到你自己的品味、如何深入发挥这个品味,我认为比像其他人一样按部就班地执行要重要得多。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这里有太多线索我想追问了,但也许就最后这一点——当你说品味的时候,你具体指什么?人们应该怎么想,“好吧,我得培养我的品味”?
Alex Komoroske: 品味,一种看待方式是:它有多不同于 LLM 在被给予相同 prompt 时会写出来的东西。你说出来的东西有多不同、多有辨识度。我认为在大型行业、大型组织中,很多东西都是关于融入角色——如何成为那台特定机器中一个更好的、更高效的齿轮。而我认为在这个新世界里,你应该想做的是——我如何成为最好的自己?如何深入发挥那些我有有趣视角的、让我与众不同的东西?就是这类事情。当然,如果你深入发挥某个东西,你在做某种出格的事,但没有人对此产生共鸣,那它也不算数。好品味是一种既个人化、又对他人有说服力的东西。所以去找到那些你说出来会与他人产生共鸣的东西,然后深入发挥它。
WebSim 与”外星式”创新
Lenny Rachitsky: 我太喜欢这个说法了。回到 WebSim 的例子,我们会附上链接,大家一定要去玩一下 WebSim。我之前在 Figma Config 上采访 Dylan Field 的时候,这是他的——我问他,“你觉得未来人们会更兴奋的第一样东西是什么,就是你现在正在玩的那个?” 因为他非常擅长识别未来会变得更大的东西,而那就是他的选择。而且你如果只是去那个网站,很难确切理解它是什么。但基本上就是,你输入一个 URL,它就用 AI LLM 即兴发明出那个网站。
Alex Komoroske: 这太疯狂了。随着你越玩越多,你会发现你可以让它做各种具体的事情,你可以根据它利用最近几个页面上下文的方式来引导它。它创建了一个与你最近看到的东西相一致的自洽世界,因为你可以直接引导它,而且你可以观察那些令人着迷的用户。他们会分享各种古怪的小技巧来生成东西——比如为你的孩子生成一个特定类型的游戏。你可以做各种各样的事情。我不是说 WebSim 本身对我来说是一个颠覆性的东西。但那些看起来像外星的、怪异的、却又有吸引力的东西,才是我们应该更多关注的——而不是拿现有的 playbook 往上面贴个什么东西。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个说法。我看到的你提出的另一个关于 AI 的观点,以及它与我们所做过的其他事情的不同之处——我们在工作中采用的大多数工具都是协作性的,帮助你的团队变得更好,帮助你更好地协作,而 AI 恰恰相反。它让你个人变得更好。你能谈谈这个洞察吗?
AI 提升的是个人而非组织
Alex Komoroske: 百分之百同意。我认为这也是为什么现在大家都在谈论 AI,却又没有人做出什么有趣的东西——显然除了 OpenAI 和 Anthropic。那么到底有没有价值被创造出来?我觉得完全有可能。我的好朋友 Ethan Malik,他有一个非常棒的博客,绝对值得阅读,他也指出过,AI 是一种让个人变得更好的工具,但人们可能不想告诉自己的经理。我现在工作效率翻倍了。如果组织知道了,他们可能会说,“等等,那我们应该只付你一半的工资。“或者”我们要不要裁掉一些人?”
所以如果这些东西是神奇的胶带,你很难用它做出规模化、可重复的大型东西。但用它来搞定各种乱七八糟的事却非常容易。你会看到它在小范围内被大量使用,几乎完全在组织的感知范围之下。组织几乎看不见也感觉不到它,但它可能正在创造巨大价值,或者被非常频繁地使用。我认为这也是为什么如果一切都发生在使用方式的长尾中,你可能会得出结论:“哦,它没在行业中被用于任何事情”,但它其实无处不在。我每天跟 Claude 聊二十次。我就是跟它进行长时间的对话。我有大量的项目加载了各种不同主题的上下文,说真的,如果没有像 Claude 这样的对话伙伴,我根本无法完成我现在的工作。
Lenny Rachitsky: 让我顺着这个话题问一下,因为很多人会说,好吧,大家一直告诉我去玩 AI,去用 ChatGPT,但有时候很难看清到底能用它做什么。你能举一个例子吗,说明你在日常中是怎么发现它真的有用,或者你是怎么使用 Claude 或其他工具的?
用 LLM 来思考问题
Alex Komoroske: 我用它来思考问题。比如当我想给一个概念命名,或者想从几个不同角度来看待某个问题时,我就说:“这是我脑子里现在关于这个话题的想法,这里是一些相关的背景。“我有好几个项目,尽可能多地把 Bits and Bobs 中的内容塞进上下文里,这非常有帮助。然后我就说:“你就随便玩,给我十个例子。“或者”帮我评一下这几个”,或者”我觉得这个对我来说是最好的,它好在哪里?为什么这个是最好的?“又或者”我现在想换个角度切入,跟 Helen Nissenbaum 的语境完整性(contextual integrity)概念有关的东西,我该怎么把它叠加进去?“就把它想象成一个博览群书但有点天真的朋友,永远不会让你觉得自己蠢,愿意跟你探讨任何你想深入的话题。
当你跟律师或医生这样的专家交谈时,你知道那段时间极其宝贵。你只有很小的一段时间窗口,所以有大量的问题你根本不会去问。“这是个蠢问题,我才不会花一千美元来回答这个问题。“而如果你能进行那样的对话——这不是说用它来获取法律建议——但它可以让你在一个问题领域中充分探索,然后再拿去跟专家确认,说:“我认为这是一个合理的结果或应该发生的事情。“他们会说:“哦,对,这样没问题。“所以我用大模型来帮助自己。它就像一辆电动自行车,只不过是在想法空间里。你可以在其中以快得多的速度覆盖多得多的领域。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢这个比喻,因为它在 Steve Jobs 说计算机是大脑的自行车之上又进了一步。这是一个非常优美的理解方式——大模型就像是大脑的电动自行车。
Alex Komoroske: 我不确定这是不是别人先说的……
Lenny Rachitsky: 哦,好的。
作为想法收集者
Alex Komoroske: 我不知道它从哪来的。我的工作的一部分就是做一个想法收集者,所以我努力让自己置身于最有趣的信息流中,接触那些我发现有品味的、对某件事有独到见解的有趣的人。也许我不同意他们的观点,但他们确实有一个连贯的想法。然后我就允许自己说:“哦,这是一个非常好的想法,让我在此基础上继续发展,或者让我……”我甚至不知道那个具体的比喻是从哪来的,但我百分之九十五确定是别人说过的。
组织合演(organizational kayfabe)
Lenny Rachitsky: 我想聊聊你思维方式中非常核心的”园艺与建造”这个概念。但在那之前,我想先谈谈你偶尔会提到的另一个我很喜欢的想法,也就是组织合演这个概念。先谈谈 kayfabe 这个词本身的含义,然后再谈谈在你看来它如何适用于组织。
Alex Komoroske: 在深入讨论这些内容之前,有一点我需要先说明。有时候人们听我谈论组织如何运作和系统问题时,会觉得我在愤世嫉俗。我想非常清楚地说明,我是极度乐观的,同时我也相信一条道德准则:如何将真实的人类作为目的本身,最大化他们的能动性。所以有时候当我兴奋地谈论这些时,人们会说:“哇,你太愤世嫉俗了。“不,我只是试图如实描述这个系统。一旦我们了解它实际如何运作,我们就能弄清楚如何让它做出伟大的事情,以及我们作为这个系统的成员如何去调整和推动它。
所以我先声明这一点。我有一份关于黏菌的幻灯片,这些年来获得了大量关注,部分原因在于人们告诉我,它让他们觉得自己不再疯狂了——他们一直以为自己疯了,而这就像给他们一个大大的拥抱说:“你没有疯。这就是为什么会出现这种现象。“一旦你承认了它,承认它确实让人有点沮丧,但一旦你承认了,各种各样的选项就会涌现出来。“哦,既然这个东西比看起来要昂贵得多,那我可以改做这个。那个选项便宜十倍。这两个选项中,这个便宜得多,成功概率也高得多。“所以一旦你看清了这些力量,你就能更清楚地看到它们。
所以我认为 kayfabe 是一个有助于理解组织实际如何运作的视角。Kayfabe 这个词——我相信源自嘉年华(carny)行话,后来被用于职业摔跤——指的是一种所有人都知道是假的、但所有人都假装是真的的东西。我认为这是任何组织内部的决定性力量之一。Kayfabe 在小范围内就是乐观主义、热情。当有人说”我们要做这件事”的时候,你说”好的,我们要做”,即使我觉得这行不通。如果你说”我觉得这行不通”,所有人就会失去希望,然后它就真的行不通了。所以有一点这种东西是极其有价值的。它是让组织相信自己能做到某件事并尝试去做这件事的润滑剂。
信息传递的层层失真
Alex Komoroske: 问题在于,随着组织规模变大,想象一下你在五层以下的位置,手头有个项目,你想给一个状态更新让它层层上报到领导层。目前状态是黄色,你的经理来问了,而你知道要到下周才会被上报给领导层。“是黄色,但我已经控制住了局面。我知道怎么修。我去找 Sarah 谈谈,我觉得我们有解决方案。等这个被上报的时候,它就会变成绿色了。“所以如果我现在报黄色,很有可能有人会突然空降说:“怎么回事?我们来开个评审会。“那修复起来就难得多了,所以我就……一个小小的善意谎言。
这完全是合理的做法。这是一种自我保护。而且对组织来说,这很可能也是正确的做法。问题在于这种情况在多个层级上反复发生,而且会不断累积。你上面的层级也会做同样的事,再上面也一样,再上面也一样,等到最高层的时候,可能与真实情况之间已经差了好几个数量级。于是那个 kayfabe——所有人都假装相信的东西——显然是错的。而危险之处在于,这会导致你做出非常糟糕的决策。如果你作为看穿这一切的人,意识到等等,官方战略明显行不通,你会想:“我得告诉某个人。我们正在做的事情方向是错的,行不通的。“然后你去说:“我认为出于这些原因,这实际上是行不通的。”
然后有人会对你说——顺便说一下,这种情况确实会发生,我不是在指代某个特定组织,这种情况在所有组织中都在某种程度上存在——资深的人会说:“Alex,我同意你。它不完美,但如果你按下真相按钮,如果你把这个分享出去,所有人都会知道,整个事情就会碎掉,我们就什么都做不了了。所以帮我一起修复它。不要说出真相。只要帮着推动一下、修复一下就好。“这说得有道理。好,你就帮忙一起做,然后一个月后你意识到,等等,情况在恶化。我们正在做的事情对公司不好。没有创造用户价值。对员工也不好。他们在过度消耗。对谁都没好处,而且还在恶化。所以如果你觉得要去按下真相按钮——在你动手之前,就会有人飞扑上来把你按倒在地、在暗处捅你一刀,因为你会毁掉一切。
组织的僵尸化
于是,坚持这样一个想法就变成了正确的选择:如果你承认 kayfabe 是假的,你就有被踢出局的风险。那么,在两个方向互相拉扯的情况下,你怎么做出好的事情?这种趋势推到极限,就会出现一种情况:最简单的做法是——如果我坚持这个想法,我们可能为公司创造巨大价值;如果我放弃这个想法,我就会死。所以维持这种分裂大脑状态最简单的方式,就是把那部分直接关掉,真心实意地相信那个 kayfabe。这就是组织变成僵尸的过程。任何你私下单独交谈的个人都会承认,是的,这不可能行得通。结果发现这些事情就是以这种方式运作的,然而整个组织仍然在踉跄前行。
这是大型组织的死亡状态。它在任何条件下、在各个地方都会发生,这就是其中一种表现形式。我认为承认这一点是帮助导航、仍然做出扎实成果的重要方式。如何允许反驳性证据出现而不至于毁掉你,反而让你变得更强?如果所有反驳性证据都不得不集中在一个可能毁掉一切的巨大时刻才能爆发,那你就根本听不到它。然后它会不断积累、积累、积累、积累,直到达到一个超临界状态,可能瞬间粉碎一切。
领导者如何应对坏消息
Lenny Rachitsky: 我最近在听几个播客,其中有好几个都提到一条共同线索:一些最成功的领导者,他们对下属的指示是,“一旦有坏消息,我需要尽早知道。不要替我屏蔽。我就想尽快知道所有坏消息。“感觉这就是你描述的问题的一种解决方案。
Alex Komoroske: 反驳性证据是让人不舒服的,所以你不会意识到这一点,因为在任何一个当下它都让人难受。就像,“唉,这是干扰。我们只想把这个东西做完。“所以不去接收它出发点是好的,但如果你很忙,这正是你需要退一步的原因之一。退一步,你冷静一些,就能把这些信息作为确证性证据来吸收。它不会让人感觉像是生存威胁。你非常容易被包围。如果你非常有权势,你会找到你需要的所有确证性证据。如果它不存在,会在你不知情的情况下被为你制造出来。
这就是大公司从根本上不同于小公司的原因之一。你可能陷入的一个陷阱是没有意识到这种动态正在发生,如果你不明白这本质上是正在发生的事情,你就会做出非常糟糕的决策。因为大家都会说,“哦,总会有一些坏人的。“不,不,不。即使人们不主动玩这个游戏,这个游戏也会自发生成。即使每个人都讨厌它,它也会出现。如果你不玩这个游戏,你就会被淘汰出局。任何组织在根本层面上都必须成立的一个底层逻辑是:你不能让你的老板显得愚蠢,因为如果你这么做了,他就是那个决定”哦,这个人表现不行”或之类的人。就是这一个小小的不对称,这一个小小的事实,在大多数情况下无关紧要。但这一个小小的不对称,正是导致系统性不断累积的根源,让你得到那些所有人都不想要、没人喜欢、却没有人能去改变的怪异的功能失调的涌现现象。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢你开头的那个声明,随着你讲这些内容,它在我脑中不断回响。你不是在愤世嫉俗地说”这糟透了”。而是”这是我观察到的现象。我们需要想办法绕过它。”
Alex Komoroske: 对。因为我认为大量的痛苦和不幸源于我们不去承认这些根本性的、无法逃避的现实。这几乎是不可能的。熵就是其中之一。熵之所以出现,是因为偏离一个点的路径远多于趋向一个点的路径。在任何你能想象的宇宙中,这在根本上都必然成立。所以如果你要对抗熵,你终将失败。但如果你意识到这些东西的存在,你就能找到在这些挑战下仍然有效的想法子集。我建议的一些策略——那些策略往往看起来很随意。看起来不够严肃。看起来像,“哦,你是说你不知道答案?“对,我承认我不知道答案。
Alex Komoroske: 而且我要说的是,我不知道答案也无所谓,因为这件事——我种下的这颗小小的种子——成本如此之低,没错,我无法确定它会成功,但我可以说它有机会成功。它的下行风险基本上就是此刻种下种子的机会成本,而种下它的人本身就享受这个过程,所以这个机会成本其实并不大,因为他们从中获得了能量。所以有什么好纠结的?多种几颗这样的种子。如果其中一棵长成了橡树,那就太好了。不要事先去分析哪颗种子会长成橡树。如果种下种子的成本极低,那就种吧。如果它开始生长了,就继续浇灌。就是这样。就是这么回事。
有时候人们会对此有意见,我之前在清单里被人批评过,他们说:“你是在说你不知道这件事的答案。“不是,我是在说我不需要知道这件事的答案。如果在系统层面上我让这些想法自由生长,然后你对那些正在发挥作用的、有生命力的想法做出响应,那你事先不知道哪些会成功其实并不重要。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这正好可以引出你一个核心理念,这个理念也深刻影响了你的很多思考方式,那就是”建造”与”园艺”的区别,以及橡实的魔力。谈谈这个总体思路,然后我想沿着几条线索继续追问。
Alex Komoroske: 我们解决问题和打造产品的方式,很大程度上是一种建造者思维。就是:“我有一个计划,然后我操控事物使之符合我的计划,把它实现。“这种方式当然可以创造大量价值。但问题在于,它创造的价值不可能超过你投入的努力。所以我寻找的是那些可以被”园艺化”的东西——那些能自己生长、你可以引导、或者给一点额外能量、或者加以策展的东西。这是一种完全不同的思维方式。所以这是一种以园艺来领导的感觉。我不会去挑选系统中的东西。我尝试基于实际拥有的东西来工作,并且持续寻找反驳性证据,然后倾向于那些我认为朝着有价值方向发展的部分。
如果你做得好,它看起来就像魔法。看起来像一回事。看起来像运气好,因为你做的事情本质上是在”耕种奇迹”。所以在系统层面上,我无法告诉你这些事情中哪一个会成功,但我可以告诉你,其中有一个以有趣且变革性的方式成功的概率非常高。所以如果你去寻找那些具有复利潜力的种子——如果它们成功了,会以加速的速率开始运作——那你就不需要事先知道。对我来说,我被告知这完全违背了如今人们打造产品时得到的所有建议,但我认为这是一种非常强大的方法,在很多不同情境下都适用。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你能举一个例子吗?可以是你自己做过的,也可以是别人做过的,成功的案例就行。因为我觉得听到这里的人可能会说:“但我得交付东西啊。我得达成目标。我没时间坐在那儿园艺、种种子。我得真正地建造。”
Alex Komoroske: 如果存在一种生态系统的路径,如果存在某种东西——一旦成功就会自我加速——那你要做的就是这件事,我们不完全确定什么会奏效,但如果一个开发者写了一个东西,有人使用了它,它就会吸引更多开发者、更多用户,然后这个东西就会自己成长。而且做一个小示例的成本很低。构建一个小的开源项目、鼓捣一个小东西、然后放在那里,成本很低。如果没人用它,也没关系。构建的过程本身就很有趣。花了你三个小时。没关系。如果有人确实用了,那你就每次发现有信号表明有人觉得它有用时,再投入一点增量精力,而一旦你不再获得这种信号,就停下来。
所以我会在各种场景下使用这种方法。任何具有生态系统形态、具有某种网络效应的东西——很多东西都有网络效应,都有某种复利循环。复利循环并不罕见。它们就是——你需要”看”。就像寻找松露一样。你必须知道自己在寻找什么,找到那些”一旦成功就会以加速速率运作”的动态结构。很多东西在本质上就具有这种形态。任何有网络效应的东西,任何力量随用户数量增长而增强的东西,但它们也出现在我们通常不会应用这种思维的各种问题中。
创造涌现的机会
Lenny Rachitsky: 顺着你说的,你还建议人们更多以涌现的思维方式来思考,而非自上而下。我觉得这是看待同一理念的另一个非常有趣的角度——为涌现创造机会,自下而上而非自上而下的控制。聊聊这个吧。
Alex Komoroske: 百分之百同意。我认为涌现是你知道如何驾驭它、知道如何与它配合的话,是最强大的力量之一。唯一困难的地方在于,在我看来——你会显得不够严肃。你会显得像个怪人。你会显得像个疯子。而且有一个坏处:如果你在做一件事,采用的是常规的自上而下的方法——制定计划,执行计划——即使计划最后证明没什么用,你产出了一个东西,没有发生任何有趣的事情,也没人能说你不够努力。但如果你尝试设计涌现,然后真的发生了了不起的事情,即使发生了,人们也会说:“啊,那是运气。你那个奇迹时刻、那个英雄时刻在哪里?你什么时候让它发生的?所以这跟你没关系。”
而这实际上是我职业生涯中最大的一个突破——当我放下顾虑的时候。我在 Google 被提升为总监。我当时想:“好,我再也不想在大组织内部被晋升了。“而能够去做影响力最大的工作——即使我无法让组织看清楚这些工作的价值——这种自由是如此强大,我的影响力提升了十倍,因为我不必担心以一种能展示个人工作努力的方式来让它变得可衡量。我觉得这是最难的部分。而且你通常需要——我给 PM 的建议是,我在 Google 的方法是:70% 的精力和团队的精力应该放在所有人都承认重要、有用、能创造价值的事情上。也许是无聊的、线性的价值,但总是某种价值。你在尽量降低公司里任何其他人会说”那个团队到底是干什么的?“的可能性。
如果有人对你的团队说出这句话,你的团队就处于消亡的边缘。所以你要尽量降低任何人想说这句话或认为说这句话合适的可能性,通过清晰而明确地创造价值来做到。你不必说这是全世界最好的团队,但明显他们在做一些有用的事情。他们执行得很好。他们工作很努力。当然这个团队应该存在。想想看,当然应该。但现在一旦你做到了这一点,你就有了30%的额外时间,可以用来种下所有这些种子。
Alex Komoroske: 你可以发现一些有趣的小东西——也许团队里一个初级 PM 有个想法,你觉得有点傻,但他们真的很投入。而这个东西呢,说不定效果会很好。如果你这样调整一下,是有潜力的。我能看出来这怎么能行得通。如果那个 PM 本来就要做这件事,他们就是想做,与其说”不行不行不行,我们没时间搞这个,在那边多干点正经事”,不如说”去做吧。这是我的顾虑。我猜这部分可能行不通,但这部分真的很酷。“然后如果没做成,他们也锻炼了自己的能动性。他们执行了。他们实践了自己的能动性。他们学到了东西。他们变得更强了。他们成长了。而如果真的做成了,就有了正向收益。最坏的情况,也就是牺牲了一点机会成本,换来的是帮助他们成长、学习、并且喜欢做的事。所以我不知道,别去强求,也别去阻止。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这是一个非常好的例子,说明了如何在团队中实际操作。我一直以来对此的思考方式是——我跟人分享的一个画面是——你要为你的团队提供火力掩护:你的团队在达成目标、推动指标,而在火力掩护之下,你在内部建造末日武器,受到保护,没人会来阻止你。
保护幼苗
Alex Komoroske: 对,因为橡果种下去之后最难的事情之一,就是确保一只松鼠不会把它刨出来。有太多东西可以摧毁它,仅仅给它留出空间、给它留出时间,才是最重要的事情。这做起来很有挑战性,但这正是为什么作为领导者,你在组织里要有足够的信誉——让人们看到你在做有用的工作——从而给你空间,给你的团队空间去做真正伟大的工作。如果你想让团队做出好的工作,有一百万条路径可以做到。但如果你想让团队做出伟大的工作,没有捷径,唯有建立一个极高信任的环境,让人们发挥各自的超能力,最终汇聚成大于部分之和的东西。这需要时间。需要精力。很难向组织中的其他人清晰地展示,但伟大的成果正是从这里来的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想起 Ed Catmull 在《Creativity, Inc.》中分享的一个概念,叫丑婴儿——每一个新想法都是一个丑婴儿,没人想要这个丑婴儿。每个人都觉得”把这个弄走”,因为每个新想法一开始都是糟糕的。
Alex Komoroske: 对,就是很烂。它们就像这种丑陋的东西,勉强能跑或者……但这就是为什么我尝试去做的是——我试图在每个事物中看到伟大,看到伟大之处的种子。我周围的每一个人和每一件事,我都会去寻找、去发现,到底这个东西最引人注目的部分是什么?然后我倾向于那个方向。所以我在和人见面、辅导他们的时候尝试做的一件事是——在头一两次会谈中,只要我能形成一个假设,我就会说:“我觉得你的超能力是……”然后向他们描述我认为他们在哪方面可以真正做到出类拔萃。
有时候我会判断错误,尤其是如果我尝试得太早的话。但当人们感到被看见、感到被认可的时候,他们会愿意走得更远,也会更好地回应你的引导性反馈——因为他们知道你不是在试图让他们变成另一个人,你是在告诉他们成为更多。这时候那些引导就不像是叫停的能量,而更像是一个理解他们、能帮他们成长的人。当你以尊重待人,你就能从人们身上得到惊人的成果。我默认我交谈的每一个人都是有趣的,都有伟大之处的种子——即使他们自己未必知道那些种子在哪里。
人人皆佛
今天早上有人跟我描述了一个概念——在我主持的一个小型的”dirt club”里——关于像对待佛陀一样对待每一个人。我可能说得不太准确,但大意是:想象你交谈的每一个人都是佛陀,以佛教的心态,去看到并找到那些伟大之处的种子,将每个人作为目的本身来尊重。这是一件你作为有同情心的人应该做的事情。同时我也相信,这也是一种最大化直接和间接价值创造量的方式。这是一种多赢——作为一个人、作为社会的一员,这是正确的事;同时它也能创造大量商业价值,在世界上创造真正的价值。
Lenny Rachitsky: 回到你之前用过的一个词——黏菌。我想在这方面多花点时间。说来有趣,我第一次听说你、也是让我对你的东西产生兴趣的契机是——我和 Perplexity 公司做过一期 newsletter 帖子,讲他们如何做产品。当他们的联合创始人描述团队的组织方式时,说他们像黏菌一样组织,然后他链接到了你那套关于黏菌的幻灯片,我就想”这到底是什么东西?“你能不能简要描述一下,你谈论黏菌时指的是什么,黏菌和公司的组织方式有什么关系,以及公司应该如何思考组织这件事?
黏菌与组织
Alex Komoroske: 好。黏菌幻灯片(slime mold deck)的核心论点是:随着组织变大,使其难以运转的核心动态——即使你假设每个人都能力出众、积极协作、勤奋工作——是这种涌现的力量,即协调成本:在每个人都超级忙的情况下,找到那个所有人都同意并承诺、并且真正一起动手去做的项目子集。而找到这种协调的成本,随参与人数的平方增长。所以公司通常的做法是对抗这个问题,或者假装它不存在。
如果你要对抗这个问题,一种看待方式是把公司想象成一辆车。公司很小的时候,你可以开着它转向,像跑车一样灵活。作为创始人,你有权掌舵,所有人都认可你有权掌舵。没人会问”他为什么要往那边开?“所以你,作为创始人,可以帮助组织绕过组织自身看不到、也无法理解的障碍。问题在于,随着你不断转向、不断成长,你的组织从一辆跑车逐渐变成了一辆大卡车。如果你还像开跑车一样开大卡车,你对自己和路上的其他人都是危险的,而且会把引擎磨坏。所以你开的必须是实际上拥有的那辆车。
所以我看到很多大型组织里发生的事情是,人们只是试图忽略这个事实。顺便说一下,当你的车、你的载具变成大卡车之后,人们会说”哦,那就是要开慢点”。不,不,不。它的意思是少转向。意思是多一点……在调整方向盘的时候更加审慎,在项目管理上投入更多,在流程上投入更多,在规划过程中留出更多余量来吸收各种意外,这样大家仍然能同时抵达产品发布的终点。
另一个选择是,你可以把自己的组织拆分成一群跑车,一辆辆独立的跑车。这样做的好处是你会获得自下而上的自主性和优势,坏处是外部的人看了会说”那个团队和那个团队明显没有沟通过”。你得说”是的,是的。“你必须自己判断这对你来说有多糟糕。苹果选择了前者。对他们来说,产品的完美一致性幻觉非常重要。这对他们非常有效。他们执行得精彩绝伦。而如果你选了截然相反的路,其他人会说”是啊,什么事情都有十五种不同做法,他们明显互不通气。“但这正是让 AWS 产品矩阵作为一个整体集群非常强大、反脆弱——或者你想怎么称呼都行的原因。
所以黏菌这件事,我认为是承认组织——尤其是那些重视员工自主性和能动性的组织,很多科技公司都是如此——比我们意识到的更像黏菌。如果你对抗这个事实,你会过得很惨。而如果你拥抱它,你就会发现黏菌其实相当厉害。它们能找到你甚至不知道自己在寻找的问题的解法。
Lenny Rachitsky: Alex,你的比喻真的是一绝。我不知道你是怎么做到的,但它们如此生动、如此准确。
Alex Komoroske: 如果你感兴趣的话,我可以告诉你我的方法。
Lenny Rachitsky: 请说。那就太好了。
如何产生好的比喻和框架
Alex Komoroske: 我通过说话来思考。我是一个外部处理器,如果我不说话,我 literally 无法思考。所以我确保自己安排尽可能多的有趣会议,而通过和人们交谈,我发现自己的想法。测试标准是——如果我说出一个框架,对方的反应是”哦!“或者”啊哈!“那就是一次胜利,说明这是个好的。你就是在随机撒网。找到一个。然后如果另一个不同的人也有类似的反应,如果一个销售的人和一个工程的人都觉得同一个想法有意思,这就是一个非常好的信号,说明很多人都会觉得它有意思——那些被你说的东西所触动的人,在背景、技能、视角上的多样性越强,信号就越好。
这个直觉是——如果你在社交网络里想看什么东西会病毒式传播,如果某样东西在传播过程中,最初分享它的人在社交图谱上都是高度密集互连的,那隐含的天花板就相对较小。你只知道它在这个受众群体里有效。但如果分享它的人属于非常不同的子群体,彼此几乎没有交集,而他们都觉得它有意思,那暗示着最大受众群要大得多。所以你在寻找的是能与不同类型的人产生共鸣的想法。然后一旦你找到了它们,每次遇到类似的情况,你就多投入一点时间,下次再多想想怎么去表达它。
我在这次聊天里没这么做,但在大多数对话中,你会看到我边说边写下东西——“哦,这是目前为止对那个想法最好的表述。“然后你不断回到它。你不断打磨它,观察它在不同人身上的反应,看他们怎么回应——“你这些比喻是从哪来的?“就像我积累了成千上万、成千上万的例子、比喻之类的东西。
比喻思维的一个好处是,你连上十个点中的九个,然后邀请听众去自己连上最后一个点。顺便说一句,这让你可以说非常有争议的事情——因为如果你把十个点全连上了,别人会说”哦,这就是官方战略”,那你就立刻变成一个危险的存在。而如果你留下一个点不连,人们可以自己去连上那个点,然后说”天哪,我觉得这说的就是我们。“你说”天哪,什么?""是的,这就是我选这个比喻的原因。“但为了抵消这一点——因为现在人们不太容易看出你说的是对的——你必须让比喻足够生动、足够有趣。
黏菌幻灯片之所以获得了那么大关注,部分原因是黏液是恶心的、是不好的,而它却在讲为什么黏液是好的。这就立刻有了一种颠覆感。我只是在事后才弄明白这一点——试图搞清楚为什么那套幻灯片在我写过的所有东西里获得了那么多关注。
Lenny Rachitsky: 而且它基本上全是 emoji,这在你通常读到的幻灯片里很不常见。它做得非常漂亮。我很喜欢你一直在讲你思考和产生想法的方式是通过和人交谈、对话。我们也谈到了你用 Bits and Bobs 的方式来写作。我问过一位在 Stripe 和你共事过的人应该问你什么,她说问你关于战略沙龙的事,感觉这正好和这类话题相关。你能讲讲这些是什么、你是怎么设置的吗?
战略沙龙(strategy salons)
Alex Komoroske: 这些我现在也叫 nerd club,是我的秘密武器。我有一篇博客文章。在我第二个孩子出生前开始写的,然后他提前三周出生了,我就完全断了线,现在那是一份四十页的草稿,可能永远也写不完了。但我用这个方法已经很久了。我很早之前就发现了它——它们强化了我在开源社区组织中使用的一些技巧。当时的情境是我刚加入 Google 的一个新团队。我在那里已经待了很多年,当时有 12 个不同的组在这个总体问题领域的不同方面工作。而按照 Google 的典型风格,它们加起来的效果远远小于各部分之和——不是那种”我们看看哪个能行”的情况,而是”这两个东西直接互相拆台。如果你同时执行这两个策略,哪个都行不通。“我知道,如果你试图对这个非常复杂、模糊、开放式的问题做两两之间的管理层评审,你会得到非常昂贵的场面戏,它掩盖的东西比澄清的还多。
Alex Komoroske: 于是我创建了一个秘密小组,最初那个叫 Navel Gazers。我希望人们听到这个名字时会觉得,“那就是一个书呆子俱乐部。” 然后我会说,“没错,你要加入吗?” 这样一来,只有那些发自内心想参与的人才会进来,你得到的都是纯粹的”yes, and”式的积极能量。在这些小组里,你要非常明确地设定规范:“这是一个协作辩论的环境,只允许’yes, and’。” 如果有人在这个完全无关紧要、可选且秘密的组里说了一个你觉得确实很蠢的想法,你可以选择不参与,直接忽略就好,完全没问题,因为这里不会做出任何有趣或重要的决定。
如果你想参与但不喜欢某个想法,一个建设性的方式是说:“哦,这太有意思了。我从没想过用这个视角,我通常会用那个视角来看这类问题。不知道那个视角在这里是否也适用?” 通过说”我好奇”,你把焦点放在了自己身上,而不是对方身上。这样对方可以选择是否觉得这是一个值得延伸的方向。这听起来可能非常不严谨,你会觉得”在’yes, and’的环境下怎么可能产生严谨的思考?” 但实际上时间有限,人们会选择在那些他们觉得最有趣的想法上继续建构。有趣的东西通常是出人意料且可能有价值的。所以如果小组里很多不同的人都在同一个想法上继续建构,那就是一个很好的信号,说明确实有非常有意思的事情在发生。
第三件事是你要逐步引入新的视角。每隔一到三周引入一些新视角。如果你一次性投入太多新视角,整个规范可能会被打乱。如果五个人里有一个性格特别不合群的人,就能破坏整个规范,所以你要尽量降低加入一个搅局者的概率。只要有一个人就能搞砸一场派对,站出来说”我们到底在这里干嘛?” 你要尽量降低这种事发生的概率。但更重要的一点是,你要尽量引入视角尽可能不同的人。这就是 Ken Stanley 可能会说的——新颖性搜索(novelty search),你在整个问题空间中通过不同视角进行新颖性搜索。
当你把这些做好时,你会得到一种神奇的东西。你会得到一个人们发自内心觉得有价值、乐于参与、在其中找到意义的小组,同时它也会随机地产出改变周围环境的洞见,因为你在一个低风险的环境中搜索这些想法,那些很多人都在上面建构的想法,大家会说,“哦,你应该把这个写下来。” 这就像一个创意实验室,所有人都会称之为创意实验室。它会产出惊人有趣的洞见。你只是不能强迫它做任何事。它必须是自下而上、涌现的,这意味着如果你试图把它引向某个特定结果,它是不会配合的。但如果你这样做,它们是绝佳的即兴发挥、分享想法和半成品想法的场所。无论我走到哪里,我都会改造周围的文化土壤,创建这样的小组,因为我需要一个地方来实验、尝试不同的半成品想法、在它们之上建构,并从他人那里获得灵感。
这就是我的秘密之一,战略上的秘密,我大概从十年前第一个小组开始就在做了。到现在我数得出来这些年启动了八九个。有些是自己涌现出来的。很多至今还在 Google。我觉得它们就是奇妙的场所,创造了大量的价值。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我很喜欢,这是你的涌现属性方法的完美例证——让事物涌现,而不是自上而下地说”我们做什么、谈什么”。如果有人想在公司内部或朋友之间搭建这样的东西,你有什么建议?有哪些约束条件和设置方式可以让它成功?
搭建战略沙龙的建议
Alex Komoroske: 社区的关键在于势能。你要让空间足够小、时间足够短。如果你有一个像大仓库一样的大空间,里面很多人但没人说话,人们就会觉得”我猜这是一个不说话的地方”,不管什么原因。所以你要做的是找到最小规模的核心种子成员——你确定会积极参与的人。比如你们四个人本来就在午餐时聊天,聊各种话题,而且总是很有趣、很能产生新想法。好,把这群人聚起来做一件事。然后逐步加入那些你觉得会喜欢现有状态的人。然后你需要持续喂养它,确保它永远不会消亡。
一个没人说话的社区肯定是死了。一个只有一个人说话的社区其实也已经死了,只是你还没意识到。所以你要最大化出现有趣对话的概率,即使你作为组织者不在场的时候也是如此。这需要积极的维护——就像花园有园丁一样,需要有人修剪并说:“嘿 Jeff,跟你说一下,我觉得你对 Sarah 的想法回应得有点太强烈了,也许下次可以在那句话前面加个’我好奇’,“之类的。
另一件事是,当有人联系你、给你发消息说”嘿,我们想想这个事”的时候,你就说:“这个想法真有意思,你应该在小组里分享。” 然后他们照做了,你就在小组里回应说:“这真的很有意思,“加个小小的 emoji 反应。其他没有看到你们私下互动的人会以为 Sarah 是自己主动冒险分享的,而且效果很好。这样这就变成了社区中一个自我维持的规范。这并不是秘密——如果有人问,我会说”是我让 Sarah 分享的”——但旁观的人不会意识到这一点。于是它变成了一个人们愿意冒险、觉得分享很安全的地方。
还有一件事,大约每周一次,你要确保你从不在小组里提出一个让人觉得”嗯……”的东西,你总是要提出让人说”好!“的东西。所以你要这样做:如果你在跟其他人聊天,你说”我在想我们是不是应该偶尔搞一次线上对话?文字聊天太好玩了,不过——你们会来参加吗?” “哦会的,我会来。” “好的,太好了。” 于是我就说:“嘿,我们几个人在聊,准备做一个实验,周三午餐时间聊一个小时。小组里的人都可以来。”
然后你要确保每次都有足够的人数到场,因为如果到场人数不够,看起来就像是社区已经死了一样。然后你事后要发送 FOMO 的内容。比如你说:“这是我做的笔记,“或者”谢谢 Sarah、Jeff 等等,一次精彩的对话。我觉得关于某某的那个洞见简直太棒了。” 你要让那些在小组里但没来参加的人觉得错过了,下次就会来。
社区的氛围营造与能量种子
Alex Komoroske: 所以你就在不断地创造这种关于”该怎么做”的氛围。如果没有一个精力充沛的人,这事是做不成的。我在很多自己参与的群里通常是那个”晶种”,因为我精力充沛,而且任何我觉得心态开放或有趣的观点,我都喜欢在此基础上继续发挥、“是的,而且”下去,这样就为它的成长打下了基础。但要去寻找那些本身就已经大致想要这件事的人。不要试图去说服一个不想要这件事的人去想要它。他们不会的。而且他们会毁掉整件事。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我太喜欢这套在公司内部搭建小社区的做法了。顺便问一下,你写过这方面的文章吗?如果没写过,你应该写一篇完整的帖子。
Alex Komoroske: 我写过。是一篇长文,只是还没有……你可以在 Bits and Bobs 里看到它。如果你把 Bits and Bobs 交给 Claude,然后说”请用散文的风格写一篇关于极客俱乐部的文章”,它能写出来,因为里面的很多素材都在那里了,只是还没有被提炼出来。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我看到你现在正在写东西,这说明你刚才用一种新的方式表达了一些东西,你想把它记下来。
Alex Komoroske: 没错,没错。
生产力技巧:像演奏乐器一样驾驭自己
Lenny Rachitsky: 你提到了时间约束这个想法,这让我想起你在 Bits and Bobs 里分享过的一个关于生产力的观点。你说如果你有两个小时来完成一个五分钟就能做完的任务,那去做这件事就变得不可能了,而你应该反过来做。能谈谈这个洞见,以及怎样变得更高效一些吗?
Alex Komoroske: 可以。我觉得很多生产力的诀窍在于像演奏乐器一样驾驭自己——搞清楚你的运作方式、什么能给你能量,然后把一天的时间按照那个结构来安排。我发现每次开始一项任务时都有一个活化能,尤其是一项你不太想做的任务。然后当你完成的时候,会有一个”嘟”——一个小小的能量脉冲。所以如果你操作得当,可以从那些十秒钟就能搞定的极简小事开始,然后做一件三十秒的,再做一个需要更长时间的。但如果你给它留了太多空间,反而更难做。所以你几乎要这样想:“好的,听着,我有十分钟。我得搞定这件事——弄清楚怎么把那个我一直拖延的事情在 gusto 里处理掉。十分钟应该够完成它了。那就这样安排——现在是我唯一能做这件事的时间,就现在做。”
另一个技巧是——我其实用过自己最早的一条公开消息,关于”永远性规则”比”有时性规则”更利于自控。所以如果你要节食,“我每天都不吃午饭”——天哪,你没有充分想过,某一天有个大型高管评审会,“我真的需要在评审之前确保自己吃好了”,然后你就打破了连续记录,一切就结束了。但如果你说一件你知道自己能做到的事:“我不会吃甜点,除非不吃会在社交场合显得很尴尬。比如在一个小型聚会上,有人做了自制甜点,我们所有人都在吃,那我就……” 非常清晰的黑白规则,你能永远坚持。
比如,从疫情开始以来,我每天都做一个 Peloton 锻炼。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。
Alex Komoroske: 现在一旦我开始回办公室,如果我必须通勤去办公室,我有时会用冥想来代替打卡。但如果我不通勤,而且没有病得要死,从那以后我都完成了一次完整锻炼。每天我会想:今天是这个连续记录几百天里最糟糕、最难坚持做这件事的一天吗?是这一天吗?不,当然不是。我会做的。这样你就维持在这个连续记录里,让它越来越难中断。当然在某些方面你可能会以不健康的方式折磨自己——到了某个节点也许你应该停止那个连续记录——但我认为这种结构化的方式能帮你完成你想完成的事情。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这就像 Seinfeld 的生产力技巧,你只需要追踪自己连续多少天做了某件事。
Alex Komoroske: 对,完全正确。而且我觉得人们对这类策略的重视程度不够,因为有很多针对自己和他人的小社交技巧——比如当你有其他人在某件事上依赖你、而且他们会知道你没做的时候,效果就好得多。就是这些小技巧能帮你大幅提升生产力。
快速记录的超级能力
Lenny Rachitsky: 其实我想回过头问一下。我很好奇你刚才我们聊天时写下来的东西——你觉得那是一个很好的表述,如果方便分享的话,如果有趣的话。
Alex Komoroske: 我写下来的是——我写下来的原因是我从来没有……顺便说一下,我会收集所有东西,即使只是觉得可能有点意思的。所以我写下的是:“一个零人说话的社区是死的,一个只有一个人在说话的社区还没有意识到自己已经死了。”
Lenny Rachitsky: 太有趣了。我很喜欢你这个习惯。
Alex Komoroske: 顺便说一下,我能做到这一点是因为我打字速度快得惊人。大学期间,我的毕业论文写的是维基百科用户社区中涌现的权力动态,我做了 150 个小时的访谈,采访了维基百科的不同编辑者,而且都是我自己做的转录。所以我练就了非常、非常、非常好的能力——我可以直接把一个想法输送到指尖,同时还能听其他东西。这是另一个超级能力,就是我能不断地、非常快速地捕捉想法。我写的笔记至少足够好,可以在接下来一两天内整理成更稳定的版本。
Lenny Rachitsky: 你有什么培养这个能力的方法吗,还是说……就是因为你做了、必须做,然后你就学会了打字快?
Alex Komoroske: 我只是后来意识到自己可以打得又好又快。我可以直接把想法传输到手指上,就行了。而且,我不知道如果我没写那篇论文,我会不会发现这一点。我不知道。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我感觉你做所有事情都在超速运转——你思考的方式、你写作和完成任务的方式。信息量很大。
Alex Komoroske: 我只是意识到——
Lenny Rachitsky: ……很大的计算量。
Alex Komoroske: ——当你感到高效的时候,你是不可阻挡的。所以问题就是怎样尽可能多地待在心流状态里。有些事情会让我彻底停滞,那我就确保把时间投入到没有那种特征的情况中。所以当我在做一件我相信有可能成功、而且会产生重大影响的事情时,我停不下来。有时我会在凌晨四点醒来——我通常起得早——然后就”我要写这个东西”。会议七点开始,而我就是觉得这里有一个很酷的想法,我让自己顺势投入到那种有灵感的时刻。
Alex Komoroske: 我也常常发现,如果我有一个想法,心里痒痒想把它写下来,只要花 30 分钟把一个非常粗糙的版本集中写在一个地方,之后再去整理就容易多了。但那个最初的创造行为,我会在灵感来的时候立刻做,因为如果想着”回头再写吧”,你就会一拖再拖、一拖再拖,一个月过去了——“那个想法是什么来着?当时是怎么想的?“——它就没了。所以我就是尽量捕捉那些有趣的洞见。就像一个蝴蝶收藏家,蝴蝶飞过,我尽可能快地把它们收集起来,放进我的收藏里。
Lenny Rachitsky: 或者说花园,有人可能会这么形容。
Alex Komoroske: 对。
人生哲学:做给你能量、让你骄傲的事
Lenny Rachitsky: 这让我想起一句我想跟你聊的话。我觉得你把它描述为你的人生哲学——“做那些给你能量、且让你骄傲的事。“聊聊这个吧。
Alex Komoroske: 对我来说,关键在于组合——当你在做一件你相信的事、而且它给你能量的时候,你的产出是十倍的。而且你所付出的努力本身就是回报,所以你在那件事上不知疲倦,能坚持很久很久。所以找到那些与你内在契合、能给你能量的东西,就像获得了无穷的能量。它本身就形成了一种机会成本——因为它带给你的能量,超过了你花同样时间去做其他事情所能得到的。
第二,有很多方式可以给自己能量,比如打电子游戏,或者各种精神活性物质,可能让你觉得”这给了我能量”。我并不是说去做那些。我说的是那些你回头看会说”我很高兴做了那件事,我为自己做了那件事而骄傲”的事情。如果你用十年后的视角回望自己每一个决定和所做的事,想象这个决定在一千个你在乎其看法的人面前播放——你的家人、朋友、你仰慕的人——你是否会感到骄傲,这是一个很好的判断标准,说明你正在用一个足够宽广的视角看待人生。
当你忙碌、深陷当下的时候,太容易说”我只需要做这件可能不太好的事来把这事完成,做的时候会很痛苦,但做完就好了”。然后你发现自己一次又一次、一次又一次地这样做,不知不觉间,你已经失去了你想成为的那个自己,变成了一个空壳。所以我认为这两件事要结合起来:投入到你找到能量的地方,特别是你自己的能量所在——你的超能力,你发自内心享受做的事——同时确保它是你真正感到骄傲的事。这能确保你不会走太多捷径。
贺卡谬误:你已经听过无数遍的道理
Lenny Rachitsky: 顺着这个思路,很多人听过这句话的一个版本——“去做给你能量的事。“第一,我很喜欢你加上的那一层——“且让你骄傲的”。第二,你还有另一句让我深思的话——“人生的秘密就是你已经听过无数遍的那些道理,只是你当时还没准备好听到它们。“聊聊这个洞见。
Alex Komoroske: 这个我称之为贺卡谬误(Hallmark card fallacy)。就是你花了很大力气发现了一个深刻洞见,它让你产生了共鸣、让你以不同的方式看待世界,你想分享它。洞见天然就是病毒式传播的,你想分享它,于是你去告诉别人——“伙计们,伙计们,人生的意义就是我们在旅途中结交的朋友。“然后人们的反应是——“这不是贺卡上写的东西嘛。“对你来说,你现在拥有了那种知识、那种情商,去理解为什么这句话被传播了这么多次。之前你也听过,但你还没准备好,于是它变成了陈词滥调——“废话,人人都这么说,那不可能是真正有意义的话。”
人们之所以一遍又一遍地说,是因为它确实有意义。所以我认为,要有那样的空间去认识到这一点——当你经历了纵向发展的飞跃而获得这些顿悟,或者当你凝视深渊并走到了另一边,你意识到并学到了许多了不起的东西,你想传递给他人,但就是很难让他们领悟到。
我发现这也是我为什么尽量写一些东西、分享一些想法的原因——它们就像小小的种子,射进别人的大脑里,即使那片土壤还没准备好,贫瘠、崎岖,在未来的某个时刻,如果有什么东西经过那里、打开了一道裂缝,种子就在那里,等待着长成一个想法。最让我开心的事情之一,就是我多年前指导过的人,过了好几年主动找到我,说——“Alex,我只想让你知道,你可能都不记得跟我交谈过了,但那个周二,在那栋楼里,那个叫不上名字的咖啡馆,Google 园区里那个,你说了一些我当时很不愿意听、也不理解的话。我只想谢谢你,因为我终于理解了你当时想告诉我的东西,而且我意识到那影响了我的决定。“这对我来说是最有意义的事情之一。
所以我觉得,在人准备好听到某些话题之前,你是无法强求的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 天哪,那种在很久以前播下的种子终于闭环的感觉一定很棒。你说的那个观点——你听过无数遍的陈词滥调,终于在某一天让你觉得正确而深刻——我有过完全一样的经历。我有一次和朋友一起做了一次迷幻体验,到最后我就说——“天哪,爱就是你需要的一切。爱就是你需要的一切。“那个体验让我深刻感受到了这一点,然后我去跟别人说,他们的反应是——“闭嘴吧你。”
Alex Komoroske: 你说——哦,你是不是刚做了迷幻体验?是啊,挺有意思的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 对。
Alex Komoroske: 我更大的圈子里显然有很多人用过迷幻剂。我个人从来没有用过,但我觉得有各种不同的途径。超然心态(transcendent mindset)就是那种成为比自己大得多、大得多、大得多的某种东西的一部分、在其中忘掉自我的感觉。有不同的方式可以达到。有些人通过徒步和在荒野中独处找到它;有些人通过参加音乐会,和成千上万的人在一个东西上完美同步;有些人通过宗教体验;有些人通过迷幻剂或其他方式来达到。但很大程度上,它都是同一种东西——愿意沉浸在敬畏之中。
有那么多次,人们把敬畏、惊奇或好奇的感觉视为不太严肃的、幼稚的东西。我完全不理解这一点,因为那恰恰是你如何对反驳性证据保持开放的方式。那是你如何看到当前认知边界之外的方式。当你的自我受到反驳性证据的冲击时,你的自我会受伤,你不想听。于是你会在自己周围构建一个世界来屏蔽那些反驳性证据。但反驳性证据正是让系统变得强大的东西,正是让你变得强大的东西。那么,你怎样把自己放到能够获得那些信息并真正接收它的处境中?
接受”古怪”的标签
Alex Komoroske: 其中一部分就是接受这样一个事实——在我职业生涯早期,有人说我有点古怪。天哪,我一定很尴尬。我心想,“好吧,行,我是古怪,随便吧。“我现在已经完全接受了有些人觉得我古怪、不太严肃。我觉得那些观察过我做的事情及其间接影响的人会意识到,我在做的事情是奏效的,即使他们并不完全理解它是怎么奏效的。
相邻可能
Lenny Rachitsky: 在我们的对话即将结束之际,我想再抛出一个种子,也许会在某个合适的时机落在某人心里。你有一个关于相邻可能的概念,我觉得这是一个非常有力的概念。它 basically 论证的是,很多人会跳到大而大胆的想法上,而更好的方式是思考你所面临的约束是什么,然后拥抱这些约束,以此为指引。你能不能谈谈这个,以及它如何启发人们思考产品和战略?
Alex Komoroske: 当然可以。这个框架就是相邻可能,我相信它来自设计思维。我是从身边的设计师那里接触到的,他们总是会提到这个概念。相邻可能是一组你可以采取的行动,就在你面前,如果你做了,它们几乎肯定会奏效。尤其是在科技行业,我们默认假设相邻可能很大,然后一下子飞跃到某个地方。但现实中,相邻可能相当小,就在伸手可及的范围之内。人们会说,“哦,你在搞虚无主义,你在限制自己的潜力,你在说不要做大事。“但当你认识到自己的相邻可能相对较小时,你实际上意识到你拥有充分的能动性,可以在你够得着的范围内做出选择,而且你的行动是有意义的,因为你采取了一个行动,世界就会重新配置,然后你会得到新的一组行动,而这部分取决于你刚刚采取的那个行动。
所以如果你把这件事切分开来,并且你有一个连贯的世界观和一套有原则的方法,你就可以走出一条弧线,达到看起来完全不同的结果,而在每一个节点上,每一个单独的行动都是安全且合理的。所以你可以把这两者结合起来。我觉得我们太多时候试图一跳跳到事情的终态。实际上你不需要做那个决定。如果你能把你的决定切成越来越小的决定,我会说,“这下一步肯定是合理的。“它几乎肯定能回本,或者至少不会太昂贵。然后它可能还会促成其他事情的发生,你就去做。如果那些其他事情没发生,好吧,那就不要在那条路上继续走了。没关系,转向其他方向去探索一段时间。如果它确实发生了,那就再走一步,再走一步,再走一步。
这让你能够消除很多风险,同时仍然暴露在所有的上行空间中。风险来自于在未知环境中试图跳得太远。
北极星与渐进式前进
Lenny Rachitsky: 如果有人在规划路线图、思考该做什么产品的时候,大致的建议是不是——不要害怕做得渐进一点,而不是像人们总是被推动的那样去做更大的事?
Alex Komoroske: 两者都需要。如果你只做渐进式的,你会跟随面前最短、最陡的梯度。比如用户体验研究说用户想要这个,你就照做了,然后你最终会在里面随机漫步。所以你需要对你要去哪里有一致的认知,而获得这种认知的方式是为自己创建一个北极星。它应该在三到五年的未来,分辨率应该很低。它描述的东西应该是每一个读到它的人,只要拥有任何可能有用的相关知识,都会同意它是合理的。如果这件事发生了,我不会说”哦,发生了奇迹”,而会说”我能看到它怎么做到的”。律师会说”我能看到它怎么做到的”。一个三十年前在微软做过类似产品的人会说”我能看到它怎么做到的”。
而且如果真的走到了终点,所有人都会击掌庆祝。因为如果它只是一个让人觉得”我猜那也行吧”的东西,到最后大家会”哦,还不错”——那就不值得做。你要的是另一种故事——“太棒了,我们彻底改变了这个行业运作的方式”之类的。这就是你的北极星。北极星应该更新,但因为它远在远方,它的更新会是缓缓滑过天空一点点,而不是剧烈跳动。你的弧线会略有不同。然后你要做的就是在你的相邻可能中寻找那个梯度最陡的、能把你拉向北极星的方向。你就想朝那个方向走。这个方向在你看来可能不是需求第二大的,但它在朝你相信能把带你到目的地的方向拉你——那就走这个方向。
然后不断重复。就是这样。但两者你都需要。因为如果只做渐进式,你最终会随机漫步走进一个角落。如果只做长期规划,你最终会空想宏大、设计空中楼阁,却根本无法落地。
佛教的隐喻
Lenny Rachitsky: 我给你一个来自我个人经历的比喻。我曾经参加过一次内观禅修营,佛教的一个核心教义就是不要执着于某个具体的结果,不要预先设定一个计划,如果没实现就难过。所以我问他们,你如何在做到这一点的同时还能追求成功?他们的比喻是——把你的车朝你想去的方向开。就是朝那个方向开,基本上就是你说的北极星的例子,然后开始走。不要去规划”我要走这条具体的路线才能到达终点”。
Alex Komoroske: 对。事后回头看,你会说,“哦,我拐了一点弯,或者我在那里绕了一小段。“然后你会说,“本来可以更高效的。“但我们太执着于不浪费精力的高效,以至于最终什么都没做,或者做了非常危险的、行不通的事情。所以我宁可有一条稍微低效的路径,因为我们在未知中导航,根本不可能事先知道。我见过太多次,人们说”我需要为这个战略确认一个数字”——有人试图让我看某个东西,然后说”这个数字五年后是93还是95?“而我的回答是,我不知道。而且如果数量级是对的,这个数字到底多少也不重要。
Alex Komoroske: 这并不重要,而且如果我们相信数量级是对的,就不需要做那个分析。实际上,花大量时间获得的只是精确的幻觉,代价高昂,然后人们会说,“哦,我是数据驱动的,我要把分析彻底做完。“有太多东西你事先根本无法知道。所以如果你在一开始就获得了虚假的精确性,那只是一条安慰毯,只是帮你感觉没有不确定性而已。不确定性无处不在、无时不在。试图用自己编造的虚假数字去钉死它来忽视不确定性——还要付出巨大代价——是一个非常糟糕的主意。这就是为什么,如果想法足够强大,那些具有复利回报的东西不会给你”我们要么得到93要么得到95”的结论,而是”我们要么得到0,要么得到1000”。太好了,是1000还是1001真的不重要,谁在乎呢?它的数量级比另一个选择大了一个量级,所以它就是更好的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 这真的让人很释然。我注意到你又在写东西了,我很好奇你这次又写下了什么你觉得很有洞见的内容。
Alex Komoroske: 实际上这次我没有在写东西。我在查一个我以为你会提到的东西——Tim Urban 的”幸福等于现实减去期望”。我总是把顺序搞反,但你听过这个说法吗,就是幸福——
Lenny Rachitsky: 来,展开说说。我们别跳过这个,这个很好。
幸福等于现实减去期望
Alex Komoroske: “幸福等于现实减去期望”,这是 Tim Urban 的说法,来自 Wait But Why。我认为这是对幸福的一个非常精炼的概括——如果你把期望设得特别高,即使结果来了很棒,但低于期望,那就是一个净负面。所以最简单的方法是——现实很难改变,不是不可能,但很难改变。而期望超级容易改变。所以只要改变你的期望就好了。轻轻托住它,不要说”天哪,这是我孩子的生日,她会记住的,这会是她有史以来最好的生日,我们要让一切完美无缺”。因为到时候一旦不那么完美,那天开始下雨了,你就会说”天哪”,整个人都崩溃了。只要说”不,我想以一种日后回想起来能感到温馨的方式度过这一天”就好了。这里面当然也包含——是的,事情会变化。
还有一个别人给我的建议,我特别喜欢:试着去感受十年后这个故事会带给你的情绪。如果十年后它变得好笑,试着现在就看到其中的幽默。举一个具体的例子,一个朋友的孩子——新生儿——每次你给她换尿布,她就会拉屎。而且每次都是喷射式的。所以就像一个陷阱,你换尿布,然后——在这种情况下你能怎么办?然后他们就说,“几年后这就是个好笑的故事,所以现在就去看到其中的幽默吧。“虽然,天哪,我真的希望这一年——
Lenny Rachitsky: 太好笑了。
Alex Komoroske: ……你不是在把屎喷到她身上。我认为这种视角真的很——人们有时候会把它理解成,“哦,你是说不要有远大梦想,不要设定高期望,不要追求更多,安于平庸。“我不是这个意思。我是说要轻轻托住那些期望,允许它们改变,愿意被不同的东西说服,然后去追求伟大的事物。追求你能真正为之自豪的东西,追求如果你实现了会觉得非常真实地属于你的东西。
尾声
Lenny Rachitsky: Alex,我觉得我可以跟你聊上好几个小时。不敢相信已经快一个半小时了。那么收尾之前,你还有什么觉得有趣的想分享,或者在进入非常令人期待的快问快答之前,想给听众留下什么智慧之言吗?
Alex Komoroske: 我觉得我们该聊的都聊了,确实覆盖了很多内容。而且我们也确实可以继续聊上好几个小时。我可以随便——我可以打开 The Compendium 随机抽一个想法,不过我们还是别这样了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的,太棒了。Alex,那么我们进入了非常令人期待的快问快答环节。准备好了吗?
Alex Komoroske: 准备好了。
快问快答
Lenny Rachitsky: 第一个问题,你最常推荐给别人的两三本书是什么?
Alex Komoroske: Eric Beinhocker 的《Origin of Wealth》,非常棒。讲的是复杂性经济学,为什么传统经济模型不成立,以及用进化的视角来看什么样的 playbook 行得通、公司如何执行它们。这本书是我进入很多系统思考领域的入口,我觉得绝对精彩。另一本是《The Elements of Thinking in Systems》,篇幅短、好读、非常平易近人。实际上,如果有什么缺点的话,人们会觉得它不够严肃,因为太容易读了。它是那种书——你一开始读的时候会说”这说得对”,然后几年后你再读一遍,就会说”天哪,这个太……我当初还没准备好接受它,但它完全就是那个道理”。她就是谈论”与系统共舞”的人之一,“放手,与系统共舞”是她的一句话,我觉得这本书太棒了。
Lenny Rachitsky: 下一个问题。你最近有特别喜欢、想要推荐的电影或电视剧吗?
Alex Komoroske: 对我来说,我想了一下,应该是《The Green Knight》,大概是几年前看的。讲的是亚瑟王传说。这是一部有挑战性的电影。实际上我看的时候心想,“我不喜欢这个,我不觉得它有意思。“但之后我无法停止想它,它给了我很多启发。我觉得这也是我喜欢用寓言来写作的原因之一——寓言是开放式的,它鼓励也要求听者主动参与到想法中去,去推演它,去看它如何影响自己、自己又如何影响它。所以对我来说,《The Green Knight》——我并不是很想再看一遍,但它是过去几年里我看过的最具影响力的电影,就它引发我后续思考的量级而言。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇,这个评价很高。下一个问题,你最近有没有发现一个特别喜欢的产品?
Alex Komoroske: 对我来说,答案应该是 WebSim。我经常玩它。我之前也说过,我每天用 Claude 二十次。我发现我几乎无法想象没有它怎么工作。当然现在我得试试 Strawberry,看看感觉如何,但确实是这样。
Lenny Rachitsky: 我发现 WebSim 一个特别好玩的用法——我和 Dylan 一起试过——如果你给它 gmail.com/某人的名字,它就会生成那个人的邮箱看起来是什么样子。可以拿名人来试,比如 Patrick Collison 什么的,然后你就觉得”哇,这个做得真不错”。
Alex Komoroske: 那些元素真的很棒。我们尝试过的一个玩法是,搞一个能根据任意数据模式生成虚假数据的工具,我只需要写一个简短的人物背景故事,然后让它生成符合这个虚构用户世界的数据。生成出来的东西一致性令人惊叹,感觉很奇妙,又非常贴合那个故事,但这些元素就是……它们就像一个个小全息图,承载着关于人类的所有这些信息,是一个有趣的信息包,一个小小的东西。各种各样的东西,就像一面镜子,不同的事物从中反射回来映入你的眼帘。有时候看到人性就这样反射回来,令人震撼。
Lenny Rachitsky: 就像一个压缩了所有人类知识的 zip 文件。
Alex Komoroske: 对,对。
Lenny Rachitsky: 太神奇了。因为它是用我们写的所有东西训练出来的,对吧?
Alex Komoroske: 是的。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好,还有两个问题。你有没有一个最喜欢的、在工作或生活中经常回来品味、觉得很有用的人生座右铭?
Alex Komoroske: 我想我之前也说过,这算作弊,但我确实也提过——做那些让你有能量且让你感到自豪的事情,以及”幸福等于现实减去期望”,我认为这两句话都是非常简单却非常有澄清力的箴言。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好。最后一个问题。你可以从两个方向中选一个。一是你这周打算往 Bits and Bobs 里加什么、正在想什么我们还没聊过的东西?二是直接去你的 The Compendium 随机挑一个东西,看看出来什么,分享给大家。
Alex Komoroske: 好的,这就是那个……我直接念一下。
Lenny Rachitsky: 好的。
Alex Komoroske: 这是一年前写的。“我们已经忘记了没有聚合器的世界是什么样子。非聚合器生态系统让参与者不必担心赋权给自己的霸主——你不需要忧虑你每一个操作都在让聚合器变得越来越强大。MySpace 是蛮荒西部。Facebook 让你不能改 CSS,对用户来说确实更好,但也限制了一些自由。聚合器在一个时代的晚期阶段是合理的。但在开端,它们会过度遏制探索。“这只是我随机的反思。我甚至不记得这段话最初出自哪次对话了。但我对一种想法非常着迷——我们正处于当前技术范式的晚期阶段,我们觉得很多东西都已经搞清楚了,不可能有什么不同了,而我不喜欢我们现在所处的这个结果。你……我就简单给一个框架。对我来说,如果你在街上随便问一个人,典型的软件是什么样的,他们给你的答案会是类似 Instagram 这样的——也就是说,一个应用。我觉得这很可悲,因为应用是单体的。它是一刀切的。它是不可分解的。它不会与更广泛生态系统中的任何其他东西产生有意义的交互。而且它只有在世界上一些最大的公司允许它存在时才能存在——这对我来说简直不可思议。
对我来说,软件是炼金术。它是将人类能动性延伸到自身之外的能力,创造出能与他人的创造物以意想不到的、前所未见的方式组合的东西,从而创造出这种关于人类能动性可能性的合奏。然而在过去十年里,我们竟然被说服了,认为所有这些潜力都应该被塞进你手机上大约十几个小方框里。而现在有了 AI 的力量,大家默认的假设竟然是,我们都会被锁在一个装着超级上帝 AI 大眼夹的盒子里。人们唯一争论的是:会是哪个大眼夹?会是谁家的大眼夹?
这对我来说太荒唐了。我完全不想要那样的世界。我想要的是一个我们用这种神奇的管道胶带来逃出盒子的世界,让软件和使用软件的人都能发挥他们的能动性。我认为聚合器在一个安全的环境中是很棒的,那里可以有各种有趣的东西,但不能是完全开放式的,因为聚合器不能让这些东西脱离那个生态系统的可能性边界。所以对我来说,我对 LLM 作为一种颠覆性技术感到兴奋的原因之一是,我认为它让我们能够摆脱这种单体的桎梏——我们都被数量不断减少的极强大组织所支配——转而让每个人都能够发挥创造力、开展协作,以亲社会的方式行使自己的能动性。
Lenny Rachitsky: 哇。好吧,作为这场对话的收尾,你又一次震撼了我们的头脑。Alex,非常感谢你能来。最后两个问题。大家在网上哪里可以找到你?如果想读更多你正在做的事情、关注你的思考,去哪里找?另外,听众怎样才能帮到你?
Alex Komoroske: Komoroske.com 就是我的网站。我老公为此没少嘲笑我,因为它看起来像是 2000 年代初设计的——事实上确实是。我在上面链接了各种不同的文章。如果你点击进去,有一个 Google Group,你可以在那里订阅我的更新,每当我发布 Bits and Bobs 或任何 Medium 文章时都会收到通知,这是保持联系、追踪我发布内容的好方式。
至于大家怎么能帮到我,我在网站上有开放办公时间,任何人都可以预约参加。通常几周内的名额会被约满,但如果你发现某个内容引起了你的共鸣,或者你不认同,或者觉得有趣,或者”嘿,这里有个类比,不知道你之前有没有想到过”——尽管联系我。我非常、非常、非常喜欢和人交流,尤其是那些有着和我不同的生活经历和背景的有趣的人。有一次,一位魔术师出现在我的办公时间,他说”你在 Bits and Bobs 里谈到的那个策略,其实就是冷读术,就是灵媒用的那套”。我总能从别人那里发现这些我从未想到过的疯狂联系。所以欢迎大家联系我、分享想法,我非常喜欢。
Lenny Rachitsky: Alex,你太棒了。这场对话完全是我期望的样子。我的大脑正如预料那样嗡嗡作响。非常感谢你能来。我很期待大家听到这期节目并向你学习。
Alex Komoroske: 非常感谢你的邀请。
Lenny Rachitsky: 大家再见。
感谢大家的收听。如果你觉得这期节目有价值,可以在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或你最喜欢的播客应用上订阅本节目。也请考虑给我们评分或留下评论,因为这真的能帮助其他听众找到这个播客。你可以在 lennyspodcast.com 找到所有往期节目或了解更多关于本节目的信息。下期再见。
术语表
| 原文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| activation energy | 活化能 |
| Alex Komoroske | Alex Komoroske(人名,保留原文) |
| Bits and Bobs | Bits and Bobs(文档名,保留原文) |
| Buddha | 佛陀 |
| builder mindset | 建造者思维 |
| compounding loop | 复利循环 |
| compounding potential | 复利潜力 |
| confirming evidence | 确证性证据 |
| contextual integrity | 语境完整性(contextual integrity) |
| Creativity, Inc. | 《Creativity, Inc.》(书名,保留原文) |
| dirt club | dirt club(指小型讨论组,保留原文) |
| disconfirming evidence | 反驳性证据 |
| Dylan | Dylan(人名,保留原文,指 Dylan Field) |
| Dylan Field | Dylan Field(人名,保留原文) |
| Ed Catmull | Ed Catmull(人名,保留原文) |
| emergent | 涌现的 |
| entropy | 熵 |
| Eric Beinhocker | Eric Beinhocker(人名,保留原文) |
| Ethan Malik | Ethan Malik(人名,保留原文) |
| farming for miracles | 耕种奇迹 |
| first principle thinking | 第一性原理思考 |
| flow state | 心流状态 |
| ground truth | 真相(指基层实际状况,与上报信息相对) |
| Hallmark card fallacy | 贺卡谬误(Hallmark card fallacy) |
| Helen Nissenbaum | Helen Nissenbaum(人名,保留原文) |
| Ken Stanley | Ken Stanley(人名,保留原文) |
| Lenny Rachitsky | Lenny Rachitsky(人名,保留原文) |
| novelty search | 新颖性搜索(novelty search) |
| organizational kayfabe | 组织合演(organizational kayfabe) |
| Origin of Wealth | 《Origin of Wealth》(书名,保留原文) |
| Patrick Collison | Patrick Collison(人名,保留原文) |
| Peloton | Peloton(品牌名,保留原文) |
| Perplexity | Perplexity(公司名,保留原文) |
| playbook | playbook(指成熟的操作手册/打法,保留原文) |
| Seinfeld trick | Seinfeld 技巧 |
| slime mold | 黏菌 |
| slime mold deck | 黏菌幻灯片(slime mold deck) |
| slop | slop(指 AI 生成的低质量内容,保留原文) |
| strategy salons | 战略沙龙(strategy salons) |
| Strawberry | Strawberry(OpenAI 模型代号,保留原文) |
| streak | 连续记录 |
| the adjacent possible | 相邻可能 |
| The Compendium | The Compendium(工具名,保留原文) |
| The Elements of Thinking in Systems | 《The Elements of Thinking in Systems》(书名,保留原文) |
| The Green Knight | 《The Green Knight》(电影名,保留原文) |
| Tim Urban | Tim Urban(人名,保留原文) |
| transcendent mindset | 超然心态(transcendent mindset) |
| truffle hunting | 寻找松露 |
| ugly baby | 丑婴儿 |
| Wait But Why | Wait But Why(博客名,保留原文) |
| WebSim | WebSim(产品名,保留原文) |
此文档由 AI 分片翻译(translate_long_document)